Table of Contents

Chapter 9
Coagulation and Blood Management
Todd P. Pierce, MD 
Section 1: P
 rinciples of Vincent K. McInerney, MD 
Orthopaedics Anthony J. Scillia, MD 
Michael A. Mont, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Section Editor: Chapter 10

Joseph M. Lane, MD
Fracture Repair: Update on Mechanism
Chapter 1 and Antagonists
J. Tracy Watson, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Orthopaedic Research
Alexander S. McLawhorn, MD, MBA 
Robert G. Marx, MD, MSC, FRCSC . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 11
Musculoskeletal Biomechanics
Marjolein C.H. van der Meulen, PhD 
Chapter 2 Timothy M. Wright, PhD 
Levels of Evidence and Grades of Julia T. Chen, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
­Recommendation
Adam A. Sassoon, MD, MS 
Seth S. Leopold, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Chapter 12
Musculoskeletal Imaging Principles
John A. Carrino, MD, MPH 
Chapter 3 Douglas N. Mintz, MD 
Patient Safety and Core Competencies O. Kenechi Nwawka, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Bradford S. Waddell, MD 
William J. Robb III, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 4 Section 2: Systemic Disorders

Regulation of Orthopaedic Products
William M. Mihalko, MD, PhD  Section Editor:
Paul A. Anderson, MD  Matthew R. DiCaprio, MD
S. Raymond Golish, MD, PhD, MBA
Katherine A. Sale, MPH
Stuart B. Goodman, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS,
Chapter 13
FBSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Molecular Diagnostics in the
­Classification of and Selection of
Chapter 5 ­Treatment for Sarcomas of Bone and
Person-Centered Care: Communication Soft Tissue
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 
Skills and Cultural Competence Tipu Nazeer, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Mariano E. Menendez, MD 
David Ring, MD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter 14
Chapter 6 Bone and Calcium Metabolism
Brian J. Rebolledo, MD 
Health Policy Joaquin Moya-Angeler, MD, PhD 
Michael Suk, MD, JD, MPH 
Joseph M. Lane, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Alexander S. McLawhorn, MD, MBA . . . . . . . . 71

Chapter 7 Chapter 15
Medical and Surgical Risk Factors Arthritis and Other Cartilage Disorders
Harpal (Paul) Singh Khanuja, MD 
Jasmine Saleh, MD 
Zan A. Naseer, BS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Mouhanad M. El-Othmani, MD 
William M. Mihalko, MD, PhD 
Khaled J. Saleh, MD, MSc, FRCS(C), FACS, Chapter 16
MHCM, CPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Collagen and Extracellular Matrix
­Disorders
Chapter 8 Nicole S. Belkin, MD 
Polytrauma Care Jaimo Ahn, MD, PhD, FACS 
Raymond Y. Hsu, MD  Scott A. Rodeo, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Roman Hayda, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

© 2017 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 12 xix

 Chapter 17 Chapter 26
Myopathies Shoulder and Elbow Tendinopathy
Andrew Dubin, MD, MS  Kathleen E. McKeon, MD 
Alycia Reppel, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Donald H. Lee, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Chapter 18 Chapter 27
Nerve Disorders Elbow and Forearm Fractures
Hamish A. Kerr, MD, MSc, FAAP, FACSM, John R. Fowler, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
CAQSM 
Deborah I. Light, MD, CAQSM . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Chapter 28
Elbow Reconstruction
Chapter 19 Diana A. Isa, MD, FRCSC 
Benign ­Tumors of Bone and Soft Tissue George S. Athwal, MD, FRCSC 
Benjamin J. Miller, MD, MS  Graham J.W. King, MD, MSc, FRCSC 
Lukas Nystrom, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Kenneth J. Faber, MD, MHPE, FRCSC . . . . . . 363

Chapter 20 Chapter 29
Malignant Tumors of Bone and Hand and Wrist Fractures and Nonunions
Soft ­Tissue Michael B. Gottschalk, MD 
Matthew R. DiCaprio, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Sanjeev Kakar, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Chapter 21 Chapter 30
Orthopaedic Infections Hand and Wrist Reconstruction
Janaki Kuruppu, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Nina Suh, MD, FRCSC 
Jennifer Moriatis Wolf, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Chapter 22
Pain Management
Eric Silverman, MD  Section 4: Lower Extremity
Lucien Catania, MD 
Nyla Azam, MD 
Jaime L. Baratta, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Section Editors:
Michael P. Leslie, DO
Jason A. Lowe, MD

Section 3: Upper Extremity Chapter 31

Hip Pathology: Degenerative
Section Editor: Matthew P. Abdel, MD 
David Ring, MD, PhD Craig J. Della Valle, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Chapter 23 Chapter 32
Humerus and Shoulder: Fractures and Hip Pathology: Dysplasia
Benjamin R. Coobs, MD 
Nonunions John C. Clohisy, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Aaron Nauth, MD, MSc 
Michael D. McKee, MD, FRSC(C) . . . . . . . . . . 299
Chapter 33
Chapter 24 Fractures of the Pelvis and Acetabulum
Brigham Au, MD 
Shoulder Arthritis Drew Sanders, MD 
Neal Chen, MD  H. Claude Sagi, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Laurence D. Higgins, MD, MBA 
Jon J.P. Warner, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Chapter 34
Chapter 25 Femoral Fractures
Emily Keener, DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Shoulder Instability
Matthew T. Provencher, MD, CAPT MC USNR 
Kyle P. Lavery, MD  Chapter 35
George Sanchez, BS  Degenerative Knee Pathology
Petar Golijanin, BS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Antonia F. Chen, MD, MBA 
Javad Parvizi, MD, FRCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

xx Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 12 © 2017 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

 Chapter 36 Chapter 45
Soft-Tissue Injuries About the Knee Lumbar and Thoracic Disk Herniations
James P. Stannard, MD  Saad B. Chaudhary, MD 
Seth L. Sherman, MD  Michael J. Vives, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
James L. Cook, DVM, PhD, OTSC . . . . . . . . . 481
Chapter 46
Chapter 37 Lumbar Stenosis and Degenerative
Tibial Plateau and Shaft Fractures ­Spondylolisthesis
Timothy S. Achor, MD  Hamid Hassanzadeh, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Ryan M. Taylor, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Chapter 47
Chapter 38 Thoracolumbar Trauma
Management of Diaphyseal Bone Loss Mark F. Kurd, MD 
Brian J. Cross, DO  Jonathan D. Krystal, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Alicia Ballard, DO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Chapter 48
Chapter 39 Thoracolumbar Minimally Invasive
Degenerative Ankle Pathology ­Surgery Techniques
John S. Lewis Jr, MD  Kern Singh, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
James K. DeOrio, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Chapter 49
Chapter 40
Spine Infections
Ankle and Hindfoot Fractures Seth K. Williams, MD 
David A. Black, MD, PhD  Frank J. Eismont, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Clay A. Spitler, MD 
Matthew L. Graves, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Chapter 50
Adult Lumbar and Thoracolumbar
Section 5: S
 pine ­Deformity
Safdar N. Khan, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Section Editor: Chapter 51

Kern Singh, MD
Current Concepts in Primary Benign,
­Primary Malignant, and Metastatic
Chapter 41 ­Tumors of the Spine
Bone Grafting in Spinal Surgery Matthew W. Colman, MD 
William D. Long III, MD  Joseph H. Schwab, MD, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Peter G. Whang, MD, FACS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Chapter 52
Chapter 42 Vertebral Compression Fractures
Degenerative Cervical Conditions Yu-Po Lee, MD 
Steven J. McAnany, MD  Nitin Bhatia, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Abhishek Kumar, MD, FRCSC 
Sheeraz Qureshi, MD, MBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Chapter 43 Section 6: Pediatrics

Cervical Spine Trauma
Gregory D. Schroeder, MD  Section Editors:
Mark F. Kurd, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Brian G. Smith, MD
Melinda Sharkey, MD
Chapter 44
Disk Degeneration and Pain in the Chapter 53
­Lumbar Spine Pediatric Shoulder, Upper Arm, and
Ehsan Saadat, MD  ­Elbow Trauma
Thomas D. Cha, MD, MBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Andrew G. Georgiadis, MD 
Jennifer C. Laine, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

© 2017 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 12 xxi

 Chapter 54 Chapter 60
Forearm, Wrist, and Hand Trauma: Lower Extremity and Foot Disorders:
­Pediatrics Pediatrics
Joshua M. Abzug, MD  Adrienne R. Socci, MD
Theresa O. Wyrick, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 Aristides I. Cruz Jr, MD
Heather Hansen, MD, FRCSC
Chapter 55 Rhianna Little, MD, MS
Matthew D. Milewski, MD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Pediatric Upper Extremity Disorders
Felicity G. Fishman, MD 
Joshua A. Ratner, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Chapter 61
Injuries and Conditions of the Pediatric
Chapter 56 and Adolescent Athlete
Pediatric Spine Disorders and Spine Yi-Meng Yen, MD, PhD
Brian D. Giordano, MD
Trauma Brian T. Feeley, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Brian G. Smith, MD 
Robert K. Lark, MD, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Chapter 62
Chapter 57 Skeletal Dysplasias, Connective Tissue
Trauma to the Pelvis, Hip, and Femur: Diseases, and Other Genetic Disorders
Raymond W. Liu, MD
Pediatrics William G. Mackenzie, MD, FRCSC, FACS . . . 811
Aristides I. Cruz Jr, MD 
Jonathan R. Schiller, MD 
Craig P. Eberson, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Chapter 63
Neuromuscular Disorders in Children
Chapter 58 Kristan A. Pierz, MD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Pediatric Hip Disorders
Andrew G. Georgiadis, MD  Chapter 64
Wudbhav N. Sankar, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infections,
Inflammatory Disorders, and
Chapter 59 Nonaccidental Fractures
Pediatric Knee, Leg, Ankle, and Foot Melinda S. Sharkey, MD
Trauma Lawson A. Copley, MD, MBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Cordelia W. Carter, MD 
Reed Estes, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

xxii Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 12 © 2017 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons