USA

Math Prize For Girls

2009

1 How many ordered pairs of integers (x, y) are there such that

0 < |xy| < 36?

2 If a, b, c, d, and e are constants such that every x > 0 satisfies

5x4 − 8x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 7 b c d e

4
=a+ + 2
+ 3
+ ,
(x + 2) x + 2 (x + 2) (x + 2) (x + 2)4
then what is the value of a + b + c + d + e?

3 The Fibonacci numbers are defined recursively by the equation

Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2

for every integer n ≥ 2, with initial values F0 = 0 and F1 = 1. Let Gn = F3n be every third
Fibonacci number. There are constants a and b such that every integer n ≥ 2 satisfies

Gn = aGn−1 + bGn−2 .

Compute the ordered pair (a, b).

4 The admission fee for an exhibition is $25 per adult and $12 per child. Last Tuesday, the
exhibition collected $1950 in admission fees from at least one adult and at least one child. Of
all the possible ratios of adults to children at the exhibition last Tuesday, which one is closest
to 1?

5 The figure below shows two parallel lines, ` and m, that are distance 12 apart:

B
m

ℓ
A

A circle is tangent to line ` at point A. Another circle is tangent to line m at point B. The
two circles are congruent and tangent to each other as shown. The distance between A and
B is 13. What is the radius of each circle?

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Math Prize For Girls
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6 Consider a fair coin and a fair 6-sided die. The die begins with the number 1 face up. A
step starts with a toss of the coin: if the coin comes out heads, we roll the die; otherwise
(if the coin comes out tails), we do nothing else in this step. After 5 such steps, what is the
probability that the number 1 is face up on the die?
7 Compute the value of the expression
20094 − 4 × 20074 + 6 × 20054 − 4 × 20034 + 20014 .

8 Which point on the circle (x − 11)2 + (y − 13)2 = 116 is farthest from the point (41, 25)?

9 The figure below is a 4 × 4 grid of points.

Each pair of horizontally adjacent or vertically adjacent points are distance 1 apart. In the
plane of this grid, how many circles of radius 1 pass through exactly two of these grid points?
√
103 √
103
10 When the integer 3+5 − 3−5 is divided by 9, what is the remainder?

11 An arithmetic sequence consists of 200 numbers that are each at least 10 and at most 100.
The sum of the numbers is 10,000. Let L be the least possible value of the 50th term and let
G be the greatest possible value of the 50th term. What is the value of G − L?
12 Jenny places 100 pennies on a table, 30 showing heads and 70 showing tails. She chooses 40
of the pennies at random (all different) and turns them over. That is, if a chosen penny was
showing heads, she turns it to show tails; if a chosen penny was showing tails, she turns it to
show heads. At the end, what is the expected number of pennies showing heads?
13 The figure below shows a right triangle 4ABC.

F
B D C

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Math Prize For Girls
2009

The legs AB and BC each have length 4. An equilateral triangle 4DEF is inscribed in
4ABC as shown. Point D is the midpoint of BC. What is the area of 4DEF ?

14 The three roots of the cubic 30x3 − 50x2 + 22x − 1 are distinct real numbers between 0 and
1. For every nonnegative integer n, let sn be the sum of the nth powers of these three roots.
What is the value of the infinite series

s0 + s1 + s2 + s3 + . . . ?
q
4
15 Let x = 3
. There is a unique value of y such that 0 < y < x and xx = y y . What is the
25
value of y? Express your answer in the form c ab , where a and b are relatively prime positive
p

integers and c is a prime number.

16 Let x be a real number such that the five numbers cos(2πx), cos(4πx), cos(8πx), cos(16πx),
and cos(32πx) are all nonpositive. What is the smallest possible positive value of x?

17 Let a, b, c, x, y, and z be real numbers that satisfy the three equations

13x + by + cz = 0
ax + 23y + cz = 0
ax + by + 42z = 0.

Suppose that a 6= 13 and x 6= 0. What is the value of

13 23 42
+ + ?
a − 13 b − 23 c − 42

18 The value of 21! is 51,090,942,171,abc,440,000, where a, b, and c are digits. What is the value
of 100a + 10b + c?

19 Let S be a set of 100 points in the plane. The distance between every pair of points in S is
different, with the largest distance being 30. Let A be one of the points in S, let B be the
point in S farthest from A, and let C be the point in S farthest from B. Let d be the distance
between B and C rounded to the nearest integer. What is the smallest possible value of d?

20 Let y0 be chosen randomly from {0, 50}, let y1 be chosen randomly from {40, 60, 80}, let y2 be
chosen randomly from {10, 40, 70, 80}, and let y3 be chosen randomly from {10, 30, 40, 70, 90}.
(In each choice, the possible outcomes are equally likely to occur.) Let P be the unique
polynomial of degree less than or equal to 3 such that P (0) = y0 , P (1) = y1 , P (2) = y2 , and
P (3) = y3 . What is the expected value of P (4)?

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Math Prize For Girls
2010

1 If a and b are nonzero real numbers such that |a| =

6 |b|, compute the value of the expression
!
 2 1 1 1 1
a2 + −
  
b a+b b−a 2 2 2 2
+ 2 −2 × + × a1 b b
1 − 1
a
1 .
a2 b b−a a+b b 2 − a 2 a 2 + b2

2 Jane has two bags X and Y . Bag X contains 4 red marbles and 5 blue marbles (and nothing
else). Bag Y contains 7 red marbles and 6 blue marbles (and nothing else). Jane will choose
one of her bags at random (each bag being equally likely). From her chosen bag, she will then
select one of the marbles at random (each marble in that bag being equally likely). What is
the probability that she will select a red marble?
3 How many ordered triples of integers (x, y, z) are there such that
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 34 ?

4 Consider the sequence of six real numbers 60, 10, 100, 150, 30, and x. The average (arithmetic
mean) of this sequence is equal to the median of the sequence. What is the sum of all the
possible values of x? (The median of a sequence of six real numbers is the average of the two
middle numbers after all the numbers have been arranged in increasing order.)
5 Find the smallest two-digit positive integer that is a divisor of 201020112012.
√ √
6 The bases of a trapezoid have lengths 10 and 21, and the legs have lengths 34 and 3 5.
What is the area of the trapezoid?
3
7 The graph of (x2 + y 2 − 1) = x2 y 3 is a heart-shaped curve, shown in the figure below.

For how many ordered pairs of integers (x, y) is the point (x, y) inside or on this curve?

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Math Prize For Girls
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8 When Meena turned 16 years old, her parents gave her a cake with n candles, where n has
exactly 16 different positive integer divisors. What is the smallest possible value of n?

9 Lynnelle took 10 tests in her math class at Stanford. Her score on each test was an integer
from 0 through 100. She noticed that, for every four consecutive tests, her average score on
those four tests was at most 47.5. What is the largest possible average score she could have
on all 10 tests?

10 The triangle ABC lies on the coordinate plane. The midpoint of AB has coordinates
(−16, −63), the midpoint of AC has coordinates (13, 50), and the midpoint of BC has coor-
dinates (6, −85). What are the coordinates of point A?

11 In the figure below, each side of the rhombus has length 5 centimeters.

60◦

The circle lies entirely within the rhombus. The area of the circle is n square centimeters,
where n is a positive integer. Compute the number of possible values of n.

12 Say that an ordered triple (a, b, c) is pleasing if

(a) a, b, and c are in the set {1, 2, . . . , 17}, and
(b) both b − a and c − b are greater than 3, and at least one of them is equal to 4.
How many pleasing triples are there?

13 For every positive integer n, define Sn to be the sum

2010
X n
k! π
Sn = cos .
2010
k=1

As n approaches infinity, what value does Sn approach?

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Math Prize For Girls
2010

14 In the figure below, the three small circles are congruent and tangent to each other. The
large circle is tangent to the three small circles.

The area of the large circle is 1. What is the area of the shaded region?
15 Compute the value of the sum
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
1 + tan3 0◦ 1 + tan3 10◦ 1 + tan3 20◦ 1 + tan3 30◦ 1 + tan3 40◦
1 1 1 1
+ ◦
+ ◦
+ ◦
+ .
3
1 + tan 50 3
1 + tan 60 3
1 + tan 70 1 + tan3 80◦

16 Let P be the quadratic function such that P (0) = 7, P (1) = 10, and P (2) = 25. If a, b, and
c are integers such that every positive number x less than 1 satisfies
∞
X ax2 + bx + c
P (n)xn = ,
n=0
(1 − x)3
compute the ordered triple (a, b, c).
17 For every x ≥ − 1e , there is a unique number W (x) ≥ −1 such that

W (x)eW (x) = x.
The function W is called Lambert’s W function. Let y be the unique positive number such
that
y 3
=− .
log2 y 5
The value of y is of the form e−W (z ln 2) for some rational number z. What is the value of z?
18 If a and b are positive integers such that
r
√
q
π
8 + 32 + 768 = a cos ,
b
compute the ordered pair (a, b).

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Math Prize For Girls
2010

19 Let S be the set of 81 points (x, y) such that x and y are integers from −4 through 4. Let A,
B, and C be random points chosen independently from S, with each of the 81 points being
equally likely. (The points A, B, and C do not have to be different.) Let K be the area of
the (possibly degenerate) triangle ABC. What is the expected value (average value) of K 2 ?

20 What is the value of the sum

X 1
,
z |1 − z|2
where z ranges over all 7 solutions (real and nonreal) of the equation z 7 = −1?

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Math Prize For Girls
2011

1 If m and n are integers such that 3m + 4n = 100, what is the smallest possible value of
|m − n| ?
p √ √
2 Express 2 + 3 in the form a+ √ b , where a is a positive integer and b and c are square-free
c
positive integers.
3 The figure below shows a triangle ABC with a semicircle on each of its three sides.

B C

If AB = 20, AC = 21, and BC = 29, what is the area of the shaded region?
4 If x > 10, what is the greatest possible value of the expression

(log x)log log log x − (log log x)log log x ?

All the logarithms are base 10.
5 Let 4ABC be a triangle with AB = 3, BC = 4, and AC = 5. Let I be the center of the
circle inscribed in 4ABC. What is the product of AI, BI, and CI?
6 Two circles each have radius 1. No point is inside both circles. The circles are contained in
a square. What is the area of the smallest such square?
7 If z is a complex number such that
√
z + z −1 = 3,
what is the value of
z 2010 + z −2010 ?

8 In the figure below, points A, B, and C are distance 6 from each other. Say that a point X is
reachable if there is a path (not necessarily straight) connecting A and X of length at most
8 that does not intersect the interior of BC. (Both X and the path must lie on the plane
containing A, B, and C.) Let R be the set of reachable points. What is the area of R?

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Math Prize For Girls
2011

B C

9 Let ABC be a triangle. Let D be the midpoint of BC, let E be the midpoint of AD, and let
F be the midpoint of BE. Let G be the point where the lines AB and CF intersect. What
AG
is the value of AB ?

10 There are real numbers a and b such that for every positive number x, we have the identity

1 x
π
tan−1 − + tan−1 (ax) + tan−1 (bx) = .
x 8 2
(Throughout this equation, tan−1 means the inverse tangent function, sometimes written
arctan.) What is the value of a2 + b2 ?

11 The sequence a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . satisfies the recurrence equation

an = 2an−1 − 2an−2 + an−3

for every integer n ≥ 3. If a20 = 1, a25 = 10, and a30 = 100, what is the value of a1331 ?

12 If x is a real number, let bxc be the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x. If n is a
positive integer, let S(n) be defined by
j n k  j n k
blog nc
S(n) = + 10 n − 10 · .
10blog nc 10blog nc
(All the logarithms are base 10.) How many integers n from 1 to 2011 (inclusive) satisfy
S(S(n)) = n?

13 The number 104,060,465 is divisible by a five-digit prime number. What is that prime number?

14 If 0 ≤ p ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ q ≤ 1, define F (p, q) by

F (p, q) = −2pq + 3p(1 − q) + 3(1 − p)q − 4(1 − p)(1 − q).

Define G(p) to be the maximum of F (p, q) over all q (in the interval 0 ≤ q ≤ 1). What is the
value of p (in the interval 0 ≤ p ≤ 1) that minimizes G(p)?

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Math Prize For Girls
2011

15 The game of backgammon has a ”doubling” cube, which is like a standard 6-faced die except
that its faces are inscribed with the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64, respectively. After rolling
the doubling cube four times at random, we let a be the value of the first roll, b be the value
of the second roll, c be the value of the third roll, and d be the value of the fourth roll. What
is the probability that a+b a b
c+d is the average of c and d ?

16 Let N be the number of ordered pairs of integers (x, y) such that

4x2 + 9y 2 ≤ 1000000000.

Let a be the first digit of N (from the left) and let b be the second digit of N . What is the
value of 10a + b ?

17 There is a polynomial P such that for every real number x,

x512 + x256 + 1 = (x2 + x + 1)P (x).

When P is written in standard polynomial form, how many of its coefficients are nonzero?

18 The polynomial P is a quadratic with integer coefficients. For every positive integer n, the
integers P (n) and P (P (n)) are relatively prime to n. If P (3) = 89, what is the value of
P (10)?

19 If −1 < x < 1 and −1 < y < 1, define the ”relativistic sum” x ⊕ y to be

x+y
x⊕y = .
1 + xy
The operation ⊕ is commutative and associative. Let v be the number
√7
17 − 1
v= √ 7
.
17 + 1
What is the value of

v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v⊕v?

(In this expression, ⊕ appears 13 times.)

20 Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with each side of length 1. Let X be a point chosen
uniformly at random on side AB. Let Y be a point chosen uniformly at random on side AC.
(Points X and Y are chosen independently.) Let p be the probability that the distance XY
1
is at most √
4
. What is the value of 900p, rounded to the nearest integer?
3

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Math Prize For Girls
2012

1 In the morning, Esther biked from home to school at an average speed of x miles per hour.
In the afternoon, having lent her bike to a friend, Esther walked back home along the same
route at an average speed of 3 miles per hour. Her average speed for the round trip was 5
miles per hour. What is the value of x?

2 In the figure below, the centers of the six congruent circles form a regular hexagon with side
length 2.

Adjacent circles are tangent to each other. What is the area of the shaded region?

3 What is the least positive integer n such that n! is a multiple of 20122012 ?

4 Evaluate the expression

1 1 1 1 1 1




121 13 − 17
+ 169 17 − 11
+ 289 11 − 13

.
1 1 1 1 1 1
11 13 − 17 + 13 17 − 11 + 17 11 − 13

5 The figure below shows a semicircle inscribed in a right triangle.

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Math Prize For Girls
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The triangle has legs of length 8 and 15. The semicircle is tangent to the two legs, and its
diameter is on the hypotenuse. What is the radius of the semicircle?

6 For how many ordered pairs of positive integers (x, y) is the least common multiple of x and
y equal to 1,003,003,001?

7 Let f1 , f2 , f3 , ..., be a sequence of numbers such that

fn = fn−1 + fn−2

for every integer n ≥ 3. If f7 = 83, what is the sum of the first 10 terms of the sequence?

8 Suppose that x, y, and z are real numbers such that x + y + z = 3 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6.

What is the largest possible value of z?

9 Bianca has a rectangle whose length and width are distinct primes less than 100. Let P be
the perimeter of her rectangle, and let A be the area of her rectangle. What is the least
2
possible value of PA ?

10 Let 4ABC be a triangle with a right angle ∠ABC. Let D be the midpoint of BC, let E be
the midpoint of AC, and let F be the midpoint of AB. Let G be the midpoint of EC. One
of the angles of 4DF G is a right angle. What is the least possible value of BC
AG ?

11 Alison has an analog clock whose hands have the following lengths: a inches (the hour hand),
b inches (the minute hand), and c inches (the second hand), with a < b < c. The numbers
a, b, and c are consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence. The tips of the hands travel the
following distances during a day: A inches (the hour hand), B inches (the minute hand), and
C inches (the second hand). The numbers A, B, and C (in this order) are consecutive terms
of a geometric sequence. What is the value of BA?

12 What is the sum of all positive integer values of n that satisfy the equation
π   2π   4π   8π   16π  1
cos cos cos cos cos = ?
n n n n n 32

13 For how many integers n with 1 ≤ n ≤ 2012 is the product

n−1
Y  n 
1 + e2πik/n +1
k=0

equal to zero?

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9

14 Let k be the smallest positive integer such that the binomial coefficient 10k is less than the
9 +1

binomial coefficient 10k−1 . Let a be the first (from the left) digit of k and let b be the second
(from the left) digit of k. What is the value of 10a + b?

15 Kate has two bags X and Y . Bag X contains 5 red marbles (and nothing else). Bag Y
contains 4 red marbles and 1 blue marble (and nothing else). Kate chooses one of her bags at
random (each with probability 12 ) and removes a random marble from that bag (each marble
in that bag being equally likely). She repeats the previous step until one of the bags becomes
empty. At that point, what is the probability that the blue marble is still in bag Y ?

16 Say that a complex number z is three-presentable if there is a complex number w of absolute

value 3 such that z = w − w1 . Let T be the set of all three-presentable complex numbers. The
set T forms a closed curve in the complex plane. What is the area inside T ?

17 How many ordered triples (a, b, c), where a, b, and c are from the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 17}, satisfy
the equation
a3 + b3 + c3 + 2abc = a2 b + a2 c + b2 c + ab2 + ac2 + bc2 ?

18 Sherry starts at the number 1. Whenever she’s at 1, she moves one step up (to 2). Whenever
she’s at a number strictly between 1 and 10, she moves one step up or one step down, each
with probability 12 . When she reaches 10, she stops. What is the expected number (average
number) of steps that Sherry will take?
x2
19 Define L(x) = x − 2 for every real number x. If n is a positive integer, define an by
    17  
an = L L L · · · L ··· ,
n
where there are n iterations of L. For example,
    17 
a4 = L L L L .
4
As n approaches infinity, what value does nan approach?
π
20 There are 6 distinct values of x strictly between 0 and 2 that satisfy the equation

tan(15x) = 15 tan(x).

Call these 6 values r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 , r5 , and r6 . What is the value of the sum

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + ?
tan r1 tan r2 tan r3 tan r4 tan r5 tan2 r6
2 2 2 2 2

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