Designation: G177 − 03 (Reapproved 2012)

Standard Tables for

Reference Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Distributions:
Hemispherical on 37° Tilted Surface1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—The title to Table 2 was corrected editorially in August 2008.

INTRODUCTION

These tables of solar ultraviolet (UV) spectral irradiance values have been developed to meet the
need for a standard ultraviolet reference spectral energy distribution to be used as a reference for the
upper limit of ultraviolet radiation in the outdoor weathering of materials and related indoor exposure
studies. A wide variety of solar spectral energy distributions occur in the natural environment and are
simulated by artificial sources during product, material, or component testing. To compare the relative
optical performance of spectrally sensitive products, or to compare the performance of products before
and after being subjected to weathering or other exposure conditions, a reference standard solar
spectral distribution is required. These tables were prepared using version 2.9.2 of the Simple Model
of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine (SMARTS2) atmospheric transmission code (1,2).2
SMARTS2 uses empirical parameterizations of version 4.0 of the Air Force Geophysical Laboratory
(AFGL) Moderate Resolution Transmission model, MODTRAN (3,4). An extraterrestrial spectrum
differing only slightly from the extraterrestrial spectrum in ASTM E490 is used to calculate the

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resultant spectra. The hemispherical (2π steradian acceptance angle) spectral irradiance on a panel
tilted 37° (average latitude of the contiguous United States) to the horizontal is tabulated. The
wavelength range for the spectra extends from 280 to 400 nm, with uniform wavelength intervals. The
input parameters used in conjunction with SMARTS2 for each set of conditions are tabulated. The
SMARTS2 model and documentation are available as an adjunct ADJG173CD3) to this standard.

1. Scope 1.2 The table defines a single ultraviolet solar spectral

1.1 The table provides a standard ultraviolet spectral irradi-
ance distribution that maybe employed as a guide against
which manufactured ultraviolet light sources may be judged
when applied to indoor exposure testing. The table provides a
reference for comparison with natural sunlight ultraviolet
spectral data. The ultraviolet reference spectral irradiance is
provided for the wavelength range from 280 to 400 nm. The
wavelength region selected is comprised of the UV-A spectral
region from 320 to 400 nm and the UV-B region from 280 to
320 nm.
1
These tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 on Weathering
and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.09 on
Radiometry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as G177 – 03(2008) e1.
DOI: 10.1520/G0177-03R12.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
ADJG173CD. Original adjunct produced in 2005.
irradiance distribution:
1.2.1 Total hemispherical ultraviolet solar spectral irradi-
ance (consisting of combined direct and diffuse components)
incident on a sun-facing, 37° tilted surface in the wavelength
region from 280 to 400 nm for air mass 1.05, at an elevation of
2 km (2000 m) above sea level for the United States Standard
Atmosphere profile for 1976 (USSA 1976), excepting for the
ozone content which is specified as 0.30 atmosphere-
centimeters (atm-cm) equivalent thickness.
1.3 The data contained in these tables were generated using
the SMARTS2 Version 2.9.2 atmospheric transmission model
developed by Gueymard (1,2).
1.4 The climatic, atmospheric and geometric parameters
selected reflect the conditions to provide a realistic maximum
ultraviolet exposure under representative clear sky conditions.
1.5 The availability of the SMARTS2 model (as an adjunct
(ADJG173CD3) to this standard) used to generate the standard
spectra allows users to evaluate spectral differences relative to
the spectra specified here.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 G177 − 03 (2012)
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4 incident spectral irradiance produces the effective transmitted
E490 Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar
Spectral Irradiance Tables
E772 Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
ADJG173CD Simple Model for Atmospheric Transmission
of Sunshine3
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this specifica-
tion not otherwise described below may be found in Terminol-
ogy E772.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 air mass zero (AM0)—describes solar radiation quan-
tities outside the Earth’s atmosphere at the mean Earth-Sun
distance (1 Astronomical Unit). See ASTM E490.
3.2.2 integrated irradiance Eλ1−λ2—spectral irradiance inte-
grated over a specific wavelength interval from λ1 to λ2,
measured in W·m-2; mathematically:
λ2
E λ12λ2 5 *λ1
E λ dλ
3.2.3 solar irradiance, hemispherical EH—on a given plane,
the solar radiant flux received from the within the 2-π steradian
field of view of a tilted plane from the portion of the sky dome
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and the foreground included in the plane’s field of view,
including both diffuse and direct solar radiation.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—For the special condition of a horizon-
tal plane the hemispherical solar irradiance is properly termed
global solar irradiance, EG. Incorrectly, global tilted, or total
global irradiance is often used to indicate hemispherical
irradiance for a tilted plane. In case of a sun-tracking receiver,
this hemispherical irradiance is commonly called global nor-
mal irradiance. The adjective global should refer only to
hemispherical solar radiation on a horizontal, not a tilted,
surface.
3.2.4 aerosol optical depth (AOD)—the wavelength-
dependent total extinction (scattering and absorption) by aero-
sols in the atmosphere. This optical depth (also called “optical
thickness”) is defined here at 500 nm.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—See X1.1.
3.2.5 solar irradiance, spectral Eλ—solar irradiance E per
unit wavelength interval at a given wavelength λ. (Unit: Watts
per square meter per nanometer, W·m-2·nm-1)
dE
Eλ 5
dλ
3.2.6 spectral passband—the effective wavelength interval
within which spectral irradiance is allowed to pass, as through
a filter or monochromator. The convolution integral of the
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume Information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary Page on
the ASTM website.
spectral passband (normalized to unity at maximum) and the
irradiance.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Spectral passband may also be referred
to as the spectral bandwidth of a filter or device. Passbands are
usually specified as the interval between wavelengths at which
one half of the maximum transmission of the filter or device
occurs, or as full-width at half-maximum, FWHM.
3.2.7 spectral interval—the distance in wavelength units
between adjacent spectral irradiance data points.
3.2.8 spectral resolution—the minimum wavelength differ-
ence between two wavelengths that can be identified unam-
biguously.
3.2.8.1 Discussion—In the context of this standard, the
spectral resolution is simply the interval, ∆λ, between spectral
data points, or the spectral interval.
3.2.9 total precipitable water—the depth of a column of
water (with a section of 1 cm2) equivalent to the condensed
water vapor in a vertical column from the ground to the top of
the atmosphere. (Unit: cm or g/cm2)
3.2.10 total ozone—the depth of a column of pure ozone
(1) equivalent to the total of the ozone in a vertical column from
the ground to the top of the atmosphere. (Unit: atmosphere-cm)
3.2.11 wavenumber—a unit of frequency, υ, in units of
reciprocal centimeters (symbol cm-1) commonly used in place
of wavelength, λ. The relationship between wavelength and
frequency is defined by λυ = c, where c is the speed of light in
vacuum. To convert wavenumber to nanometers, λ·nm = 1·107/
υ·cm-1.
4. Technical Basis for the Tables
4.1 These tables are modeled data generated using an air
mass zero (AM0) spectrum based on the extraterrestrial spec-
trum of of Gueymard (1,2) derived from Kurucz (5), the United
States Standard Atmosphere of 1976 (USSA) reference Atmo-
sphere (6), the Shettle and Fenn Rural Aerosol Profile (7), the
SMARTS2 V. 2.9.2 radiative transfer code. Further details are
provided in X1.3.
4.2 The 37° tilted surface was selected as it represents the
average latitude of the contiguous forty-eight states of the
continental U.S., and outdoor exposure testing often takes
place at latitude tilt.
4.3 The documented USSA atmospheric profiles utilized in
the MODTRAN spectral transmission model (6) have been
used to provide atmospheric properties and concentrations of
(2) absorbers.
4.4 The SMARTS model Version 2.9.2 is available at
Internet URL: http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/models/SMARTS.
4.5 To provide spectral data with a uniform spectral step
size, the AM0 spectrum used in conjunction with SMARTS2 to
generate the terrestrial spectrum is slightly different from the
ASTM extraterrestrial spectrum, ASTM E490. Because ASTM
E490 and SMARTS2 both use the data of Kurucz (5), the
SMARTS2 and E490 spectra are in excellent agreement
although they do not have the same spectral resolution.
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4.6 The current spectra reflect improved knowledge of
atmospheric aerosol optical properties, transmission properties,
and radiative transfer modeling (8).
4.7 The terrestrial solar spectral in the tables have been
computed with a spectral bandwidth equivalent to the spectral
resolution of the tables, namely 0.5 nm.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This standard does not purport to address the mean level
of solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance to which materials will
be subjected during their useful life. The spectral irradiance
distributions have been chosen to represent a reasonable upper
limit for natural solar ultraviolet radiation that ought to be
considered when evaluating the behavior of materials under
various exposure conditions.
5.2 Absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of solar
energy are important factors in material degradation studies.
These properties are normally functions of wavelength, which
require that the spectral distribution of the solar flux be known
before the solar-weighted property can be calculated.
5.3 The interpretation of the behavior of materials exposed
to either natural solar radiation or ultraviolet radiation from
artificial light sources requires an understanding of the spectral
energy distribution employed. To compare the relative perfor-
mance of competitive products, or to compare the performance
of products before and after being subjected to weathering or
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other exposure conditions, a reference standard solar spectral
distribution is desirable.
5.4 A plot of the SMARTS2 model output for the reference
hemispherical UV radiation on a 37° south facing tilted surface
is shown in Fig. 1. The input needed by SMARTS2 to generate
the spectrum for the prescribed conditions are shown in Table
1.
5.5 SMARTS2 Version 2.9.2 is required to generate AM
1.05 UV reference spectra.
5.6 The availability of the adjunct standard computer soft-
ware (ADJG173CD5) for SMARTS2 allows one to (1) repro-
5
South facing for the northern hemisphere, north facing for the southern
hemisphere.
3
duce the reference spectra, using the above input parameters;
(2) compute test spectra to attempt to match measured data at
a specified FWHM, and evaluate atmospheric conditions; and
(3) compute test spectra representing specific conditions for
analysis vis-à-vis any one or all of the reference spectra.
6. Solar Spectral Irradiance
6.1 Table 2 presents the reference spectral irradiance data
global hemispherical solar irradiance on a plane tilted at 37°
toward the equator, for the conditions specified in Table 1.
6.2 The table contains:
6.2.1 Hemispherical solar spectral irradiance incident on an
equator-facing5 plane tilted to 37° from the horizontal in the
wavelength range from 280 to 400 nm.
6.2.2 The columns in each table contain:
6.2.2.1 Column 1: Wavelength in nanometers (nm).
6.2.2.2 Column 2: Mean hemispherical spectral irradiance
incident on surface tilted 37° toward the equator. Eλ, W · m-2
· nm-1.
7. Validation
7.1 In part of the spectral region of interest, (295 to 400 nm)
the SMARTS2 model has been verified against experimental
data. SMARTS2 performance is adequate for the region from
295 to 400 nm. No reliable experimental data has been found
to verify performance below 295 nm.
7.2 Comparisons of the SMARTS2 computer model with
both MODTRAN model results and measured spectral data and
other rigorous spectral models are reported in (1,2). Fig. 2 is a
plot of the relative magnitude of the spectral differences
observed between MODTRAN version 4.0 and SMARTS2 for
identical conditions. Results indicate that the various models
are within ~5 % in spectral regions where significant energy is
present.
7.3 Comparison of these reference spectra with clear sky
solar spectral irradiance data from various spectrometers under
various atmospheric conditions approximating those chosen for
this data are in reasonable agreement (8).
8. Keywords
8.1 global hemispherical; materials exposure; terrestrial;
ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance
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FIG. 1 Total Hemispherical Ultraviolet Reference Spectra Based on SMARTS2 Runs for AM1.05 UV Spectral Profile (a) Linear Scale; (b)
Logarithmic Scale

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TABLE 1 SMARTS Version 2.9.2 Input File to Generate the Reference Spectra
Card ID Value Parameter/Description/Variable Name
1 ’ASTM UV_Std_Spectra’ Header
2 1 Pressure input mode (1 = pressure and altitude): ISPR
2a 820.0 2.0. Station Pressure (mb) and altitude (km): SPR, ALT
3 1 Standard Atmosphere Profile Selection (1 = use default atmosphere): IATM1
3a ’USSA’ Default Standard Atmosphere Profile: ATM
4 1 Water Vapor Input (1 = default from Atmospheric Profile): IH2O
5 0 Ozone Calculation (0 = user input concentariont and altitude): IO3
5a 1 0.3 Ozone Atltitude correctiom (IALT = 1 = > correct from sea level), Ozone
Concentration (AbO3 = 0.30 atm cm)
6 1 Pollution level mode (1 = standard conditions/no pollution): IGAS (see X1.3)
7 370 Carbon Monoxide volume mixing ratio (ppm): qCO2 (see X1.3)
7a 1 Extraterrestrial Spectrum (1 = SMARTS/Gueymard): ISPCTR
8 ’S&F_RURAL’ Aerosol Profile to Use: AEROS
9 0 Specification for aerosol optical depth/turbidity input (0 = AOD at 500 nm):
ITURB
9a 0.05 Aerosol Optical Depth at 500 nm: TAU5
10 38 Far field Spectral Albedo file to use (38 = Light Sandy Soil): IALBDX
10b 1 Specify tilt calculation (1 = yes): ITILT
10c 38 37 180 Albedo and Tilt variables—Albedo file to use for near field, Tilt, and Azimuth:
IALBDG, TILT, WAZIM
11 280 400 1.0 1367.0 Wavelength Range—start, stop, mean radius vector correction, integrated solar
spectrum irradiance: WLMN, WLMX, SUNCOR, SOLARC
12 2 Separate spectral output file print mode (2 = yes): IPRT
12a 280 400 0.5 Output file wavelength-Print limits, start, stop, minimum step size: WPMN,
WPMX, INTVL
12b 1 Number of output variables to print: IOTOT
12c 8 Code relating output variables to print [8 = Hemispherical tilt, OUT(8)]
13 1 Circumsolar calculation mode (1 = yes): ICIRC
13a 0 2.9 0 Receiver geometry-Slope, View, Limit half angles: SLOPE, APERT, LIMIT
14 0 Smooth function mode (0 = none): ISCAN
15 0 Illuminance calculation mode (0 = none): ILLUM
16 0 UV calculation mode (0 = none): IUV
17 2 Solar Geometry mode (2 = Air Mass): IMASS
17a 1.05 Air mass value: AMASS

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TABLE 2 Standard Ultraviolet Hemispherical Spectral Solar Irradiance for 37° Sun-Facing Tilted Surface
Wavelength Hemispherical Wavelength Hemispherical Wavelength Hemispherical Wavelength Hemispherical Wavelength Hemispherical
nm W/m2/nm nm W/m2/nm nm W/m2/nm nm W/m2/nm nm W/m2/nm
λ Eλ λ Eλ λ Eλ λ Eλ λ Eλ
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
280.0 2.320E-16 307.5 0.1277 335.0 0.6826 362.5 0.7823 390.0 0.9986
280.5 2.453E-15 308.0 0.1334 335.5 0.6628 363.0 0.8033 390.5 1.0061
281.0 7.972E-15 308.5 0.1406 336.0 0.6063 363.5 0.7799 391.0 1.0646
281.5 9.229E-14 309.0 0.1334 336.5 0.5615 364.0 0.8065 391.5 1.0788
282.0 4.085E-13 309.5 0.1310 337.0 0.5517 364.5 0.7979 392.0 0.9923
282.5 1.081E-12 310.0 0.1482 337.5 0.5914 365.0 0.8274 392.5 0.8262
283.0 2.948E-12 310.5 0.1867 338.0 0.6325 365.5 0.9094 393.0 0.5975
283.5 4.660E-12 311.0 0.2288 338.5 0.6587 366.0 0.9729 393.5 0.4747
284.0 3.901E-11 311.5 0.2283 339.0 0.6684 366.5 0.9732 394.0 0.6162
284.5 8.723E-11 312.0 0.2380 339.5 0.6836 367.0 0.9539 394.5 0.8493
285.0 1.794E-10 312.5 0.2420 340.0 0.7261 367.5 0.9349 395.0 1.0022
285.5 5.618E-10 313.0 0.2564 340.5 0.7226 368.0 0.8791 395.5 1.0667
286.0 1.452E-09 313.5 0.2608 341.0 0.6754 368.5 0.8720 396.0 0.9371
286.5 5.743E-09 314.0 0.2768 341.5 0.6697 369.0 0.9103 396.5 0.6807
287.0 1.354E-08 314.5 0.2842 342.0 0.6968 369.5 0.9767 397.0 0.5268
287.5 3.518E-08 315.0 0.2926 342.5 0.7212 370.0 0.9889 397.5 0.7774
288.0 1.168E-07 315.5 0.2604 343.0 0.7314 370.5 0.8928 398.0 1.0521
288.5 2.398E-07 316.0 0.2589 343.5 0.6903 371.0 0.9057 398.5 1.2416
289.0 5.837E-07 316.5 0.3026 344.0 0.5971 371.5 0.9402 399.0 1.3169
289.5 1.539E-06 317.0 0.3446 344.5 0.5718 372.0 0.8791 399.5 1.3562
290.0 3.403E-06 317.5 0.3693 345.0 0.6476 372.5 0.8365 400.0 1.3701
290.5 6.192E-06 318.0 0.3463 345.5 0.6883 373.0 0.8046
291.0 1.192E-05 318.5 0.3480 346.0 0.6704 373.5 0.7244
291.5 2.602E-05 319.0 0.3733 346.5 0.6813 374.0 0.7217
292.0 4.777E-05 319.5 0.3699 347.0 0.6915 374.5 0.7155
292.5 6.429E-05 320.0 0.3889 347.5 0.6665 375.0 0.7626
293.0 1.052E-04 320.5 0.4423 348.0 0.6623 375.5 0.8425
293.5 2.055E-04 321.0 0.4323 348.5 0.6724 376.0 0.8716
294.0 3.080E-04 321.5 0.4091 349.0 0.6464 376.5 0.8568
294.5 4.169E-04 322.0 0.3969 349.5 0.6627 377.0 0.9181

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295.0 6.400E-04 322.5 0.3863 350.0 0.7307 377.5 1.0232
295.5 1.137E-03 323.0 0.3664 350.5 0.7842 378.0 1.1015
296.0 1.650E-03 323.5 0.4085 351.0 0.7620 378.5 1.0727
296.5 2.088E-03 324.0 0.4483 351.5 0.7326 379.0 0.9559
297.0 2.489E-03 324.5 0.4682 352.0 0.7136 379.5 0.8563
297.5 3.984E-03 325.0 0.4748 352.5 0.6731 380.0 0.8990
298.0 5.347E-03 325.5 0.5390 353.0 0.7140 380.5 0.9619
298.5 5.899E-03 326.0 0.6128 353.5 0.7841 381.0 0.9772
299.0 7.299E-03 326.5 0.6400 354.0 0.8279 381.5 0.8794
299.5 0.0108 327.0 0.6287 354.5 0.8358 382.0 0.7485
300.0 0.0116 327.5 0.6121 355.0 0.8346 382.5 0.6466
300.5 0.0130 328.0 0.5744 355.5 0.8043 383.0 0.5788
301.0 0.0177 328.5 0.5860 356.0 0.7535 383.5 0.5597
301.5 0.0222 329.0 0.6486 356.5 0.7058 384.0 0.6469
302.0 0.0229 329.5 0.7136 357.0 0.6201 384.5 0.7779
302.5 0.0307 330.0 0.7201 357.5 0.6268 385.0 0.8530
303.0 0.0459 330.5 0.6647 358.0 0.5826 385.5 0.8141
303.5 0.0546 331.0 0.6283 358.5 0.5404 386.0 0.7846
304.0 0.0556 331.5 0.6420 359.0 0.6349 386.5 0.8148
304.5 0.0646 332.0 0.6560 359.5 0.7643 387.0 0.8213
305.0 0.0798 332.5 0.6540 360.0 0.8074 387.5 0.8086
305.5 0.0848 333.0 0.6413 360.5 0.7621 388.0 0.8000
306.0 0.0819 333.5 0.6154 361.0 0.7001 388.5 0.7935
306.5 0.0892 334.0 0.6275 361.5 0.6842 389.0 0.8606
307.0 0.1080 334.5 0.6615 362.0 0.7157 389.5 0.9529

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Conditions with Aerosol Optical depth at 500 nm = 0.27. Arrows indicate absorption by gases not treated in MODTRAN but included in the SMARTS2 model.
FIG. 2 Atmospheric Transmittance Predicted by SMARTS2 and MODTRAN4 for AM 1.5 USSA 1976

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. Description of Parameters Affecting Ultraviolet Spectral Transmission

X1.1 Aerosol Optical Depth
X1.1.1 Discussion—Aerosol optical depth is sometimes in-
correctly referred to as “turbidity.” Technically, “turbidity” is
defined as the number of clean, dry atmospheres required to
produce the same extinction of solar radiation as observed.
Thus "turbidity" is actually a number greater than 1. The
expression for extinction of solar radiation by aerosols in the
atmosphere is:
τ ~ λ ! 5 β ~ λ/λ o ! 2α
where τ(λ) is the extinction coefficient, or optical depth, at
wavelength λ. β ( approximately 0.05 to 0.45 for clean and
“turbid” atmospheres, respectively) is an extinction coefficient,
related to the total atmospheric loading of the aerosols,
generally called the “Ångström turbidity coefficient.” α, gen-
erally called the “Ångström turbidity exponent” is related to
the size of the aerosol particles and normally ranges from −0.2
(very large particles) to +2.0 (very small particles) with values
of 1.0 to 1.5 typical for a rural atmosphere. For λ = λo = 1 µm,
τ(λ) equals the turbidity coefficient β, which is therefore
identical to the AOD at 1 µm. Typical values for AOD are thus
0.05 for very clean, and 1.0 for very “turbid” or “hazy”
cloudless skies. The value 0.08 selected is representative of
clean, clear desert sky conditions.
X1.2 Atmospheric Constituents and Absorbers
X1.2.1 The 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere Model (6) with
the rural Shettle and Fenn Aerosol (7) was used to produce the
(X1.1) data in this standard. The atmospheric model exhibits the
following parameters for a vertical path from sea level to the
top of the atmosphere is shown in Table X1.1.
X1.2.2 Atmospheric parameters, such as temperature,
pressure, relative humidity, air density, and the density of nine
molecular species are defined at 33 levels in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric parameters vary exponentially between the 33
levels. The total abundance of all absorbing gases are obtained
by integrating their concentrations throughout the 33 levels,
from sea level to an altitude of 120 km.

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TABLE X1.1 U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976 Constituents of the reference spectra. The SMARTS model allows the user
Carbon to specify the relative loading of some of these gases at default
Aerosol Optical Total Precipitable Dioxide concentrations representing standard, pristine, light pollution,
Total Ozone,
Standard Depth at Water Vapor, Volume
500 nm cm
atm-cm
Concentration, moderate pollution, or severe pollution conditions. As noted in
ppm Table 1, conditions for the reference spectra were chosen to be
Present
0.05 1.4164 0.30 370
for a standard atmosphere, that is, USSA without pollution.
Standard The total columnar abundances (in atm-cm) of all gases (except
water vapor, see Table X1.1) treated in the standard spectra are
shown in Table X1.2.
X1.2.3 The USSA 1976 concentration of Ozone is 0.3438
atm-cm. The concentration of Ozone is reduced to 0.30 atm-cm X1.2.6 The absorption and scattering properties of the
and corrected for an altitude of 2.0 km (2000 m) to represent a aerosol are calculated based on parameterizations of the data
reasonable maximum UV spectral dose that could be obtained from the Shettle and Fenn model (7), which is also used in the
under natural conditions. MODTRAN spectral modeling code developed at the Air Force
Geophysical Laboratory (9,10). Complete input parameters for
X1.2.4 The USSA 1976 concentration of Carbon Dioxide the spectral model are listed in Table 1.
(CO2) is 330 parts per million (ppm). The value of this
concentration in 2002 is known to be about 370 ppm. In order X1.3 Spectral Reflectance
to accurately represent the current state of the atmosphere, the X1.3.1 To generate the spectra, the present standards utilize
370 ppm value is used to generate the reference spectra, as wavelength-dependent values of ground reflectance, represen-
noted for cards 6 and 7 in Table 1. tative of a light soil, combined with a slightly forward-
X1.2.5 The SMARTS version 2.9.2 model calculates ab- enhanced reflectance pattern. Fig. X1.1 is a plot of the data,
sorption for a total of 19 gases, some of which are not included which have been slightly modified from the Jet Propulsion
in USSA, nor treated in MODTRAN4 or the previous versions Laboratory ASTER Spectral Library.

TABLE X1.2 Gaseous Abundances for Standard Conditions Used to Compute Standard Spectra
Gas Ammonia Bromine Carbon Carbon Chlorine Formal- Methane Nitric Nitric
monoxide monoxide dioxide nitrate dehyde acid oxide

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Symbol NH3 BrO CO CO2 ClNO3 CH2O CH4 HNO3 NO
Standard Abundance, 0.00013 0.0000025 0.08747 297.1 0.00012 0.0003 1.285 0.0003811 0.0003211
atm-cm

Gas Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrous Nitrous Oxygen Colliding Ozone Sulfur
dioxide trioxide acid oxide Oxygen dioxide
Symbol N2 NO2 NO3 HNO2 N2O O2 O2-O2 / O2-N2 O3 SO2
Standard Abundance, 3.719 0.0002044 0.00005 0.0001 0.2385 16780 16780 0.3438 0.0001071
atm-cm

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FIG. X1.1 Plot of the Data in the Albedo File (LITESOIL.DAT) Used to Compute the Standard Spectra
REFERENCES
(1) Gueymard, C., “ Parameterized Transmittance Model for Direct Beam
and Circumsolar Spectral Irradiance,” Solar Energy, Vol 71, No. 5,
2001, pp. 325-346.
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 G177 − 03 (2012)
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