VENTILATION (Topics)

2.1. Ventilation air flow

2.2. Heat power and demand for ventilation
2.3. Sizing of the main ventilation equipment
2.4. Pressure loss in ventilation systems
2.5. Electricity demand for ventilators
2.6. Annual energy (heat and electricity) costs for ventilation

Ventilation principles

Occupied Zone

Natural ventilation
A fan assisted (mechanical) balanced air ventilation

INDOOR COMFORT CONDITIONS

Year period Indoor air Relative humidity, Air flow, m/s

tempetature, oC %
Cold 22+2 40–60 Iki 0,15
Warm 24,5+1,5 40–60 Iki 0,25
Outdoor air quality (prEN 15251)

Air pollution from occupants

Supply (exhaust) airflow rates

Design air flow rates

Rooms Supply air flow Exhaust air flow

1 person 1m2 floor*
3 3 3
dm /s m /h dm /s m3/h dm3/s.vnt. m3/h.vnt.
1 3 4 5 6 7 8

1.Dwelling/residental houses

1.1. Guestroom 4**** 14,4 0,5* 1,8* - -

1.2. Bedroom 4 14,4 0,7 2,5 - -
1.3. Corridor - - - - - -
1.4. Kitchen - - - - 20/room 72/room
1.7. Bathroom, shower - - - - 15/ room 54/ room
1.8. WC - - - - 10/ room 36/ room
Other
1.9. Stairs - - 0,5 h-1 - 0,5 h-1 -
1.10. Storeroom - - 0,35 1,3 0,35/m2 1,3/m2
1.11. Basement - - 0,2 0,7 0,20/m2 0,7/m2
2. Office buildings
2.1. Single office 10 36 1 3,6 - -
2.2. Opened office 10 36 1,5 5,4 - -
2.3. Conference hall 10 36 4 14,4 - -
2.4. Meeting room - - 2 7,2 - -
2.6. Archive - - 0,35/m2 1,3/m2 - -
2.7. Café/restroom 10 36 5 18 - -
2.8. Corridor - - 0,5 1,8 - -
2.9. Smoking room/restroom - - 10/m2 36/m2 20/m2 72/m2
3. Other buildings
3.1. Classroom/auditorium 6 21,6 3 10,8 - -
3.2. Laboratory (students’) 6 21,6 3 10,8 - -
3.5. Meeting hall 8 28,8 6 21,6 - -
3.6. Sport hall 12 43,2 2 7,2 - -
3.7. Dinning room 6 21,6 5 18 - -
Rooms Supply air flow Exhaust air flow
1 person 1m2 floor*
3 3 3
dm /s m /h dm /s m3/h dm3/s.vnt. m3/h.vnt.
1 3 4 5 6 7 8
3.8. Corridor - - 4 14,4 - -
Hotels
4.3. Hotel room 10 36 1 3,6 - -
4.4. Corridor 10 36 0,5 1,8 - -
4.5. Hall 10 36 2 7,2 - -
4.6. Restaurant WC (public) - - - - 30/ equipment 108/equipment

Shower
72/equipment

General
The ventilation rate (outdoor and supply airflow rate) shall be determined using the
following criteria:
• human occupancy with, or
• per square meter of floor, or
• air change rate per hour.
The ventilation rate for human occupancy shall be determined using the information in (air
flows) or by using specific values for the airflow rate based on regulations or experience.
• other known emissions
• heating or cooling load that shall be dissipated by ventilation.

Other known emissions

The ventilation rate needed for the emission rate and the allowed concentration level in the room give the
dilution of a known emission, as follows:

Heating and cooling load

In some cases the heating or cooling load that has to be dissipated by the ventilation system determines
the ventilation rate. If for this reason the ventilation rate becomes much higher than that given by 6.4.2.2,
an alternative solution for the dissipation of the heat could be more energy-efficient.
The required ventilation rate for heating or cooling is calculated from the following:
 FANS (ventilators)

Fans (ventilators)

Centrifugal

Axial

Catalogs

Fan‘s (ventolators‘s) electric power:

L⋅ p
N= (kW )
3.6 ⋅ 10 6 ⋅ η p ⋅ ηv

Where ,

L – air flow, (m3/h)

p – ventilation‘s systems aerodynamic pressure losses ≈ fan‘s working preassure, (Pa)
ηp – transmission efficiency;
ηv – fan efficiency.

Electricity demand for fans:

W = N ⋅ tvent ⋅ nvent, (kWh)

Čia,

tvent – fan’s “working” days

nvent – fan’s “working” hours per day.

Ventilation‘s systems aerodynamic pressure losses

psist = pduct system + Σpequipment (Pa)

pduct system = Σ(R⋅l + Z), Pa

Examples for pressure drops for specific components in supply air system
prEN 13779:2003)

Examples for pressure drops for specific components in extract air system

FILTERS
 AIR HEATERS

Heat carrier – water Electrical

Air heater heat power without heat recovery:

Lsup ply ⋅ c ⋅ ρ ⋅ (θ sup ply − θ outdoor )

Pairheater = = 0,34 ⋅ Lsup ply ⋅ (θ sup ply − θ outdoor ), W
3600

Air heater heat power with heat recovery:

Pairheater = 0,34 ⋅ Lsup ply ⋅ (θsup ply − θoutdoor ) ⋅ (1 − ηr ), W

ηr – heat recovery efficiency.

Heat demand of ventilation system (without heat recovery):

Qheat ,ventilation = 0,34 ⋅ Lsup ply ⋅ (θ sup ply − θ outdoor ,average ) ⋅ t heat ⋅ nheat ⋅ 10 −3 , kWh

Heat demand of ventilation system (with heat recovery):

Qheat ,ventilation = 0,34 ⋅ Lsup ply ⋅ (θ sup ply − θ outdoor ,average ) ⋅ t heat ⋅ nheat ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ (1 − η r ), kWh

theat – heater “working” days

nheat – heater “working” hours per day.
 HEAT RECOVERY

Rotating regenerators

Supply (to
heater) air Supply
(outdoor) air

Extract (from Extract (to

room) air outdoor) air

Croos-flow recuperators

Supply
(outdoor) air Extract (to
outdoor) air

Supply (to
Extract (from heater) air
room) air
 Heat exchangers for separate flows

AIR HANDLING UNITS

 Basic components

Humidifer
Examples of some AHU:

1) With plate cross-flow recuperator, air heating and cooling (+filtering)

2) With rotating regenerator, air heating and cooling (+filtering)