“AGRICULTURE QUADCOPTER DRONE”

A DISSERTATION
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Electronics and Communication
SESSION: 2016-2020
Submitted to

GURU GOBIND SINGH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S

TECHNICAL CAMPUS,CHAS (BOKARO)
Under the Guidance of
Proff. Gautam Kumar
&
Proff. Hursh Srivatsav
Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering
GURU GOBIND SINGH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S TECHNICAL
CAMPUS,BOKARO
(Vinoba Bhave University,Hazaribagh)
Submitted by
NAME OF STUDENT ROLL NUMBER

Md. Aamir Ahmed 16406002

Pratima Kumari 16406005
Saqiub Nesar 16406008
Shipra Mahato 16406009
Sujata Jha 16406010
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In performing our project, we had to take the help and guideline of some
respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion
of this assignment gives us much Pleasure. We would like to show our
gratitude Mr. Gautam Sir for giving us a good guideline for assignment
throughout numerous consultations. We would also like to expand our
deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us
in writing this assignment.

In addition, a thank you to Professor Hursh Sir, who introduced us to

the Methodology of work, and whose passion for the “underlying
structures” had lasting effect. We also thank the Vinoba Bhave
University for consent to include copyrighted pictures as a part of our
paper.
Many people, especially our classmates and team members itself, have
made valuable comment suggestions on this proposal which gave us an
inspiration to improve our assignment. We thank all the people for their
help directly and indirectly to complete our project.

Md. Aamir Ahmed

Pratima Kumari
Saqiub Nesar
Shipra Mahato
Sujata Jha
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the thesis
entitled, “AGRICULTURE QUARDCOPTER” is our own work carried
out under the guidance of Proff. Gautam Kumar and proff. Hursh
Srivastav , Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering,
GGSESTC, Chas.
We further declare that the matter in this report has not been submitted
by us for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Or,

I hereby declare that the project dissertation entitled, “AGRICULTURE

QUARDCOPTER” was carried out and written by me under the
guidance of Proff. Gautam Kumar and proff. Hursh Srivastav,
Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering, GGSESTC,
Chas.. This work has not been previously formed the basis for the award
of any degree or diploma or certificate nor has been submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma.

KON SA THIK H CHECK KRO………

Md. Aamir Ahmed

Pratima Kumari
Saqiub Nesar
Shipra Mahato
Sujata Jha
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The forgoing thesis entitled “AGRICULTURAL DRONE” is hereby

approved as a creditable study of research topic and has been presented
in satisfactory manner to warrant its acceptance as per requisite to the
degree for which it has been submitted.
It is understood that by approval, the undersigned do not necessarily
endorse any conclusion drawn or opinion expressed thesis, but approve
the thesis for the purpose for which it has been submitted.

……………………..………. ………….……………………
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT INTERNAL EXAMINER

………………..…………..
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 INDEX

1. ABSTRACT
2 . INTRODUCTION
3. COMPOUNDS
4. PRINCIPLE CONCEPT
5. METHODOLOGY
6. BLOCK DIAGRAM
7. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES
8. FUTURE SCOPE
9. REFERENCE
 ABSTRACT

The aim of this Project is Design and Fabrication of Drone for

agricultural applications. Agriculture and allied sectors are the most
crucial sectors of the Indian economy, but agriculture sector is facing lot
of difficulties now-a-days one of the main reasons include unavailability
of labor for the farming processes. Other reasons are prone to chemicals,
unwanted diseases caused by insect/animal bite. The drone will be
helpful in spraying fertilizers, pesticides and crop protection products
while being controlled by a single person operating from a safe area. By
changing the type of container used, the device can be used for spraying
fertilizers, pesticides and crop protection products like manure etc.
There by greatly reducing the time taken and maintaining the safety
precautions for the farmer while spraying fertilizers. The system works
mainly in the principle of thrust and lift. The drone contains four rotors
each connected to four rotary wings containing fins or blades. It will be
able to regulate the thrust/lift through varying the speed of the rotors
through a radio controller. This RC will be fitted with a micro controller
programmed to avoid obstacles through sensors and vary the speeds of
rotary wings compatible with ATMEGA/ARDUINO software
programming. The proposed work in this paper recommends the use of
unarmed vehicles (UAV) in the agricultural sector for spraying crop
protection products like fertilizers and pesticides
 INTRODUCTION

The application of pesticides and fertilizers inagricultural areas is of

prime importance for crop yields. The use of aircrafts is becoming
increasinglycommon in carrying out this task mainly because
ofreduction in cultivated land, labour shortage, unscientific and out-
dated method. Manual spraying of pesticides and fertilizers are mainly
responsible for the increase in the number of chronic diseases. The
potential health effects of pesticides include asthma, allergies, and
hypersensitivity, and pesticide exposure is also linked with cancer,
hormone disruption, and problems with reproduction and fatal
development. However, some factors may reduce the yield, or even
cause damage (e.g. crop areas not covered in the spraying process,
overlapping spraying of crop areas, applying pesticides on the outer
edge of the crop). Climatic condition, such as the intensity and direction
of the wind while spraying add further complexity to the control
problem. In this paper, we describe an architecture based on unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs) which can be employed to implement a control
loop for agricultural applications where UAVs are responsible for
spraying chemicals on crops [1]. The process of applying the chemicals is
controlled by means of the feedback obtained from the wireless sensor
network (WSN). The aim of this solution is to support short delays in the
control loop so that the spraying UAV can process the information from
the sensors. Moreover, we evaluate the impact of the number of
communication messages between the UAV and minimize the burden of
the farmer in spraying the fertilizers and pesticides.
• The small aircraft which operates by itself without any human being is
known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. It is also referred by its
abbreviation as UAV. It is popularly known as Drone. The drone used
for agricultural activities is known as agriculture drone. It is mainly
used to assist in crop production and to monitor crop growth.
• The drone can be either remotely controlled or it can travel as per
predefined path using complex automation algorithm built during its
development.
 COMPOUNDS

The components required for agricultural quardcopters are:

1. FLIGHT CONTROLLER (APM2.8)
2. FRAME :QUADCOPTER F450
3. MOTORS 1000KV
4. ESC(speed controller)
5. PROPELLER
6. TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
7. BATTERY(Lipo 2200mh)
8. POWER MODULE
9. SPRAYER
10.GPS TRACKER

FLIGHT CONTROLLER (APM2.8)

 Ardu Pilot Mega. Ardupilot Mega (APM) is a professional quality
IMU autopilot that is based on the Arduino Mega platform. This
autopilot can control fixed-wing aircraft, multi-rotor helicopters, as
well as traditional helicopters.
 A flight controller ( FC) is the brain of the aircraft. It's basically a
circuit board with sensors that detects orientation changes of your
drone. It also receives user commands, and controls the motors in
order to keep the quadcopter in the air.
 TYPES OF FC:
 The Naza-M V2 Flight Controller. ...
 DJI A3 Flight Controller. ...
 DJI N3 Quadcopter Flight Controller. ...
 Naza-M Lite Flight Controller. ...
  RJX Raceflight F4 Flight Controller. ...

Drone Frame
The frame is made of nylon and carbon fiber materials. Due to this fact
drone is strong and light weight. The frame is used to hold shell of the
body and frame bars. It holds propellers. Landing gears used for landing
are mounted at the end of frame bars.
ESC
An electronic speed control or ESC is an electronic circuit that controls
and regulates the speed of an electric motor. It may also provide
reversing of the motor and dynamic braking. Miniature electronic speed
controls are used in electrically powered radio controlled models. Full-
size electric vehicles also have systems to control the speed of their drive
motors.
MOTOR
When the motor windings become energized (All the motors have coils),
a temporary magnetic field is created that repels (and/or attracts)
against the permanent magnets present inside the motor. This magnetic
force is creating the repulsive force in the coil that is used to spin/rotate
the shaft.
RECIEVER
A radio control system is made up of two elements, the transmitter you
hold in your hands and the receiver you put inside your drone. Once
the receiver has this information it passes it on to your drones flight
controller which makes the drone move accordingly.
TRANSMITTER
A radio control system is made up of two elements, the transmitter you
hold in your hands and the receiver you put inside your drone.
Dramatically simplifying things here, your drone transmitter will read
your stick inputs and send them through the air to your receiver in near
real time.
PROPELLERS
Quadcopter propellers produce more thrust the faster they spin. ... As
the propeller rotates, and pushes through the air, the air pushes back
and causes a counter rotation on the body of the drone. This is why all of
the propellers on a Multirotor drone do NOT rotate in the same
direction.
BATTERY
An FPV Drone Battery is the foundational component of
a Quadcopter and must be considerately selected to achieve an ideal
balance between performance and flight time. Lithium batteries are the
most common battery chemistry used to power Quadcopters due to
their high energy densities and high discharge capabilities.
SPRAYER
The agriculture sprayer drones protect farmers from poisoning and
heatstroke, while spraying liquid pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides.
GPS TRACKER
The GPS concept is based on time and the known position of GPS
specialized satellites. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that
are synchronized with one another and with the ground clocks. Any
drift from time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. In the same
manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS
receivers have clocks as well, but they are less stable and less precise
Controller
This drone UAV based controller consists of circuitry to control wifi
transmission and reception, circuitry to adjust speed of each propeller
and circuitry to have communication with ground based control system.
This is needed to have control on the movement of drone. The controller
part uses microcontroller and drivers needed to have controlling
functionality us.
 PRINCIPLE CONCEPT

Drones use rotors for propulsion and control. The system works mainly
in the principle of thrust and lift. The drone contains four rotors each
connected to four rotary wings containing fins or blades. It will be able
to regulate the thrust/lift through varying the speed of the rotors
through a radio controller. This RC will be fitted with a micro controller
programmed to avoid obstacles through sensors and vary the speeds of
rotary wings compatible with ATMEGA/ARDUINO software
programming.

Arduino Code for Spraying

#include <Servo.h>
myservo;
inttriggerpin = 5;
intoffpin = 2;
intbuttonState;
intlastButtonState = LOW;
int button2State;
int lastButton2State = LOW;
void setup()
{
myservo.attach(9);
pinMode(triggerpin, INPUT);
pinMode(offpin, INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
buttonState = digitalRead(triggerpin);
button2State = digitalRead(offpin);
//On Off Spray
if ((buttonState != lastButtonState || button2State != lastButton2State))
{
if (buttonState == HIGH)
{
myservo.write(90); delay(15);
}
else if (button2State == HIGH)
{
myservo.write(0);
delay(15);
}
}
lastButtonState = buttonState;
lastButton2State = button2State;
delay(1);
 METHODOLOGY

Working :
 Quadcopter is a device with a intense mixture of
Electronics, mechanical and mainly on the principle of
aviation
 The Quadcopter has 4 motors whose speed of rotation
and the directions of rotation changes according to the
users desire to move the device in a particular direction
(i.e, takeoff ,landing ,left ,right)
 The rotation of motors changes as per the transmitter
send signals from 6-channel transmitter.
 The programme for which is written in the AT-MEGA
16 chips
 The signals from microcontroller goes to ESC which
control the speed of motors.

 In this configuration, the red rotors are rotating

counterclockwise and the green ones are rotating
clockwise. With the two sets of rotors rotating in
opposite directions, the total angular momentum is
zero.

 To rotate the drone, decrease the spin of rotor 1 and 3

 and increase the spin for rotors 2 and 4.

 To increase the rotation rate of rotors 3 and 4 (the rear

ones) and decrease the rate of rotors 1 and 2. The total
thrust force will remain equal to the weight, so the
drone will stay at the same vertical level.

Binding RF Transmitter and Receiver

1. Install the battery to the 2.4 GHz transmitter, and turn it off.
2. Insert the binding plug into the BAT port of the receiver.
3. Connect the ESC to Channel 3, or an external battery (5vdc) to any
one of the other channels observing +/- polarity. Power up the receiver
using the external battery, or connecting the main battery to the ESC.
The LEDs should start to flash.
4. Press and hold the lower left button on the transmitter, and then
switch on the transmitter's power switch
5. Observe the LED lights on the receivers (main and satellite). Once the
LEDs stop flashing, the receiver is bound to the transmitter. It will take
about 10 seconds (or less) for the binding process to complete.
6. Release the match button on the transmitter. Remove power from the
receiver, and turn off the transmitter.
7. Remove the receiver binding plug. Connect your servos and other
channels as described in.
8. Test by turning on the receiver without pressing the match/bind
switch. Power the receiver, and the LEDs should light steady meaning it
is bound to the transmitter.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

Advantage:
Following are the benefits or advantages of Agriculture Drones:
➨It helps in achieving more yields by using resources effectively. It
provides good ROI (Return on Investment).
➨Drones are used in large scale farming for spraying of insecticides and
pesticides due to its remote control operation from distant.
➨It helps in monitoring environmental data which helps in smart
farming.
➨It helps farmers in scouting their fields quickly and efficiently. This
saves time in determining status of fields.
➨They are easy to use with very basic training.
➨Latest agriculture drones help in collecting data which helps in
improving crop health.
➨It has integrated GIS (Geographic Information System) mapping. It
helps in storing and analyzing all types of geographical and spatial data.
It helps farmers in mapping in order to boost yields and in cutting costs
to take business forward.
➨With push of a button drone can return home.
➨Thermal cameras help in finding wet and dry patches. This helps
farmers avoid wastage of water.
Disadvantage:
Following are the drawbacks or disadvantages of Agriculture Drones:
➨It requires basic knowledge and skills to operate the agriculture
drones.
➨Most of the drones have less flight time and covers less area. Drones
having long flight time and long range are costlier. Drones having more
features are also more expensive.
➨Need to obtain government clearance in order to use it.
➨It uses same air space as commercial aircrafts and hence may interfere
with manned aircrafts if it comes in their flight path.
➨It is difficult to fly them in extreme conditions
 FUTURE APPLICATION

1. Planting Seeds: Companies such as DroneSeed are building drones

that can blast fertilizer and seeds into the ground at 350 feet per second.
DroneSeed says its solution is good for the environment, worker safety
and investors. DroneSeed’s drones currently have a flight time of about
30 minutes; after changing batteries, the drones can cover an acre within
1.5 hours.
2.Fighting Crop Diseases: Drones can be used for multispectral
imaging, meaning that the tiny flying robots are outfitted with crop
health sensors that run NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index).
Aerial NDVI sensors aren’t totally new — they used to be outfitted to
manned airplanes — but with drones, they are quicker and cheaper.
And these days, these sensors are so compact they can be outfitted to
consumer drones like the DJI Phantom or even a DJI Mavic.
3. Fertilizer: NDVI is used for more than just analyzing diseases. NDVI
images may be able to prescribe fertilizer applications, estimate yields
and identify weeds. (NDVI is an important graphical indicator for
farmers to analyze remote sensing measurements and assess whether
the land contains live green vegetation or not.)
4. Artificial Intelligence: Drones are getting so smart, that farmers don’t
necessarily need to be “drone experts” in order to use them.
Aerovironment, which primarily makes military-focused drones, in 2017
launched the Quantix, a $16,500 drone for farmers. The Quantix has
been a game-changer for farmers with its fully-automated takeoff, flight
and landing, eliminating the learning curve for agricultural experts who
don’t necessarily want to learn how to fly a drone. The Quantix can then
quickly map acreage (it can scout up to 400 acres in 45 minutes),
allowing farmers to easily spot crop health and operational issues that
might be missed by the naked eye.
5. Pollination: Drone companies such as Bee Innovative have been
tracking honeybees in real time for precision pollination. Bee Innovative
claims that its “BeeDar” solution has already delivered 20 percent
increases in crop yields and returns for farmers season to season. And
California-based agriculture technology startup DropCopter allows
farmers to pollinate orchards via drones.
 REFRENCE
INTERNET
 http://www.flyingcameras.ca/blog/the-rapid-rise-of-the-
multicopter-and-the-dji-phantom/
 https://www.agriculture.com › machinery › spraying
 http://www.clickeric.com/2012/01/12/i-need-this-parrot-ar-
drone/
 http://store.scoutuav.com/product/frames/scout-3-rtf/
 http://design-engine.com/parrot-ar-drone-2-0-quadricopter/
 http://www.aviastar.org/helicopters_eng/convertawings.php
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oemichen2.jpg
 https://thedronegirl.com/2019/03/05/future-agriculture/

BOOKS
 A Textbook on Spraying chemicals in agriculture by NAGOOR
KANI
 A Textbook on Microprocessor and Microcontroller by AP
GODSE.