1

Modeling and Simulation of Battery Energy

Storage Systems for Grid Frequency
Regulation

X. Xu, M. Bishop and D. Oikarinen

S&C Electric Company
Franklin, WI, USA

©2015 www.sandc.com
 2
Outline of Presentation
• Overview of energy storage projects in US
• Energy storage applications with renewables and others
• Modeling and simulations for grid regulations (frequency regulation,
voltage control, islanding operations, reliability, etc.)
• Case studies
• Real project examples
Energy Storage Projects and Capacity in US (from
DOE Database as of August 2013)

Source: Grid Energy Storage, DOE Public Report,

December 2013
 Major Applications of Battery Energy Storage System
(BESS)

Source: 2013 Edition of the DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage

Handbook
Schematic Diagram of a Typical BESS

Battery
 Modeling of BESS for Grid Level Applications - WECC
Overall Model Block Structure

REPC_A Vt REEC_C Vt REGC_A

Vreg
Vref Plant Level Qext Iqcmd’ Iqcmd Iq
Qref Q Control
V/Q Control Current
Qbranch Generator Network
Pref Limit
Model Solution
Pbranch Plant Level Ipcmd’ Logic Ipcmd Ip
Pref P Control
Freq_ref P Control
Freg
Pqflag
= 1 (P priority) SOC/Pgen
= 0 (Q priority)
 Modeling of BESS for Grid Level Applications - WECC
Overall Model Block Structure (Cont’d)
Generator/converter module (REGC_A) – This module processes real and reactive
current commands from the electrical control module, with feedback of terminal
voltage for lower voltage active current and high voltage reactive current management
logics, and outputs real and reactive current injections into the network model.

Electrical control module (REEC_C) – This module acts on active and reactive power
references from the plant controller module, with feedback of terminal voltage for
specification of a prescribed reactive control response during voltage dip and feedback
of generator power output for monitoring the state of charge (SOC) of battery and
setting appropriate active current limits. This module provides real and reactive
current commands to the generator/converter module with selection of real or reactive
power control priority.

Plant controller module (REPC_A) – This module processes frequency and active
power output of the BESS to emulate frequency/active power control. It also processes
voltage and reactive power output of the BESS to emulate volt/var control at the plant
level. This module provides active and reactive power commands to the electrical
control module.
 WECC REGC_A Model for BESS

REGC_A Iqrmax
Iqcmd -1 Iq +
× Iolim
Upward rate limit on Iq active when Qgen0 > 0 1 + sTg
-
Downward rate limit on Iq active when Qgen0 < 0
Iqrmin
Vt
Vt ≤ Volim Vt > Volim
+ 0
Khv
-
0
INTERFACE
LVPL & rrpwr Volim
TO
HIGH VOLTAGE REACTIVE CURRENT MANAGEMENT
NETWORK
Ipcmd 1 Ip MODEL
1 + sTg

LOW VOLTAGE LOW VOLTAGE

LVPL ACTIVE CURRENT
POWER LOGIC gain
MANAGEMENT
Lvplsw Lvpl1 1
0 V 1
×
1 1 + sTfltr 0

V V
Zerox Brkpt lvpnt0 lvpnt1

Source: “WECC Wind Plant Dynamic Modeling Guidelines,” WECC Renewable Energy Modeling Task
Force, WECC Modeling and Validation Work Group, April 2014 [Online]. Available:
https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Wind%20Plant%20Dynamic%20Modeling%20Guidelines.pdf
 WECC REEC_C Model for BESS

Source: “WECC Energy Storage System Model – Phase II,” WECC REMTF Adhoc Group on BESS
modeling, WECC Renewable Energy Modeling Task Force, WECC Modeling and Validation Work Group,
March 2015 [Online]. Available: https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Approved%20Energy
%20Storage%20System%20Model%20-%20Phase%20II.pdf
 WECC REPC_A Model for BESS

REPC_A

VcompFlag Vref
Ibranch 1 1 - +
|Vreg – (Rc+jXc)· Ibranch|
Vreg 0 1 + sTfltr
Qmax
+ dbd emax
+ 1
Kp + Ki 1 + s Tft
Qbranch Kc RefFlag Qext
0 s 1 + s Tfv
emin Freeze state if
- Qmin Vreg < Vfrz
1
1 + sTfltr
+
Qref

Plant_pref
Pmax Freq_flag
+ femax 0

Pbranch 1 - Kpg + Kig 1 Pref

1
1 + sTp 0 + s 1 + sTlag
Ddn femin
fdbd1,fdbd2 + Pmin
-
Freg
+ +
Freq_ref Dup
0

Source: “WECC Wind Plant Dynamic Modeling Guidelines,” WECC Renewable Energy Modeling Task
Force, WECC Modeling and Validation Work Group, April 2014 [Online]. Available:
https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Wind%20Plant%20Dynamic%20Modeling%20Guidelines.pdf
BESS Modeling and Simulation in PSS®E

WECC Benchmark Test System

3
BUS3
2 4
LOAD1 LOAD2
1 5 6
GEN1 BUS5 GEN2

75.0 -74.8 24.8 -24.8 25.3 -25.3 -32.2 32.4 -32.4 32.7

1
150.0 21.9 -25.2 10.2 -15.1 15.6 -15.4 0.4 -0.6 0.6 -0.7 65.4
1 1
43.9R 75.0 -74.8 24.8 -24.8 25.3 -25.3 -32.2 32.4 -32.4 32.7 -1.5R

1
21.9 -25.2 10.2 -15.1 15.6 -15.4 0.4 -0.6 0.6 -0.7

1.0 40.7 1.0 1.0

234.6 46.7 116.0 116.7
19.0
21.9
-40.7
-19.0

-46.7
-21.9
21 1.0 59.3
MOTOR1 232.3 68.3
11.0
8.1
1.0 1.0 41
40.7
19.0

46.8
21.9
232.3 115.2 MOTOR2
1.0
115.2

1 1 1
1
8 7
BESS-MV BESS-LV

-1.0 1.0 -1.0 1.0 1.0

BESS
1

1
1
-1.0 1.0 -1.0 1.0 1.0R

1.0 1.0 1.0

231.2 35.0 0.5
Simulation of Underfrequency or Overfrequency
Condition

0.001 2.5 0.5

0 0.009

2 0
-0.001 0.008

-0.002 0.007

BESS Discharge Power (MW)

BESS Charge Power (MW)

Frequency Deviation (pu)
Frequency Deviation (pu)

1.5 -0.5
-0.003 0.006

-0.004 0.005
1 -1
-0.005 0.004

-0.006 0.003
0.5 -1.5
-0.007 0.002

-0.008 0.001
0 -2

-0.009 0

-0.5 -0.001 -2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Time (seconds) Time (seconds)






 Frequency Deviation (pu) 




 BESS Discharge Power (MW) 




 Frequency Deviation (pu) 




 BESS Charge Power (MW)
Real System Study with BESS Model
BESS 4
BESS 2

BESS 1

BESS 3
 Simulation of Contingencies Causing
Overfrequency or Underfrequency Conditions
Channel Plot
0.05

0.04
Frequency Deviation (pu)

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (seconds)
Channel Plot





 Without BESS 




 With BESS
0.01

0.005

Frequency Deviation (pu)

0

-0.005

-0.01

-0.015

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (seconds)






 Without BESS 




 With BESS
BESS Charge/Discharge with Overfrequency or
Underfrequency Conditions
1

-1
BESS Output (MW)

-2

-3

-4

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (seconds) 5






 BESS Charging (MW) 4

BESS Output (MW)

1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (seconds)






 BESS Discharge (MW)
BESS Project in Presidio, Texas (Reliability Application)
• Power quality and high number of outages were major problems
• Repairs to troublesome 69-kV line took a long time
• Peak loads can exceed the weather-normalized load forecast
Project in Presidio, Texas (Reliability Application) (Cont’d)

• 4-MW, 24-MWh S&C PureWave Storage Management

System, installed indoors
• System can back up entire
town for 6 hours
S&C’s Project in Santa Rita Jail, Dublin, California

• Average daily power demand of 3 MW in the correction

facility
• Needed way to store excess power produced by on-site
generation, operate indefinitely without connection to local
grid
• Needed way to purchase power off-peak and use it during
high-cost peak demand periods
Project in Santa Rita Jail, Dublin, California (Cont’d)

www.acgov.org/smartgrid
Project in Santa Rita Jail, Dublin, California (Cont’d)

• 2-MW PureWave Storage Management System; can

power this facility for up to 2 hours
• Facility expects to save
nearly $100,000 a year
XCEL Energy Storage Project
• 1 MW, 6 MW-hour Sodium-Sulfur Battery Storage System
• Peak Shaving, Wind Farm Output Smoothing, Energy
Dispatching and Arbitrage
S&C Delivered BESS Projects

1-MW System – Minnesota

2 x 1-MW System – Canada 1-MW System – Scotland

4-MW System – California 2-MW System – Ohio

2-MW System – Alameda

2-MW System – Indiana 1-MW System – West Virginia

1-MW System – Missouri

1-MW System – Australia

1-MW System – New Mexico

4-MW System – Texas 2-MW System – West Virginia

1-MW System – Catalina

2 x 1-MW System – North Carolina

1-MW System – New Mexico 2-MW System – Ohio

NaS Advanced Lead Acid

Li-Ion NaNiCl
Thank you!!
Xiaokang Xu, Ph.D.
Principal Engineer
S&C Electric Company
xiaokang.xu@sandc.com
(414) 448-4048