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Rainwater Harvesting and its Methods
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Components of the Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting
Catchments
Transportation
First flush
Filter
Catchments
The surface that receives rainfall directly is the
catchment of rainwater harvesting system. It may
be terrace, courtyard, or paved or unpaved open
ground. The terrace may be flat RCC/stone roof
or sloping roof. Therefore the catchment is the
area, which actually contributes rainwater to the
harvesting system.
Transportation
Rainwater from rooftop should be carried through down take water pipes or drains to
storage/harvesting system. Water pipes should be UV resistant (ISI HDPE/PVC pipes)
of required capacity. Water from sloping roofs could be caught through gutters and
down take pipe. At terraces, mouth of the each drain should have wire mesh to restrict
floating material.
First Flush
First flush is a device used to flush off the water received
in first shower. The first shower of rains needs to be
flushed-off to avoid contaminating storable/rechargeable
water by the probable contaminants of the atmosphere
and the catchment roof. It will also help in cleaning of silt
and other material deposited on roof during dry seasons
Provisions of first rain separator should be made at outlet
of each drainpipe.
Filter
Filters are used for treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity, colour and
microorganisms. After first flushing of rainfall, water should pass through filters.
A gravel, sand and ‘netlon’ mesh filter is designed and placed on top of the
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storage tank. This filter is very important in keeping the rainwater in the storage
tank clean. It removes silt, dust, leaves and other organic matter from entering the
storage tank.
The filter media should be cleaned daily after every rainfall event. Clogged filters
prevent rainwater from easily entering the storage tank and the filter may
overflow. The sand or gravel media should be taken out and washed before it is
replaced in the filter.
A simple charcoal filter can be made in a drum or an earthen pot. The filter is
made of gravel, sand and charcoal, all of which are easily available.
SAND FILTERS:
Sand filters have commonly available sand as filter media. Sand filters are easy
and inexpensive to construct. These filters can be employed for treatment of water
to effectively remove turbidity (suspended particles like silt and clay), colour and
microorganism.
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Features of rainwater harvesting:-
Literature
As water harvesting is a very old tradition and has been used for years, several
techniques have been developed so far. Extensive literature is available on RWH
with respect to various methods, its impacts on groundwater quantity, quality and
its modelling. Literature related to the various methods of recharge estimation,
applications of remote sensing and GIS in artificial recharge, studies on
groundwater modelling, RWH implementation and its impact studies was
collected and a critical review was carried out, as shown in the following sections.
Rainwater harvesting is a very old practice that has been increasingly receiving
attention in the world, fueled by water shortages from droughts, pollution and
population growth (Nolde, 2007; Meera and Ahameed, 2006).
Runoff may be collected from roofs and ground surfaces as well as from
intermittent or ephemeral watercourses and thus water harvesting falls into two
groups. Water harvesting techniques which harvest runoff from roofs called
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RWH and all systems which gathers discharges from water courses named flood
water harvesting (Critchley et al. 1991).Gitte and Pendke (2002) conducted a
study on the water conservation practices, water table fluctuations and
groundwater recharge in watershed areas. The study revealed that the water
conservation measures were found to be effective for rising of water table in
observation wells, located in the middle and lower reach of the watershed.The
overall groundwater recharge due to corresponding rainfall was to the tune of
3.76 to 8.85 cm in the influence of area of soil and water conservation structure.
It has been said that rainwater harvesting can promote considerable water saving
in residences in different nations. In Germany, a study done by Herrmann and
Schmida (2008) showed that the potential of potable water saving in a house
might differ from 30% to 60%, depending on the need and area of roof. In Brazil,
a study performed by Ghisi et al. (2009) revealed the potential water saving by
using water harvesting in 62 cities ranged from 34% to 92%, with an average
potential for potable saving of 69%.
Singh and Thapaliyal (1991) assessed the effect of watershed programme on rain
fed agriculture in Jhansi district at the state of Uttar Pradesh and found that the
underground water table in the area showed a considerable increase, the average
mean increase in the water table being 3.7 meters. A change in the area from
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pulses to cereals and vice versa was noted in Rabi and Kharif seasons,
respectively.
Naik (2000) reported that the main reasons for non-adoption of water harvesting
structures in the state of Karnataka were the non-availability of credit and high
interest rates, (69% each) followed by long gestation period (68%), high hiring
charges of improved implements (65%) and small holdings (61%) etc. in the non-
watershed area.
Venkatesh and Jose (2007) conducted a rainfall study on the coastal and its nearby
areas of Karnataka. The statistical analyses conducted are cluster analysis and
analysis of variance. The study revealed that there existed three different zones
of rainfall regimes in
the study area, namely, Transition Zone,Coastal zone, and Malanad zone. It was
found that the maximum rainfall occurred on the windward side ahead of the
geographical peak. Further, the average monthly rainfall distribution over the
zones had been shown to help agricultural planning in the study area.
Sreekanth et al. (2009) used a prediction model to forecast ground- water level at
Maheshwaram watershed, Hyderabad, India. The model’s efficiency were
calculated based on the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of
determination (R2). The model gave the best fit and the predicted trend and also
the observed data closely (RMSE = 4.50 and R2 = 0.93).
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concluded that the LCR was a generalized, cost method developed to quantify
natural recharge spatially and temporally
from rainfall in hard rock terrain.
Methodology
1)In designing rainwater-harvesting system, capturing rainfall run off from the
roads and creating artificial connectivity to sub surface water in the hygienic
manner is the key concept.
2)The effectiveness lies in reasonable cost, coverage of large areas and immediate
implementation and immerse benefits in terms of additional water availability ,
improvement in water quality , increased plantation , maintaining eco-balance,
,reducing the cost on maintenance and repairs of roads and many fold increase in
life of the roads.
3.Storm water harvesting along both sides of roads with the help of suitable,
simple structures, would not only control storm water hazards in cities, but will
enhance ground water availability 8 to 10 times compared to natural process of
rainfall infiltration.
4.The location and design of sustainable storm water harvesting system require
hydrogeological study of the area as well as sub surface information of most
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permeable zone. Besides, average rainfall and rainfall intensity need to be
analyzed as per climatic zones.
5.Based on normal rainfall and peak rainfall intensity, the storm water harvesting
system is designed in such a way that 70-80% runoff of roads and paved area is
sent back to ground water regime after natural filtration process based on rate of
recharge Test on existing wells/pits.
The overall cost of their installation and operation is much lesser than that of
water purifying or pumping systems. Maintenance requires little time and energy.
The result is the collection of water that can be used in substantial ways even
without purification.
It also lessens the burden of soil erosion in a number of areas, allowing the land
to thrive once again. In fact, it can also be stored in cisterns for use during times
when water supplies are at an all time low.
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3. Suitable for Irrigation: As such, there is little requirement for building new
infrastructure for the rainwater harvesting system. Most rooftops act as a
workable catchment area, which can be linked to the harvesting system. This also
lessens the impact on the environment by reducing use of fuel based machines.
Rainwater is free from many chemicals found in ground water, making it suitable
for irrigation and watering gardens. In fact, storing large reservoirs of harvested
water is a great idea for areas where forest fires and bush fires are common during
summer months.
5. Reduces Floods and Soil Erosion: During rainy season, rainwater is collected
in large storage tanks which also helps in reducing floods in some low lying areas.
Apart from this, it also helps in reducing soil erosion and contamination of surface
water with pesticides and fertilizers from rainwater run-off which results in
cleaner lakes and ponds.
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rainwater alone for all your water needs in areas where there is limited rainfall.
Rainwater harvesting is suitable in those areas that receive plenty of rainfall.
2. Initial High Cost: Depending on the system’s size and technology level, a
rainwater harvesting system may cost anywhere between $200 to $2000 and
benefit from it cannot be derived until it is ready for use. Like solar panels, the
cost can be recovered in 10-15 years which again depends on the amount of
rainfall and sophistication of the system.
5. Storage Limits: The collection and storage facilities may also impose some
kind of restrictions as to how much rainwater you can use. During the heavy
downpour, the collection systems may not be able to hold all rainwater which
ends in going to to drains and rivers.
Rainwater harvesting is a system that is gaining speed over time. Areas that
experience high amounts of rainfall will benefit the most from the system and
will be able to distribute water to dry lands with ease. However, the beneficial
environmental impact of the system is what drives it further as of now.
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Need for rain water harvesting
Water is one of the most essential requirement for existence of living beings.
Surface water and ground water are two major sources of water. Due to over
population and higher usage levels of water in urban areas, water supply agencies
are unable to cope up demand from surface sources like dams, reservoirs, rivers
etc. This has led to digging of individual tube wells by house owners. Even water
supply agencies have resorted to ground water sources by digging tube-wells in
order to augment the water supply. Replenishment of ground water is drastically
reduced due to paving of open areas. Indiscriminate exploitation of ground water
results in lowering of water table rendering many bore-wells dry. To over come
this situation bore wells are drilled to greater depths. This further lowers the water
table and in some areas this leads to higher concentration of hazardous chemicals
such as fluorides, nitrates and arsenic. In coastal areas like Chennai, over
exploitation of ground water resulted in seawater intrusion thereby rendering
ground water bodies saline. In rural areas also, government policies on subsidized
power supply for agricultural pumps and piped water supply through bore wells
are resulting into decline in ground water table. The solution to all these problems
is to replenish ground water bodies with rain water by man made means.
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Recommendations
1)All eight blocks in Amritsar district are over exploited; hence it is necessary
to notify all blocks for registration of ground water abstraction structures and
for regulation of ground water abstraction. After the notification permission
should be sought from Central Ground Water Authority for construction of any
tubewell.
3) In the Holy town of Amritsar, industries are discharging toxic effluents either
on ground in the industrial premises or into city sewerage drains. Industrial
effluents should be suitably disposed off after tertiary treatment and solid waste
be treated using scientific techniques.
4) Farmers have adopted paddy cultivation due to its profitability and incentives
from Government. Paddy requires much more irrigation water as comparison to
other crops. Thus a change in cropping pattern is required.
6) Canal command area in the district is very small; hence most of the irrigation
is done through tubewells. More area should be brought under canal command
area. A change in irrigation policy in the district is required.
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Conclusions:
Objectives:
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of precipitation for later human
use. This project focuses on the design, construction and analysis of a rainwater
harvesting system located at the Bourns College of Engineering at the University
of California, Riverside. The information collected from this project will be used
to build a template for designing a rain water harvesting system that can be placed
in areas outside of the Southern California region, with a specific look at the
applicability of rain water harvesting in developing regions.
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A preliminary mathematical model was created using Microsoft Excel that can
be used to determine the potential volume of rainwater captured from an inputted
rooftop area. Besides providing the volume of water that could be potentially
collected from a rain event, the Excel model outputs the estimated total cost of
installation and the amount of days harvested water can be used to irrigate a given
lawn area. The collected data from the Phase I design will provide an opportunity
to optimize the Excel model, taking into consideration local conditions and
equipment costs.
Phase I funding was used to construct a harvesting system around one drain spout
located at the Bourns College site. To come up with a preliminary design of the
system the Excel model was used to come up with a tank size based on local
rainfall data. The system includes a catch basin connected to a roof outlet, which
flows over a weir and flow meter. An auto-sampler is also connected to the system
to take grab samples. The water is tested for total suspended solids and total
dissolved solids.
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