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PROSPECTS OF WIND ENERGY IN THE COASTAL REGION OF BANGLADESH AND

THE ESTIMATION, COST CALCULATION AND BLADE DESIGN FOR WIND TURBINE.

This thesis report is submitted to through the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
under the Faculty of Engineering and Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of B.Sc. Engineering at Pabna University of Science and Technology Rajapur, Pabna-6600,
Bangladesh

By

Roll No: 140203

Registration No: 1021152

Session: 2013-2014

Pabna University of Science and Technology

July, 2019
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Abstract

Consumption of power and energy is the scale with which the development of a country is
measured in this era. The developed nation where have switched to renewable energy sources for
the generation of power Bangladesh is still producing energy in the more conventional method
which pollutes the nature and harms the environment. In this study Wind energy is shown as a
renewable source of power which doesn’t harm the environment and the aspects of generating
power from wind energy in Bangladesh. A study on the coastal areas of Bangladesh considering
the average wind speed in those areas which shows the possibility and scope for building wind
farm in Kuakata and Kutubdia which can generate low cost power. This study also describes the
design of blades for the wind turbine and simulation of generated power. The generated output of
power is 131.707 KW at the average of 10m/s wind speed.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Motivation..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2 POWER SECTOR OF BANGLADESH ............................................................................................. 3
2.1 Scenario of Power Sector of Bangladesh ...................................................................................... 4
2.2 Power Generation Units (Fuel Type Wise) .................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Coal Base Power Generation ................................................................................................ 6
2.2.2 Gas Base Power Plant............................................................................................................ 6
2.2.3 Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Power Generation............................................................................... 6
2.2.4 High Speed Diesel (HSD) ....................................................................................................... 7
2.2.5 Hydro Power Plant ................................................................................................................ 7
2.2.6 Imported Power Plant ........................................................................................................... 7
2.2.6.1 Electricity Import from India ............................................................................................. 7
2.2.6.2 Electricity Import from Bhutan ......................................................................................... 7
2.2.6.3 Electricity Import from Nepal ........................................................................................... 7
2.2.6.4 China Cooperation in Bangladesh Power Sector and Investment Opportunity ............... 8
2.2.7 Nuclear Power Plant ............................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Power Stations Based on Renewable Energy................................................................................ 8
2.3.1 Solar Power Plants ................................................................................................................ 8
2.3.1.1 Implemented Projects for Solar Energy ............................................................................ 9
2.3.1.2 Ongoing Solar PV Projects/PV Systems (Grid-Tied) .......................................................... 9
2.3.2 Wind Power Projects........................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2.1 Implemented Wind Power Projects ................................................................................ 12
2.3.2.2 Ongoing Wind Power Projects ........................................................................................ 12
2.3.3 Solid Waste to Energy based Power Projects under Planning (IPP) ................................... 13
2.3.4 Ongoing Other Projects....................................................................................................... 13
2.3.5 Biogas Projects .................................................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 3 WIND POWER GENERATION ................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Wind Energy ................................................................................................................................ 16
3.2 Wind Power................................................................................................................................. 18
3.2.1 Wind Power resources ........................................................................................................ 19
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3.2.2 Addressing the variability of wind power ........................................................................... 21

3.2.3 Advantages of Wind Power................................................................................................. 23
3.2.4 Challenges of Wind Power .................................................................................................. 24
3.3 Wind Turbine .............................................................................................................................. 24
3.3.1 Wind Turbine Technology ................................................................................................... 24
3.3.2 Wind Turbine Anatomy ....................................................................................................... 26
3.3.2.1 Rotors .............................................................................................................................. 27
3.3.2.2 Yawing ............................................................................................................................. 28
3.3.2.3 Drive Trains and Generator............................................................................................. 29
3.3.2.4 Towers ............................................................................................................................. 31
3.3.2.5 The mechanics of wind turbines ..................................................................................... 32
3.3.3 Types of Wind Turbine ........................................................................................................ 34
3.3.3.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) .......................................................................... 34
3.3.3.1.1 Advantages................................................................................................................ 35
3.3.3.1.2 Disadvantages ........................................................................................................... 35
3.3.3.2 Vertical Axis Wind turbine (VAWT) ................................................................................. 35
3.3.3.2.1 Advantages................................................................................................................ 36
3.3.3.2.2 Disadvantages ........................................................................................................... 36
3.4 Wind Farm................................................................................................................................... 37
3.4.1 Types of Wind Farms........................................................................................................... 37
3.4.1.1 On-Shore Wind Farm ...................................................................................................... 37
3.4.1.2 Off-Shore Wind Farm ...................................................................................................... 38
3.5 How Wind Creates Energy .......................................................................................................... 39
3.6 Environmental Effects of Wind Power ........................................................................................ 40
Chapter 4 Prospects of Wind Energy in Bangladesh ................................................................................... 41
4.1 Wind Energy Scenario in Bangladesh.......................................................................................... 42
4.2 Wind Energy Study Project (West) .............................................................................................. 43
4.2.1 Estimation of Monthly Extractable Energy ......................................................................... 46
Chapter 5 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 48
5.1 Theory and Calculation ............................................................................................................... 49
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5.2 Estimation of number of turbines power rating, cost & rotor size for wind energy generation
for 650 MW power generation ............................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 6 Blade Design and Output Stimulation ....................................................................................... 53
7.1 Blade Design for Optimum Energy Capture ................................................................................ 54
7.1.1 Design Limits ....................................................................................................................... 56
7.1.1.1 Cut - in Wind Speed ........................................................................................................ 56
7.1.1.2 Rated Wind Speed (also associated with the Nameplate Capacity) ............................... 56
7.1.1.3 Cut - out Wind Speed ...................................................................................................... 57
7.1.1.3.1 Stalling....................................................................................................................... 57
7.1.1.3.2 Furling or Feathering................................................................................................. 57
7.1.2 Yaw Control ......................................................................................................................... 58
7.1.3 Capacity Factor.................................................................................................................... 58
7.2 Blade Design Using Q Blade ........................................................................................................ 58
7.2.1 Airfoil Design ....................................................................................................................... 58
7.3 Wing Design ................................................................................................................................ 61
7.4 XFOIL Direct Analysis................................................................................................................... 62
7.5 Polar Extrapolation ..................................................................................................................... 63
7.6 Blade ........................................................................................................................................... 63
7.7 Rotor Blade Element Momentum Simulation (BEM) .................................................................. 66
7.8 Static Blade Loading .................................................................................................................... 67
7.9 Output Generated ....................................................................................................................... 68
7.10 Design Review ............................................................................................................................. 69
Chapter 7..................................................................................................................................................... 70
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 70
8.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 71
8.2 Future Work ................................................................................................................................ 71
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Figure 2.1-1: Existing Major Generating Stations of Bangladesh [4] ............................................ 4

Figure 2.1-2: Power sectors of Bangladesh [4] ............................................................................... 4
Figure 3.1-1 Wind Turbines at a Wind Firm ............................................................................... 17
Figure 3.2-1 : Generation of Wind Power .................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.2-2 Generation of Wind in the Atmosphere .................................................................. 19
Figure 3.2-3 : Past and Present Wind Turbine Sizes. ................................................................... 20
Figure 3.2-4 global wind power cumulative capacity [17] ........................................................... 22
Figure 3.3-1 Wind Turbine [18].................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3.3-2 Different Types of Wind Turbine ............................................................................ 26
Figure 3.3-3: Anatomy of a Wind Turbine [19] ........................................................................... 29
Figure 3.3-4 Mechanism of a Wind Turbine [21] ......................................................................... 30
Figure 3.3-5 : Mechanism of Wind Turbine ................................................................................. 33
Figure 3.3-6 : Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine .............................................................................. 34
Figure 3.3-7 : Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ................................................................................... 36
Figure 3.4-1 On-shore Wind Farm................................................................................................ 38
Figure 3.4-2: Off-Shore Wind Farm ............................................................................................. 38
Figure 3.5-1 Electricity Generation .............................................................................................. 39
Figure 4.2-1 Monthly average wind speed at Patenga .................................................................. 43
Figure 4.2-2 Monthly average wind speed at Cox’s Bazar ........................................................... 43
Figure 4.2-3: Monthly average wind speed at Teknaf .................................................................. 44
Figure 4.2-4: Monthly average wind speed at Char Fassion ........................................................ 44
Figure 4.2-5: Monthly average wind speed at Kuakata ................................................................ 45
Figure 4.2-6: Monthly average wind speed at Kutubdia............................................................... 45
Figure 4.2-7: Yearly Average Wind Speed at six WEST stations at 25 m height ........................ 46
Figure 4.2-8: Average Extractable Wind Energy in Watt-hr/m2 at six WEST stations. .............. 47
Figure 6.1-1: Basic Turbine Blade Aerodynamics [29] ................................................................ 54
Figure 6.1-2: Angle of Attack and Blade Twist ............................................................................ 55
Figure 6.2-1: Some Basic Airfoil Designs [34] ............................................................................ 59
Figure 6.2-2: Components of the Airfoil [34] ............................................................................... 60
Figure 6.3-1: Airfoil Design Consideration of Different NACA Foils ......................................... 61
Figure 6.3-2: NACA Airfoil Design Modules .............................................................................. 61
Figure 6.4-1: XFOIL Direct Analysis of the Blade Elements ...................................................... 62
Figure 6.5-1: Polar Extrapolation of the Blade ............................................................................. 63
Figure 6.6-1: Blade design ............................................................................................................ 64
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Figure 6.6-2: Blade Design Measurements ................................................................................... 65

Figure 6.6-3: Blade Measurements ............................................................................................... 65
Figure 6.7-1: Rotor Blade Element Simulation of the Blade ........................................................ 66
Figure 6.7-2: Multiparameter BEM Simulation............................................................................ 66
Figure 6.8-1: Static Blade Loading ............................................................................................... 67
Figure 6.9-1: Simulation of Generated Output ............................................................................. 68
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Motivation

Power is the backbone for the development of a country. It is the most important factor for a
developing country like Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, demand for power is increasing day by day,
but the sources of energy are not increasing in satisfactory level. Fossil fuels are getting diminished
day by day. The growth rate of industrialization in Bangladesh has slowed down due to shortage
of energy supply. Wind can be a solution to this problem.

Wind power is the kinetic energy of wind, harnessed and redirected to perform a task mechanically
or to generate electrical power. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain
or pumping water), or can be converted into electricity by a generator. Because wind is a source
of energy which is non-polluting and renewable, the turbines create power without using fossil
fuels. That is, without producing greenhouse gases or radioactive or toxic waste.

Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no matter how much is used today, there will still
be the same supply in the future. Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting, electricity.
Unfortunately, not much research has been conducted in these areas, although renewed interest
have recently been generated in utilizing the energy of wind for wind pumps.

1.2 Objectives

The primary objective of this study is to focus on six coastal areas cox’s Bazar, Kuakata, Patenga,
Takenaf, char Fassion, Kutubdiua at Bay of Bengal of Bangladesh. To analyze the estimated and
measured values to determine the possibility of power generation through installation of near shore
wind farm to find wind energy as a sustainable solution to mitigate shortage of electric power
generation in Bangladesh. The present study encompasses the future prospects and utilization of
wind energy in Bangladesh.

 To learn about the types of wind and tidal energy.

 Present condition and possibilities of wind energy and tidal energy in Bangladesh.
 To know about the basic rules and principles of wind energy.
 Design and simulation of a wind turbine power station.
 Modeling and dynamic behavior investigation of the aerodynamic, mechanical and
electrical parts of a variable speed wind turbine equipped with an induction generator and
blade pitch angle control.
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CHAPTER 2
POWER SECTOR OF BANGLADESH
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2.1 Scenario of Power Sector of Bangladesh

Electricity is the major source of power for most of the country's economic activities. Bangladesh's
energy sector is booming. At present there is no power failure problem for this country. As of
2015, 92% of the urban population and 67% of the rural population had access to electricity. An
average of 77.9% of the population had access to electricity in Bangladesh. [1] Bangladesh will
need an estimated 34,000 MW of power by 2030 to sustain its economic growth of over 7
percent.[2] 56% of the total electricity generation of Bangladesh is from the power plants under
public sector and 44% of the electricity generation of the country is under private sector.[3]

Figure 2.1-1: Existing Major Generating Stations of Bangladesh [4]

Figure 2.1-2: Power sectors of Bangladesh [4]

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2.2 Power Generation Units (Fuel Type Wise)

Bangladesh is one of the densely populated countries in the world, over 160 million. Per capita
electricity consumption is 212 kWh. Against the peak demand of 7500 MW, the average power
shortage is recently 1500 MW. By 2015, demand will grow by 69.52%, 185% by 2020, and 315%
by the year 2025. Natural gas accounts for 88% of the total electricity generation. Estimated
reserve of 11.52 trillion cubic feet will deplete by 2020. Coal and hydropower share only 6% in
present power production. Bangladesh is a net importer of petroleum products. In 2010, cost of
imported petroleum products was US$ 4.29-5 billion. Mono fuel dependency on natural gas is
increasing at an alarming pace. Fuel diversification has become an essential policy issue for long
term power sector development. Nuclear energy could be a viable alternative energy source to
meet future energy demand. Planning for nuclear power plant started since 1961. By 2020, nuclear
energy will share 10% of the total power generation [5].

Figure 2.2-1: Capacity of Power Generation Based on Fuel[6]

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2.2.1 Coal Base Power Generation

The only working coal based power plant in Bnagladesh is the Barapukuria Coal Power Plant
which is an existing 250 megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station which is owned and operated
by the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) in Dudhipur, Dinajpur province in
Bangladesh.
Currently the plant has two 125 MW units, but operators are seeking to add an additional 250 MW
unit. [6]
Several projects are undergoing construction to add more power to the national grid. Such as the
third unit of Barapukuria Power Plant is under construction which will add 275 MW to the national
grid and other power plants such as Rampal Power Plant, Payra Thermal Power plant, Matarbari
Power Station and few others in the private sector. [7]

2.2.2 Gas Base Power Plant

Gas Turbine Plant Now a day, gas turbine power plants are used in Bangladesh as a peaking plant
and also as a base load plants. The peaking plants are normally open cycle gas turbine and keep in
operation during peak demand. The base load plants used in Bangladesh are mainly combined
cycle gas turbine plants. There are three units of 33 MW Gas Turbine base load plants situated in
Haripur Power Station and two peaking gas turbine plants of 105 MW capacities each installed at
Siddhirganj power station.
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Plant is situated in Fenchuganj, Baghabari and some other places in
Bangladesh. The combined cycle Gas turbine of capacity 450 MW is running at Maghnaghat [7].

2.2.3 Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Power Generation

There are many Heavy Fuel Oil based steam turbine power plants in Bangladesh. Goalpara Power
station is one them in Khulna having capacity of 170 MW and 108 MW.
HFO fired Power Plant Patia, Chittagong, 105MW HFO fired Power Plant in Noapara and
Bheramara, 52 MW HFO Power Plant in Natore.Total HFO based power plant in Bangladesh is
2507.00 MW. [6]
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2.2.4 High Speed Diesel (HSD)

There are very few High Speed Diesel based Power Station in Bangladesh. 96 MW in siddirganj,
Narayanganj. 50 MW in Pagal, Narayanganj. 305MW in Meghnaghat, Chadpur.60 MW in
Bheramara, Kushtia.150MW in Khulna. Total HSD based power plants in Bangladesh is 956MW.
[6]

2.2.5 Hydro Power Plant

The only Hydro based plant in Bangladesh I slovcated at Kaptai in Rangamati district. The plant
generated gradually 230 MW power through initializing five units.Planning of installation of
installation of another two hydro based units at the same premises is also under process.However,
the hydro potentially for power Generation in Bangladesh is truly insignificant. [7]

2.2.6 Imported Power Plant

Bangladesh imports a large amount of electric power from various countries and regions.

2.2.6.1 Electricity Import from India

500 MW power is being imported from Boharampur, India since 5 October 2013. Additional 500
MW power will be imported from Bheramara after enhancement of the same grid substation
capacity by June 2018. Besides 100 MW power is being imported from Palatana, Tripura state
since March 2016. A feasibility study on grid interconnection facilities is going on to import
additional 1,000 MW hydro powers from India.[7]

2.2.6.2 Electricity Import from Bhutan

A plan has been taken to import 2000 MW hydro power from Bhutan by constructing an
interconnected grid line via Alipurduar, India and Thakurgaon, Bangladesh to Purnia, India.[7]

2.2.6.3 Electricity Import from Nepal

A plan has been taken to import about 2,000 MW electricity from Nepal through grid
interconnection. Recently fruitful dialogue has been started between the two countries. [7]
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2.2.6.4 China Cooperation in Bangladesh Power Sector and Investment

Opportunity
A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between Bangladesh and China on 21
October 2012 to enhance cooperation in power sector. As a result cooperation and investment
opportunity in Bangladesh power sector will be extended. For this both the countries will
contribute to uplift the trade and economic cooperation. Electricity generation, transmission,
distribution, energy efficiency, renewable energy have been identified as the scopes of
cooperation.[8]

2.2.7 Nuclear Power Plant

The Nuclear Plant Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant is an under-construction 2.4 GWe nuclear power
plant in Bangladesh. The nuclear power plant is being constructed at Rooppur (Rupppur),
adjoining Paksey, in the Ishwardi Upazila of Pabna District, on the bank of the river Padma, 87
miles (140 km) west of Dhaka, in the northwest of the country. It will be the country's first nuclear
power plant, and the first of two units are expected to go into operation in 2023.[8] It has a capacity
of two units,2400 MW each having capacity of 1200 MW.
Second nuclear power plant In June 2014 the government and BAEC invited the Japan Atomic
Energy Agency to explore the possibility of building a second 2000 MWe nuclear power plant in
the south of the country. Site selection focused on several islands in the Bay of Bengal, notably
Mazher Char in Barguna, Muhurir Char in Feni, Boyar Char in Noakhali and Gangamati in
Patuakhali. Four other potential sites are in Khulna, close to the Sundarbans. In August 2018 it
was reported that the site would be near a new deep-water port.China's Dongfang Electric
Corporation (DEC) has expressed interest in building the second power plant, with China Nuclear
Engineering & Construction Corp (CNEC). In April 2019 the sites under consideration were
Gangamati in Patuakhali district, Mazher Char in Barguna (both south-central), Boyar Char in
Noakhali, and Muhurir Char in Feni (both east), with Gangamati favoured.[9]

2.3 Power Stations Based on Renewable Energy

2.3.1 Solar Power Plants

Solar energy can be a great source for solving power crisis in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is situated
between 20.30 and 26.38 degrees north latitude and 88.04 and 92.44 degrees east which is an ideal
location for solar energy utilization. In the Rural areas where there is no electricity connection,
photovoltaic technology can be a blessing. Although the installment cost of solar system in the
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house is very much costly, but once installed it can give service up to 20-25 years with proper
maintenance. Moreover, in the northern territories of Bangladesh where the solar intensity is very
high, solar thermal power plant can be installed. For both photovoltaic technology and solar
thermal technology, Bangladesh is at a perfect location. In fact, Bangladesh Government has
recently taken many steps to encourage people to use photovoltaic energy. Almost every newly
built apartment building is now using solar panels along with the grid connection to get support
during the load shedding period. Even in the rural areas, some NGOs have been working to provide
solar power plants to the villagers in a cheap price [10].

2.3.1.1 Implemented Projects for Solar Energy

Under the Hill Tracts Electrification projection BPDB has already implemented three solar
projects in Juraichori Upazilla, Barkal upaxilla and Thanchi Upazilla of Rangamati District. Under
1st 2nd and 3rd phases, 1200 sets Solar home Systems of 120 Wp each, 30 sets Solar.
PV street Light systems of 75 Wp each, 3 sets of Solar PV submersible water pumps of 1800 Wp
each, 6 sets of solar PV vaccine Refrigerators for the health care centers of 360 Wp each and 2 sets
10 kWp capacity Centralized Solar Systems for market electrification has been installed. So, a total
of 173.81 kWp solar pv systems have been installed in juraichori, Barkal and Thanchi upazila of
Rangamati District under the Hill Tracts Electrification Projects.
In the fiscal year Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) has installed solar system of
total capacity 291.87 kWp in different offices of BPDB which includes both off-grid and grid tied
technologies and installation of total 63.456 kWp is in pipeline. Besides, under Four Distribution
Zones of BPDB total 2365.55 kWp Solar system has been installed by Private or Consumer's
initiatives which also include both off-grid and grid tied technologies [10].

2.3.1.2 Ongoing Solar PV Projects/PV Systems (Grid-Tied)

BPDB's Own Project

Project under construction
I. 7.4 MWp Grid Connected Solar PV Power Plant at Kaptai Hydro Power Station
compound under BPDB in Rangamati.

Project under Planning

I. Construction of Rangunia 60 MWp Solar Photovoltaic GridConnected Power Plant at
Rnagunia, Chattogram.
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II. Construction of Gangachara 55 MWp Solar Photovoltaic Grid Connected Power Plant at
Gangachara, Rangpur.
III. Construction of 100 MWp Solar Photovoltaic Grid Connected Power Plant at Sonagazi,
Feni.

IPP Project (under construction/under planning)

I. 20 MW Grid -Tied Solar Power Project by Joules Power Limited.
II. "32 MW (AC) Solar Park at Dharmapasha, Sunamganj" by Haor Bangla-Korea Green
Energy Ltd.
III. "50 MW (AC) Solar Park at Sutiakhali, Gouripur, Mymensingh District, Bangladesh" by
HETAT-DITROLIC-IFDC Solar Consortium.
IV. "5 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Gwainghat, Sylhet by Sun Solar Power
Plant Ltd.
V. "200 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Sundarganj, Gaibandha by Beximco
Power Company Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
VI. "30 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Gangachara, Rangpur by Intraco-Juli
Power Consortium.
VII. "30 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Shekhgach, Tetulia, Panchagarh by a
Consortium of Beximco Power Co. Ltd,Bangladesh & Jiangsu Zhongtian Technology
Co. Ltd., China.
VIII. "100 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Teesta Barrage, Lalmonirhat by a
Consortium of Zhejiang Dun An New Energy Co. Ltd., China National Machinary
Import & Export Corporation, Solar Tech Power Ltd. & Amity solar Ltd.
IX. "5 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Patgram, Lalmonirhat by PV Power
Patgram Ltd.
X. "8 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Majhipara, Tetulia, Panchaghar by Parasol
Energy Ltd.
XI. "100 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Bora Durgapur, Mongla, Bagerhat by a
Consortium of Energon Technologies FZE and China Sunergy Co. Ltd. (ESUN).
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XII. "50 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Shekhgach, Tetulia, Panchagarh by
8minutenergy Singapore Holdings 2 Pte. Ltd., Singapore.
XIII. "35 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Paturia, Shibaloy, Manikganj by a
Consortium of Spectra Engineers Limited & Shunfeng Investment Limited.
XIV. "100 MW Grid Tied Solar PV Power Project" at Bhabanipur and Ratanpur Mouza, Pabna
Sadar, Pabna by Shapoorji Pallonji Infrastructure Capital Company Private Ltd.
XV. "Grid Tied Rooftop Solar PV System Installation on Government Building" on BOO
Basis at Jamalpur District Town, Bangladesh.

2.3.2 Wind Power Projects

There are many hilly and coastal areas in Bangladesh which have huge potential for wind energy
generation. Wind energy is a technique which converts the air flow into mechanical energy which
is eventually converted into electricity without generating pollutants. Bangladesh has a 724 km
long coast line and many small islands in the Bay of Bengal, where strong southwesterly trade
wind and sea-breeze blow in the summer months and there is gentle north-easterly trade wind and
land breeze in winter months. Along with the coastal area of Bangladesh, the annual average wind
speed at 30m height is more than 5 m/s.

Wind speed in northeastern parts in Bangladesh is above 4.5 m/s while for the other parts of the
country wind speed is around 3.5 m/s. Costal locations of Bangladesh such as Chittagong,
Kutubdia and Cox’s Bazar have immense potential to produce electricity from wind energy. By
using one-year data of Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, it has been found that at 50 meter
height in these area the wind speed varies from 4.1 to 5.8 meter/second with a power density of
100-250 w/m2. An analysis of wind energy measurement done by RISOE shows locations with
power density above 200 w/m2 over 2000 km2 [10] which is very good to set up wind turbines and
expand wind energy in electricity, small-scale wind turbines can be installed in areas in Bangladesh
such as St. Martins Island, Patenga, Bhola, Barguna, Dinajpur, Thakurgaon and Panchagar. So
from the above discussion we see that there is a huge possibility of extracting electricity or
mechanical energy from the wind in Bangladesh [11].
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2.3.2.1 Implemented Wind Power Projects

I. BPDB has completed the work named "Repairing of 0.9 MW (4x225kW) Grid
Connected Wind Turbine Power Plant at Muhuri Dam, Feni including Supply of Spares
and 6 (six) Years Operation & Maintenance (O&M) contract".
II. BPDB has completed the work named "Repair, operation & maintenance contract of the
existing Kutubdia 1000 kW Wind Battery Hybrid Power Project".
III. BPDB has also installed another Wind Power Plant of Capacity 1000 kW at Kutubdia
named Design, Supply, Installation, Testing and Commissioning of 1 MW Capacity
Wind Battery Power Plant on Turnkey Basis at Kutubdia Island, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
including 6 (six) Years (3 years warranty for installation works and next 3 years
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of Plant).

2.3.2.2 Ongoing Wind Power Projects

BPDB's Own Project

Procurement of Design, Supply, Installation, Testing and Commissioning of 2 MW Capacity Wind

Power Plant on Turnkey Basis at the bank of the river Jamuna adjacent to the existing Sirajganj
150 MW Power Plant Sirajganj, Bangladesh Including 6 Years (1.5 Years Warranty for Installation
Works and next 4.5 Years O&M of Plant with Associated Evacuation Line). Another project of
1000 kW wind battery Hybrid Power Plant at Kutubdia Island was completed in 2008.

IPP Project

I. "60 MW Grid Tied Wind Power Project" at Cox's Bazar by US-DK Green Energy (BD)
Ltd.
II. "100 MW Grid Tied Wind Power Project" at Anwara, Chattogram by a Consortium of PIA
Group LLC, Spain and Bangladesh Alternative Energy Systems Ltd.
III. Repairing works of the existing 900KW GRID connected wind power project at Muhuri
Dam of Sonagazi in Feni is going on.
IV. Steps have been taken to install 15 MW Wind Power Plant across the coastal regions of
Bangladesh after 1-year Wind resources assessment in Muhuri Dam area Feni,
Mognamaghat of Cox’s Bazar, parky beach of Anwara in Chittagong, Kepupara of
Borguna and Kuakata of Potuakhali. Wind Mapping is going on at Muhuri Dam area of
Feni and at Mognamaghat of Cox’s Bazar by Regen Powertech Ltd. Of India.
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2.3.3 Solid Waste to Energy based Power Projects under Planning (IPP)

I. Keraniganj 1 MW Municipal Solid Waste based Power Plant at Keraniganj. Narayanganj

5 MW Municipal Solid Waste based Power Plant at Narayanganj.
II. Implemented Solar Charging Stations
BPDB has implemented two solar charging stations at Sylhet and Chattogram, each having
capacity of 20 kW.

2.3.4 Ongoing Other Projects

I. Solar Street Lighting Program in 8 City Corporations (SSLPCC). For lighting and fan load,
installation of several off grid and grid tied solar rooftop systems at BPDB's office
buildings and in consumer premises are also in progress.
II. BPDB has planned to install 1 MW off grid solar-diesel based hybrid power plant Kutubdia
Island [12].

2.3.5 Biogas Projects

Natural resources in the form of fossil fuels are the raw materials from which electrical energy is
generated and the day to day life of the people of today’s world is solely dependent on the electrical
energy in this present world. Scientists around the world have already indicated that our natural
reserve of gas is decreasing day by day and the time is not too far when we will have no natural
gas resource. Although previously it was believed that Bangladesh has plenty amount of gas, but
recent study has shown that natural gas reserve of Bangladesh is not sufficient to meet the daily
cooking purpose of the people for next few decades, let alone generation of electricity.

However, waste materials produced from natural day to day life usage and also from animal
wastes, can be good sources of energy in this purpose and can help to meet the electricity demand
by generating electricity through biogas. Many countries around the world are now paying their
attention to biogas because of its environment friendly technology and as a supplement for the
gradually decreasing fossil fuel reserves. Many countries now-a-days are producing electricity
from biogas. Some of them are using biogas technology in mass production of electricity rather
than using it in a distributed ways around the country.
In Bangladesh biogas is still a relatively new technology. In most of the places it is used to generate
electricity to meet the household demands. But an agro-based country like Bangladesh produces
huge amount of waste materials. Converting these waste materials into energy is economically
advantageous as well as helpful to solve the issue of power crisis. In Bangladesh, recycling
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industry wastes raises a total of 436 t/d of material recovery. Moreover, 3,054 t/d of wastes is
expected to be collected in 2015 and cumulative disposal volume is estimated at about 9 million
tones by the end of 2015. This huge amount of waste, most of which are compostable and have
very good fermentation property can be easily used to produce electricity as well as the generated
gas can be used for the cooking purpose. Waste to energy technology can be a huge asset for a
developing country like Bangladesh. Although some small farms and houses in the rural areas are
using wastes produced from their livestock to produce electricity for daily purposes, it should be
used commercially to produce electricity in the areas where there is still no electricity from the
national grid. It will help the people of these areas to meet their demand of electricity and the
government and the companies related to this technology can earn money which is also beneficial.
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CHAPTER 3
WIND POWER GENERATION
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3.1 Wind Energy

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the
sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are
modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion
energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.

Wind energy (or wind power) refers to the process of creating electricity using the wind, or air
flows that occur naturally in the earth’s atmosphere. Modern wind turbines are used to capture
kinetic energy from the wind and generate electricity.[12]

There are three main types of wind energy:

I. Utility-scale wind: Wind turbines that range in size from 100 kilowatts to several
megawatts, where the electricity is delivered to the power grid and distributed to the end
user by electric utilities or power system operators.
II. Distributed or "small" wind: Single small wind turbines below 100 kilowatts that are used
to directly power a home, farm or small business and are not connected to the grid.[13]
III. Offshore wind: Wind turbines that are erected in large bodies of water, usually on the
continental shelf. Offshore wind turbines are larger than land-based turbines and can
generate more power.

The wind is a clean, free, and readily available renewable energy source. Each day, around the
world, wind turbines are capturing the wind’s power and converting it to electricity. This source
of power generation plays an increasingly important role in the way we power our world. Wind
turbine installations continue to grow throughout the world. According to the Global Wind Energy
Council, there was over 360,000 MW of installed capacity across the globe at the close of 2014.
Leading countries include: China, the United States and Germany.
Wind energy offers many advantages, which explains why it's one of the fastest-growing energy
sources in the world. There are many advantages of Wind Energy.
I. It's a clean fuel source.
II. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion of fossil
fuels, such as coal or natural gas.
III. Wind turbines don't produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or greenhouse
gasses.
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Figure 3.1-1 Wind Turbines at a Wind Firm

Wind energy is plentiful, readily available, and capturing its power does not deplete our valuable
natural resources. In fact, wind turbines can help to counter the detrimental effects of climate
change. The Global Wind Energy Outlook projects that by 2030 wind energy will offset 2.5 billion
tons per year of carbon dioxide. This is equivalent to taking 530 million cars off the road each year
or avoiding the use of 4.6 billion barrels of oil globally. This would even offset emissions from
525 coal-fired power plants in one year.
Nevertheless, the wind energy industry is booming. Thanks to global efforts to combat climate
change, such as the Paris Agreement, renewable energy is seeing a boom in growth, with wind
energy leading the way. From 2000 to 2015, cumulative wind capacity around the world increased
from 17,000 megawatts to more than 430,000 megawatts.
Industry experts predict that if this pace of growth continues, by 2050 one third of the world's
electricity needs will be fulfilled by wind power.
Wind energy is the cheapest form of new electricity generation available today. ... Today, wind
power plants can generate electricity for less than 5 cents per kilowatt-hour, a price that is
competitive with new coal- or gas-fired power plants.
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3.2 Wind Power

Wind power offers a sustainable option in the pursuit of renewable energy. Wind is the movement
of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. In fact, wind exists because the sun
unevenly heats the surface of the Earth. As hot air rises, cooler air moves in to fill the void. As
long as the sun shines, the wind will blow. And wind has long served as a power source to humans.
Wind power (Pwind) is the flow of kinetic energy through an area and it is defined as the wind
energy per unit of time.
Wind power is the second most important renewable source of electric power in the world after
hydropower, and since the beginning of the 21st century the total installed capacity has risen
rapidly. By the end of 2012 global installed capacity was just under 283,000 MW, around nine
times higher than 10 years earlier. During this period wind turbines have developed into a mature
power generation technology, while at the same time sophisticated means have evolved to manage
their intermittent power delivery into national grid systems.
Most of the new capacity during the past decade has been from onshore wind farms but there is
also a growing, and increasingly important, offshore wind sector. Most offshore development has
been around European coasts but interest is starting to emerge elsewhere too. Building offshore is
more expensive than installing wind farms onshore but this can be balanced by a better wind
regime, the ability to build larger wind farms incorporating larger turbines, and the greater ease
with which planning consent can be acquired for offshore construction.

Figure 3.2-1 : Generation of Wind Power

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3.2.1 Wind Power resources

Wind is the movement of air in response to pressure differences within the atmosphere (Figure
11.1). These pressure differences exert a force that causes air masses to move from a region of
high pressure to one of low pressure. That movement is wind. The pressure differences are caused
primarily by differential heating effects of the sun on Earth’s surface, although Earth’s rotation
will also play a part. Thus, wind energy can be considered to be primarily another form of solar
energy. The effects that lead to the generation of winds are complex and unpredictable, and as a
consequence wind is a variable and unpredictable resource. This can make wind power hard to
manage on a conventional grid.

Figure 3.2-2 Generation of Wind in the Atmosphere []

Advanced weather forecasting techniques are rendering short-term wind variations more
predictable and this is helping to make the energy generated from wind easier to manage on a grid.
Geographical averaging of wind capacity over a specific region can also lead to more reliable
output levels, because when the wind does not blow in one part of the region it will often be
blowing somewhere else. In this case the larger the region, the more predictable the resource
becomes. Nevertheless, wind will always be an intermittent source of energy and this must be
taken into account when installing wind capacity [14].
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To assess whether a particular wind site is suitable for exploitation it is necessary to monitor the
wind for a period of at least a year, preferably longer. Long-term average wind speeds are usually
much more predictable than short-term values, so such long-term assessments provide a much
more reliable means of establishing the size of the resource at a particular site.
The wind resource — how fast it blows, how often, and when — plays a significant role in its
power generation cost. The power output from a wind turbine rises as a cube of wind speed. In
other words, if wind speed doubles, the power output increases eight times. Therefore, higher-
speed winds are more easily and inexpensively captured.

Figure 3.2-3 : Past and Present Wind Turbine Sizes.

Wind speeds are divided into seven classes — with class one being the lowest and class seven
being the highest. A wind resource assessment evaluates the average wind speeds above a section
of land (e.g. 50 meters high), and assigns that area a wind class. Wind turbines operate over a
limited range of wind speeds. If the wind is too slow, they won't be able to turn, and if too fast,
they shut down to avoid being damaged. Wind speeds in classes three (6.7 – 7.4 meters per second
(m/s)) and above are typically needed to economically generate power[15]. Ideally, a wind turbine
should be matched to the speed and frequency of the resource to maximize power production.
Several factors can affect wind speed and the ability of a turbine to generate more power. For
example, wind speed increases as the height from the ground increases. If wind speed at 10 meters
 P a g e | 21

off the ground is 6 m/s, it will be about 7.5 m/s at a height of 50 meters. A 2003 Stanford University
study examined wind speeds at higher elevations and found that as much as one quarter of the
United States — including areas historically thought to have poor wind potential — is potentially
suitable for providing affordable electric power from wind. In order to take advantage of this
potential at higher elevations, the rotors of the newest wind turbines can now reach heights up to
130 meters. In addition to height, the power in the wind varies with temperature and altitude, both
of which affect the air density.
The more the wind blows, the more power will be produced by wind turbines. But, of course, the
wind does not blow consistently all the time. The term used to describe this is "capacity factor,"
which is simply the amount of power a turbine actually produces over a period of time divided by
the amount of power it could have produced if it had run at its full rated capacity over that time
period.
A final consideration for a wind resource is the seasonal and daily variation in wind speed. If the
wind blows during periods of peak power demand, power from a wind farm will be valued more
highly than if it blows in off-peak periods.

3.2.2 Addressing the variability of wind power

Dealing with the variability of wind on a large scale is by no means insurmountable for electric
utilities. Grid operators must already adjust to constant changes in electricity demand, turning
power plants on and off, and varying their output second-by-second as power use rises and falls.
Operators always need to keep power plants in reserve to meet unexpected surges or drops in
demand, as well as power plant and transmission line outages. As a result, operators do not need
to respond to changes in wind output at each wind facility. In addition, the wind is always blowing
somewhere, so distributing wind turbines across a broad geographic area helps smooth out the
variability of the resource.
In practice, many utilities are already demonstrating that wind can make a significant contribution
to their electric supply without reliability problems. Xcel Energy, which serves nearly 3.5 million
customers across eight Western and Midwestern states, currently has a wind portfolio totaling
4,057 MW and plans to increase its wind capacity to 4,800 MW by 2018 [16]. In Colorado, Xcel
recently relied on wind power to provide more than 50 percent of its electricity on several nights
when winds were strong and power demand was low. Xcel has also produced 37 percent of its
electricity from wind power in Minnesota under similar conditions.
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Figure 3.2-4 global wind power cumulative capacity [17]

There are also several areas in Europe where wind power already supplies more than 20 percent
of the electricity with no adverse effects on system reliability. For instance, three states in Germany
have wind electricity penetrations of at least 40 percent.
Increasing our use of wind power can actually contribute to a more reliable electric system.
Today’s modern wind turbines have sophisticated electronic controls that allow continual
adjustment of their output, and can help grid operators stabilize the grid in response to unexpected
operating conditions, like a power line or power plant outage. This gives grid operators greater
flexibility to respond to such events. Promising developments in storage technology could also
improve reliability in the future, though there is plenty of room to greatly expand wind use without
storage for at least the next couple of decades.
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3.2.3 Advantages of Wind Power

I. Wind power is cost-effective. Land-based utility-scale wind is one of the lowest-priced

energy sources available today, costing between two and six cents per kilowatt-hour,
depending on the wind resource and the particular project’s financing. Because the
electricity from wind farms is sold at a fixed price over a long period of time (e.g. 20+
years) and its fuel is free, wind energy mitigates the price uncertainty that fuel costs add to
traditional sources of energy.
II. Wind creates jobs. The U.S. wind sector employed more than 100,000 workers in 2016,
and wind turbine technician is one of the fastest-growing American jobs of the decade.
According to the Wind Vision Report, wind has the potential to support more than 600,000
jobs in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and supporting services by 2050.
III. Wind enables U.S. industry growth and U.S. competitiveness. Wind has an annual
economic impact of about $20 billion on the U.S. economy, The United States has a vast
domestic resources and a highly-skilled workforce, and can compete globally in the clean
energy economy.
IV. It's a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on
combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, which emit particulate matter,
nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide—causing human health problems and economic
damages. Wind turbines don't produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain, smog,
or greenhouse gases.
V. Wind is a domestic source of energy. The nation's wind supply is abundant and
inexhaustible. Over the past 10 years, cumulative wind power capacity in the United States
increased an average of 30% per year, and wind now has the largest renewable generation
capacity of all renewables in the United States.
VI. It's sustainable. Wind is actually a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the heating
of the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the Earth, and the Earth's surface irregularities.
For as long as the sun shines and the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed to
send power across the grid.
VII. Wind turbines can be built on existing farms or ranches. This greatly benefits the economy
in rural areas, where most of the best wind sites are found. Farmers and ranchers can
continue to work the land because the wind turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind
power plant owners make rent payments to the farmer or rancher for the use of the land,
providing landowners with additional income.
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3.2.4 Challenges of Wind Power

I. Wind power must still compete with conventional generation sources on a cost basis.
Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind farm might not be cost competitive.
Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the
technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators.
II. Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the electricity
is needed. Transmission lines must be built to bring the electricity from the wind farm to
the city. However, building just a few already-proposed transmission lines could
significantly reduce the costs of expanding wind energy.
III. Wind resource development might not be the most profitable use of the land. Land suitable
for wind-turbine installation must compete with alternative uses for the land, which might
be more highly valued than electricity generation.
IV. Turbines might cause noise and aesthetic pollution. Although wind power plants have
relatively little impact on the environment compared to conventional power plants, concern
exists over the noise produced by the turbine blades and visual impacts to the landscape.
V. Turbine blades could damage local wildlife. Birds have been killed by flying into spinning
turbine blades. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through
technological development or by properly siting wind plants.

3.3 Wind Turbine

A turbine having a large vanned wheel rotated by the wind to generate electricity. Wind turbines
operate on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades
around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create
electricity.

3.3.1 Wind Turbine Technology

The modern history of the wind turbine for power generation began during the oil crises of the
1970s. During these early years of wind development many different types of wind turbines were
tested. The majority was horizontal-axis wind turbines with a rotor at one end of a shaft and a
generator at the other, the whole mounted on the top of a high tower. Machines of this type were
fitted with rotors carrying one, two, three, and more blades. They could be upwind designs, with
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the rotor facing into the wind and the generator behind, or downwind designs that reversed this
arrangement.
All used gearboxes to match the rotor speed to generator speed and they often relied on the grid
for frequency synchronization and control.

Figure 3.3-1 Wind Turbine [18]

Alongside these horizontal-axis turbines a range of vertical-axis turbines were also developed. The
most common of these was the Darrius or eggbeater wind turbine, so-called because its blades
were shaped like those of an eggbeater. Other blade designs tested included an H-shaped vertical-
axis configuration. The primary advantages claimed for vertical-axis turbines was that they do not
need to yaw to keep the rotor facing into the wind while their massive mechanical components—
the gearbox and the generator—can be sited on the ground.
In spite of these advantages, vertical-axis machines have never prospered. As the technology has
matured most of these designs have disappeared so that today virtually all wind turbines have a
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similar configuration: a three-blade rotor attached to the front of a horizontal-axis drive-train shaft
in an upwind design in which the rotor is always facing the wind. A generator and gearbox (if
used) make up the remainder of the drive train that is housed in a protective nacelle mounted on
top of a tall steel tower. From an average turbine size of 30 kW in the early 1980s, today’s largest
onshore machines are in the 2–3 MW range, while offshore machines of 5 MW are now common,
and larger machines up to 15 MW are being planned. Alongside the market for utility wind turbines
there is also a parallel market for smaller wind turbines of less than 100 kW. These are often used
to supply power to remote sites, for off-grid domestic supply or for a range of small distributed
generation applications. One of the largest markets for such small turbines is the United States.

Figure 3.3-2 Different Types of Wind Turbine

3.3.2 Wind Turbine Anatomy

The standard utility scale wind turbine for both onshore and offshore applications has, as noted
already, a three-bladed rotor attached to a drive train and generator with the whole assembly
mounted at the top of a tall tower inside a protective housing called a nacelle. The nacelle must be
able to rotate, so it is attached to the tower through a yaw bearing that allows the complete structure
to turn as the wind direction changes, with the rotor always facing into the wind and the nacelle
behind it. In an upwind design, the rotation must be powered by a yaw motor although this is not
necessary for a downwind rotor.
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The drive train within the nacelle will often include a gearbox that increases the rotational speed
of the drive shaft to be able to drive a generator that is synchronized to the local grid frequency,
usually 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Other turbines use a variable-speed system with a power electronic
converter to ensure the output is always at grid voltage even as the generator speed varies. There
are, however, an increasing number of wind turbines that dispense with the gearbox—a component
that has often proved unreliable in the past—and use a direct-drive system instead. Direct-drive
generators tend to be more expensive but the benefits in terms of higher reliability can outweigh
this. The tower-top structure may have a helicopter pad and will usually be accessible via a ladder
or lift within the tower. There may also be a crane fitted to the top for maintenance purposes.
Power from the generator will be carried down the tower in cables to a transformer fitted at the
bottom of the tower that converts the output to the local distribution grid voltage. If the unit is part
of a large wind farm this power may then be carried to a wind farm substation where the voltage
is raised further to be fed into the transmission system.

3.3.2.1 Rotors

The rotor is the part of the wind turbine that interacts with the wind and its design will determine
the efficiency of the generation unit. The three-blade rotor used on the majority of modern wind
turbines represents a balance between cost and efficiency. More blades can, in principle, extract
more energy but make the rotor more expensive. Fewer blades are cheaper but lead to balancing
problems.
The actual amount of energy that a wind turbine rotor can extract depends on its rotational speed.
If the rotor rotates too slowly some wind passes between the blades without energy extraction,
whereas if it rotates too fast the turbulence created by one blade will affect energy extraction of
the next blade. The optimum rotational speed is usually defined by a parameter called the tip speed
ratio (TSR), which is the ratio of the speed of the blade tips through the air to the wind speed. For
a three-blade rotor the optimum TSR is between 6 and 7. It will be clear from this that the optimum
rotational speed varies with wind speed, irrespective of turbine size.
Various methods of speed control are possible. Passive speed control involves designing blades
that aerodynamically stall when the wind speed becomes too high, shedding wind. Stalling is a
simple technique but it does not help to vary rotor speed with wind speed. The alternative, used by
many modern designs, is active pitch control. This involves fitting each blade with a motor at the
point where it joins the hub so that it can be rotated about its long axis to change the blade pitch
as wind speed varies. Since the optimum rotational speed depends on wind speed, this also allows
wind turbines with variable-speed generators to control the speed continuously for optimum
efficiency.
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Yet another type of new rotor design has the ability to change the length of each blade to create a
variable diameter rotor. With a rotor of this type the diameter can be maximized for low wind
speed and then reduced as wind speed increases, both controlling rotational speed and reducing
the fatigue stress on the rotor blades.

3.3.2.2 Yawing

The rotor of a horizontal-axis wind turbine must always be oriented so that the plane of rotation is
perpendicular to the direction of the wind. This can be accomplished either by having the rotor
face the wind with the nacelle behind (an upwind design) or with the nacelle facing the wind and
the rotor behind (a downwind design). A downwind design is mechanically simplest because it is
possible to use vanes on the nacelle that ensure the orientation is maintained passively simply by
the effect of the wind [18].
Many early wind turbines took advantage of the simplicity of the downwind design but problems
with this were soon recognized. The main difficulty arises because of the shadow effect of the
tower as each rotor blade passes behind it.
This leads to a momentary drop in wind pressure, generating additional fatigue stress in each blade.
Noise problems can also arise from the same source. In consequence, modern designs adopted the
upwind orientation.
Precise upwind orientation is important to avoid uneven stress on the rotor that can lead to other
forms of fatigue. Maintaining an accurate upwind orientation requires that the turbine be equipped
with a yawing motor to turn the nacelle. Modern turbines usually use a stepwise system of yawing
to keep pace with any changes in wind direction.
The yawing motor also serves a further function. If the nacelle turned continuously in one direction
to face the wind the cables from the top of the tower to the bottom would soon become twisted.
The yaw motor enables this situation to be avoided by alternating the direction of the yaw as
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necessary

Figure 3.3-3: Anatomy of a Wind Turbine [19]

3.3.2.3 Drive Trains and Generator

The drive train of a wind turbine begins with the shaft to which the rotor is attached (Figure 11.4).
This transmits the mechanical energy generated by the rotor in the form of a rotational force or
torque. In most early wind turbines and in many modern units the shaft is connected to a gear box
that increases speed of rotation from perhaps 20 rpm to 1000 rpm or 1500 rpm (50 Hz) or 1200
rpm or 1800 rpm (60 Hz), suitable to drive a synchronized generator [20].
A drive shaft from the gearbox is then linked to the generator.
The drive train has to endure more than simply the rotational torque produced by the rotor. The
force of the wind on the rotor blades can be extremely uneven and this will generate lateral or
bending forces too, which are transmitted into the gearbox and generator. While shock-absorbing
components can help reduce the effect of such lateral forces, the effect on the gearbox can often
be severe and this can lead to early failure.
Various attempts have been made to improve gearbox reliability but perhaps the optimum, if most
expensive, solution is to remove the gearbox all together and drive the generator directly from the
rotor. Direct-drive generators are becoming increasingly popular in large wind turbines and work
is being carried out to develop a superconducting direct-drive generator for large offshore wind
turbines of 10 MW or more.
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Figure 3.3-4 Mechanism of a Wind Turbine [21]

The generators used in early wind turbines were asynchronous generators (often motors operated
in reverse) that relied on the grid to control their rotational frequency. This generally weakened
the grid and large wind farms with this type of turbine usually required some form of reactive
compensation to improve grid stability. Modern wind turbines are normally required to be able to
maintain their synchronization with the grid independent of the grid itself, so a more sophisticated
design is necessary. This has the added advantage of allowing them to help maintain grid stability
rather than reducing it.
Designing an effective generator system for a wind turbine can be difficult because of the variable
wind speed conditions. A conventional synchronous generator can only rotate at one speed if it is
to supply power at the grid frequency so that the wind turbine must be maintained at a single
rotational speed.
To overcome this some wind turbine designs include two generators, one for low-speed operation
and one for higher-speed operation. While this is the cheapest variable-speed solution, maintaining
fixed rotational speeds creates additional stresses on the rotor and drive train, something that
manufacturers are seeking to avoid to improve reliability and lifetimes. The best way to avoid
many of the problems associated with variable wind speed is to use a variable-speed generator.
The disadvantage of this is that a generator operating at varying speeds will produce an output of
variable frequency [22].
Variable-speed operation can, therefore, only be achieved by using some form of power electronic
frequency conversion system to maintain grid frequency independent of the frequency from the
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generator. These electronic systems convert the output from the generator to direct current and
then back to alternating current at the grid frequency.
Two types of variable-speed generators have been used in recent years. The first is called a partial
conversion system and uses a doubly fed generator to provide limited speed variation. The second
is a full conversion generator that is more expensive but also more flexible.
Variable-speed operation reduces the stress on the rotor because the wind turbine can always
operate at the optimum speed for the wind conditions. In addition, it means that energy can be
harvested over a wider range of wind conditions than is possible with fixed-speed generators. A
further advantage is that variable-speed generators with full AC–DC–AC converters can provide
grid frequency support facilities, as noted before. This can make them easier to integrate into
modern grids.

3.3.2.4 Towers

The tower of a wind turbine has to be tall enough to lift the rotor and blades so that the blade tips
are both clear of the ground and clear of the layer of turbulent air found close to the ground or sea.
This will often require a higher tower onshore than offshore for a similar sized rotor because the
turbulent air layer is usually thicker onshore. In some cases the rotor may be lifted higher still to
gain access to the higher wind speeds found at greater distance from the ground or sea.
Towers for early wind turbines were often made from a lattice steel structure but modern towers
are of tubular construction, generally of steel or concrete.
Most today are made from tubular steel sections that can be bolted together at the site. Towers are
conical in shape, with the base having a larger diameter than the top. Aesthetically the optimum
arrangement is considered to be when the tower height is the same as the rotor diameter.
Tower height is also important as the length of the tower is responsible for one of the key structural
resonances of a wind turbine. It is critical that this should not be excited by the rotational frequency
of the rotor as it could lead to tower failure. This is not normally a problem with onshore wind
turbines because the towers are too short, but it can be with offshore turbines mounted on
monopole towers with a substantial length below sea level.
Steel towers for large wind turbines are becoming extremely heavy as turbine sizes rise offshore
and alternative structures are being sought. One possibility is to construct towers from
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prefabricated concrete sections. However, concrete does not normally offer the same structural
strength as steel. As well as its load-bearing capability, which must be sufficient to support the
tower top nacelle and rotor, tower strength is an important issue because the tower is subject to
significant bending forces as well as torsional forces generated by the effect of uneven gusting on
the rotor. Both must be resisted without significant fatigue stress.

3.3.2.5 The mechanics of wind turbines

Modern electric wind turbines come in a few different styles and many different sizes, depending
on their use. The most common style, large or small, is the "horizontal axis design" (with the axis
of the blades horizontal to the ground). On this turbine, two or three blades spin upwind of the
tower that it sits on.
Small wind turbines are generally used for providing power off the grid, ranging from very small,
250-watt turbines designed for charging up batteries on a sailboat, to 50-kilowatt turbines that
power dairy farms and remote villages. Like old farm windmills, these small wind turbines often
have tail fans that keep them oriented into the wind.
Large wind turbines, most often used by utilities to provide power to a grid, range from 250
kilowatts up to the enormous 3.5 to 5 MW machines that are being used offshore. In 2009, the
average land-based wind turbines had a capacity of 1.75 MW. Utility-scale turbines are usually
placed in groups or rows to take advantage of prime windy spots. Wind "farms" like these can
consist of a few or hundreds of turbines, providing enough power for tens of thousands of homes.

From the outside, horizontal axis wind turbines consist of three big parts: the tower, the blades,
and a box behind the blades, called the nacelle. Inside the nacelle is where most of the action takes
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Figure 3.3-5 : Mechanism of Wind Turbine

Place, where motion is turned into electricity. Large turbines don't have tail fans; instead they have
hydraulic controls that orient the blades into the wind.
In the most typical design, the blades are attached to an axle that runs into a gearbox. The gearbox,
or transmission, steps up the speed of the rotation, from about 50 rpm up to 1,800 rpm. The faster
spinning shaft spins inside the generator, producing AC electricity. Electricity must be produced
at just the right frequency and voltage to be compatible with a utility grid. Since the wind speed
varies, the speed of the generator could vary, producing fluctuations in the electricity. One solution
to this problem is to have constant speed turbines, where the blades adjust, by turning slightly to
the side, to slow down when wind speeds gust. Another solution is to use variable-speed turbines,
where the blades and generator change speeds with the wind, and sophisticated power controls fix
the fluctuations of the electrical output. A third approach is to use low-speed generators. Germany's
Enercon turbines have a direct drive that skips the step-up gearbox.
An advantage that variable-speed turbines have over constant-speed turbines is that they can
operate in a wider range of wind speeds. All turbines have upper and lower limits to the wind speed
they can handle: if the wind is too slow, there's not enough power to turn the blades; if it's too fast,
there's the danger of damage to the equipment. The "cut in" and "cut out" speeds of turbines can
affect the amount of time the turbines operate and thus their power output.
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3.3.3 Types of Wind Turbine

There are two main types of wind turbines, horizontal and vertical axis. Wind turbines that rotate
around a Horizontal axis are more common (like a wind mill), while vertical axis wind turbines
are less frequently used.

3.3.3.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)

Horizontal axis wind turbines are the most common type used. All of the components (blades,
shaft, and generator) are on top of a tall tower, and the blades face into the wind. The shaft is
horizontal to the ground. The wind hits the blades of the turbine that are connected to a shaft
causing rotation. The shaft has a gear on the end which turns a generator. The generator produces
electricity and sends the electricity into the power grid. The wind turbine also has some key
elements that adds to efficiency. Inside the Nacelle (or head) is an anemometer, wind vane, and
controller that read the speed and direction of the wind. As the wind changes direction, a motor
(yaw motor) turns the nacelle so the blades are always facing the wind. The power source also
comes with a safety feature. In case of extreme winds the turbine has a break that can slow the
shaft speed. This is to inhibit any damage to the turbine in extreme conditions.

Figure 3.3-6 : Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

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3.3.3.1.1 Advantages

I. Blades are to the side of the turbines center of gravity, helping stability
II. Ability to wing warp, which gives the turbine blades the best angle of attack
III. Ability to pitch the rotor blades in a storm to minimize damage
IV. Tall tower allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind shear
V. Tall tower allows placement on uneven land or in offshore locations
VI. Can be sited in forest above tree-line
VII. Most are self-starting

3.3.3.1.2 Disadvantages

I. Difficulty operating in near ground winds

II. Difficult to transport (20% of equipment costs)
III. Difficult to install (require tall cranes and skilled operators)
IV. Effect radar in proximity
V. Local opposition to aesthetics
VI. Difficult maintenance

3.3.3.2 Vertical Axis Wind turbine (VAWT)

In vertical axis turbines the shaft the blades are connected to is vertical to the ground all of the
main components are close to the ground. Also, the wind turbine itself is near the ground, unlike
horizontal where everything is on a tower. There are two types of vertical axis wind turbines; lift
based and drag based. Lift based designs are generally much more efficient than drag, or ‘paddle’
designs. [23]
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Figure 3.3-7 : Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

3.3.3.2.1 Advantages

I. Easy to maintain
II. Lower construction and transportation costs
III. Not directional
IV. Most effective at mesas, hilltops, ridgelines and passes

3.3.3.2.2 Disadvantages

I. Blades constantly spinning back into the wind causing drag

II. Less efficient
III. Operate in lower, more turbulent wind
IV. Low starting torque and may require energy to start turning
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3.4 Wind Farm

A wind farm is a collection of wind turbines that operate together so that from the perspective of
the grid they appear to form a single power station. A "wind farm" is a group of wind turbines in
the same location used for production of electric power. Individual turbines are interconnected
with a medium voltage power collection system. At a substation, this medium-voltage electrical
current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage transmission
system. A large wind farm may consist of a few dozen to several hundred individual wind turbines,
and cover an extended area of hundreds of square miles (square kilometers), but the land between
the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes.

3.4.1 Types of Wind Farms

I. On-Shore
II. Off-Shore
III. Near-Shore
IV. Air borne

3.4.1.1 On-Shore Wind Farm

It converts kinetic energy-mechanical energy- electrical energy. Wind turbines operate on a simple
principle i.e. the energy in the wind turns three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is
connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity. Wind turbines are
mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 30 meters or more above ground, they can take
advantage of faster and less turbulent wind. Early turbines were small by today's standards, with
capacities of 20-30 kW each. Since then, they have increased greatly in size delivering up to 7
MW.
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Figure 3.4-1 On-shore Wind Farm

3.4.1.2 Off-Shore Wind Farm

Off shore wind farms is also called as floating wind parks. Floating wind parks are wind farms that
site several floating wind turbines closely together to take advantage of common infrastructure
such as power transmission facilities. A floating wind turbine is an offshore wind turbine mounted
on a floating structure that allows the turbine to generate electricity.

Figure 3.4-2: Off-Shore Wind Farm

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3.5 How Wind Creates Energy

Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of three concurrent events:

I. The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere

II. Irregularities of the earth's surface
III. The rotation of the earth.
Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly across the United States and are modified by bodies
of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for
many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity.

The terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the process by which the wind is used
to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy from the
wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as
grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.

A wind turbine turns energy in the wind into electricity using the aerodynamic force created by
the rotor blades, which work similarly to an airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade. When the wind
flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases. The difference in air
pressure across the two sides of the blade creates both lift and drag. The force of the lift is stronger
than the drag and this causes the rotor to spin. The rotor is connected to the generator, either
directly (if it's a direct drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox) that speed
up the rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator. This translation of aerodynamic force
to rotation of a generator creates electricity [24].

Figure 3.5-1 Electricity Generation

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3.6 Environmental Effects of Wind Power

The environmental impacts of wind power, with the exception of the aesthetic impact of a series
of wind turbines being added to the landscape, are generally limited. Most of the problems that
arise when attempting to gain permission to erect a wind turbine or build a wind farm are related
to the siting of wind turbines due to the visual impact. This has proved a major issue, particularly
in densely populated countries such as the United Kingdom where wind farms are often subject to
lengthy permitting procedures. It is partly for this reason that offshore construction is accelerating
around European shores.
Of the other potential environmental effects, noise has been considered an issue in the past, but
most modern wind turbines with their large, low-speed rotors have limited noise impact provided
they are reasonably distant from habitations.
Other areas of concern, such as the danger to birds from rotating turbine blades or impacts on
marine life from construction offshore, have not generally proved serious and studies have
suggested the impact is small, although anecdotal evidence sometimes contradicts this.
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Chapter 4
Prospects of Wind Energy in Bangladesh
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4.1 Wind Energy Scenario in Bangladesh

At a glance, references show that with a population of 146.2 million electrification rate is 59.60%.
Total electrical energy installed capacity is 12229 MW (2016) and total installed wind energy is
1.9 MW. Wind energy potential in Bangladesh is over 20,000 MW the wind speed being < 7 m/sec.
In Bangladesh, research in the field of wind energy began only a few years ago, which had shown
that some southern districts of Bangladesh have a very good potential of wind energy. Bangladesh
Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) in collaboration with Local Government and Engineering
Department (LGED) and an international organization namely Energy Technology and Services
Unit (ETSU) from UK with the funding from Department of Foreign and International
Development (DFID) has attempted to monitor wind conditions at seven coastal sites for a period
of one year in 1996-97. They measured wind parameters at a height of 25 m. At present, several
wind resource work is ongoing in the country by Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB),
Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Local Government
Engineering Department (LGED) and Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
(BUET) [25]. They have already started measuring wind speeds at some typical locations of
Bangladesh. In Bangladesh first-ever generation of electricity from wind is at Muhuri Dam, Feni
having a capacity of 0.9 MW (225 KW, 4 Turbines) and another one at Kutubia Island (20 KW,
50 turbines) with a capacity of 1 MW. Vesta Company of Denmark will invest 100 MW wind
power plant which will be made in Patuakhali. This will be the largest wind power plant of
Bangladesh. Bangladesh is situated between 20.30 - 26.38 degrees North latitude and 88.04 - 92.44
degrees east [26]. Analysis of upper air data by Center for Wind Energy Technology (CWET)
India shows that wind energy resource of Bangladesh for electricity production is not good enough
( < 7m/s) in most of the region of the country for grid connected wind parks. This sector is under
research mainly at coastal zone. Bangladesh has a total of 574 km long coast line in the Bay of
Bengal. The strong south/south-westerly monsoon wind coming from the Indian Ocean, after
travelling a long distance over the water surface, enters into the coastal areas of Bangladesh. This
trade wind blows over the country from March to October. This wind speed is enhanced when it
enters the V-shaped coastal regions of the country. This wind blows over the surface of
Bangladesh, having an average speed of 3 m/s to 6 m/s [27]. During October to February, wind
speed remains relatively lower. The maximum wind speed is gained during June-July. Along the
coastal area of Bangladesh, the annual average wind speed at 30 m height is more than 5 m/s. Wind
speed in northeastern parts in Bangladesh is above 4.5 m/s while for the other parts of the country
wind speed is around 3.5 m/s. To have excellent power extraction, the site should have at least 7
m/s wind velocity. For proper operation of the wind turbine, hub-height generally ranges from 20
to 40 m. After height correction, it has been observed that at 30 m there is a great potential for
harnessing wind power for electricity generation in some regions like Patenga, Cox’s Bazar,
Teknaf, Char Fassion, Kuakata, Kutubdia, etc.
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4.2 Wind Energy Study Project (West)

Bangladesh government had a project named as Wind Energy Study Project (WEST) [28]. A year-
long systematic wind speed study at seven coastal sites in 1996-97 at a height of 25 m was done.
Figures 4.2-1 to 4.2-6 show monthly average wind speed from six WEST stations Patenga, Cox’s
Bazar, Teknaf, Char Fassion, Kuakata and Kutubdia at 25 m height.

Figure 4.2-1 Monthly average wind speed at Patenga

Figure 4.2-2 Monthly average wind speed at Cox’s Bazar

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Figure 4.2-3: Monthly average wind speed at Teknaf

Figure 4.2-4: Monthly average wind speed at Char Fassion

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Figure 4.2-5: Monthly average wind speed at Kuakata

Figure 4.2-6: Monthly average wind speed at Kutubdia

Figure 4.2-7 shows yearly average wind speed at six WEST stations at 25 m height.These six
places are the coastal areas of Bay of Bengal. According to this survey, the average monthly wind
speed varies from 3 m/s to 5 m/s. Kuakata has the best wind speed and Teknaf has the lowest wind
speed. But, wind energy is extractable from all the places from the six spots around the year.
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Figure 4.2-7: Yearly Average Wind Speed at six WEST stations at 25 m height

4.2.1 Estimation of Monthly Extractable Energy

Monthly extractable energy at the six target locations was estimated in the following way:
Wind energy (ideal) = 1/2 × ρ ×V3 Watt-hr/m2
Where,
Wind velocity = V m/s and Air density = ρ = 1.20 kg/m3
Total loss = Co-efficient of performance of WT X Generator loss X Transmission loss
Usually, Co-efficient of performance of WT = 0.40
Generator loss = 0.85 Transmission loss = = 0.90
So, total loss = 0.40 ×0.85× 0.90 = 0.306
Actual available amount = 0.306 × 1/2 × ρ × V3 Watt-hr/m2
Figure 4.2-8 shows average extractable wind energy in Watt-hr/m2 at six WEST stations. The
average extractable wind energy in Watt-hr/m2 at Patenga, Cox’s Bazar, Teknaf, Char Fassion,
Kuakata and Kutubdia are 13.235, 8.122, 5.138, 13.268, 24.124 and 16.115 respectively.
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Figure 4.2-8: Average Extractable Wind Energy in Watt-hr/m2 at six WEST stations.
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Chapter 5
Methodology
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5.1 Theory and Calculation

Wind turbines work by converting the kinetic energy in the wind first into rotational kinetic energy
in the turbine and then electrical energy that can be supplied, via the national grid. The energy
available for conversion mainly depends on the wind speed and the swept area of the turbine [].
When planning a wind farm it is important to know the expected power and energy output each
wind turbine to be able to calculate its economic viability. With the knowledge that it is of critical
economic importance to know the power and therefore energy produced by different types of wind
turbine in different conditions, in this section the rotational kinetic power produced in a wind
turbine at its rated wind speed is calculated .This is the minimum wind speed at which a wind
turbine produces its rated power. The following symbols show the definition of various variables
used in this theory.

E = kinetic Energy (j) ρ = Density (kg/m3)

m = Mass (Kg) A= swept Area (m2)
v = Wind speed (m/s) Cp = Power coefficient
p = Power (w) r = radius (m)
t = Time (s) x = distance (m)
dm/dt = Mass flow rate(kg/s) dE/dt = Energy Flow Rate (j/s)

Under constant acceleration, the kinetic energy of an object having mass m and velocity v is equal
to the work done W in displacing that object from rest to distance s under a force is
E = w = s*F ………………………………… (5.1)
According to the Newton’s Law
F = m*a ………………………………… (5.2)
Hence E = m*a*s ………………………………… (5.3)

Using the third law of motion

V2 = u2 + 2as ………………………………… (5.4)
We get a = (v2 – u2)/ 2s………………………………… (5.5)
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Since the initial velocity of the object is zero, i.e. u = 0,

A = v2/2s ……………………………………………………………. (5.6)
Substituting it in equation (5.3) the kinetic energy of a mass in motion is
E = ½ mv2 ……………………………………………………………. (5.7)
The power in the wind is given by the rate of change of Energy
P = dE/dt = ½ v2 dm/dt……………………………………………………………. (5.8)
As mass flow rate is given by
dm/dt = ρAdx/dt……………………………………………………………. (5.9)
The rate of change of distance is given by
dx/dt = v……………………………………………………………. (5.10)
Substituting it in equation (5.9) it is found that
dm/dt = ρAv……………………………………………………………. (5.11)
Hence, from the equation (5.8) the power can be defined as
P = ½ ρAV3 ……………………………………………………………. (5.12)
The power coefficient needs to be factored in equation (5.12) and the extractable power from the
wind is given by
P = ½ ρ AV3Cp……………………………………………………………. (5.13)
The swept area of the turbine can be calculated from the length of the turbine blades using the
equation for the area of a circle
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ……………………………………………………………. (5.14)
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5.2 Estimation of number of turbines power rating, cost & rotor size for wind

energy generation for 650 MW power generation

The following assumptions were made for calculating the number of turbines, power rating and
rotor size for generating 650MW of power by using wind energy.
Annual energy consumption required = 6,50,000 KWh
Coefficient of performance, Cp = 0.40
Density of Air = 1.2 kg/m3 (Sea level)
No. of Hours in a year = 8760 hours.
Wind speed at 60 meter height is 7.5 m/s.
Capacity factor = 30% = 0.30
Power density (power per unit area) of wind turbine hub at 60m height is considered
Power density of Wind (ideal) P = ½ ρAV3
= 0.5 * 1.2 * (7.5)3
=253.125 watt/m2
Considering losses, Cp = 0.4
Transmission losses (rotor to generator) = 0.90
Generator losses = 0.90
Overall loss Factor = 0.4*0.9*0.9 = 0.324
Actual power density = Ideal power density * Overall loss factor
=253.125 * 0.324 = 82.0125
Annual power density = Actual Power density * No. of hours per year
= 82.0125 * 8760 = 718.429 KWh/m2
The real annual energy density will be less as the wind of rated speed will not blow for 8760 hours.
Thus, the capacity needs to be considered
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Real annual power density = Annual energy density * Capacity factor

=718.429 * 0.3 = 315.52885 KWh/m2
The area of the turbine can be estimated from the real annual energy density.
Area of the rotor = 650000/215.528 =3015.961 m2
Radius of the rotor blade covered area, (R) = πr2 = 3015.961
R = 30.98 m
Power rating of Turbine = Actual Power density * Area of rotor
=82.0125 * 3015.961 = 247.34 KW
Power rating of turbine = 247.34 = 250 KW
Annual energy requirement = 650000 KWh.
Monthly energy consumption = 650000/12 = 54166.66 KW
Daily energy consumption = 54166.66/30 = 1805.55 kW (1.805 MW per day)
No. of turbines required = 1805.55/ 250 =7.22 =8
Therefore for producing 650 MW electricity annually (with rated average wind speed at 7.5 m/s)
for this we need 8 numbers of turbine (rated 250 KW).
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Chapter 6
Blade Design and Output Stimulation
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7.1 Blade Design for Optimum Energy Capture

Modern, high capacity wind turbines, such as those used by the electricity utilities in the electricity
grid, typically have blades with a cross section similar to the aerofoils used to provide the lift in
aircraft wings.

Figure 7.1-1: Basic Turbine Blade Aerodynamics [29]

The direction of the apparent wind that is the incident wind, relative to the chord line of the aerofoil
is known as the angle of attack. Just as with aircraft wings, the lift resulting from the incident wind
force increases as the angle of attack increases from 0 to a maximum of about 15 degrees at which
point the smooth laminar flow of the air over the blade ceases and the air flow over the blade
separates from the aero foil and becomes turbulent. Above this point the lift force deteriorates
rapidly while drag increases leading to a stall.
The tangential velocity S of any blade section at a distance r from the Centre of rotation (the root
of the blade) is given by S = r Ω where Ω is the angular velocity of rotation in radians.
For a given wind speed the apparent wind will be different at the root of the blade from the apparent
wind at the tip of the blade because the rotational relative wind speed is different.
For a given speed of rotation, the tangential velocity of sections of the blade increases along the
length of the blade towards the tip, so that the pitch of the blade must be twisted to maintain the
same, optimum angle of attack at all sections along the length of the blade. The blade twist is thus
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optimized for a given wind speed. As the wind speed changes however, the twist will no longer be
optimum.

Figure 7.1-2: Angle of Attack and Blade Twist

To retain the optimum angle of attack as wind speed increases a fixed pitch blade must increase
its rotational speed accordingly, otherwise, for fixed speed rotors, variable pitch blades must be
used.
The number of blades in the turbine rotor and its rotational speed must be optimized to extract
the maximum energy from the available wind [30].
While using rotors with multiple blades should capture more wind energy, there is a practical
limit to the number of blades which can be used because each blade of a spinning rotor leaves
turbulence in its wake and this reduces the amount of energy which the following blade can
extract from the wind. This same turbulence effect also limits the possible rotor speeds because a
high speed rotor does not provide enough time for the air flow to settle after the passage of a
blade before the next blade comes along.
There is also a lower limit to both the number of blades and the rotor speed. With too few rotor
blades, or a slow turning rotor, most of the wind will pass undisturbed through the gap between
the blades reducing the potential for capturing the wind energy. The fewer the number of blades,
the faster the wind turbine rotor needs to turn to extract maximum power from the wind.
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The notion of the Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) is a concept used by wind turbine designers to optimise
a blade set to the shaft speed required by a particular electricity generator while extracting the
maximum energy from the wind.

The tip speed ratio is given by:

TSR=ΩR/V
where Ω is the angular velocity of the rotor, R is the distance between the axis of rotation and the
tip of the blade, and V is the wind speed.
A well designed typical three-bladed rotor would have a tip speed ratio of around 6 to 7.

7.1.1 Design Limits

For safety and efficiency reasons wind turbines are subject to operating limits depending on the
wind conditions and the system design.

7.1.1.1 Cut - in Wind Speed

This is the minimum wind velocity below which no useful power output can be produced from
wind turbine, typically between 3 and 4 m/s (10 and 14 km/h, 7 and 9 mph) [31].

7.1.1.2 Rated Wind Speed (also associated with the Nameplate Capacity)

This is the lowest wind velocity at which the turbine develops its full power. This corresponds to
the maximum, safe electrical generating capacity which the associated electrical generator can
handle, in other words the generator's rated electrical power output. The rated wind speed is
typically about 15 m/s (54 km/h, 34 mph) which is about double the expected average speed of the
wind [32]. To keep the turbine operating with wind speeds above the rated wind speed, control
systems may be used to vary the pitch of the turbine blades, reducing the rotation speed of the rotor
and thus limiting the mechanical power applied to the generator so that the electrical output
remains constant. Though the turbine works with winds speeds right up to the cut-out wind speed,
its efficiency is automatically reduced at speeds above the rated speed so that it captures less of
the available wind energy in order to protect the generator [33]. While it would be possible to use
larger generators to extract full power from the wind at speeds over the rated wind speed, this
would not normally be economical because of the lower frequency of occurrence of wind speeds
above the rated wind speed.
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7.1.1.3 Cut - out Wind Speed

This is the maximum safe working wind speed and the speed at which the wind turbine is designed
to be shut down by applying brakes to prevent damage to the system. In addition to electrical or
mechanical brakes, the turbine may be slowed down by stalling or furling.
7.1.1.3.1 Stalling

This is a self-correcting or passive strategy which can be used with fixed speed wind turbines. As
the wind speed increases so does the wind angle of attack until it reaches its stalling angle at which
point the "lift" force turning the blade is destroyed. However increasing the angle of attack also
increases the effective cross section of the blade face-on to the wind, and thus the direct wind force
and the associated stress on the blades. A fully stalled turbine blade, when stopped, has the flat
side of the blade facing directly into the wind.
7.1.1.3.2 Furling or Feathering

This is a technique derived from sailing in which the pitch control of the blades is used to decrease
the angle of attack which in turn reduces the "lift" on the blades as well as the effective cross
section of the aerofoil facing into the wind. A fully furled turbine blade, when stopped, has the
edge of the blade facing into the wind reducing the wind force and stresses on the blade.
The cut-out speed is specified to be as high possible consistent with safety requirements and
practicality in order to capture as much as possible of the available wind energy over the full
spectrum of expected wind speeds (See diagram of Wind Speed Distribution below). A cut-out
speed of 25 m/s (90 km/h, 56 mph) is typical for very large turbines [34].

Survival Wind Speed This is the maximum wind speed that a given wind turbine is designed to
withstand above which it cannot survive. The survival speed of commercial wind turbines is in the
range of 50 m/s (180 km/h, 112 mph) to 72 m/s (259 km/h, 161 mph). The most common survival
speed is 60 m/s (216 km/h, 134 mph). The safe survival speed depends on local wind conditions
is usually regulated by national safety standards[35].
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7.1.2 Yaw Control

Windmills can only extract the maximum power from the available wind when the plane of rotation
of the blades is perpendicular to the direction of the wind. To ensure this the rotor mount must be
free to rotate on its vertical axis and the installation must include some form of yaw control to turn
the rotor into the wind. For small, lightweight installations this is normally accomplished by adding
a tail fin behind the rotor in line with its axis. Any lateral component of the wind will tend to push
the side of the tail fin causing the rotor mount to turn until the fin is in line with the wind. When
the rotor is facing into the wind there will be no lateral force on the fin and the rotor will remain
in position. Friction and inertia will tend to hold it in position so that it does not follow small
disturbances [35].
Large turbine installations have automatic control systems with wind sensors to monitor the
direction of the wind and a powered mechanism to drive the rotor into its optimum position.

7.1.3 Capacity Factor

Electrical generating equipment is usually specified at its rated capacity. This is normally the
maximum power or energy output which can be generated in optimal conditions. Since a wind
turbine rarely works at its optimal capacity the actual energy output over a year will be much less
than its rated capacity. Furthermore there will often be periods when the wind turbine cannot
deliver any power at all. These occur when there is insufficient wind to power the turbine system,
or other periods, fortunately only a few, when the wind turbine must be shut down because the
wind speed is dangerously high and exceeds the system cut-out speed [36].
The capacity factor is simply the wind turbine generator's actual energy output for a given period
divided by the theoretical energy output if the machine had operated at its rated power output for
the same period. Typical capacity factors for wind turbines range from 0.25 to 0.30. Thus a wind
turbine rated at 1 Megawatt will deliver on average only about 250 kilowatts of power. (For
comparison, the capacity factor of thermal power generation is between 0.70 and 0.90) [37].

7.2 Blade Design Using Q Blade

7.2.1 Airfoil Design

An airfoil or aerofoil is the cross-sectional shape of a wing, blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine),
or sail.
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An airfoil-shaped body moving through a fluid produces an aerodynamic force. The component of
this force perpendicular to the direction of motion is called lift. The component parallel to the
direction of motion is called drag. Subsonic flight airfoils have a characteristic shape with a
rounded leading edge, followed by a sharp trailing edge, often with a symmetric curvature of upper
and lower surfaces. Foils of similar function designed with water as the working fluid are called
hydrofoils.

Figure 7.2-1: Some Basic Airfoil Designs [34]

Airfoil design is a major facet of aerodynamics. Various airfoils serve different flight regimes.
Asymmetric airfoils can generate lift at zero angle of attack, while a symmetric airfoil may better
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suit frequent inverted flight as in an aerobatic airplane. In the region of the ailerons and near a
wingtip a symmetric airfoil can be used to increase the range of angles of attack to avoid spin–
stall. Thus a large range of angles can be used without boundary layer separation. Subsonic airfoils
have a round leading edge, which is naturally insensitive to the angle of attack. The cross section
is not strictly circular, however: the radius of curvature is increased before the wing achieves
maximum thickness to minimize the chance of boundary layer separation. This elongates the wing
and moves the point of maximum thickness back from the leading edge.

Figure 7.2-2: Components of the Airfoil [34]

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7.3 Wing Design

Often the wing design starts with the definition of several airfoil sections and then then the entire
geometry is modified based on its 3 dimensional characteristics.
Here seven NACA Airfoils have been considered form optimum lift and minimum drag.

Figure 7.3-1: Airfoil Design Consideration of Different NACA Foils

Figure 7.3-2: NACA Airfoil Design Modules

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7.4 XFOIL Direct Analysis

Most Wind Turbine make use of two-dimensional static airfoil tables. The assumption that the
flow around the blade at a given radial position is two-dimensional is not always valid especially
in the blade root and tip region. On the other hand the advantage of having static airfoil look up
tables for the aerodynamic forces as a function of the angle of attack α is very useful for the
aerodynamic simulation. It’s obvious that the key to an accurate simulation lies in the careful
provision of valid airfoil properties.
Here outputs are

Figure 7.4-1: XFOIL Direct Analysis of the Blade Elements

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7.5 Polar Extrapolation

Unlike airplane wings, wind turbine blades experience stalled operation. The rotational speed of
the gets higher towards the blade tip, but the average wind flow velocity U1; mean remains
constant. This result in higher φ symbols in the root region.
Here outputs are

Figure 7.5-1: Polar Extrapolation of the Blade

7.6 Blade

The lift-to-drag ratio is a ratio of the lift force to the drag force, and it varies across the blade.
The higher the lift-to-drag ratio, the more efficient the turbine blade is at converting wind energy
into torque, which produces more electricity from the generator. The tip of the turbine blade travels
at the highest speed of any part of the turbine blade when it is rotating. Because of this speed, the
tip passes more air as it travels and hence generates more lift [38].
Tip speed is defined as the speed at the blade tip as it rotates through the air.
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Because the tip is rotating at the highest speed, it comes under considerable stress caused by
centrifugal force. Blades are specified for a maximum tip speed and they are tapered to reduce lift
at the ends because the faster-moving tip can still generate sufficient lift. High tip speed is defined
as speeds between 65 and 85 m/s, which is about 145 to 190 mph [39].
High tip speeds are needed to make the turbine blade more efficient. At very high speeds, the
turbine blade may receive too much stress, which can cause deterioration due to micro-fracturing.
A turbine blade must be designed to withstand the maximum stress. A specification that is
important is the ratio of the tip speed to the wind speed, or the tip speed ratio (TSR).
Tip speed can be determined from the rotational speed, which is ωR where ω is the rotational speed
in radians per second and R is the radius of the turbine in meters.
The optimal tip speed ratio depends on the number of blades and is lower when there are more
blades.

Figure 7.6-1: Blade design

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Figure 7.6-2: Blade Design Measurements

Figure 7.6-3: Blade Measurements

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7.7 Rotor Blade Element Momentum Simulation (BEM)

From BEM simulation it’s found that NACA 4412 has better efficiency than other blades

Figure 7.7-1: Rotor Blade Element Simulation of the Blade

Figure 7.7-2: Multiparameter BEM Simulation

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7.8 Static Blade Loading

Static blade loading shows the air pressure of on rotor Blades [40].

Figure 7.8-1: Static Blade Loading

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7.9 Output Generated

The output throughout the simulation is acquired an average of 131.707kW

Figure 7.9-1: Simulation of Generated Output

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7.10 Design Review

There are many designs made for optimal power generation. Studies have shown NACA 4412,
NACA 0018, NACA 2412 have the best efficiency .At the question of power developed, research
has shown that NACA 4422, NACA 4412 has the best efficiency in output considering the wind
speed of Bangladesh in the coastal area like Patenga Sea Beach, Chittagong. NACA 4422 airfoil
with a 0.9m long blade can deliver 1KW power. With the Q Blade simulation software it is shown
here in this study that With NACA 4422 airfoil and a set of 14.00m long three blades it can deliver
up to 131.707 KW of power at an average of 10m/s wind speed .
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Chapter 7
Conclusion
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8.1 Conclusion

When studying the wind speeds data in the Coastal areas of Bangladesh, it emerges that Kuakata,
and Kutubdia is suitable for installing power generation projects from wind turbines to the fact
that the wind speed in these places are within the acceptable range. Generation of power from wind
energy is a sustainable solution to mitigate energy crisis in Bangladesh. It is necessary to have
accurate data for wind speed at higher altitudes.
The mechanical output generated by the blades designed from the QBlade simulation software
shows that it can generate up to 131.707 KW output.
Wind energy can help Bangladesh produce more power. Time has come to look forward and work
in this renewable energy field to produce electricity rather than depending wholly on conventional
method. With the help of wind power Bangladesh can export electricity meeting the internal
demand in the future. Therefore, the Government and the Private sector should work hand in hand
to emphasize more on renewable energy source to produce electricity to solve our power crisis
problem.

8.2 Future Work

There is always a scope to do better in future and we want to do the same .In future we want to
materialize the theoretical thesis to generate low cost electricity. This power can easily be supplied
to remote area .Over all the main target of power generation by wind is low cost production and
moving from the conventional methods to finding a renewable energy resource.

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