1.0 What is Operating System?

Operating System it is a program that acts as an intermediary between the user of computer
and the computer hardware.

Operating System is a set of software routines that sits between the application program and
hardware.

*routines: perform key support functions such as

1. communicating with peripheral devices
2. accepting and carrying out user commands
a. load a program
b. copy a file
c. create a directory

Operating System acts like an interface between the user and computer hardware.

Operating System is a tool to facilitate efficient operation of computer system.

FOUR COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Hardware – provides the basic computing resources.
(CPU, Memory, I/O Devices)

2. Application Program – define the ways in which these resources are used to
solve the computing problems of the users.
(Compilers, database system, games & business programs)

3. Users – the one who solve problems in many different application programs.
(People and machines)

4. Operating System – control coordinates the use of hardware among the

various
application programs for various users.
- provides environment with other programs to do useful work.
-allocates resources requested by specific programs users to operate
computer system fairly and efficiently.

PURPOSE OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 To provide environment in which a user can execute program.

GOALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1. To make computer system convenient to use
2. To use the computer hardware efficient to use.

FUNCTIONS / SERVICES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1. As a Service Provider
2. As a Resource Manager

Operating System as a Service Provider:

1. Resource Manager
 * Program execution
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection
with process management:
 the creation and deletion of both user and system processes
 the suspension and resumption of processes
 The provision of mechanisms for processes synchronization
 The provision of mechanisms for process communication
 The provision of mechanisms for deadlock handling

2. I/O Manager
* involve a file and I/O devices

3. File Manager
a. Manipulation of Data
b. Execution of Data
c. Recovery & Archiving

4. Protection & Security

*protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is
controlled, security eventually a password which every user having
to authenticate himself to the system.

5. Accounting
* To keep track the resources and what kind of computer resources.

6. Error Detection & Handling

*operating system needs constantly be aware of possible errors.

Operating System as a Resource Manager:

1. Keeps track the status of its resources
2. Enforce a schedule among programs requesting resources
3. Allocate & De-allocate resources

2.0 HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM

0th Generation – 1945 1955

- No O.S at all, machines is controlled hard-wired
(Punch-card).
- No existence of O.S only encoding
- No protection
- Black Box Concept (Human Operators)

*Encoding – programming techniques that binary bit is presented through

voltages.

1st Generation – During 1950’s, simple operating system were developed that
allowed programs to be submitted in sequence and stored.
- Batch Processing / Batch Oriented Processing.
- Age of Vacuum Tubes

2nd Generation – During 1960’s Multi-using was developed.

- Age of Transistors
 *Multi-using:
1. To store several programs in memory simultaneously
2. Share computer resources

3rd Generation – Mid 1960, Multiprocessing, Multiprogramming, Time-Sharing,

Real-time processing & Virtual memory were introduced.
- Aged of Integrated Circuits

*Virtual Memory – the ability of OS to expand the memory of computer sys.

4th Generation – the period of Networking System & Distributed O.S that provide
networking & communication function.
- Open system were introduced
- Interoperability & other network standard
- Massive memory was develop (expansion)

*Open System
1. Portability – a system that can be applied in any kind of
computer environment

2. Availability – source-code licenses in short notice

3. Scalability – the code can be transferable and resizable

4. Interoperability – a system that allow sharing of files and

applications.

5th Generation – Multimode system (1980’s)

- Provide higher resolution
- Speech synthesizers & Recognition
- Computer Vision
- Allow intelligent machines & Open System

*Multimode System – connotes multi-processing & multiprogramming

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. Single Programmed OS / Single Job Stream

- Allows execution of program one at a time.
- One program active

2. Batched OS
- allowed automatic job sequencing by a resident operating
system and improved the overall utilization of the computer.
The computer no longer had to wait for human operation.
- The common input devices were card readers & tape drivers.
- The common output devices were line printers & card punches.
- Console: a terminal that consists of switches
- A batch system was introduced to collect a batch of jobs before processing them
and printing out results. A batch system consists of three stages—job collection,
 job processing, and printing out results. All three stages can occur concurrently

3. Multi-programmed OS
- jobs are kept in memory at one time
- having several programs running concurrently in the computer.

4. Time-sharing/Multi-tasking/Multi-using
- Logical extension of multi-programming.
- Time shared OS: allows many users to share the computer simultaneously. Uses
CPU scheduling.
- Having several users running in the computer system.

5. Real-time OS
- Type of OS that is designed for a particular task through the use of sensors.
- Sensors bring data to the computer.
- Real system is defined, fixed and time constraint.

2 FLAVORS OF REAL TIME SYSTEM:

Hard real-time system – guarantees that critical task is completed on

time.
 A hard real-time system is often used as a control device in a
dedicated application.
 A hard real-time operating system has well defined, fixed time
constraints. Processing must be done within the defined
constraints, or the system will fail.

Soft real-time system – a critical real-time task get s priority over other
task, and retains that priority until it completes.
 Soft real-time systems have less stringent timing
constraints, and do not support deadline scheduling.

APPLICATION OF REAL-TIME SYSTEM

1. Satellite Communication
2. Robotics
3. Home Appliances Controllers
4. Nuclear weapon system
5. Scientific Experiment System
6. Industrial Control System
7. Automatic-Fuel-Engine-Injection System
8. Imaging/X-rays

6. Distributed OS / Network OS
- Network Operating System is an OS that provide features such as file sharing
(WIN NT) across the network, which includes a communication scheme that
allows different processes on different computers to exchange messages.
- A distributed system is a collection of processors that do not share memory or a
clock. Instead, each processor has its own local memory, and the processors
communicate with one another through various communication lines, such as
high-speed buses or telephone lines.
 - A distributed system provides the user with access to the various resources
located at remote sites.
- Distributed OS is a less autonomous environment. The processors in a distributed
system may vary in size and function. They may include small microprocessors,
workstations, minicomputers, and large general-purpose computer systems.

- VARIETY Of REASONS FOR BUILDING DISTRIBUTED SYSTMEMS:

 Resource Sharing. If a number of different sites are connected to one

another, then a user at one site may be able to use the resources
available at another.

 Computation Speedup. If a particular computation can be partitioned into

a number of sub computations that can run concurrently, then a distributed
system may allow us to distribute the computation among the various sites
- to run that computation concurrently.

 Reliability. If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can
potentially continue operating. If the system is composed of a number of
large autonomous installations, the failure of one of them should not affect
the rest.

 Communication. There are many instances in which programs needs to

exchange data with one another on one system. Example: Users may
initiate file transfers or communicate with one another via electronic mail.
A user can send mail to another user at the same site or at a different site.

7. Personal Computer OS - Personal computer systems are microcomputers that are

considerably smaller and less expensive than are main-
frame systems. Operating system for these computers
have benefited from the development of operating systems
for mainframes in several ways.

CRITERIA TO MEASURE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM:

1. Throughput - the amount of work going on a computer system

-measure of work is the number of processes that are
completed per unit time.

2. Turnaround Time – is the sum of the periods spent waiting to get into memory
waiting in the ready queue, executing on the CPU, and
doing I/O.
- elapsed time from the job submission up to job completion.

3. Waiting Time - is the sum of the periods spent waiting in the ready queue.

4. Response Time - the amount of time it takes to start responding, but not the
the time that it takes to output that response.

5. Availability - the measures of system accessibility

6. Cost

7. Ease of Use

8. Reliability

9. Security

CPU UTILIZATION
It determines how efficient and reliable a computer system. To determine the efficiency of the
CPU, it must be equal to 50%, the card reader must be equal to 25% and line printer must be equal to
25%. If the result of the computation will not meet the required percentage then, it is less efficient and
reliable.

FORMULAS:

CR Time = number of cards

CR speed

LP Time = number of lines

LP speed

CPU Time = number of instruction * CPU speed

TOTAL Time = CPU Time + CR Time + LP Time

To get the efficiency used the following formula:

% Efficiency of Card Reader = (CR Time / Total Time) * 100

% Efficiency of Line Printer = (LP Time / Total Time) * 100
% Efficiency of CPU = (CPU Time / Total Time) * 100
_______________________
100 %

Example:

Given the following characteristics:

1. % Eff. Of CR = 48.78%
TT = 0.41 sec
CPU Time = 10 ms
No. of instructions = 10,000

Required:
a. CPU speed in µs c. %Eff.of LP e. %Eff. Of TT
b. CR Time d. % Eff. Of CPU

2. % Eff. Of CPU = 19.85%

TT = .001525 hr
LP Speed = 30 lines / min

Required:
a. LP Time d. %Eff. Of LP
 b. CPU Time e. %Eff.of CR
c. CR Time

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM GIVEN ABOVE:

1. A. CPU speed = no. of instruction

CPU Time

CPU speed = 10,000 instruction

10 ms
= 10ms * 1 x 10-3
1 ms
______________
10,000 instructions

= .01
10,000 seconds

= .000001 sec/instruction (convert in µs)

= 1 µs

B. CR Time = Total Time * %Eff.of CR

100
= .41 * 48.78
100

CR Time = .199 sec or .2sec

C. %Eff. Of LP = .2sec / .41sec * 100

= 48.78%

D. %Eff. Of CPU = 100% - 48.78% + 48.78%

= 100% - 97.56%

= 2.44%

E. %Eff. Of TT = 100%

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM #2.

A. LP speed = 30 lines * 1 min

Min 60 sec
= 1 / .5
= 2 sec
 LP Time = 2 seconds

B. CPU Time = (19.85 * 5.48)

100

= 1.09 sec

%Eff. Of CPU = (1.09 sec / 5.48 sec) * 100

= 19.85%

C. CR Time = (5.48 * 43.62)

100
= 2.39 sec

= 2.4 sec

D. %Eff.of LP = (2 sec / 5.48) * 100

= 36.49%

E. %Eff. Of CPU = (1.09 sec / 5.48) 8 100 = 19.89%

%Eff. Of TT = 19.89% + 36.49% + %CRT
%Eff. Of CR = 100 – 19.89 – 36.39

= 43.62%

Exercise:
Assuming that the computer system has the following characteristics:

TT = 4 sec
CR speed = 100 c/ min

If CPU takes 1200ms to assemble 1500 instructions, determine the following.

a. % Efficiency of CPU
b. % Efficiency of CR