Power System Harmonic Analysis Using ETAP PDF

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Power System Harmonic Analysis using ETAP
Thesis · September 2011

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28447.61608
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School of Engineering & Design
Electronic & Computer Engineering
MSc Sustainable Electrical Power
Brunel University
Power System Harmonic

Analysis using ETAP
Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)
Dr. Mohamed Darwish
09/2011
A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the degree of Master of Science
School of Engineering & Design
Electronic & Computer Engineering
MSc Sustainable Electrical Power
Brunel University
Power System Harmonic

Analysis using ETAP
Student’s name:__________________________
Signature of student:______________
Declaration: I have read and I understand the MSc dissertation

guidelines on plagiarism and cheating, and I certify that this
submission fully complies with these guidelines.
Power System
Harmonic Analysis
Using ETAP
Nurul Azim Bhuiyan

MSc. Sustainable Electrical Power
Student No: 1038901
Super visor: Dr. Mohamed Darwish
Brunel University
EE5500
Power System Harmonic Analysis Using ETAP
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am sincerely and heartily thankful to my project supervisor, Dr. Mohamed Darwish,

for the support and guidance he showed me throughout my dissertation writing. I am
sure it would have not been possible without his help. Besides I would like to thank to
my parents and my classmates boosted me morally and provided me great information
resources.
I would like to show my gratitude to my course director Dr. Gareth Taylor, Prof.
Malcom Irving, Dr. Ahmed Zobaa for their valuable lecture which assisted me to
complete the project successfully.
i Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

ABSTRACT
The main intention of any electrical utility company is to deliver power with better
quality. By increasing the use of power electronic devices (Non linear load), the power
quality has been affected. One of the most important causes for improper power quality
is power system harmonics. This has become a major issue for power quality problem
and harmonic analysis needed to investigate in modeling components to minimize or
remove this harmonics current or voltage.
In this project, power system harmonic analysis has been performed using ETAP
software and described the whole process in details. First of all, a general load was
modeled as a harmonic source to inject harmonic current through the power network.
Then, to analyse the effect of harmonic current, Harmonic Load Flow analysis was
performed and harmonic distortion identified.
To eliminate this harmonic distortion, different kinds of technique were followed. Those
are harmonic filter designing, capacitor bank e.t.c.
To compare the performance of the ETAP software, Harmonic Analysis also performed
by software ‘DIgSILENT PowerFactory’. The single tuned filter that is using ETAP
was also designed at PSPICE to see the performance of that filter. The overall results
were discussed in details to measure the efficiency of that harmonic analysis.
ii Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 4
2.1 Initial Survey........................................................................................................................ 4
2.1.1 Linear and non-linear loads: ........................................................................................ 4
2.1.2 Harmonic current flow ................................................................................................. 6
2.1.3 Elimination of Harmonics: ............................................................................................ 7
2.1.4 Need for Filters: ........................................................................................................... 7
2.1.5 Types of Filters: ............................................................................................................ 7
2.1.6 Types of Passive Filters ................................................................................................ 8
2.2 ETAP Software in general .................................................................................................. 12
2.2.1 Harmonic Analysis Module ........................................................................................ 14
2.3 Summary: .......................................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 3 - METHODS OF HARMONIC ANALYSIS IN ETAP .................................................. 25
3.1 Component Modelling for Harmonic Analysis .................................................................. 25
3.2 Harmonic Indices .............................................................................................................. 27
3.3 Harmonic Load Flow ......................................................................................................... 29
3.4 Harmonic Frequency Scan: ............................................................................................... 30
3.5 Harmonic Elimination: ...................................................................................................... 30
3.5.1 Harmonic Filter .......................................................................................................... 31
3.5.2 Transformer Phase Shift............................................................................................. 33
3.5.3 Isolation Transformer................................................................................................. 34
3.5.4 Multi – Pulse Converter ............................................................................................. 34
3.6 Standards .......................................................................................................................... 34
3.7 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER 4 - SIMULATIONS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION USING ETAP .................................. 35
4.1 A Simple 4-Bus System Network ....................................................................................... 35
4.1.1 Network Modelling: ................................................................................................... 36
4.1.2 Balanced Load Flow Analysis...................................................................................... 38
4.1.3 Harmonic Load Flow Analysis: ................................................................................... 39
4.1.4 Harmonic Frequency Scan ......................................................................................... 41
4.1.5 Elimination of Harmonics using Capacitor banks....................................................... 44
iii Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)
4.1.6 Elimination of Harmonics using Filter ........................................................................ 46

4.2 Summary: .......................................................................................................................... 53
CHAPTER 5 – HARMONIC ANALYSIS USING DIgSILENT PowerFactory .................................. 54
5.1 General Concept ............................................................................................................... 54
5.2 Harmonic Analysis ............................................................................................................. 55
5.2.1 Modelling Harmonic Sources: .................................................................................... 55
5.2.2 Harmonic Load Flow Analysis..................................................................................... 56
5.2.3 Elimination of Harmonics using filter:........................................................................ 58
5.3 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 60
CHAPTER 6 – FILTER DESIGNING USING PSPICE SOFTWARE ............................................. 61
CHAPTER 7 -COMPARISON OF HARMONIC ANALYSIS USING DIFFERENT SOFTWARE............ 64
7.1 Comparison between DIgSILENT PowerFactory and ETAP ............................................... 64
7.2 Comparison with PSPICE in Filter Designing ..................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 8 - CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK ............................................................... 66
8.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 66
8.2 Limitations and Suggestions for further work .................................................................. 68
8.3 Project Management ........................................................................................................ 69
REFERANCE: ...................................................................................................................... 70
BIBLIOGRAPHY: ................................................................................................................. 71
APPENDIX
iv Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

FIGURE
Figure 2.1: waveforms of voltage and current for linear loads ..................................................... 4
Figure 2.2: Voltage and Current waveform for nonlinear load ..................................................... 4
Figure 2.3: Waveform with symmetrical harmonic components .................................................. 5
Figure 2.4: Distorted-current induced voltage distortion .............................................................. 6
Figure 2.5: Ideal Filter Response Curve ....................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.6: Low Pass Filter Circuit ............................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.7: Frequency Response of low pass Filter ...................................................................... 9
Figure 2.8: High Pass Filter ........................................................................................................ 10
Figure 2.9: Frequency Response of High Pass Filter .................................................................. 10
Figure 2.10: Band Pass Filter ...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 2.11: Frequency Response of Band Pass Filter ............................................................... 11
Figure 2.12: ETAP main window................................................................................................ 14
Figure 2.13: Harmonic Analysis Tool Bar .................................................................................. 14
Figure 2.14: Study case editor tool bar ....................................................................................... 16
Figure 2.15: Duplicate Study Case............................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.16: Info page of the Study Case Editor ......................................................................... 17
Figure 2.17: Plot page of the study case editor .......................................................................... 19
Figure 2.18: Model Page of the Study Case Editor ..................................................................... 20
Figure 2.19: Alert page of the study case editor ......................................................................... 21
Figure 2.20: Display option of the Harmonic Analysis Module................................................... 22
Figure 2.21: Harmonic analysis Order Slider............................................................................... 22
Figure 2.22: Harmonic Frequency Slider ..................................................................................... 23
Figure 2.23: Report Manager Shortcut ....................................................................................... 23
Figure 2.24: Harmonics Report Manager .................................................................................... 24
Figure 3.1: Harmonic page of a Load .......................................................................................... 26
Figure 3.2: Harmonic Filter Editor ............................................................................................... 31
Figure 3.3: Different Types of Filter on ETAP .............................................................................. 32
Figure 3.4: Filter Sizing window .................................................................................................. 32
Figure 3.5: Transformer Phase Shift ........................................................................................... 33
Figure 4.1: One Line diagram of a Simple 4-Bus System Network ........................................... 35
Figure 4.2: Editor Page of the 2 Winding Transformer .............................................................. 36
Figure 4.3: Harmonic page of the load ....................................................................................... 37
Figure 4.4: Harmonic Limit in Bus editor page .......................................................................... 37
Figure 4.5: Result of balanced load flow analysis ...................................................................... 38
Figure 4.6: Harmonic Load flow result ....................................................................................... 39
Figure 4.7: Alert Window (Harmonic load Flow Study) ............................................................ 40
Figure 4.8: Harmonic Load Flow Plots (all buses) ..................................................................... 40
Figure 4.9: Harmonic Load Flow Plot (Bus bar 3) ..................................................................... 41
Figure 4.10: Harmonic Load Flow plot (Voltage Spectrum for Bus bar 3) ................................ 41
Figure 4.11: Harmonic Frequency Scan result............................................................................ 41
Figure 4.12: Alert Window (Harmonic Frequency Scan) ........................................................... 42
Figure 4.13: Harmonic Frequency Scan Plot, impedance- angle (All Bus) ............................... 43
Figure 4.14: Harmonic Frequency Scan Plot, impedance- angle (Bus 3) ................................... 43
v Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)
Figure 4.15: Harmonic Frequency Scan Plot, impedance- magnitude (Bus 3) ........................... 43
Figure 4.16: Harmonic load flow Study (After connecting Capacitor Banks) ........................... 44
Figure 4.17: Harmonic Load Flow Plots (without Capacitor on left and with capacitor on right)
.................................................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 4.18: Harmonic Plots (Voltage Spectrum without the capacitor on left and with capacitor
on right)....................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 4.19: Harmonic Impedance-Angle Plot (Without capacitor on left and with capacitor on
right)............................................................................................................................................ 45
Figure 4.20: Harmonic Impedance- Magnitude Plot (Without capacitor on left and with
capacitor on right) ....................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 4.21: Harmonics Plot (voltage spectrum for all four buses) ............................................ 47
Figure 4.22: Balanced Load Flow Analysis ................................................................................ 47
Figure 4.23: Parameter page of Harmonic Editor ....................................................................... 48
Figure 4.24: Harmonic Filter Sizing ........................................................................................... 48
Figure 4.25: Harmonic Load flow result for 11th order ............................................................... 49
Figure 4.26: Harmonic Load Flow Analysis – Alert View ......................................................... 50
Figure 4.27: Harmonic Load Flow Analysis after filter tuning. ................................................. 50
Figure 4.28: Harmonic Load Flow Plots (without filter on left and with filter on right) ............ 51
Figure 4.29: Harmonic Plots (Voltage Spectrum without filter on left and with filter on right) 51
Figure 4.30: Harmonic Impedance-Angle Plot (Without filter on left and with filter on right) . 51
Figure 4.31: Harmonic Impedance- Magnitude Plot (Without capacitor on left and with
capacitor on right) ....................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 4.32: The alert view for Frequency Scan ......................................................................... 52
Figure 5.1: Harmonic Source Editor ........................................................................................... 56
Figure 5.2: Harmonic Load Flow................................................................................................ 56
Figure 5.3: Harmonic Load Flow- Study case editor. ................................................................. 57
Figure 5.4: Harmonic Load Flow Spectrum for Bus bar 3 ......................................................... 58
Figure 5.5: Harmonic Load Flow using Filter. ........................................................................... 58
Figure 5.6: Harmonic Load Flow Spectrum (without filter on left and with filter on right) ...... 59
Figure 5.7: Filter Parameter editor .............................................................................................. 59
Figure 5.8: Output result editor ................................................................................................... 60
Figure 6.1: Single-Tuned Filter................................................................................................... 61
Figure 6.2: Filter Design in PSPICE ........................................................................................... 61
Figure 6.3: FFT analysis before adding filter ............................................................................. 62
Figure 6.4: Input current, injected current in filter and output resistor. ...................................... 62
Figure 6.5: FFT analysis after adding single-tuned filter ............................................................ 63
vi Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The main intention of any electrical utility company is to deliver power with better
quality. That’s indicating to deliver a pure sinusoidal voltage or current waveform. This
goal is complicated by the fact that there are loads on the system that produce harmonic
currents. These currents result in distorted voltages and currents that can badly impact
the system performance in different ways. [1]
Harmonics are the by-products of modern electronics. Sinusoidal voltages or currents

having frequencies that are integer multiples of the frequency at which the supply
system is designed to operate (usually 50 or 60 Hz) is called harmonics.The large
numbers of personal computers (single phase loads), uninterruptible power supplies
(UPSs), variable frequency drives (AC and DC) or any electronic device using solid
state power switching supplies to convert incoming AC to DC cause harmonics and
make the voltages and currents distorted. Non-linear loads create harmonics by drawing
current in rapid short pulses, rather than in a smooth sinusoidal manner. [2, 3]
As increasing the amount of power generation from renewable energy sources, more
power electronic devices are being added into the main grid, thus increasing the overall
amount of harmonics into the main supply itself. In western country, the majority of the
renewable energy source is from wind energy. Other devices which depreciate in power
quality of a network will majorly include devices such as saturated transformers,
fluorescent lights, cycloconverters, arc furnaces etc. [3, 4]
The harmonics in the power network may result in resonance conditions in the power
network and thus causing the deterioration of the power quality in the grid. The
outcome of this harmonic resonance is that, it will generate highly rated circulating
currents and voltages at the resonant frequency, which could cause power quality
problems such as voltage sags, swells, flickers etc. As a consequence of this harmonic
distortion, the industrial plants may face pulsating torques in the rotor of the motor, or it
may cause nuisance tripping of the smaller units that are associated in the plant site or
Page - 1 Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

the power factor correction capacitors has a higher probability of reducing the life time
of their operational period due to this high levels of voltage transmission. [3, 4]
Some of the major effects caused by these harmonics are given bellow:
 Transformer saturation
 Equipment Overheating
 Mains voltage flickering
 Incorrect operation of voltage sensitive devices.
 Malfunction of protective relaying systems.
 Electromagnetic interference.
 Audible noise in power system component.
 Shorter life of organic insulation.
 Interference with communication devices.
 Reduced Power Factors. [3, 4]
These harmonics current that are being generated from harmonic source, is resulting in
either current or voltage distortion for the entire power network. This noticeable fact has
become a major issue for power quality problem and harmonic analysis needed to
investigate how to minimise or remove these harmonics. Harmonic Analysis is used to
identify harmonic problems, minimize nuisance trips, design and test filters, and
identify potential violations of distortion limits. [4, 5]
Different kinds of power system software can be used to perform Harmonic Analysis on
the power network. In this study, ETAP 7.5.0 is being utilised to model various power
networks and perform harmonic analysis. ETAP is very user friendly software where
key tools that are needed for efficient harmonic analysis are easy to operate to get better
results. It is also proficient of depicting the consequences of implementing the required
power network on real life. [8]

1.2 Aim and Objectives

The major aim of the project is to perform Harmonic Analysis on a power system by
using ETAP software and compare with other software that allow Harmonic Analysis.
To accomplish this, the study undergoes a list of objectives as shown below:
 To understand the Harmonic Analysis module in ETAP.

 Modelling different types of power network which will include Harmonic
Sources in the power network.
 Perform harmonic analysis on these power networks so that harmonic distortion
can be identified.
 Minimise harmonic distortion in the power network, design/test filters and
identify potential violations of distortion limits.
 Comparison with other software that allows harmonic analysis to identify which
software is more efficient in harmonic analysis.
All of aforesaid key issues of the project will be analysed on adopting IEEE519
standard, where the Harmonic indices will be set accordingly in the software. For all of
the objectives as told above will be carried on the basis of the two analytical methods.
 Harmonic Load Flow Study:
The Harmonic Load Flow study first conduct a load flow calculation at the fundamental
frequency. The result of the fundamental load flow sets the base for the fundamental bus
voltage and branch currents which are used later to compute different harmonic indices.
Then, for each harmonics frequency at which any harmonic source exists in the system,
a direct load flow solution is found by using the current injection method. [8]
 Harmonic frequency Scan Study:
The power station frequency scan program is the best tool to examine the system
resonance problem. Because of the existence of both inductive and capacitive
components in the system, at certain frequencies, resonance conditions might occur at
some buses. If the resonance occurs at a bus where a harmonic current is injected into
the system, an over voltage and over current form will be observed. [8]

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Initial Survey
As the number of harmonic producing loads has increased over the years, it has become
more and more necessary to deal with their influence when making any additions or
changes to an Installation.To fully understand the impact of this phenomenon, we need
to consider two important things of power system harmonics. The first one is the nature
of harmonic-current producing loads (non-linear loads) and the second one is the way in
which harmonic currents flow and the development resulting harmonic voltages. [1, 8]
2.1.1 Linear and non-linear loads:

A linear load in a power system is a component in which the current is proportional to
the voltage. In other words, the current waveform will have the same waveform as the
voltage. Some examples of linear loads are motors, heaters and incandescent lamps. The
harmonics in linear loads are fractionally lower and they can be easily neglected. [1, 3,
8]
Figure 2.1: waveforms of voltage and current for linear loads
On the other side, the current waveform on a non-linear load is not the same as the
voltage waveform. Some examples of non-linear loads are rectifiers (power supplies,
UPS units, discharge lighting), adjustable speed motor drives, ferromagnetic devices,
DC motor drives and arcing equipment. [1, 3, 6, 8]
Figure 2.2: Voltage and Current waveform for nonlinear load

The current waveform from non-linear loads is not sinusoidal but it is periodic, Periodic
waveforms can be found mathematically as a series of sinusoidal wave shapes that have
been added together. The sinusoidal components are the integer multiples of the primary
where the primary in the UK is 50 Hz and the additional elements turned to harmonics.
[1, 3, 6, 8]
3rd Harmonic (150 Hz)

50Hz Fundamental Frequency
Resultant Distorted Waveform
Figure 2.3: Waveform with symmetrical harmonic components
Here the third harmonic will have a frequency of three times that is 150 Hz. A
symmetrical waves contain only odd harmonics and un-symmetrical waves contain even
and odd both harmonics.
In a symmetrical wave the positive portion is identical to the negative portion of the
wave. On the other hand, an un-symmetrical wave contains a DC component or the load
is such that the positive portion of the wave is different than the negative portion. The
example of an un-symmetrical wave is a half wave rectifier. [1]
In power system most of the elements are symmetrical. They produce only odd
harmonics and have no DC offset. Arc furnaces are a common source of even
harmonics but they are notorious for producing both even and odd harmonics at
different stages of the process. [8]

2.1.2 Harmonic current flow
From the given figure below, it can be seen that, when a non-linear load draws current,
that current passes through all of the impedance that is between the load and the system
source. As an effect of the current flow, the harmonic voltages are produced by
impedance in the system for each harmonic. [1]
Figure 2.4: Distorted-current induced voltage distortion
The magnitude of the voltage distortion depends on the source impedance and the
harmonic voltages produced from the power network. If the source impedance is low
then the voltage distortion will be low. If a significant portion of the load becomes non-
linear (harmonic currents increase) and/or when a resonant condition prevails (system
impedance increases), the voltage can increase dramatically. [1, 6]
In conclusion it can be said that, the harmonic currents can have a significant impact on
electrical distribution systems and the facilities that they feed. The increment of
renewable power generation will create a major impact on the power network. Power
system harmonic analysis needed to improve the power quality by installing appropriate
devices. In addition, identifying the size and location of non-linear loads should be an
important part of any maintenance, troubleshooting and repair program.

2.1.3 Elimination of Harmonics:
 Preventing harmonic generation for newer systems
 High input power factor regulators
 Switching regulators
 High pulse number AC/DC converters
 For existing sources of harmonics
 Installing filters on DC side to rectifier
 Installing filters on AC side [3]
2.1.4 Need for Filters:
 Eliminate/ Reduce harmonics in voltage & current waveforms.
 Improve power factor
 Reduce harmonic power losses
 Combinations of the above [3]
2.1.5 Types of Filters:
 Passive Filters
 Add Passive Filters

 Shunt or Single Tuned Filters
 Broadband Filters or Band Pass Filters
 Provide low impedance path for harmonic current
 Least expensive[8]
 Active Filters
 Instantly adapts to changing source and load condition

 Costly
 MVA limitation [8]

2.1.6 Types of Passive Filters
Different filters are named according to the frequency of signals they allow to pass
through them. The Low-pass filters allow only low frequency signals to pass, while the
High-pass filters allow only high frequency signals to pass through, and Band-pass
filters allow signals falling within a certain frequency range to pass through. Simple
First-order passive filters (1st order) can be made by connecting together a single
resistor and a single capacitor in series across an input signal, (Vin) with the output of
the filter, (Vout) taken from the junction of these two components. Depending on the
way of connection the resistor and the capacitor with regards to the output signal
determines the type of filter construction resulting in either a Low Pass Filter or a High
Pass Filter. [9, 10]
Figure 2.5: Ideal Filter Response Curve
The Low Pass Filter:
A simple passive Low Pass Filter can be made by connecting a single Resistor with a
single Capacitor together in series as shown below. This type of filter is known as a
"first-order filter" or "one-pole filter" because of its "one" reactive component in the
circuit, the capacitor. s. A low-pass filter passes low frequency signals, and rejects
signals at frequencies above the filter's cut-off frequency. [9, 10]

Figure 2.6: Low Pass Filter Circuit
The capacitive reactance of a capacitor in an AC circuit is
Ohm’s
Impedance Z, Z √
Output voltage of the filter is
Figure 2.7: Frequency Response of low pass Filter

The High Pass Filter:
A High Pass Filter is the exact opposite to that of the previously seen Low Pass
filter circuit. Only passes signals above the selected cut-off point. [9]
Figure 2.8: High Pass Filter
Cut-off frequency, fc
Figure 2.9: Frequency Response of High Pass Filter

Band Pass Filter:
By connecting or "cascading" together a single Low Pass Filter circuit with a High
Pass Filter circuit, another type of passive RC filter can be produced that passes a
selected range or "band" of frequencies, can be either narrow or wide while attenuating
all those outside of this range. [9, 10]
This new type of passive filter arrangement produces a frequency selective filter known
commonly as a Band Pass Filter.
Figure 2.10: Band Pass Filter
Band Width =
Cut-Off frequency, fc
Figure 2.11: Frequency Response of Band Pass Filter

2.2 ETAP Software in general
ETAP offers a suite of completely integrated Electrical Engineering software

solutions. Its modular functionality can be modified to fit the needs of any company,
from small to large power systems. In order to perform harmonic analysis, ETAP
software is chosen for the project. This is user friendly software and easy to model
harmonic sources. ETAP can perform some other types of analysis as given bellow: [8]
 Types of Analysis ETAP can do:
 Transient Stability Analysis
 Load Flow Analysis
 Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis
 Short Circuit Analysis
 Motor Acceleration Analysis
 Harmonic Analysis
 Star – Protective Device co ordination
 Optimal Power Flow Analysis
 Reliability Assessment
 DC load flow analysis
 Battery Discharge Sizing [8]
ETAP is a entirely integrated AC and DC electrical power system analysis tool.

Engineers use ETAP in thousands of companies and electric utilities worldwide in the
design, analysis, maintenance, and operation of electrical power systems. A unique
feature of this software is that it has got centralised data base system in which all the
analysis that has been conducted gets stored in and later this data can be extracted using
Microsoft Access with ease. ETAP Real-Time is a suite of software through continuous
monitoring, simulation, and optimization of electrical, process, manufacturing, and
management systems that are in place, ETAP can maximize the entire production
process, reduce losses, and increase profits. [7]

ETAP Star device coordination is a new idea in performing steady-state and dynamic
device coordination, selectivity protection, and testing. This is achieved by utilizing
intelligent one-line diagrams, widespread device libraries, and an integrated three-
dimensional database. ETAP Automatic Relay Testing and Transient Simulator
(ARTTS) system includes three high-precision test devices in one set. ARTTS can test
different kinds of protective relays including distance relays, as well as energy meters
and transducers. ARTTS power system tools utilize advanced hardware and software
technologies for testing, simulating, and calibrating relays and comparing the real test
response with the manufacturer published data. [7]
Ground Grid Systems module enables engineers to quickly and exactly design and
analyze ground protection. Advanced 3-D technology integrates with one-line diagrams,
allowing engineers to visualize their ground systems and seamlessly employ short
circuit results. [7]
ETAP faultlessly integrates the analysis of power and control circuits within one
electrical analysis program. The Control System Diagram (CSD) simulates the
sequence-of-operation of control devices such as solenoids, relays, controlled contacts,
multi-sequence contacts, and actuators including inrush situation. CSD has the ability of
determining pickup and dropout voltages, losses, and current flows at any time instance
as well as overall marginal and critical alerts. A large library of equipment enables
engineers to quickly model and simulate the action of relays associated with control
interlocks after certain time delays. [7]
It has one of the best graphical user interfaces where most of the power engineers would
be very much interested in working. ETAP GIS Map superimposes electrical one-line
diagrams with the related geographical maps of power generation, transmission, and
distribution systems. Synchronize relevant electrical equipment information from GIS
into ETAP and uphold the relationship between them. Panel systems can also be
included with the online diagrams, which is also another unique feature can be found in
ETAP. [7]
Almost all of the electrical apparatus that are being used in real power systems can be
modeled in ETAP easily. However for this project, the Harmonics Analysis module is
looked in depth and on this chapter all the toolbars related with the Harmonics Analysis
will be described in brief.
2.2.1 Harmonic Analysis Module
By pressing Harmonic Analysis study mode button, the study tool bar automatically
appears on the screen. Any power network that is being designed for Harmonic
Analysis can be analyzed by this tool bar and result can be found graphically or
analytically. The figure given below shows the ETAP main window that appears after
Harmonic Analysis module is being activated.
Harmonic Analysis Module
Harmonic Analysis tool bar
Figure 2.12: ETAP main window
Run Harmonic Load Flow
Run Frequency Scan
Display Option
Alter View
Report Manager
Harmonic Analysis Plots
Halt Current Calculation
Get On-Line Data
Get Archived Data
Figure 2.13: Harmonic Analysis Tool Bar

Harmonic Analysis Tool Bar
Run Harmonic Load Flow: The ‘Run Harmonic Load Flow’ button will execute a
harmonic load flow study. A dialog box will appear for user to specify the output report
name for the output results. The output results will appear on the one-line diagram and
can be viewed in output report text and plot formats after the Harmonic load flow
calculation completes. It also open another dialog box where the order of harmonic can
be changed to display the result for different harmonic order. [8]
Run Frequency Scan: The ‘Run – Frequency’ Scan button will execute a harmonic
frequency scan study. A dialog box will pop up asking user the output file name. This
one calculates all the impedance angles and magnitude. Here also the study results are
displayed on the one-line diagram and can be viewed in output report text and plot
formats after the harmonic frequency scan calculation completes. The slider of
frequency is also available to show the result in each and every harmonic frequency. [8]
Display Options: The ‘Display Options’ button will allow the user to customize the
type of result to be displayed on the one-line diagram under the Harmonic Analysis
Study mode. [8]
Alert View: After performing a Harmonic Load Flow Study or Harmonic Frequency
Scan, this button will allow user to open the Alert View, which lists all equipment with
critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the study case (IEEE519 set
standard in ETAP). [8]
Report Manager: The ‘Report Manager’ button allow user to select a format and view
optimal power output reports, are provided in Crystal Report Viewer, PDF, MS
Word, Rich Text, MS Excel formats. A number of predefined reports are found from
here in Complete, Input, Results and Summary pages respectively. [8]
Harmonic Analysis Plots: The Harmonic Analysis Plots button allow user to represent
the result graphically from the selected output plot file. The plot file name will be the
same as the output text file displayed in the Output Report pull-down list. Plot files for
harmonic load flow will have .hfp as an extension and for harmonic frequency scan .fsp
as an extension after performing Harmonic Frequency scan calculation, the impedance
magnitude and impedance angle curve can be plotted by using this button. [8]
Halt Current Calculation:
The stop sign button is usually disabled. If a harmonic load flow or a harmonic
frequency scan has been initiated, this button becomes enabled and shows a red stop
sign. Clicking on this button will stop the current calculation. The one-line diagram
displays and plots will not be available if you stop the calculation before it completes,
and the output report will be incomplete. This button is especially used for the real time
data is being processed for power networks. [8]
Get Online Data:
If the ETAP key installed on user computer has the online feature, can copy the online
data from the online presentation to the current analysis. [8]
Get Archived Data:
This button acts similar to ‘Get Online Data’ where the ETAP key installed on user
computer has the online feature, can copy the archived data to the current analysis. [8]
Harmonic Analysis Study Case Editor:
The study Case editor contains solution control variables, loading conditions, and
different kinds of options for output reports. ETAP allows user to create and save an
unlimited number of study cases. Load flow calculations are conducted and reported in
accordance with the settings of the study case selected in the toolbar. User can easily
toggle between study cases without the trouble of resetting the study case options each
time. This unique feature that most of other packages would not have will save a
comparable amount of effort and time.
New Study Case Edit Study Case
Figure 2.14: Study case editor tool bar
During the Harmonic Analysis mode, user can access the Harmonic Analysis Study
Case editor by clicking on the Study Case button from the Harmonic Analysis Study

Case toolbar. User also would be able to create a duplicate of the current study case
under ‘New Study Case’ button and then it can be edited for particular requirement. [8]
Figure 2.15: Duplicate Study Case
The ‘Edit Study Case’ button consists of five tabs where the user can edit for efficient
harmonic analysis. The five tabs under study case editor are Info, Plot, Model,
Adjustment and Alert.
Info Page: The Study Case ID shows the current study case that the user running. It can
be renamed by deleting the old ID and entering a new ID. In initial load flow group,
user can select a load flow calculation method.
Figure 2.16: Info page of the Study Case Editor

The methods available are Newton-Raphson and Accelerated Gauss-Seidel. The

maximum iteration value can also be entered by the user’s requirements. When using
Accelerated Gauss-Seidel, the recommended and default value for maximum iteration is
2000. When using Newton-Raphson, the recommended and default value for maximum
iteration is 99. [8]
The Frequency Scan section only used for harmonic frequency scan calculations. The
boundary conditions and step size of the frequency can be entered. The resolution of the
frequency scan plot can be defined by plot step. The smaller it is, the smoother the plot
will look, but requires more data to be recorded. [8]
In loading category section one of the ten loading categories can be selected for the
study case (e.g. winter load, summer load etc).The user can further analyse the power
network behaviour for different loading condition. Harmonic filter loading is calculated
from its parameters. The generator controls will be different depending on the mode that
the generator is operating under. The mode of generation is selected on the Info page of
the Generator editor. [8]
The diversity factor can be activated if the user needed where the bus maximum option
can be useful to investigate the effect of future network and bus minimum needed for
lightly loading condition. By selecting global option ETAP will globally multiply all
motors, static loads, constant current loads, and generic loads of the selected Loading
Category with the entered values for the respective load diversity factors. If the
operating load option is selected, it is required that a DC load flow calculation is run
first in order to estimate the charger load. [8]

Plot Page:
In plot page user can select the components to display on the one-line diagram and in
plot format. The selections are applied to both the harmonic load flow and the harmonic
frequency scan studies.
Figure 2.17: Plot page of the study case editor
Model Page:
In this page the modelling methods can be chosen for different types of components.
This tab is very useful for the power network that is being dealt with complex power
network. In ‘Exclude harmonic source ‘group, one can globally specify what types of
components need not model as harmonic sources. The results will affect both the
harmonic load flow and the harmonic frequency scan studies. The transmission line or
cable can be modelled as short line or long line.

Figure 2.18: Model Page of the Study Case Editor
Alert Page:
In this page the total harmonic distortion (VTHD) and individual harmonic distortion
(VIHD) can be selected as individual or global. In any case if the VIHD and VTHD
exceed their limit, an alert window will pop up on running a harmonic load flow study.
These VIHD and VTHD levels are set according to IEEE519-1992. The critical or
marginal alerts will be generated for transformer, capacitor, cable and filter, if the
components are subjected to overload conditions. The power network can be
investigated for any harmonic resonance condition by checking parallel resonance
option. There is an auto display option to check the alerts automatically.

Figure 2.19: Alert page of the study case editor
Harmonic Analysis Display Option:
The Harmonic Analysis Display Options consist of a Results page and three pages for
AC, AC-DC, and Colors information observations. The colors and displayed
annotations selected for each study are specific to that study case. Here the user can
select the result information to be displayed on the one-line diagram. For harmonic
analysis, the voltage can be made to show either in voltage form or percentage. By
clicking on the check box of branch current can include or suppress one-line displays
for branch current and other information for branches from the harmonic load flow and
the harmonic frequency scan calculations. For displaying units on the one-line diagram,
user can click the check box ‘show units’. In Total harmonics group, user can select
specific information to display for buses and branches related to the total harmonic
distortion. In frequency Scan option, impedance magnitude and impedance angle can be
displayed on the one-line diagram. In AC and AC-DC page, the information for AC and
DC elements can be displayed in the one- line diagram.

The figure given below show the screen shot of the display option in ETAP.
Figure 2.20: Display option of the Harmonic Analysis Module
Harmonic Analysis Order Slider:
By using the Harmonic Load Flow Slider and the Harmonic Analysis Display Options
Editor, user can choose different results to be displayed on the one-line diagram for the
harmonic load flow analysis study. [8]
Figure 2.21: Harmonic analysis Order Slider

Harmonic Frequency Slider:
By using the Harmonic Frequency Scan Slider and the Harmonic Analysis Display
Options Editor, user can choose different results to display on the one-line diagram for
the harmonic frequency scan analysis study. [8]
Figure 2.22: Harmonic Frequency Slider
Harmonic Analysis Output Reports:
Output reports for harmonic analysis studies can be arranged into three formats: Crystal
Report, one-line diagram displays, and plots. There is a shortcut for the Report
Manager. By clicking on the View Output Report button, ETAP automatically opens the
output report listed in the Study Case toolbar with the selected format. In the picture
shown below, the output report name is LF3 and the selected output report is the
‘Summary’ Crystal Report.
Report
Manager
Figure 2.23: Report Manager Shortcut
To find the complete report manager user can click on Report Manager button at
harmonic analysis tool bar. The harmonics Report Manager provides five formats for
report text. They are Crystal reports format Viewer, PDF format, MS Word format,
Rich Text format and MS Excel format. The Harmonics Report Manager consists of
four pages. They are Complete, Input, Result and Summary. In a ‘complete’ report user
can show the entire results. The input report provides the formats for different input
data. The result page provides the formats for different calculation results. The summary

page provides the formats for different summaries from both input data and calculation
results.
Figure 2.24: Harmonics Report Manager
2.3 Summary:
In this chapter, the causes, effects and elimination process has been discussed briefly in
initial survey. The ETAP software in general and harmonic analysis module has also
been described. The use of every tool in harmonic analysis module was thoroughly
looked with detailed description.
The next chapter will look for the calculation methods adopted by the module in ETAP
for power system harmonic analysis.

CHAPTER 3
METHODS OF HARMONIC ANALYSIS IN ETAP
The ETAP Harmonic Analysis module provides the best tool to accurately model
different power system components and devices to include their frequency dependency,
nonlinearity, and other characteristics under the presence of harmonic sources. [8]
This module employs two analytical methods, Harmonic Load Flow method and
Harmonic Frequency Scan method. Both methods are the most popular and powerful
approaches for power system harmonic analysis. In combination of those two methods,
different harmonic indices are computed and compared with the industrial standard
limitations; existing and potential power quality problems, along with security problems
associated with harmonics can be easily revealed. Causes to those problems can be
identified and different improvement and corrective schemes such as power factor
correction, harmonic filter can be tested and finally verified. [8]
3.1 Component Modelling for Harmonic Analysis
For efficient harmonic analysis, frequency characteristics, and the nonlinearity, the
components of the power system must be recognized and modelled properly. Depending
on their nature and behaviour, these components are modelled in various ways. [8]
The nonlinear loads are usually modelled as current sources and voltage sources with
harmonic frequencies as they are essentially either injecting harmonic currents into the
system or applying harmonic voltages at the given points. Normal power sources such
as power grids or generators are modelled as voltage sources with harmonic
frequencies, if they contain harmonic components in their fixed voltages. [8]
Nonlinear loads that can be modelled as a harmonic current source in ETAP are:
 Static Load
 UPS
 Charger/Converter
 VFD
 SVC
 Transformer

Static loads, chargers/converters and VFDs will inject harmonic current into the
attached buses, if they are modelled as a harmonic current source. When the transformer
is lightly loaded can contribute significant harmonic current into the system. Harmonic
current source generated by a transformer is normally placed at the primary side;
however, if there is a triple nth harmonic current specified for a transformer and the
transformer winding and ground connections do not allow the triple nth harmonic
current to flow in the primary winding, the secondary side and then the tertiary side will
be considered as the position for the harmonic current source. [8]
A UPS injects harmonic current into the connected bus if it is modelled as a load and if
the UPS is modelled as a branch, it will inject harmonic current into both the AC input
bus and the AC output bus. As a result, at the time of harmonic load flow calculations,
the path from the AC input bus to the AC output bus inside the UPS would be opened.
[8]
To model a nonlinear component as a harmonic current source, user can select an

appropriate harmonic current library via the Library button and Harmonic Library
Quick Pick Editor at the Harmonic page of that component. The Harmonic page of a
non linear load is given below.
Figure 3.1: Harmonic page of a Load

The components that can be modelled as a harmonic voltage source in ETAP are given
below:
 Power Grid
 Synchronous Generator
 Inverter
 Charger/Converter
 Static Load
If the inverters, chargers/converters, and static loads primarily cause voltage distortion
instead of current distortion, can also be modelled as harmonic voltage sources. These
components can be model as harmonic voltage source as similar as the harmonic current
sources in ETAP. [8]
If a rotating machine is not modelled as a harmonic source, its equivalent harmonic

impedance is its negative impedance. When a load or a shunt component is not
modelled as a harmonic source, its equivalent harmonic impedance is calculated from
its fundamental loading using an equivalent parallel R and X circuit and the reactance
part of the harmonic impedance for rotating machines and load components are attuned
linearly based on the order of harmonic. [8]
3.2 Harmonic Indices
The result of harmonics is usually measured in terms of several indices that are defined
below.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), also known as
Harmonic Distortion Factor (HDF), is to calculate the level of harmonic distortion of
voltage and current. It is a measurement that shows the ratio of the mean-square-root of
all harmonics to the fundamental component. For an ideal power system, THD is equal
to zero. [8]
√∑
Here Fi is the amplitude of the ith harmonic, and F1 is the fundamental component.

Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD): Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD)

measures the ratio of a certain harmonic component with the fundamental component.
They are highly efficient to design single tuned filters. [8]
Root Mean Square (RMS): This is the square root of the sum of the squares of the
magnitudes of the fundamental and all the harmonics in the power system. For a power
system with no harmonics, the total RMS should be equal to the fundamental
component RMS. [8]
√∑
Arithmetic Summation (ASUM): This is the mathematical summation of the

magnitudes of the fundamental and all harmonics. It adds the magnitudes of all
components directly to have a conservative estimation of the crest value of voltage and
current, and is useful for the assessment of the maximum withstanding ratings of a
device. [8]
Telephone Influence Factor (TIF): Telephone Influence Factor (TIF) is a variation of

the THD with a various weight given to each of the harmonics based on its amount of
interference to an audio signal in the same frequency range. Normally, the current TIF
has a more significant impact on communication systems. [8]
√∑
√∑
Where Wi is the TIF weighting factor. The values of weighting factors for different
harmonic frequencies are given in the IEEE Standard 519.

I*T Product (I*T): Product of current components (fundamental and harmonics) and
weighting factors. [8]
√∑
Where Ih = current component
Th = weighting factor
h = harmonic order (h=1 for fundamental)
H = maximum harmonic order to account
3.3 Harmonic Load Flow
In ETAP's Harmonic Analysis module, user can simulate harmonic current and voltage
sources, categorize harmonic problems, reduce nuisance trips, design and test filters,
and report harmonic voltage and current distortion limit violations. The Harmonic Load
Flow Study first carries out a load flow calculation at the fundamental frequency. The
results of the fundamental load flow sets the base for the fundamental bus voltages and
branch currents which are used later to calculate different harmonic indices. Then ETAP
use the current injection method to produce a load flow solution for each harmonic
frequency at which any harmonic source exists. The harmonic frequencies measured are
all the low order frequencies from the 2nd to the 15th, the characteristic harmonics from
the 17th up to the 73rd. Impedance of components is adjusted based on the harmonic
frequencies and the types of components. [8]
The calculated bus THD and IHDs are compared with their limits as specified by the
user in the Bus editor and, if any violations are detected, flags are placed in the text
report next to the associated bus in the Harmonic Information section. [8]
This load flow calculation is based on either the Newton Raphson Method or the
Accelerated Gauss Seidel Method.

The harmonic load flow study generates output reports showing the system input data,
fundamental load flow results, system harmonic information, and tabulation of bus
voltages and branch currents with all harmonic contents. These results can also be
viewed directly from the one-line diagram using the Harmonic Load Flow Slider and
the Harmonic Display Options editor. The bus voltage and branch current plots are also
displayed in time domain and the harmonic spectrums in a bar chart. [8]
3.4 Harmonic Frequency Scan:
The important concern with harmonics is the resonance condition in the power system.
Because of the existence of both inductive and capacitive components in the power
system, at certain frequencies, resonance conditions might occur at some buses. If the
harmonic current is injected at the same bus where the resonance occurs, it will create
an overvoltage condition. Parallel resonance causes problems only if a source of
harmonics exists at the frequency where the impedances match. [8]
The ETAP Frequency Scan program is the best tool to investigate the system resonance
problem. It calculates and plots the magnitudes and phase angles of bus driving point
impedance over a frequency range specified by the user; thus, any parallel resonance
condition and its resonance frequency can be clearly recognized. The harmonic
frequency scan study also allows users to tune their harmonic filter parameters and test
the final results. The user can define the frequency range which starts from the
fundamental frequency and can go as high as the user requirements. [8]
The frequency scan results are reported in reports which includes the system input data,
the fundamental load flow results, and a tabulation listing bus driving point impedances.
The same information is also given on the one-line diagram, as well as in a graphical
format. [8]
3.5 Harmonic Elimination:
Most of the loads in a power system are non linear that produce harmonic current or
harmonic voltage. So it is essential to design electrical component to eliminate
harmonics from the power systems. Some of the most advanced techniques will be
analysed on ETAP such as filter, phase shifting transformers etc.

3.5.1 Harmonic Filter
Harmonic filters are widely used to mitigate harmonic problems. A properly designed
harmonic filter can prevent the harmonic current from injecting or provide a low
impedance path at the tuned frequency to remove a parallel resonance. [8]
ETAP currently has provided six of the most popular filters used in the power industry.
A Filter Sizing program is also available in the harmonic editor for the Single Tuned
filter type, with which users can optimize the filter parameters based on different
installation or operation criteria. [8]
The give filters in ETAP are:

 By-Pass Filter
 High-Pass Filter (Damped)
 High-Pass (Undamped)
 Single Tuned Filter
 3rd Order damped Filter
 3rd Order C-Type Filter
Figure 3.2: Harmonic Filter Editor

Figure 3.3: Different Types of Filter on ETAP
In practical application for harmonic filter loading two loading conditions are to be
checked: capacitor Max. kV and inductor Max. I, those values are specified in the
Harmonic Filter Editor, Parameter page. The capacitor Max. kV is a peak value,
calculated by considering voltage drop across the capacitor and the inductor Max. I is an
RMS value, calculated by considering current flow through the inductor. For filter
overloading there is a check box in the Harmonic Analysis Study Case editor, Info page.
Comparisons will be made between the calculated values and the specified values by
Harmonic Load Flow study. The percentage of overloading will then be calculated and
reported in the Filter Overloading report. [8]
One of the regulatory issues on ETAP is that, all of these filters work on a single phase.
So the capacitor value has to be entered accurately based on a single phase and kV
parameters should be entered carefully whether the filter needs to be connected with star
or delta type.In ETAP filter sizing can be done for single tuned type on entering
required data into the page.
Single phase
capacitor
kvar value
Impedance in
ohm/phase
Calculated
capacitor
peak kV
(ASUM)
Calculated
inductor
current A
(RMS)
Figure 3.4: Filter Sizing window

The single tuned filters can only provide a low impedance path to one particular
harmonic component; the user has to specify the harmonic order number. For a
particular harmonic order, a harmonic load flow analysis is conducted to find the
harmonic current that can be used in filter sizing option. The existing power factor and
the load MVA values have to be taken from balanced load flow analysis on the power
network. On clicking the ‘Size Filter’ button the parameters of filter component are
calculated and substituted to filter. User can size the filter for minimum initial cost or
minimum operating cost by using initial installation cost or operating cost option.
3.5.2 Transformer Phase Shift
Power system harmonics can minimize by proper tap setting. The ETAP Harmonic
Analysis module uses transformer phase-shift to adjust network impedance phase angle
in the Harmonic Load Flow study. Transformer phase-shift is specified in the
Transformer Editor Tap page based on transformer connection convention, namely
Standard Positive Sequence connection and Standard Negative Sequence connection. In
addition, a user also can specify special phase-shift for a transformer. On ‘user defined’
option, user can manually enter the degree of phage shift to reduce certain harmonics.
[8]
Figure 3.5: Transformer Phase Shift

3.5.3 Isolation Transformer
The isolation transformer can match the voltage by either stepping up or stepping down
in system voltage and by providing a neutral ground reference for nuisance ground
faults. Power losses are the main shortage of this transformer. [3, 4, 8]
3.5.4 Multi – Pulse Converter
The best possible way to reduce harmonic content into the power network is increasing
the number of pulse in converter system. In ETAP, user can set number of pulse from
predefined libraries.
3.6 Standards
ETAP Harmonic Analysis module fully complies with the latest version of the
following standards given below:
 IEEE Standards 519-1992, IEEE Recommended Practices and

Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems [10]
 ANSI/IEEE Standard 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for
Industrial and Commercial Power System Analysis (Brown Book) [10]
 IEEE Standard 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power
Distribution for Industrial Plants (Red Book) [8]
3.7 Summary
In this chapter, the method of harmonic analysis using ETAP software has been
investigated. The harmonic load flow, harmonic frequency scan, components modelling
and harmonic elimination process are included in this chapter.
The next chapter will deal with simulation and corresponding results using the method
from this chapter.

CHAPTER 4
SIMULATIONS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION USING ETAP
For Harmonic Analysis, different types of power networks are used for simulation in
ETAP software. Here harmonic components are modelled to create harmonic current for
harmonic distortion in power networks. After enabling an effective harmonic analysis,
popular elimination techniques will be followed to mitigate that harmonic distortion.
The entire process of harmonic analysis will be described accordingly.
4.1 A Simple 4-Bus System Network
A simple 4 bus system is modelled as a one line diagram to perform harmonic analysis.
A load connected with bus bar 3 modelled as a harmonic source to create harmonic
distortion in this power network. The action of this harmonic source on the power
network will be investigated using Harmonic Analysis and the mitigation techniques
will be taken to eliminate any harmonic distortion.
Figure 4.1: One Line diagram of a Simple 4-Bus System Network

4.1.1 Network Modelling:
The components for this 4 bus network are taken from the ETAP library. The external
grid is connected to 132 kV bus bar (The Swing bus) and then the voltage level has
stepped down from 132 kV to 33 kV using 100 MVA rated 2 winding transformer. The
typical Z% and X/R parameters were fed into the transformer editor page shown below.
Figure 4.2: Editor Page of the 2 Winding Transformer
Another side of the transformer is connected with bus bar 2 at its nominal voltage 33
kV. Load 1 and 30 MVA rated transformer T2 connected with this bus bar and the
secondary side of the transformer is connected with bus bar 3 at 11kV. Here also the
typical Z% and X/R values were fed into the editor page of the transformer T2. The bus
bar 3 is connected with bus bar 4 by another transformer T3 (10 MVA rated). A load
modelled as a harmonic source named ‘Motor’ connected with bus bar 3. This harmonic
source was modelled by clicking the Harmonic page of the load editor. The 12 pulse
harmonic was selected from harmonic library. The harmonic page of the motor is shown
in the figure.

Figure 4.3: Harmonic page of the load
Another load named ‘Load 2’ and capacitor connected with bus bar 4 at 440 V nominal
voltage. All the connections of the model are star- delta, so that the phase shift was set
to 30 . All the buses are designed in accordance to the IEEE519 standards to check for
the harmonic distortion. By default, ETAP sets all the buses to allow 2.5% THD (Total
Harmonic Distortion) and 1.5% IHD (Individual Harmonic Distortion) and can be
customised according to users requirements.
Figure 4.4: Harmonic Limit in Bus editor page

These selected values will be compared with the calculated THD and IHD values after
performing harmonic load flow study. If any bus goes beyond or above this predefined
limit, the alert message will flash to aware this condition by clearly stating the rated
limit and operating limit. The over voltage and under voltage conditions also be showed
in alert window. This violation could either be critical (where the conditions needs to be
checked as soon as possible) or marginal (where load alternation would usually fix the
problem). After modelling all the components in the power network, the system will be
ready to run the balanced load flow analysis.
4.1.2 Balanced Load Flow Analysis
Balanced load flow needs to perform to get the MVA value and Power Factor which can
be used at the time of filter sizing. Here Gauss Seidel Method was conducted to perform
the load flow analysis. The result of balanced load flow is displayed on the one line
diagram and can be shown by report manager.
Figure 4.5: Result of balanced load flow analysis

4.1.3 Harmonic Load Flow Analysis:
To check the harmonic distortion or effect of harmonic source on the power network,
Harmonic load flow needs to be performed. Here harmonic load flow is performed for
general loading condition, can be changed to winter or summer condition.
Figure 4.6: Harmonic Load flow result
On running the harmonic load flow study it can be seen that, there are some harmonic
frequency with greater magnitude exceeding the THD and IHD limit.
From the alert window (Figure) it can be seen that, the 11th, 13th and 35th order
harmonic is contributing in two buses each. The harmonic orders given in the alert
window are exceeding the predefined limit of THD and IHD.

Figure 4.7: Alert Window (Harmonic load Flow Study)
The voltage waveforms of all four buses after Harmonic load flow analysis. It can be
seen that, the wave form of bus bar 3 (11 kV) is the most distorted one because of the
harmonic source that connected with this bus.
Figure 4.8: Harmonic Load Flow Plots (all buses)

Figure 4.9: Harmonic Load Flow Plot (Bus bar 3)
Figure 4.10: Harmonic Load Flow plot (Voltage Spectrum for Bus bar 3)
4.1.4 Harmonic Frequency Scan
On running frequency scan study, impedance angle can be seen on the one line diagram
of the power network. This can be displayed at report manager, which is given on
appendix. Here the frequency chosen for the power network is 60Hz.
Figure 4.11: Harmonic Frequency Scan result

From the alert window it can be seen that, parallel resonance occurred at 6th and 7th
harmonic order at frequency of 360 Hz and 420 Hz. The presence of capacitor caused
the problem of parallel resonance.
Figure 4.12: Alert Window (Harmonic Frequency Scan)
Parallel resonance is the point where the capacitive and inductive reactance of any
power network’s become equal. Usually it occurs for the presence of capacitors. In
ETAP, after running Harmonic Frequency Scan study, this parallel resonance point can
be identified. The result of this harmonic resonance that it will generate highly rated
circulating currents and voltages at the resonant frequency and causes power quality
problems.
This parallel resonance frequency will create problem only if a source of harmonics is
present at that frequency where the impedances match each other. From our Harmonic
Load Flow Study alert page, it can be seen that there is no harmonic source exceeding
the limit in 6th and 7th order. So this parallel resonance will create no problem for this
power network. If the parallel resonance create problem, that can be solved by tuning
filter for that particular harmonic order.

The impedance magnitude and impedance angle curves after Harmonic frequency Scan
are given below.
Figure 4.13: Harmonic Frequency Scan Plot, impedance- angle (All Bus)
Figure 4.14: Harmonic Frequency Scan Plot, impedance- angle (Bus 3)
Figure 4.15: Harmonic Frequency Scan Plot, impedance- magnitude (Bus 3)

4.1.5 Elimination of Harmonics using Capacitor banks
To eliminate harmonics from this power network, 17 Mvar capacitor banks were used
with bus bar 3. By using trial and error mechanism from alert page, this Mvar value
were chosen to provide necessary reactive power to control the voltage and bring it up
to above 98% of the nominal voltage of the bus. On running another Harmonic load
flow analysis after connecting the capacitor banks, it can be seen that the THD and IHD
distortion have reduced greatly and all the buses is within harmonic limits.
Total harmonic
Distortion
(THD) reduced
Figure 4.16: Harmonic load flow Study (After connecting Capacitor Banks)
Figure 4.17: Harmonic Load Flow Plots (without Capacitor on left and with capacitor on right)

Figure 4.18: Harmonic Plots (Voltage Spectrum without the capacitor on left and with capacitor on right)
Figure 4.19: Harmonic Impedance-Angle Plot (Without capacitor on left and with capacitor on right)
Figure 4.20: Harmonic Impedance- Magnitude Plot (Without capacitor on left and with capacitor on right)
After connecting the capacitor banks, it can be seen in one line diagram, waveform or
voltage spectrum that the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) reduced significantly. The
capacitor that was used to correct the harmonic distortion is practically very expensive.
From the ‘report manager’ a complete report can be generated which is attached at
appendix of this report and this Project file is copied in CD for further analysis.

4.1.6 Elimination of Harmonics using Filter
A single-tuned filter is chosen to eliminate the harmonics distortion for this power
network. In ETAP, this filter is designed to provide sufficient reactive power to the
plant network and minimize the losses at the fundamental frequency. This filter can
automatically calculate its parameter value depending on the modelling of the filter by
using ‘Harmonic Filter Sizing’ option.
User can design the filter by double clicking the filter component and editing parameter
page. Single- Tuned filter can be selected from the filter type drop down option. In
initial condition all the parameter for this filter will show zero. In order to calculate the
parameter values of filter the ‘Size Filter’ button need to be pressed to open another
page where the required harmonic order in which harmonic distortion needs to be
eliminated and the harmonic current for that particular harmonic order can be entered to
size the filter properly. The harmonic current can be found on the one line diagram
especially after running a harmonic load flow study at the point of common coupling
where the harmonic source is attached to main power grid. By using harmonic load flow
slider the magnitude of harmonic current of a required harmonic order can be displayed
on the one line diagram.
As described in Harmonic Load Flow analysis, for this power network 11th, 13th and
35th harmonic order is contributing harmonic distortion in two buses each. So if the
harmonics from this three harmonic order can be eliminated, most of the harmonics
distortion of this power network can be reduced. In this study three single tuned filters
will be designed for those three harmonics order to eliminate harmonics distortion.
The process of designing harmonic filter for 11th harmonic order will be shown in
details. The harmonic distortion spectrum for all the four buses given below where Bus
bar 3 (11kV) is the most distorted one for the harmonic source.

Figure 4.21: Harmonics Plot (voltage spectrum for all four buses)
The distorted wave form and spectrum for bus bar 3 is given at figure 4.17 and 4.18. In
order to design a single tuned filter for 11th order, user needs to click parameter page of
harmonic filter editor and then ‘Size Filter’ tab. Depending on the requirements, the
user has to feed in the data to size an optimal filter. If the user is willing to design a
filter on the basis of the existing correcting the power factor of the system, then on
carrying out a balanced load flow analysis, the existing power factor and the MVA
values can be found . After performing balanced load flow analysis for the power
network, the result can be found as given below.
Figure 4.22: Balanced Load Flow Analysis
From this balanced load flow analysis, it can be found that the existing power factor
88.2% and MVA value 16.2. This values need to feed at the PF correction option and
the desired power factor 95% need to put at ‘Desired PF’ option. After putting all the
required value, the Harmonic Filter Editor and Harmonic Filter Sizing window look
like as figure 4.23 and 4.24.

Figure 4.23: Parameter page of Harmonic Editor
Figure 4.24: Harmonic Filter Sizing
For 11th harmonic order, harmonic current 41.4 Amp, that can be found at one line
display after performing Harmonic Load Flow study. The result of Harmonic Load
Flow Study is given at figure 4.25.

Figure 4.25: Harmonic Load flow result for 11th order
After putting all the value, user needs to press ‘Size Filter’ and then ‘Substitute’.
ETAP has the inbuilt function to compute the appropriate values for the capacitor and
inductor. The filter’s quality factor is based at the reactance of the tuned frequency
point, that is
Q = (nXL) / R (Here, R = Resistance, XL = Reactance value of the filter that is taken

from Filter editor page and n = Order of the Harmonic Frequency.)
For 11th order harmonic,
Q = (11 * 0.3404) / 1 = 3.74
On running Harmonic Load flow study, there were some alert shown on the Alert View
for Max kV and Max I value. By following the operating value of the alert window, the
Max value can be entered within marginal limitation. The alert page for this harmonic
load flow study is given in figure 4.26.

Figure 4.26: Harmonic Load Flow Analysis – Alert View
The filter designing for 13th and 35th harmonic order can be done by same procedure
where the values of filter sizing are changed for the order. The results of Harmonic
Load Flow are shown on the one line diagram at figure 4.27.
Figure 4.27: Harmonic Load Flow Analysis after filter tuning.

By comparing with the result of harmonic load flow analysis without filter at figure 4.6
it can be seen that the percentage of THD reduced. The wave form and voltage spectrum
for bus bar 3 is given below.
Figure 4.28: Harmonic Load Flow Plots (without filter on left and with filter on right)
Figure 4.29: Harmonic Plots (Voltage Spectrum without filter on left and with filter on right)
Figure 4.30: Harmonic Impedance-Angle Plot (Without filter on left and with filter on right)

Figure 4.31: Harmonic Impedance- Magnitude Plot (Without capacitor on left and with capacitor on right)
It can be seen from the wave form and voltage spectrum that, the harmonic distortion
reduced and wave form became smooth. It can be made more smooth by designing
single tuned filter for other harmonic order where the IHD and THD exceeding their
limits. Furthermore on running a Harmonic Frequency scan it can be seen that there are
five resonant frequencies occurring due to the presence of three harmonic filters. The
resonance frequencies are occurring at the 4th, 5th, 21th and 9th order harmonic. These
orders are not matching with the characteristics frequency of the 12 pulse converter and
thus effectively tackling the problem of harmonic resonance.
A complete report is attached at the appendix and soft copy of the ETAP simulated
network is burnt into CD.
Figure 4.32: The alert view for Frequency Scan

4.2 Summary:
The main purpose of this chapter was to analyse harmonics including all the possible
criteria. First of all, the harmonic currents were generated from specified harmonic
sources and identified the problem by performing Harmonic Load Flow Analysis. Then
by using capacitor banks and designing filter the harmonic distortion eliminated. The
procedure of the whole process was explained in details with required figure.
In next chapter, Harmonic Analysis will be done by another popular software package
‘DIgSILENT Power Factory’ to compare the strength and weakness of ETAP
software.

CHAPTER 5
HARMONIC ANALYSIS USING DIgSILENT PowerFactory
5.1 General Concept

In order to meet today's power system analysis requirements, the DIgSILENT power
system calculation package was designed as an integrated engineering tool which
provides a complete technique through all available functions, rather than a collection of
different software modules. The power flow, fault analysis, and harmonic load flow
analysis tools can be executed sequentially without resetting the program, allowing
additional software modules and engines or reading external data files. [11]
PowerFactory performs a comprehensive list of simulation functions including among

others:
 Load Flow Analysis, allowing meshed and mixed 1-,2-, and 3-phase AC and/or
DC networks
 Low Voltage Network Analysis
 Short-Circuit Analysis, allowing meshed and mixed 1-,2-, and 3-phase AC
networks
 Harmonic Analysis
 RMS Simulation (time-domain simulation for stability analysis
 EMT Simulation (time-domain simulation of electromagnetic transients
 Eigen value Analysis
 Model Parameter Identification
 Contingency Analysis
 Reliability Analysis
 Optimal Power Flow
 Distribution Network Optimization
 Protection Analysis
 Network Reduction [11]
DIgSILENT PowerFactory is one of the most popular software for power system
analysis. It is real time software for worldwide industrial power network analysis.

5.2 Harmonic Analysis
The Power Factory only allows the analysis of harmonics in the frequency domain. In
power factory there are two different functions can be performed.
1. Harmonic Load Flow

2. Frequency Sweep
DIgSILENT PowerFactory's harmonic load flow calculates actual harmonic indices

related to voltage or current distortion, and harmonic losses caused by harmonic
sources. A special application of the harmonic load flow in PowerFactory is the analysis
of ripple-control signals for which, a harmonic load flow can be calculated at one
specific frequency only. [11]
PowerFactory's frequency sweep can perform a continuous frequency domain analysis

the calculation of network impedances. The result of this calculation facilitates the
identification of series and parallel resonances in the network which can identify the
frequencies where the harmonic currents cause low or high harmonic voltages. Network
impedances are also important for applications such as filter design. [11]
5.2.1 Modelling Harmonic Sources:
There are two types of harmonic sources, current or voltage. In ETAP the following
models can be generate harmonics.
 General loads, if they are modelled as a current source;

 Thyristor rectifiers;
 PWM-converters, which are generally modelled as a harmonic voltage source;
 Voltage sources, which may also be used for ripple control applications;
 Current sources, with a user-defined spectrum of harmonic injections. [16]
The spectrum object is independent of the whether the harmonic source is either a
voltage source or a current source. It can be decided by the element for which the
spectrum type is associated. [11]

Figure 5.1: Harmonic Source Editor
5.2.2 Harmonic Load Flow Analysis
For Harmonic Load Flow Analysis the power network been analyzed here is shown below.
Figure 5.2: Harmonic Load Flow

The power network that is analysed in PowerFactory is similar to the power network in
ETAP. All the equipments that used in ETAP are not available in PowerFactory and
modelled with same rating with different load. To produce harmonic current, the general
load at bus bar 3 is modelled as a current source.
Before performing Harmonic Load Flow analysis, first of all a Balanced Load Flow
needs to be performed. To enable effective harmonic load flow the study case editor
can be customise for required setting.
Figure 5.3: Harmonic Load Flow- Study case editor.
From the study case editor, the network representation as balanced or unbalanced,
frequency and required harmonic order can be set for efficient result. The result can be
seen on the one line diagram of the network and the user can edit the display option by
their requirements. On running this Harmonic Load Flow Analysis, The Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD) can be seen at the one line display.
It can be seen that the THD of bus bar 3 is more than that of any other bus bar because
of its harmonic current source. The spectrum of THD for bus bar 3 is given at figure
5.4.

Figure 5.4: Harmonic Load Flow Spectrum for Bus bar 3
It can be seen that the harmonic distortion at 11th , 13th , 23th , 25th , 35th , 37th , 41th and
43th harmonic order are same as ETAP result.
5.2.3 Elimination of Harmonics using filter:
Figure 5.5: Harmonic Load Flow using Filter.

On running Harmonic Load Flow Analysis after adding filter, it can be seen from one
line diagram that the THD for different component is reduced significantly by
comparing with figure 5.2. The plot can be created by clicking ‘Append new VIs’
tab. The spectrum for this Harmonic Load Flow analysis is given at figure 5.6.
Figure 5.6: Harmonic Load Flow Spectrum (without filter on left and with filter on right)
It is clearly shown on the spectrum that the THD for different harmonic order is reduced
significantly. The elimination of harmonics depends on the designing of the filter. The
required parameter can be edited on filter ‘Harmonics’ page to provide low impedance
path for harmonic currents.
Figure 5.7: Filter Parameter editor

The Filter Analysis command is a special form of the Output of Results. It is used to
analyze the results from the previous harmonic load flow and to produce output results
to the PowerFactory output window. The screen to be edited for different output results
are shown at figure 5.8.
Figure 5.8: Output result editor
5.3 Summary
In this chapter, the Harmonic Analysis using DIgSILENT PowerFactory was

performed and described in brief. The harmonic Load Flow analysis to identify
harmonic distortion and designing filter to eliminate harmonic distortion was performed
in this study. The output results of this study are shown on one line diagram, spectrum
and a detail result is attached in appendix.
The next chapter will look for the efficiency of the different filter using in ETAP, by
using PSPICE software.

CHAPTER 6
FILTER DESIGNING USING PSPICE SOFTWARE
A single-tuned filter that is used in ETAP is designed in PSPICE to check its

performance. This single-tuned filter is used to eliminate distortion of a particular
harmonic order. The value of filter component (Capacitor, Inductor and Resistor) should
be calculated for the particular harmonic order to eliminate that harmonic.
In this study, a single-tuned filter is designed to eliminate 3rd order harmonic. To

eliminate 3rd order harmonic filter is designed as,
at 3rd order frequency 150 Hz.
So, 2πfL
Then, L
After putting the value of capacitor 1µF,
So, L = 1127 H
Figure 6.1: Single-Tuned Filter
Figure 6.2: Filter Design in PSPICE

Here I PULSE is used to generate 100 Amp current. Before adding filter, the output of
FFT (First Fourier) analysis can be found as given in figure 6.3.
Figure 6.3: FFT analysis before adding filter
Before adding filter the current flow into resistor R2 is same as source current. From
FFT analysis the harmonic current in every order can be seen from the diagram. In this
study, single tuned filter is designed to eliminate 3rd order harmonic of the above output.
By putting appropriate value of inductor and capacitor as calculated for 3rd order, a
single-tuned filter can be designed. The impedance of the filter should have lower value
than the output impedance to create a lower impedance path for harmonic current. By
adding the single tuned filter the resulted output can be found from the figure 6.4 given
below.
Figure 6.4: Input current, injected current in filter and output resistor.

On running FFT analysis the harmonic order of different current can be found from the
figure 6.5 as shown below.
Figure 6.5: FFT analysis after adding single-tuned filter
It is clearly shown on the diagram that, the 3rd order harmonic current of the output
resistor R2 is eliminated and this harmonic current flowing through the filter circuit as
given on the diagram for I (C1:1). That illustrate that the designed filter for 3rd order
harmonic is working properly.

CHAPTER 7
COMPARISON OF HARMONIC ANALYSIS USING DIFFERENT SOFTWARE
7.1 Comparison between DIgSILENT PowerFactory and ETAP
There are a large number of differences between DIgSILENT PowerFactory and ETAP
on performing Harmonic Analysis. ETAP enable Harmonic Load Flow and Harmonic
Frequency Scan analysis where as PowerFactory allow only Harmonic Load Flow
analysis. One of the most important difference between these two software is that,
ETAP facilitate both Newton-Raphson and Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method for
Harmonic Load Flow analysis while PowerFactory allow only Newton-Raphson
method. To generate harmonic current in ETAP, user can choose different standard
source from the harmonic library of a load editor. On the other hand, in PowerFactory at
first the load is selected as a current source from its harmonic page and then harmonic
current for different order is edited from harmonic source editor.
Both of the software allows three different types of output result but for one line
display, PowerFactory allow more options to edit while the plot and complete result is
easy to execute in ETAP. One of the most attractive options in ETAP is that, it allows
five different format of output result to make the user to choose the convenient option.
ETAP is very easy to execute plot by using only one tool while in PowerFactory it is
very difficult to execute as user need to customise the plot option for different value.
The designing of filter is very easy as they provide six types of passive filter where
PowerFactory use different types of shunt filter. In ETAP by putting the harmonic
order, current, existing power factor and required power factor, they automatically
calculate the required parameter for the specified filter which is very easy to design. On
the other hand, user needs to put the parameter value by manual calculation.
ETAP allow users to copy the power network in another page and to run it at a same
time by improving the network which save the time. Another most important difference
between this software is the equipment library. Some of the components using ETAP
are not available at PowerFactory which is very important to compare same network in
different software.
By comparing ETAP with DIgSILENT PowerFactory, it can be seen that the ETAP is
the easier and user friendly software to perform Harmonic Analysis and filter designing.
It is easy to execute as it use very few tools to perform huge analysis in comparing with
PowerFactory.
7.2 Comparison with PSPICE in Filter Designing

PSPICE is very convenient software to design any filter as the requirements of the user
while the ETAP has only six predefined filter where only the parameter value can be
changed to design a filter. To analyse the efficiency of the filter that using in ETAP, a
single-tuned filter was designed in PSPICE at previous chapter. It can be seen that the
single-tuned filter using ETAP is very efficient to eliminate harmonic current in
particular harmonic order. ETAP only use passive filters while active filter can be
designed by using PSPICE.

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK

8.1 Conclusion
A total review of Harmonic Analysis module in ETAP was conducted and compared
with other software (DIgSILENT PowerFactory and PSPICE). Harmonic Load Flow
and Harmonic Frequency scan study was performed to identify the effect of harmonic
current for a power network. Different types of mitigation process (Filter designing,
using capacitor bank, transformer phase shifting) was analysed and performed to
eliminate harmonic distortion created by the modelled harmonic sources.
A simple power network with four busbar was modelled to analyse power system
harmonics. A general load is modelled as a harmonic source to create harmonic
distortion in power network. On running Harmonic Load Flow study, harmonic
distortion was seen on the one line display and plotted curve.
The effect of harmonic current was analysed and mitigation technique was taken to
eliminate the harmonic distortion. A capacitor bank and some single-tuned filters were
used individually to eliminate the harmonic distortion.
All of the components modelled in ETAP was followed the IEEE standards 519. The
harmonic current source was modelled from harmonic library that is IEEE – 12 pulses
and the single-tuned filter was designed from predefined filter of the ETAP library.
The ‘alert view’ is a very efficient option to view any component that exceeds its
standard rating. The filter was designed by considering the THD and IHD limits that
were exceeded at the alert view. In ETAP, this is easy to eliminate the harmonic
distortion of a certain harmonic order by putting the order of harmonic and related
parameter value on the filter sizing page. This filter designing option is one of the most
effective tools of ETAP that is investigated with PSPISE software.
The harmonic order slider and the frequency slider are unique in harmonic analysis
which allows results for different order in one display. The report manager of ETAP is
very efficient to execute results in various formats by user requirement.

ETAP allows user to create and save an unlimited number of study cases. Load flow
calculations are conducted and reported in accordance with the settings of the study case
selected in the toolbar. User can easily toggle between study cases without the trouble
of resetting the study case options each time. This unique feature that most of other
packages would not have will save a comparable amount of effort and time.
Another important feature on ETAP is Harmonic Frequency scan study which enables
to see the capacitive and inductive effect on the power network and resonance condition
which occurs for the capacitive and inductive correlation. This resonance condition is
very important to know as it is the cause of huge harmonic distortion in a certain
frequency. The alert view shows the resonance frequency after performing Harmonic
Frequency Scan study.
The harmonic analysis was performed using DIgSILENT PowerFactory to compare

with ETAP harmonic analysis module. It was seen that, the harmonic analysis using
ETAP is more efficient and easier than the PowerFactory software. The component
modelling, displaying results and plot option are most gorgeous part of ETAP software
comparing with the PowerFactory. The one line display and plotting option in
PowerFactory enable the user to customise by their requirements but it is lengthy
process to apply.
The single-tuned filter that is using in ETAP was designed in PSPICE to analyse the
efficiency of the filter. It was designed to eliminate 3rd order harmonics which has
showed that the single-tuned filter can eliminate harmonic current for certain harmonic
order.
The overall project was completed by following the aim of this study. The method of
harmonic analysis study in ETAP was described in details at chapter 3 to make it
understandable. The Harmonic Analysis using ETAP was performed successfully by
applying all possible methods.

8.2 Limitations and Suggestions for further work
The limitation of this harmonic analysis is that, the components were modelled by
ignoring some parameters that needed to be analysed in real time such as line losses,
transformer magnetic core losses, eddy current losses.
The components that were used in ETAP to model the power network were not cost
effective. The correction of power factor has taken as the main issue of analysis. The
capacitor banks that were used to mitigate harmonic distortion are very costly in real
time and which cannot be used in most of the cases. So the analysis should be cost
effective to get the optimum solution in real time.
The filters that are using ETAP are all passive filter, where the active filter need to be
used for complicated network in real time. For any heavy load changes in power
network, these filters would not be capable of filtering out the other harmonic
frequencies that are being generated as a result of this load changes. ETAP should
consider the drawback of passive filter and introduce active filter in their library.
As the uses of renewable energy are increasing rapidly, the use of non linear loads also
increasing on the power network. So any further analysis should consider the effect of
this types load on a power network.

8.3 Project Management
The duration of the project was 120 days and the project plan is shown in the appendix -
1. The major tasks of the project were completed by following the project plan.
On Gantt chart, the first task of the project was literature review which is shown for 20
days but the literature review was continued through the whole project to gather new
idea.
Harmonic Load Flow analysis was completed on time and filter designing was finished
before the given time. The extra time was given for Harmonic Analysis using
DIgSilENT PowerFactory and PSPICE.
The writing of the dissertation was delayed for the simulation result that has taken more
time. Overall there was a close relationship with the project plan and the actual project
progression.

REFERANCE:
[1] Harm_Intro, (2011) An introduction to power system harmonics. [On Line]

Available at: http://www.powerstudies.com/articles/Harm_Intro.pdf [Accessed: 10
September 2011]
[2] Product Data Bulletin (1994), Power System Harmonics Causes and Effects of
Variable Frequency Drives Relative to the IEEE 519-1992 Standard. [On Line].
Available at:
http://www.alamedaelectric.com/Modicon%20Documents/AC%20Drive%20Power%20
System%20Harmonics.pdf [Accessed: 10 September 2011]
[3] Dr. Mohamed Darwish (2011) Power Electronics and FACTS [Lecture presented to
MSc Sustainable Power, Brunel University]. 21 March
[4] Muhammad H. Rashid. Power Electronics: Circuit Devices and Applications, third
edition. 2004 PP 23-395
[5] ETAP, (2011) Harmonic Analysis Software. [On line] Available at:
http://www.etap.ca/products/harmonic-analysis-software/ [Accessed: 15 September
2011]
[6] Support, (2011) ETAP Tutorials - Training Videos & PDF Documents. [On Line]
Available at: http://etap.com/training/tutorials-training-videos.htm [Accessed: 17
September 2011]
[7] Software, (2011) Products Overview. [On Line] Available at:
http://etap.com/electrical-power-system-software/etap-products.htm [Accessed: 17
September 2011]
[8] ETAP help, ETAP 7.5.0 software, Phoenix, AZ, 2010
[9] Electronics-tutorial, (2011) Electronics Tutorial about Passive Low Pass Filters [On
Line] Available at: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_2.html [Accessed:
19 September 2011]

[10] Kerry Lacanette, ( 2010) National Semiconductor Application Note, A Basic

Introduction to Filters—Active, Passive, and Switched-Capacitor . [On Line]
http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN-779.pdf [Accessed: 19 September 2011]
[11] User manual, Power Factory 14.0, 2011
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
[1] Roy W. Goody. OrCAD PSpice for Windows, Volume I: DC and AC Circuits, 3rd
edition. 2001
[2] Muhammad H. Rashid. Power Electronics: Circuit Devices and Applications. third
edition. 2004
[3] Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, William P. Robbins, Power Electronics:

Converters, Applications, and Desi. third edition. 2003
[4] ETAP help, ETAP 7.5.0 software, Phoenix, AZ, 2010
[5] User manual, Power Factory 14.0, 2011
[6] Daniel W. Hart. Introduction to Power Electronics. 1997
[7] Product Data Bulletin (1994), Power System Harmonics Causes and Effects of
Variable Frequency Drives Relative to the IEEE 519-1992 Standard. [On Line].
Available at:
http://www.alamedaelectric.com/Modicon%20Documents/AC%20Drive%20Power%20
System%20Harmonics.pdf [Accessed: 10 September 2011]
[8] Dr. Mohamed Darwish (2011) Power Electronics and FACTS [Lecture presented to
MSc Sustainable Power, Brunel University]. 21 March

APPENDIX 1 - PROJECT PLAN
Literature Review
Understanding ETAP software
Documentation of Interim Report
completed
Harmonic Load Flow Analysis
pending
Slack
Designing and testing Active Filters
Comparison with other software
Documentation of Final report
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
May 2011 June 2011 July 2011 August 2011 September 2011

APPENDIX 2 – CD ATTATCHMENT
Insert CD to execute the power network that was designed to investigate Harmonic
Analysis in ETAP.

APPENDIX 3 – REPORTS
All the power network reports are attached to this appendix (SEE REPORTS
OVERLEAF).

APPENDIX 3 (Harmonic Elimination Using Capacitor Banks)

Project: ETAP Page: 1

7.5.0E
Location: Date: 09-14-2011
Contract: SN: BRUNELUNIV
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: HA
Filename: ha1 Config.: Normal
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
Harmonic Load Flow
Loading Category (1): Design
Generation Category (1): Design
Load Diversity Factor: None
Swing V-Control Load Total
Number of Buses: 1 0 3 4
XFMR2 XFMR3 Reactor Line/Cable Impedance Tie PD Total
Number of Branches: 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Current Voltage
Number of Harm. Sources: 1 0
Number of Filters: 0
Method of Solution: Accelerated Gauss-Seidel
Maximum No. of Iteration: 2000
Precision of Solution: 0.0000010000
Load Flow Acceleration Factor: 1.45
System Frequency: 60.00 Hz
Unit System: English
Project Filename: ha1
Output Filename: \\acfs5\dc10\dc10nab\Desktop\etap\ha1\LF3.HA1


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Adjustments
Apply Individual
Tolerance Adjustments /Global Percent
Transformer Impedance: Yes Individual
Reactor Impedance: Yes Individual
Overload Heater Resistance: No
Transmission Line Length: No
Cable Length: No
Apply Individual
Temperature Correction Adjustments /Global Degree C
Transmission Line Resistance: Yes Individual
Cable Resistance: Yes Individual


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Bus Input Data
Load
Bus Initial Voltage Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I Generic % Limits
ID kV Sub-sys % Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar VTHD VIHD
Busbar 1 132.000 1 100.0 0.0 2.50 1.50
Busbar 2 33.000 1 100.0 -30.0 10.000 0.000 2.50 1.50
Busbar3 11.000 1 100.0 -60.0 15.001 -9.001 2.50 1.50
Busbar4 0.440 1 100.0 -90.0 5.000 -2.000 2.50 1.50
Total Number of Buses: 4 0.000 0.000 30.001 -11.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Generation Bus Voltage Generation Mvar Limits

ID kV Type Sub-sys % Mag. Angle MW Mvar % PF Max Min
Busbar 1 132.000 Swing 1 100.0 0.0
0.000 0.000


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
% Tap
Transformer Rating Z Variation Setting Adjusted Phase Shift
ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV %Z X/R + 5% - 5% % Tol. Prim. Sec. %Z Type Angle
T1 100.000 33.000 132.000 9.00 34.10 0 0 0 0 0 9.0000 Std Pos. Seq. 30.000
T2 30.000 11.000 33.000 7.00 23.70 0 0 0 0 0 7.0000 Std Pos. Seq. 30.000
T3 10.000 11.000 0.440 6.75 15.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.7500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
2-Winding Transformer Grounding Input Data
Grounding
Transformer Rating Conn. Primary Secondary

ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV Type Type kV Amp Ohm Type kV Amp Ohm
T1 100.000 33.000 132.000 D/Y Solid
T2 30.000 11.000 33.000 D/Y Solid
T3 10.000 11.000 0.440 D/Y Solid


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Branch Connections
% Positive Sequence Impedance
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID (100 MVA Base)
ID Type From Bus To Bus R X Z Y
T1 2W XFMR Busbar 2 Busbar 1 0.26 9.00 9.00
T2 2W XFMR Busbar3 Busbar 2 0.98 23.31 23.33

T3 2W XFMR Busbar3 Busbar4 4.35 67.36 67.50


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Branch Connections
Zero Sequence Impedance
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID % Impedance, Zero Seq., 100 MVAb

ID Type From Bus To Bus R0 X0 Z0 Y0
T1 2W Xfmr Busbar 2 Busbar 1
T2 2W Xfmr Busbar3 Busbar 2
T3 2W Xfmr Busbar3 Busbar4


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Machine Input Data
Machine Connected Bus Rating (Base) % Negative Seq. Imp. Grounding % Zero Seq. Imp.
ID Type ID MVA kV RPM X/R R2 X2 Conn. Type Amp X/R R0 X0
grid Grid Busbar 1 3500.00 132.000 1.00 70.711 70.71 Wye Solid 1.00 2474.874 2474.87
0


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Harmonic Library
Devices Current Harmonic Source in %

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
Manufacturer Model 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
Typical-IEEE 12 Pulse1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.10 0 7.70 0 0 0 0 4.30

4.00 0 0 3.90 2.70 0 0 2.10 2.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Harmonic Source from Library
Harmonic Source Information

Bus ID Device ID Type Manufacturer Model
Busbar3 Current Typical-IEEE 12 Pulse1


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
FUNDAMENTAL LOAD FLOW REPORT
Bus Voltage Generation Load Load Flow XFMR

ID kV %Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar ID MW Mvar Amp % PF % Tap
* Busbar 1 132.000 100.000 0.0 31.619 -9.251 0 0 Busbar 2 31.619 -9.251 144.1 -96.0
Busbar 2 33.000 100.790 -31.6 0 0 10.159 0.000 Busbar 1 -31.590 10.228 576.4 -95.1
Busbar3 21.432 -10.227 412.2 -90.3
Busbar3 11.000 103.070 -64.4 0 0 15.936 -9.563 Busbar 2 -21.377 11.522 1236.6 -88.0
Busbar4 5.441 -1.959 294.5 -94.1
Busbar4 0.440 104.185 -96.4 0 0 5.427 -2.171 Busbar3 -5.427 2.171 7361.8 -92.8
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)
# Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
SYSTEM HARMONICS INFORMATION
Bus Voltage Distortion Current Distortion

Fund. RMS ASUM THD Fund. RMS ASUM THD
ID kV % % % % TIF To Bus ID Amp Amp Amp % TIF IT
Busbar 1 132.000 100.00 100.00 100.14 0.08 2.39 Busbar 2 144.09 144.10 146.31 1.01 26.39 3803.52
Busbar 2 33.000 100.79 100.79 101.56 0.42 12.66 Busbar 1 576.38 576.41 585.25 1.01 26.39 15214.10
Busbar3 412.21 412.25 421.32 1.43 37.71 15547.43
Busbar3 11.000 103.07 103.08 105.53 1.31 39.72 Busbar 2 1236.62 1236.75 1263.96 1.43 37.71 46642.30
Busbar4 294.47 294.97 318.75 5.81 144.67 42674.39
Busbar4 0.440 104.18 104.19 106.06 1.35 32.86 Busbar3 7361.83 7374.25 7968.73 5.81 144.67 1066860.00
* IndicatesTHD (Total Harmonic Distortion) Exceeds the Limit.

# Indicates IHD (Individual Harmonic Distortion) Exceeds the Limit.


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
BUS TABULATION
Bus Harmonic Voltages (% of Fundamental Voltage )
Fundamental 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID kV 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
Busbar 1 132.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0.01

0.01 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Busbar 2 33.261 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.35 0 0.22 0 0 0 0 0.06

0.05 0 0 0.03 0.02 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Busbar3 11.338 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.08 0 0.70 0 0 0 0 0.19

0.16 0 0 0.11 0.07 0 0 0.04 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Busbar4 0.458 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.27 0 0.47 0 0 0 0 0.03

0.02 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
BUS TABULATION
Bus Harmonic Voltages (% of Nominal Voltage )
Nominal 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID kV 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
Busbar 1 132.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0.01

0.01 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Busbar 2 33.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.35 0 0.23 0 0 0 0 0.06

0.05 0 0 0.03 0.02 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Busbar3 11.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.11 0 0.72 0 0 0 0 0.20

0.17 0 0 0.11 0.07 0 0 0.05 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Busbar4 0.440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.32 0 0.49 0 0 0 0 0.03

0.02 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
BRANCH TABULATION
Branch % Harmonic Current Contents in 1 MVA Base
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
T1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.96 0 15.78 0 0 0 0 2.36

1.83 0 0 0.84 0.51 0 0 0.23 0.20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29.42 0 16.12 0 0 0 0 2.50

1.96 0 0 0.96 0.59 0 0 0.28 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29.83 0 13.01 0 0 0 0 1.38

1.05 0 0 0.46 0.28 0 0 0.12 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
BRANCH TABULATION
Branch % Harmonic Currents (% of Fundamental Current)
Fundamental 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID A 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
T1 576.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.88 0 0.48 0 0 0 0 0.07

0.06 0 0 0.03 0.02 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T2 1236.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.25 0 0.68 0 0 0 0 0.11

0.08 0 0 0.04 0.03 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T3 294.47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.32 0 2.32 0 0 0 0 0.25

0.19 0 0 0.08 0.05 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
CAPACITOR FLOW TABULATION
Capacitor % Harmonic Current Contents in 1 MVA Base
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
CAP1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29.09 0 12.78 0 0 0 0 1.38

1.04 0 0 0.46 0.28 0 0 0.12 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
CAPACITOR FLOW TABULATION
Capacitor % Harmonic Currents (% of Fundamental Current)
Fundamental 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID A 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
CAP1 2734.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.96 0 6.13 0 0 0 0 0.66

0.50 0 0 0.22 0.13 0 0 0.06 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P
7.5.0E
cation:
Study Case: HA
Alert Summary Report
% Alert Settings
Critical Marginal
Bus
Individual Bus VTHD / VIHD values are used.
Transformer
Total I 100.0 95.0
Filter
Capacitor kV 100.0 95.0
Inductor Amp 100.0 95.0
Capacitor
Max kV 100.0 95.0
Cable
Ampacity 100.0 95.0

FREQUENCY SCAN
Busbar 1
Freq. Mag. Angle Freq. Mag. Angle Freq. Mag. Angle Freq. Mag. Angle
60.00 4.98 0.78 120.00 7.99 1.09 180.00 11.82 1.19 240.00 12.04 0.98
300.00 15.39 1.36 360.00 19.27 1.40 420.00 22.78 1.42 480.00 26.16 1.44
540.00 29.44 1.45 600.00 32.74 1.46 660.00 36.10 1.47 720.00 39.45 1.48
780.00 42.78 1.48 840.00 46.10 1.48 900.00 49.42 1.49 960.00 52.73 1.49
1020.00 56.04 1.49 1080.00 59.35 1.49 1140.00 62.65 1.49 1200.00 65.95 1.50
1260.00 69.24 1.50 1320.00 72.54 1.50 1380.00 75.83 1.50 1440.00 79.12 1.50
1500.00 82.40 1.50 1560.00 85.69 1.50 1620.00 88.97 1.50 1680.00 92.25 1.50
1740.00 95.53 1.50 1800.00 98.81 1.50 1860.00 102.08 1.50 1920.00 105.35 1.50
1980.00 108.62 1.50 2040.00 111.89 1.50 2100.00 115.15 1.50 2160.00 118.42 1.50
2220.00 121.68 1.50 2280.00 124.94 1.50 2340.00 128.20 1.50 2400.00 131.46 1.50
2460.00 134.71 1.50 2520.00 137.97 1.50 2580.00 141.22 1.49 2640.00 144.47 1.49
2700.00 147.72 1.49 2760.00 150.97 1.49 2820.00 154.21 1.49 2880.00 157.46 1.49
2940.00 160.70 1.49 3000.00 163.94 1.49 3060.00 167.19 1.49 3120.00 170.43 1.49
3180.00 173.67 1.49 3240.00 176.90 1.49 3300.00 180.14 1.49 3360.00 183.38 1.49
3420.00 186.62 1.49 3480.00 189.85 1.49 3540.00 193.09 1.49 3600.00 196.32 1.49
3660.00 199.56 1.49 3720.00 202.79 1.49 3780.00 206.03 1.49 3840.00 209.26 1.49
3900.00 212.49 1.48 3960.00 215.73 1.48 4020.00 218.96 1.48 4080.00 222.19 1.48
4140.00 225.43 1.48 4200.00 228.66 1.48 4260.00 231.90 1.48 4320.00 235.13 1.48
4380.00 238.37 1.48 4440.00 241.60 1.48 4500.00 244.84 1.48 4560.00 248.08 1.48
4620.00 251.31 1.48 4680.00 254.55 1.48 4740.00 257.79 1.48 4800.00 261.03 1.48
4860.00 264.27 1.48 4920.00 267.51 1.48 4980.00 270.75 1.48 5040.00 274.00 1.48
5100.00 277.24 1.48 5160.00 280.49 1.48 5220.00 283.73 1.48 5280.00 286.98 1.48
5340.00 290.23 1.48 5400.00 293.48 1.48 5460.00 296.73 1.48 5520.00 299.98 1.48
5580.00 303.23 1.48 5640.00 306.49 1.48 5700.00 309.75 1.48 5760.00 313.00 1.48
5820.00 316.26 1.48 5880.00 319.52 1.48 5940.00 322.79 1.48 6000.00 326.05 1.48
Busbar 2
60.00 1.25 1.34 120.00 2.67 1.40 180.00 5.07 1.32 240.00 8.09 0.00
300.00 1.83 0.91 360.00 3.42 1.33 420.00 4.64 1.38 480.00 5.62 1.37
540.00 6.41 1.37 600.00 7.22 1.39 660.00 8.13 1.39 720.00 9.03 1.39
780.00 9.90 1.38 840.00 10.76 1.37 900.00 11.59 1.36 960.00 12.42 1.35
1020.00 13.24 1.33 1080.00 14.04 1.32 1140.00 14.84 1.31 1200.00 15.63 1.30
1260.00 16.42 1.29 1320.00 17.20 1.27 1380.00 17.97 1.26 1440.00 18.73 1.25
1500.00 19.49 1.24 1560.00 20.24 1.22 1620.00 20.99 1.21 1680.00 21.73 1.20
1740.00 22.46 1.19 1800.00 23.19 1.18 1860.00 23.91 1.16 1920.00 24.62 1.15
1980.00 25.33 1.14 2040.00 26.03 1.13 2100.00 26.72 1.12 2160.00 27.41 1.11
2220.00 28.09 1.09 2280.00 28.76 1.08 2340.00 29.43 1.07 2400.00 30.09 1.06
2460.00 30.75 1.05 2520.00 31.40 1.04 2580.00 32.04 1.03 2640.00 32.67 1.02
2700.00 33.30 1.01 2760.00 33.92 1.00 2820.00 34.53 0.99 2880.00 35.14 0.98
2940.00 35.74 0.97 3000.00 36.34 0.96 3060.00 36.93 0.95 3120.00 37.51 0.94
3180.00 38.08 0.93 3240.00 38.65 0.92 3300.00 39.21 0.91 3360.00 39.77 0.90
3420.00 40.32 0.89 3480.00 40.86 0.88 3540.00 41.40 0.87 3600.00 41.93 0.86
3660.00 42.45 0.85 3720.00 42.97 0.84 3780.00 43.48 0.83 3840.00 43.99 0.82

7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Busbar 2
3900.00 44.49 0.81 3960.00 44.99 0.81 4020.00 45.47 0.80 4080.00 45.96 0.79
4140.00 46.44 0.78 4200.00 46.91 0.77 4260.00 47.37 0.76 4320.00 47.83 0.76
4380.00 48.29 0.75 4440.00 48.74 0.74 4500.00 49.19 0.73 4560.00 49.63 0.72
4620.00 50.06 0.72 4680.00 50.49 0.71 4740.00 50.91 0.70 4800.00 51.33 0.69
4860.00 51.75 0.69 4920.00 52.16 0.68 4980.00 52.57 0.67 5040.00 52.97 0.66
5100.00 53.36 0.66 5160.00 53.75 0.65 5220.00 54.14 0.64 5280.00 54.52 0.64
5340.00 54.90 0.63 5400.00 55.28 0.62 5460.00 55.65 0.62 5520.00 56.01 0.61
5580.00 56.38 0.61 5640.00 56.73 0.60 5700.00 57.09 0.59 5760.00 57.44 0.59
5820.00 57.78 0.58 5880.00 58.13 0.57 5940.00 58.47 0.57 6000.00 58.80 0.56
Busbar3
60.00 0.44 1.45 120.00 1.11 1.43 180.00 2.89 1.27 240.00 9.14 -0.30
300.00 2.93 -1.20 360.00 1.69 -1.29 420.00 1.23 -1.25 480.00 1.06 -1.17
540.00 1.07 -1.18 600.00 1.01 -1.34 660.00 0.87 -1.44 720.00 0.75 -1.49
780.00 0.66 -1.51 840.00 0.60 -1.53 900.00 0.54 -1.54 960.00 0.50 -1.54
1020.00 0.46 -1.54 1080.00 0.43 -1.55 1140.00 0.40 -1.55 1200.00 0.38 -1.55
1260.00 0.36 -1.55 1320.00 0.34 -1.55 1380.00 0.33 -1.56 1440.00 0.31 -1.56
1500.00 0.30 -1.56 1560.00 0.28 -1.56 1620.00 0.27 -1.56 1680.00 0.26 -1.56
1740.00 0.25 -1.56 1800.00 0.24 -1.56 1860.00 0.24 -1.56 1920.00 0.23 -1.56
1980.00 0.22 -1.56 2040.00 0.21 -1.56 2100.00 0.21 -1.56 2160.00 0.20 -1.56
2220.00 0.20 -1.56 2280.00 0.19 -1.56 2340.00 0.19 -1.56 2400.00 0.18 -1.56
2460.00 0.18 -1.56 2520.00 0.17 -1.56 2580.00 0.17 -1.56 2640.00 0.16 -1.56
2700.00 0.16 -1.57 2760.00 0.16 -1.57 2820.00 0.15 -1.57 2880.00 0.15 -1.57
2940.00 0.15 -1.57 3000.00 0.14 -1.57 3060.00 0.14 -1.57 3120.00 0.14 -1.57
3180.00 0.14 -1.57 3240.00 0.13 -1.57 3300.00 0.13 -1.57 3360.00 0.13 -1.57
3420.00 0.13 -1.57 3480.00 0.12 -1.57 3540.00 0.12 -1.57 3600.00 0.12 -1.57
3660.00 0.12 -1.57 3720.00 0.12 -1.57 3780.00 0.11 -1.57 3840.00 0.11 -1.57
3900.00 0.11 -1.57 3960.00 0.11 -1.57 4020.00 0.11 -1.57 4080.00 0.11 -1.57
4140.00 0.10 -1.57 4200.00 0.10 -1.57 4260.00 0.10 -1.57 4320.00 0.10 -1.57
4380.00 0.10 -1.57 4440.00 0.10 -1.57 4500.00 0.10 -1.57 4560.00 0.09 -1.57
4620.00 0.09 -1.57 4680.00 0.09 -1.57 4740.00 0.09 -1.57 4800.00 0.09 -1.57
4860.00 0.09 -1.57 4920.00 0.09 -1.57 4980.00 0.09 -1.57 5040.00 0.08 -1.57
5100.00 0.08 -1.57 5160.00 0.08 -1.57 5220.00 0.08 -1.57 5280.00 0.08 -1.57
5340.00 0.08 -1.57 5400.00 0.08 -1.57 5460.00 0.08 -1.57 5520.00 0.08 -1.57
5580.00 0.08 -1.57 5640.00 0.08 -1.57 5700.00 0.08 -1.57 5760.00 0.07 -1.57
5820.00 0.07 -1.57 5880.00 0.07 -1.57 5940.00 0.07 -1.57 6000.00 0.07 -1.57
Busbar4
60.00 0.00 1.44 120.00 0.00 1.38 180.00 0.01 1.18 240.00 0.02 -0.38
300.00 0.00 -0.38 360.00 0.01 1.14 420.00 0.01 1.00 480.00 0.02 0.66
540.00 0.02 0.09 600.00 0.02 -0.47 660.00 0.02 -0.81 720.00 0.01 -0.99
780.00 0.01 -1.11 840.00 0.01 -1.18 900.00 0.01 -1.23 960.00 0.01 -1.27
1020.00 0.01 -1.30 1080.00 0.01 -1.33 1140.00 0.01 -1.35 1200.00 0.01 -1.36
1260.00 0.01 -1.38 1320.00 0.01 -1.39 1380.00 0.00 -1.40 1440.00 0.00 -1.41


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Busbar4
1500.00 0.00 -1.42 1560.00 0.00 -1.43 1620.00 0.00 -1.43 1680.00 0.00 -1.44
1740.00 0.00 -1.45 1800.00 0.00 -1.45 1860.00 0.00 -1.46 1920.00 0.00 -1.46
1980.00 0.00 -1.46 2040.00 0.00 -1.47 2100.00 0.00 -1.47 2160.00 0.00 -1.47
2220.00 0.00 -1.48 2280.00 0.00 -1.48 2340.00 0.00 -1.48 2400.00 0.00 -1.49
2460.00 0.00 -1.49 2520.00 0.00 -1.49 2580.00 0.00 -1.49 2640.00 0.00 -1.50
2700.00 0.00 -1.50 2760.00 0.00 -1.50 2820.00 0.00 -1.50 2880.00 0.00 -1.50
2940.00 0.00 -1.50 3000.00 0.00 -1.51 3060.00 0.00 -1.51 3120.00 0.00 -1.51
3180.00 0.00 -1.51 3240.00 0.00 -1.51 3300.00 0.00 -1.51 3360.00 0.00 -1.51
3420.00 0.00 -1.52 3480.00 0.00 -1.52 3540.00 0.00 -1.52 3600.00 0.00 -1.52
3660.00 0.00 -1.52 3720.00 0.00 -1.52 3780.00 0.00 -1.52 3840.00 0.00 -1.52
3900.00 0.00 -1.52 3960.00 0.00 -1.52 4020.00 0.00 -1.52 4080.00 0.00 -1.53
4140.00 0.00 -1.53 4200.00 0.00 -1.53 4260.00 0.00 -1.53 4320.00 0.00 -1.53
4380.00 0.00 -1.53 4440.00 0.00 -1.53 4500.00 0.00 -1.53 4560.00 0.00 -1.53
4620.00 0.00 -1.53 4680.00 0.00 -1.53 4740.00 0.00 -1.53 4800.00 0.00 -1.53
4860.00 0.00 -1.53 4920.00 0.00 -1.53 4980.00 0.00 -1.54 5040.00 0.00 -1.54
5100.00 0.00 -1.54 5160.00 0.00 -1.54 5220.00 0.00 -1.54 5280.00 0.00 -1.54
5340.00 0.00 -1.54 5400.00 0.00 -1.54 5460.00 0.00 -1.54 5520.00 0.00 -1.54
5580.00 0.00 -1.54 5640.00 0.00 -1.54 5700.00 0.00 -1.54 5760.00 0.00 -1.54
5820.00 0.00 -1.54 5880.00 0.00 -1.54 5940.00 0.00 -1.54 6000.00 0.00 -1.54


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA
Harmonic Frequency Scan Alarm Report
Bus ID Z mag (ohm) Harmonic Frequency
Busbar4 0.02 9.00 540.00
Busbar3 1.07 9.00 540.00
Busbar4 0.02 4.00 240.00
Busbar3 9.14 4.00 240.00
Busbar 2 8.09 4.00 240.00

APPENDIX 3 (Harmonic Elimination with Filter)


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Filename: FILTER-1 Config.: Normal
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
Harmonic Frequency Scan
Loading Category (1): Design
Generation Category (1): Design
Load Diversity Factor: None
V-Control Load Total

Swing
Number of Buses: 1 0 3 4
XFMR2 Reactor Line/Cable Tie PD

XFMR3 Impedance Total
Number of Branches: 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Current Voltage
Number of Harm. Sources: 0 0
Number of Filters: 3
System Frequency: 60.00 Hz
Unit System: English
Project Filename: FILTER-1
Output Filename: Z:\Dissertation simulation\HA cap final\Untitled.HA1


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Adjustments
Apply Individual
Tolerance Adjustments /Global Percent
Transformer Impedance: Yes Individual
Reactor Impedance: Yes Individual
Overload Heater Resistance: No
Transmission Line Length: No
Cable Length: No
Apply Individual
Temperature Correction Adjustments /Global Degree C
Transmission Line Resistance: Yes Individual
Cable Resistance: Yes Individual


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Bus Input Data
Load
Bus Initial Voltage Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I Generic % Limits
ID kV Sub-sys % Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar VTHD VIHD
Busbar 1 132.000 1 100.0 0.0 2.50 1.50
Busbar 2 33.000 1 100.0 -30.0 10.000 0.000 2.50 1.50
Busbar3 11.000 1 100.0 -60.0 15.001 7.999 2.50 1.50
Busbar4 0.440 1 100.0 -90.0 5.000 -2.000 2.50 1.50
Total Number of Buses: 4 0.000 0.000 30.001 5.999 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Generation Bus Voltage Generation Mvar Limits

ID kV Type Sub-sys % Mag. Angle MW Mvar % PF Max Min
Busbar 1 132.000 Swing 1 100.0 0.0
0.000 0.000


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
% Tap
Transformer Rating Z Variation Setting Adjusted Phase Shift
ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV %Z X/R + 5% - 5% % Tol. Prim. Sec. %Z Type Angle
T1 100.000 33.000 132.000 9.00 34.10 0 0 0 0 0 9.0000 Std Pos. Seq. 30.000
T2 30.000 11.000 33.000 7.00 23.70 0 0 0 0 0 7.0000 Std Pos. Seq. 30.000
T3 10.000 11.000 0.440 6.75 15.50 0 0 0 0 0 6.7500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
2-Winding Transformer Grounding Input Data
Grounding
Transformer Rating Conn. Primary Secondary

ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV Type Type kV Amp Ohm Type kV Amp Ohm
T1 100.000 33.000 132.000 D/Y Solid
T2 30.000 11.000 33.000 D/Y Solid
T3 10.000 11.000 0.440 D/Y Solid


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Branch Connections
% Positive Sequence Impedance
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID (100 MVA Base)
ID Type From Bus To Bus R X Z Y
T1 2W XFMR Busbar 2 Busbar 1 0.26 9.00 9.00
T2 2W XFMR Busbar3 Busbar 2 0.98 23.31 23.33

T3 2W XFMR Busbar3 Busbar4 4.35 67.36 67.50


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Branch Connections
Zero Sequence Impedance
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID % Impedance, Zero Seq., 100 MVAb

ID Type From Bus To Bus R0 X0 Z0 Y0
T1 2W Xfmr Busbar 2 Busbar 1
T2 2W Xfmr Busbar3 Busbar 2
T3 2W Xfmr Busbar3 Busbar4


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Machine Input Data
Machine Connected Bus Rating (Base) % Negative Seq. Imp. Grounding % Zero Seq. Imp.
ID Type ID MVA kV RPM X/R R2 X2 Conn. Type Amp X/R R0 X0
grid Grid Busbar 1 3500.00 132.000 1.00 70.711 70.71 Wye Solid 1.00 2474.874 2474.87
0


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Filter Input Data
Filter Type: Single-Tuned
Filter Connected Bus Capacitor C1 Inductor L1 R

ID ID kV Max kV kvar Xl Q Fact. Max I Ohm
HF35 Busbar3 11.000 11.000 2937.9 0.0336000 1.18 200.0 1.0000

HF13 Busbar3 11.000 11.000 2937.9 0.2437000 3.17 200.0 1.0000
HF11 Busbar3 11.000 11.000 2937.9 0.3404000 3.74 200.0 1.0000


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
FREQUENCY SCAN
Busbar 1
60.00 4.97 0.78 120.00 7.92 1.09 180.00 11.37 1.22 240.00 15.15 1.24
300.00 16.24 1.22 360.00 19.07 1.36 420.00 22.74 1.41 480.00 26.25 1.43
540.00 29.65 1.44 600.00 33.04 1.45 660.00 36.44 1.46 720.00 39.81 1.47
780.00 43.17 1.47 840.00 46.54 1.48 900.00 49.91 1.48 960.00 53.27 1.48
1020.00 56.61 1.48 1080.00 59.91 1.48 1140.00 63.18 1.48 1200.00 66.40 1.49
1260.00 69.61 1.49 1320.00 72.83 1.49 1380.00 76.05 1.49 1440.00 79.30 1.49
1500.00 82.56 1.49 1560.00 85.83 1.49 1620.00 89.10 1.49 1680.00 92.39 1.49
1740.00 95.67 1.49 1800.00 98.95 1.49 1860.00 102.24 1.49 1920.00 105.52 1.50
1980.00 108.80 1.50 2040.00 112.08 1.50 2100.00 115.35 1.49 2160.00 118.63 1.49
2220.00 121.90 1.49 2280.00 125.17 1.49 2340.00 128.44 1.49 2400.00 131.71 1.49
2460.00 134.97 1.49 2520.00 138.23 1.49 2580.00 141.49 1.49 2640.00 144.75 1.49
2700.00 148.01 1.49 2760.00 151.26 1.49 2820.00 154.52 1.49 2880.00 157.77 1.49
2940.00 161.02 1.49 3000.00 164.26 1.49 3060.00 167.51 1.49 3120.00 170.76 1.49
3180.00 174.00 1.49 3240.00 177.24 1.49 3300.00 180.49 1.49 3360.00 183.73 1.49
3420.00 186.97 1.49 3480.00 190.20 1.49 3540.00 193.44 1.49 3600.00 196.68 1.49
3660.00 199.92 1.49 3720.00 203.15 1.49 3780.00 206.39 1.49 3840.00 209.62 1.48
3900.00 212.86 1.48 3960.00 216.09 1.48 4020.00 219.33 1.48 4080.00 222.56 1.48
4140.00 225.79 1.48 4200.00 229.03 1.48 4260.00 232.26 1.48 4320.00 235.50 1.48
4380.00 238.73 1.48 4440.00 241.97 1.48 4500.00 245.20 1.48 4560.00 248.44 1.48
4620.00 251.67 1.48 4680.00 254.91 1.48 4740.00 258.15 1.48 4800.00 261.39 1.48
4860.00 264.62 1.48 4920.00 267.86 1.48 4980.00 271.10 1.48 5040.00 274.34 1.48
5100.00 277.59 1.48 5160.00 280.83 1.48 5220.00 284.07 1.48 5280.00 287.32 1.48
5340.00 290.56 1.48 5400.00 293.81 1.48 5460.00 297.06 1.48 5520.00 300.31 1.48
5580.00 303.56 1.48 5640.00 306.81 1.48 5700.00 310.07 1.48 5760.00 313.32 1.48
5820.00 316.58 1.48 5880.00 319.84 1.48 5940.00 323.09 1.48 6000.00 326.36 1.48
Busbar 2
60.00 1.24 1.35 120.00 2.53 1.41 180.00 4.14 1.38 240.00 6.56 1.17
300.00 5.94 0.51 360.00 3.70 0.93 420.00 4.74 1.23 480.00 5.88 1.31
540.00 6.87 1.33 600.00 7.83 1.35 660.00 8.83 1.35 720.00 9.77 1.34
780.00 10.69 1.34 840.00 11.63 1.33 900.00 12.57 1.31 960.00 13.50 1.30
1020.00 14.39 1.28 1080.00 15.21 1.26 1140.00 15.96 1.24 1200.00 16.64 1.22
1260.00 17.27 1.21 1320.00 17.90 1.20 1380.00 18.54 1.19 1440.00 19.21 1.19
1500.00 19.91 1.18 1560.00 20.62 1.17 1620.00 21.35 1.17 1680.00 22.08 1.16
1740.00 22.82 1.15 1800.00 23.55 1.14 1860.00 24.29 1.13 1920.00 25.02 1.12
1980.00 25.74 1.11 2040.00 26.46 1.11 2100.00 27.17 1.10 2160.00 27.88 1.09
2220.00 28.58 1.08 2280.00 29.27 1.07 2340.00 29.95 1.06 2400.00 30.63 1.05
2460.00 31.30 1.04 2520.00 31.96 1.03 2580.00 32.62 1.02 2640.00 33.27 1.01
2700.00 33.91 1.00 2760.00 34.54 0.99 2820.00 35.17 0.98 2880.00 35.79 0.97
2940.00 36.40 0.96 3000.00 37.01 0.95 3060.00 37.61 0.94 3120.00 38.20 0.93
3180.00 38.78 0.92 3240.00 39.36 0.91 3300.00 39.93 0.90 3360.00 40.49 0.89
3420.00 41.04 0.88 3480.00 41.59 0.87 3540.00 42.14 0.86 3600.00 42.67 0.85
3660.00 43.20 0.84 3720.00 43.72 0.84 3780.00 44.24 0.83 3840.00 44.75 0.82

7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Busbar 2
3900.00 45.25 0.81 3960.00 45.75 0.80 4020.00 46.24 0.79 4080.00 46.73 0.79
4140.00 47.21 0.78 4200.00 47.68 0.77 4260.00 48.15 0.76 4320.00 48.61 0.75
4380.00 49.06 0.75 4440.00 49.51 0.74 4500.00 49.96 0.73 4560.00 50.40 0.72
4620.00 50.83 0.71 4680.00 51.26 0.71 4740.00 51.68 0.70 4800.00 52.10 0.69
4860.00 52.51 0.69 4920.00 52.92 0.68 4980.00 53.32 0.67 5040.00 53.72 0.66
5100.00 54.12 0.66 5160.00 54.51 0.65 5220.00 54.89 0.64 5280.00 55.27 0.64
5340.00 55.64 0.63 5400.00 56.02 0.62 5460.00 56.38 0.62 5520.00 56.74 0.61
5580.00 57.10 0.61 5640.00 57.46 0.60 5700.00 57.81 0.59 5760.00 58.15 0.59
5820.00 58.49 0.58 5880.00 58.83 0.58 5940.00 59.17 0.57 6000.00 59.50 0.56
Busbar3
60.00 0.43 1.45 120.00 0.97 1.44 180.00 1.86 1.34 240.00 3.88 1.00
300.00 5.35 -0.14 360.00 2.74 -0.74 420.00 1.62 -0.81 480.00 1.15 -0.71
540.00 0.94 -0.60 600.00 0.73 -0.49 660.00 0.60 -0.20 720.00 0.61 0.07
780.00 0.63 0.29 840.00 0.71 0.51 900.00 0.85 0.64 960.00 1.04 0.69
1020.00 1.24 0.67 1080.00 1.42 0.60 1140.00 1.57 0.50 1200.00 1.66 0.39
1260.00 1.67 0.28 1320.00 1.64 0.19 1380.00 1.57 0.12 1440.00 1.48 0.07
1500.00 1.39 0.03 1560.00 1.30 0.02 1620.00 1.23 0.02 1680.00 1.16 0.03
1740.00 1.10 0.06 1800.00 1.05 0.09 1860.00 1.01 0.12 1920.00 0.98 0.16
1980.00 0.95 0.21 2040.00 0.93 0.25 2100.00 0.92 0.30 2160.00 0.91 0.35
2220.00 0.91 0.39 2280.00 0.91 0.44 2340.00 0.91 0.48 2400.00 0.92 0.52
2460.00 0.92 0.56 2520.00 0.94 0.60 2580.00 0.95 0.64 2640.00 0.96 0.67
2700.00 0.98 0.70 2760.00 1.00 0.73 2820.00 1.02 0.76 2880.00 1.04 0.79
2940.00 1.06 0.81 3000.00 1.08 0.84 3060.00 1.10 0.86 3120.00 1.13 0.88
3180.00 1.15 0.90 3240.00 1.17 0.92 3300.00 1.20 0.94 3360.00 1.22 0.95
3420.00 1.25 0.97 3480.00 1.27 0.98 3540.00 1.30 1.00 3600.00 1.32 1.01
3660.00 1.35 1.02 3720.00 1.37 1.03 3780.00 1.40 1.04 3840.00 1.43 1.05
3900.00 1.45 1.06 3960.00 1.48 1.07 4020.00 1.51 1.08 4080.00 1.53 1.09
4140.00 1.56 1.10 4200.00 1.59 1.11 4260.00 1.61 1.12 4320.00 1.64 1.12
4380.00 1.67 1.13 4440.00 1.70 1.14 4500.00 1.72 1.14 4560.00 1.75 1.15
4620.00 1.78 1.16 4680.00 1.80 1.16 4740.00 1.83 1.17 4800.00 1.86 1.17
4860.00 1.89 1.18 4920.00 1.91 1.18 4980.00 1.94 1.19 5040.00 1.97 1.19
5100.00 2.00 1.20 5160.00 2.02 1.20 5220.00 2.05 1.21 5280.00 2.08 1.21
5340.00 2.11 1.22 5400.00 2.13 1.22 5460.00 2.16 1.22 5520.00 2.19 1.23
5580.00 2.22 1.23 5640.00 2.24 1.23 5700.00 2.27 1.24 5760.00 2.30 1.24
5820.00 2.33 1.24 5880.00 2.35 1.25 5940.00 2.38 1.25 6000.00 2.41 1.25
Busbar4
60.00 0.00 1.44 120.00 0.00 1.39 180.00 0.01 1.26 240.00 0.02 0.90
300.00 0.02 -0.15 360.00 0.01 -0.18 420.00 0.01 0.54 480.00 0.02 0.45
540.00 0.02 -0.03 600.00 0.02 -0.54 660.00 0.02 -0.84 720.00 0.01 -1.01
780.00 0.01 -1.12 840.00 0.01 -1.19 900.00 0.01 -1.24 960.00 0.01 -1.28
1020.00 0.01 -1.30 1080.00 0.01 -1.33 1140.00 0.01 -1.34 1200.00 0.01 -1.36
1260.00 0.01 -1.37 1320.00 0.00 -1.38 1380.00 0.00 -1.40 1440.00 0.00 -1.41


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Busbar4
1500.00 0.00 -1.42 1560.00 0.00 -1.42 1620.00 0.00 -1.43 1680.00 0.00 -1.44
1740.00 0.00 -1.44 1800.00 0.00 -1.45 1860.00 0.00 -1.45 1920.00 0.00 -1.46
1980.00 0.00 -1.46 2040.00 0.00 -1.47 2100.00 0.00 -1.47 2160.00 0.00 -1.47
2220.00 0.00 -1.48 2280.00 0.00 -1.48 2340.00 0.00 -1.48 2400.00 0.00 -1.49
2460.00 0.00 -1.49 2520.00 0.00 -1.49 2580.00 0.00 -1.49 2640.00 0.00 -1.50
2700.00 0.00 -1.50 2760.00 0.00 -1.50 2820.00 0.00 -1.50 2880.00 0.00 -1.50
2940.00 0.00 -1.50 3000.00 0.00 -1.51 3060.00 0.00 -1.51 3120.00 0.00 -1.51
3180.00 0.00 -1.51 3240.00 0.00 -1.51 3300.00 0.00 -1.51 3360.00 0.00 -1.51
3420.00 0.00 -1.52 3480.00 0.00 -1.52 3540.00 0.00 -1.52 3600.00 0.00 -1.52
3660.00 0.00 -1.52 3720.00 0.00 -1.52 3780.00 0.00 -1.52 3840.00 0.00 -1.52
3900.00 0.00 -1.52 3960.00 0.00 -1.52 4020.00 0.00 -1.53 4080.00 0.00 -1.53
4140.00 0.00 -1.53 4200.00 0.00 -1.53 4260.00 0.00 -1.53 4320.00 0.00 -1.53
4380.00 0.00 -1.53 4440.00 0.00 -1.53 4500.00 0.00 -1.53 4560.00 0.00 -1.53
4620.00 0.00 -1.53 4680.00 0.00 -1.53 4740.00 0.00 -1.53 4800.00 0.00 -1.53
4860.00 0.00 -1.53 4920.00 0.00 -1.53 4980.00 0.00 -1.54 5040.00 0.00 -1.54
5100.00 0.00 -1.54 5160.00 0.00 -1.54 5220.00 0.00 -1.54 5280.00 0.00 -1.54
5340.00 0.00 -1.54 5400.00 0.00 -1.54 5460.00 0.00 -1.54 5520.00 0.00 -1.54
5580.00 0.00 -1.54 5640.00 0.00 -1.54 5700.00 0.00 -1.54 5760.00 0.00 -1.54
5820.00 0.00 -1.54 5880.00 0.00 -1.54 5940.00 0.00 -1.54 6000.00 0.00 -1.54


7.5.0E
Study Case: HA1
Harmonic Frequency Scan Alarm Report
Bus ID Z mag (ohm) Harmonic Frequency
Busbar3 1.67 21.00 1260.00
Busbar4 0.02 9.00 540.00
Busbar4 0.02 5.00 300.00
Busbar3 5.35 5.00 300.00
Busbar 2 6.56 4.00 240.00

APPENDIX -4 (DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulation)



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Power System Harmonic Analysis using ETAP

Thesis · September 2011

Nurul Azim Bhuiyan

Research into Air Flow in Steel Manufacturing Processes View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Electronic & Computer Engineering

MSc Sustainable Electrical Power

Power System Harmonic

Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

Dr. Mohamed Darwish

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Electronic & Computer Engineering

MSc Sustainable Electrical Power

Power System Harmonic

Declaration: I have read and I understand the MSc dissertation

Nurul Azim Bhuiyan

I am sincerely and heartily thankful to my project supervisor, Dr. Mohamed Darwish,

i Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

ii Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

4.1.6 Elimination of Harmonics using Filter ........................................................................ 46

iv Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

vi Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

Harmonics are the by-products of modern electronics. Sinusoidal voltages or currents

Page - 1 Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

 Mains voltage flickering

 Incorrect operation of voltage sensitive devices.

 Malfunction of protective relaying systems.

 Audible noise in power system component.

 Shorter life of organic insulation.

 Interference with communication devices.

 Reduced Power Factors. [3, 4]

Page - 2 Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

1.2 Aim and Objectives

 To understand the Harmonic Analysis module in ETAP.

 Harmonic Load Flow Study:

 Harmonic frequency Scan Study:

Page - 3 Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

2.1.1 Linear and non-linear loads:

Figure 2.1: waveforms of voltage and current for linear loads

Figure 2.2: Voltage and Current waveform for nonlinear load

Page - 4 Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

3rd Harmonic (150 Hz)

Resultant Distorted Waveform

Figure 2.3: Waveform with symmetrical harmonic components

Page - 5 Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

2.1.2 Harmonic current flow

Figure 2.4: Distorted-current induced voltage distortion

Page - 6 Nurul Azim Bhuiyan (1038901)

2.1.3 Elimination of Harmonics:

 Preventing harmonic generation for newer systems

 High input power factor regulators

 High pulse number AC/DC converters

 For existing sources of harmonics

 Installing filters on DC side to rectifier

 Installing filters on AC side [3]

2.1.4 Need for Filters:

 Eliminate/ Reduce harmonics in voltage & current waveforms.

 Improve power factor

 Reduce harmonic power losses

 Combinations of the above [3]

2.1.5 Types of Filters:

 Add Passive Filters