Fundamental of Video Surveillance and Security

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Contents

 Glossary and Concepts

 Functions of Security Camera
 Introduction of Recorder

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Video, frame rate and Stream

 Video
 Video is made up of a series of continuous images.
 Each image in the video is named as a Frame.

 Frame Rate
 Quantity of frames per second, measured by fps(frames per second).

 Stream
 After the video is compressed, a stream is generated.
 Stream type: video, audio, video & audio complex stream
 Bitrate (bps): quantity of bit stream per second.
 Bitrate type : Constant Bitrate(CBR), Variable Bitrate(VBR)

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Frame Rate

 More frames per second means more bitrate!

 Choose the right FPS for your application!

25FPS, smooth

2FPS, not smooth, video jumps.

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Frame Type
 I-frame: is independently compressed, resulting in a larger number of IP packets than the P- or B- frames, which
only encode changes from the previous frame.
 P-Frame: Compress only the difference from last I or P frame.
 B-Frame: Compress the differences among current frame with preceding frame and following frame.
 B & P frames file sizes are much smaller than I frames, but they require more processing whilst assess other
frames.

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Video Compression Standard

H.264+ Encoding H.265

Patent Efficiency International
Standard

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Video Compression Standard

• HD video makes it possible to see more details, but at the same time it brings extra cost on
transmission bandwidth and storage.
• Video compression standard is the key to help you reduce the cost and enjoy HD.
YUV-PSNR(dB)

45
44
43
42

41
40
H.262/MPEG-2MP
39
MPEG-4 ASP
38
H.263 CHC
37
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP
36 H.265/HEVC MP
35 Bitrates(Kbps)
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Performance Comparison on 1080P Encoding

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 H.264+

 Basing on the current H.264 standard, Hikvision analyzed and optimized the encoding, and
developed H.264+ that reduces the bandwidth and storage requirements.
 H.264+ is compatible with H.264 compression standard, and saves both bandwidth and storage
space by an average of half or more.

General Surveillance Scenario Features
1. Fixed camera with few background
changes
2. No frequent moving objects
3. Moving objects are the interesting
monitor targets
4. 24/7 surveillance video, easily
affected by image noise
Different surveillance scenarios Bandwidth/storage space comparison between
H.264+ and H.264
Fixed Scene with few moving objects H.264+ saves 75 percentages
Fixed scene with many moving objects in a certain H.264+ saves half
time period(not very frequently)
Changing scenes with moving objects all the time Nearly the same

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H.265

 H.265 is set and approved by ITU. It is also called

HEVC.
 H.265 is a more efficient video coding way to realize a
high definition transmission under a comparatively
low bandwidth. It is a upgrade version of H.264.

 H.265 also support 4K(3840*2160) and

8K(8192*4320) ultra high definition video coding.

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 H.265+
 An intelligent algorithm self-developed by Predictive
HIKVISION, it can greatly decrease the bitrate of A Encoding
video based on a standard codec technology
• Extract moving target from
stable background
• Different codec for moving
target and stable background

H.265+ Noise
(The codec technology B Suppression
that has outstanding • Extract and abandon noise
bandwidth-light and
storage-save performance) Long-term
C Bitrate Control
• Compensate more bitrate to
busy hours in the long term
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Video Compression – H.265&H.265+

Mbps
Encoding Bitrates
18
16
Encode 16
Video BENEFIT
14 Encode
12 Resolution
Resolution
Compression• Half bandwidth, Half Storage
10
8 10 • Double video storage time
6 8
4 5
2 4 4
2 1 2.5
0
2MP 5MP 8MP
H.264 H.265 H.265+

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 Resolution

Standard definition resolution

WD1 D1 4CIF 2CIF DCIF CIF QCIF
1×1 1 ×1/2 3/4 ×2/3 1/2 ×1/2 1/4 ×1/4 Pixel: Rectangular dots which form an
image. All images, video or static are
PAL 960 720 704 704 528 352 176 measured in pixels. In analog word, each
× × × × × × × pixel is composed of three color dots of red,
576 576 576 288 384 288 144 green and blue.

NTSC 960 720 704 704 528 352 176

Resolution: It is used to describe the
× × × × × × × size of an image and usually quoted as
480 480 480 240 320 240 120 width * height with the units in pixels.

High definition resolution

720P 960P UXGA 1080P QXGA 4MP 6MP 4K/8MP

PAL 1280 1280 1600 1920 2048 2560 3072 4096

× × × × × × × ×
720 960 1200 1080 1536 1440 2048 2160

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Contents

 Glossary and Concepts

 Function of Security Camera
 Introduction of Recorder

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Analog Camera

 Analog is widely used due to its easy of use and cost-effective. Currently analog camera
goes beyond standard definition, which meets more customer needs.
 Main components of analog camera:
 Lens
 Sensor (CCD/CMOS) Coaxial cable Ethernet cable
 DSP(Digital Signal Processor)

Analog camera DVR Client

Light video
Sensor ADC DSP DAC
CVBS

Analog Camera Working Principle

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IP Camera

 A wide range of network cameras are available today to meet a variety of needs in terms of
form, use, light sensitivity, resolution and environmental considerations.
 Network camera components:
Lens Ethernet cable

Ethernet cable
 Sensor (CCD/CMOS)
 ISP(Image Signal Processor)
 DSP(Digital Signal Processor) IP camera Switch Client

CCD/
Light CMOS ISP DSP NET Video Stream

Network Camera Working Principle

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Sensor

 Sensor type
 CCD(Charged Coupled Device)

 High sensitivity
 Good S/N processing

 CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

 Cost-effective

 Low consumption

 Fully integration

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S/N

 Use S/N to indicate the ratio between camera output signal and noise, unit is dB.
 Formula: S/N=20log(VS / VN )
 S/N represents the image performance of camera under low illumination.

During day time, picture quality During night, low S/N camera tend to
is very good. create many white dots(noise) on the
picture.

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DNR

 Through DNR function we can reduce the noise to get a better quality image during night.
 Compared to traditional DNR, 3D-DNR not only process the Y signal and C signal, but also process the original
signal from sensor. It includes time and space DNR level to enhance the image.
 Hikvision cameras adopt 3D-DNR to provide images with less noise in low-light surveillance scenes compared to
conventional cameras. 3D DNR can be used to enhance image quality and save bandwidth.

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AGC

 AGC(Auto Gain Control) amplify the signal from sensor to make it more bright during night time. This
amplification is called gain. The camera can auto adjust the gain control according to signal level.
 Advance: increase dynamic range;
 Disadvantage: amplify noise as well.

AGC Off AGC On

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White Balance

 For color camera, ensure the right color display in different color temperature(CT) environment.
 Classified into manual WB and auto WB
 Manual WB
 Auto WB

Fluorescent Lamp CT Standard CT Tungsten Filament Lamp CT

High CT (Cold) Low CT
(Warm)

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Backlight Compensation

 Camera can determine the AGC level based on the average brightness of the entire field of view, for example:
when the brightness of foreground is greatly different with the background, it will lead the foreground to lack of
exposal.
 Camera enable the BLC function, which can determine the AGC level singly based on one of the sub area in the
entire field of view. It can ensure the normal exposal of foreground but will cause overexposure of background.

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Wide Dynamic Range

 Adopt special sensor and DSP circuit, exposure separately to the brighter and darker areas, and then compose
these two images together to form a image, whose foreground and background are clear.
 WDR is widely used in backlight environment now, like the lobbies and counters.

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Min. illumination
 To indicate a camera’s performance in dark environment. The unit is Lux.
 The lux (symbol: lx) is the unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous flux
per unit area. It is equal to 1 lumen per m2.
 The parameter is composed by 3 parts, e.g. Aperture indicate this
illumination is under which
Color 0.1Lux @ F1.2 aperture. Larger aperture,
better low illumination
performance. So, two
cameras are comparable only
Color mode (color/ black under the same aperture.
and white). Under different
mode, illumination Illumination parameter
parameters are different. indicate the min.
illumination obtained by
sensor which can make
sure the video output is
 Illumination range: correct.
 Normal camera : 1~3 Lux
 Moonlight camera : approximate 0.1 Lux
 Starlight camera : under 0.01 Lux
 IR camera: 0 Lux, using IR illuminator for viewing

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ICR (IR-Cut Filter Removable)

 ICR sits behind a camera lens, and in front of the image sensor. The role of an IR-cut filter is to filter out infrared
light to enable cameras to produce colors that the human eye sees. However, if the filter is removed under low
light or nighttime conditions, the camera’s sensor is able to take advantage of infrared light and deliver black
and white images even when there is not enough visible light.

• An IR illuminator that provides infrared

light can also be used in conjunction with a
day/night camera to further enhance the
camera’s ability to produce high-quality
video in low-light or complete darkness.
Day/night cameras with built-in IR
illuminators are also available.

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 EXIR

Fig. 1

Fig. 2
Uniform brightness , high electro-optic conversion efficiency compared to the traditional light source. (Fig.
1)
The received optical range matched with camera sensor area, light usage efficiency is more than 90%. (Fig. 2)

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Smart IR

 The improved Smart IR function adjusts the IR strength to have better visibility depending on
specific requirements. Smart IR is usually used to solve the problem of IR over-exposure in close
shots.

Smart IR: no over Without Smart IR: over

exposure exposure in near region

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High Light Compensation

 Compensate the strong light in the picture, so that the surrounding area wouldn’t be over-exposed and still
could be seen.
 Widely used in traffic monitoring, where license plates must be recognized.

Camera without HLC Hikvision HLC Network Camera

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ROI

 In some surveillance scenarios, users pay special attention only to a certain region instead of the entire image. The
region that attracts special attention is known as the region of interest, or ROI. The ROI encoding method was
developed to provide different compression levels between the ROI and background information in order to capture
clearer key information without increasing the overall bitrate. The application of ROI encoding technology helps to
conserve bandwidth and optimize the bitrate resource allocation, thus ensuring the image quality of the region of
interest.

1080p@2M, ROI off 1080p@2M, ROI on

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Three Streams

 Triple streams provide much more flexibility to users by allowing different data streams to be sent simultaneously.
Each stream has independent purposes:
 The first stream with high resolution and full frame rate can be used for main monitoring.
 The second stream with lower resolution can be used for mobile monitoring.
 The third stream with high, low, or dynamic resolution offers more flexible choices.

1st stream for main

monitoring: High
Definition, Full frame rate
network 1

2nd stream for net

network 2 transmission: lower
definition
network 3
3rd stream for storage:
High/Low Definition,
Original Image BLC onlow/dynamic frame rate

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Defog

 By modeling the imaging features of smoke, dust, fog, etc., defog technology effectively restores
details and color to obtain accurate and natural video. Defog technology helps maintain clarity in
images captured in poor weather conditions such as smog, or fog.

Defog OFF Defog ON

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EIS

 In conditions with slight vibrations (e.g., an electrical pole in strong winds), videos will appear fuzzy due to the
vibration. EIS (Electronic Image Stabilization) can help reduce the effects of vibration in a video by fuzzy judgment
and displacement compensation.

EIS OFF EIS ON

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IP Levels
1st digit: Solid particle protection level
0 Not protected
1 Prevent solid objects larger than 50mm
2 Prevent solid objects larger than 12mm
3 Prevent solid objects larger than 2.5mm
4 Prevent solid objects larger than 1.0mm
Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not
enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with the
5 5
satisfactory operation of the equipment; complete
protection against contact
6 No ingress of dust; complete protection against contact
2nd digit: Liquid ingress protection level
0 None
1 Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no harmful effect.
Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the
2
enclosure is tilted at an angle up to 15° from its normal position.
Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60° from the vertical
3
shall have no harmful effect.
Water splashing against the enclosure from any direction shall have
4
no harmful effect.
Water projected by a nozzle (6.3 mm) against enclosure from any
direction shall have no harmful effects.
Water projected in powerful jets (12.5 mm nozzle) against the
6
enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.
Ingress of water in harmful quantity shall not be possible when the
7 enclosure is immersed in water under defined conditions of
pressure and time (up to 1 m of submersion).
The equipment is suitable for continuous immersion in water under
8
conditions which shall be specified by the manufacturer.
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Contents

 Glossary and Concepts

 Function of Security Camera
 Introduction of Recorder

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DVR/NVR

 DVR/NVR is a management device which realize the function of centralized storage, local live view,
searching, playback and other functions.

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DVR vs. NVR

Display Storage Management

Encoding Smart Playback

The main difference between DVR and NVR is the function of encoding.

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NVR overview

 Network Video Recorder

 Network video information access and storage
Key Parameters
 Live view, search and playback

• IPC Access Capability

IPC NVR • HDD NO.

The
Internet • Decoding Performance

• Compatibility
Video collection Transmission Storage 价
& Encoding • 格
Outgoing Bandwidth

• Other Functions

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Key Technology-Video Streaming

 Effective transmission: RTP/RTCP/RTSP protocol are used to transmit video streams.

 Protocols: To match diverse demands of Video surveillance from a variety of monitoring scenes, we need different
transmission protocols, such as TCP, UDP, VOD, Multicast, SIP, etc.

 Network management function: display information of device online and status are the necessary function for the
network surveillance.

 TCP/IP, HTTP, DHCP, DNS, DDNS, RTP/RTSP, PPPoE, SMTP, NTP(SNMP, HTTPS, FTP, SIP, SRTP, 802.1x, IPv6
optional)

Internet

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Key Technology-System Integration

 Integration and accessing

 HD accessing
 All Hikvision camera supported CGI
 Third-party camera integration

SDK
Control
Command PSIA
Low-level
SDK

ONVIF

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Thanks

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