ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

AND ALGORITHM

P r e pa r e d b y: R . C . R i v e r a J r . , M . S c .
 Tay lo r a n d M ac l au r i n S e r i e s
If a function f has derivatives of all orders at x = c,
then the series
 n

f c
f x 
    n
xc
n0 n!
 n
f c
 f  c   f '  c  x  c     x  c n 
n!
is called the Taylor series for f(x) at c. Moreover, if
c=0, then the series is the Maclaurin series for f.
Marikina Polytechnic College - MAT Math 2015 2
 M ac l au r i n S e r i e s

 n

f 0
f  x   xn
n0 n!
 n
f ''  c  2 f c
 f  c   f ' c  x  x   xn 
2! n!

Marikina Polytechnic College - MAT Math 2015 3

 P ro o f o f e u l e r ’ s f o r m u l a

Prove the Euler’s formula

i
e  cos   i sin 
where  .
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 In general

If i  in Euler’s formula is equal

to z , and z  x  yi , then
x  yi
e e
z
e x
 cos y  i sin y  .

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 The nth Roots of Unity
The solutions of the equation zn = 1 where n is a
positive integer are called the nth roots of unity and are
given by

   
2 i z
z  cos 2  i sin 2  en , z2
n n
where k  0, 1, 2, , n  1 1

and the n roots are

1, z, z2, z3 ,..., zn – 1 . z3
z4
 E X E RC I S E S N O. 1
I. Find each of the indicated roots and locate them
graphically.
1) z4 = 1
2) z5 = 1
3) z7 = 1
II. Prove that the following and interpret graphically.
1) 1  cos 72   cos144   cos 216   cos 288   0
2 4 6 8
2) si n  si n  si n  si n 0
5 5 5 5
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Polar and Exponential forms of Complex Numbers

Rectangular Form Polar Form Exponential Form

r  cos   i sin   i
x  yi re
or r cis
y  r ,     x, y   y
where r  x  y and   arctan  
2 2
x
r Principal range: 0    2 or
y 
and the value of  is called its

x x principal value
 E X E RC I S E S N O. 2
I. Represent the following numbers in the form x + iy.

1)  2e
 12
8
i
 4) i i 
7) -i 1/ 

2)  9e
5  -3
6
i
 3e 2 4
3
i
5) e ei
8) i 2/ i

3)
 8e
i
8 
3 3


6) - 1 i

9) -i 1 i

 2e  10
16
i
 For nos. 4 to 7, the principal value of  is
from the range of -    
 E X E RC I S E S N O. 2
II. If z1z2 = 3+4i and z1/z2 = 5i ,and the arguments
of z1 and z2 lie between - and . Determine the
complex numbers z1 and z2 in

a) rectangular form

b) polar form

c) exponential form.
Marikina Polytechnic College - MAT Math 2015 10
 E X E RC I S E S N O. 2
III. Express the following in terms of single
angles:
1)si n 3 2)si n 4 3)si n 5
4)cos3 5)cos 4 6)cos5

IV. Express the following in terms of multiple

angles:
1)si n 3  2)si n 4  3)si n 5 
4)cos3  5)cos 4  6)cos5 
Marikina Polytechnic College - MAT Math 2015 11
 E X E RC I S E S N O. 2
V. If z  cos   i si n  express in terms of 
1 1
1) z  2) z 
z z
1 1
3) z  n
n
4) z  n n
z z
VI. Given that z is a complex number such that
1 1
z   2cos3 , find the value of z 2000
 2000 .
z z
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 E X E RC I S E S N O. 2
VII. Solve the following:
1
1) If z   - 3, t hen fi nd t he value of
z
1
a) z  (Use half-angle i dent i t y),
z
11
 20 1 
b)  z  20  .
 z 

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 E X E RC I S E S N O. 2
VII. Solve the following:
2) If z 2  z  1  0, fi nd t he value of
3
 5 1 
z  5  .
 z 
3) If x 2  xy  y 2  0, fi nd t he value of
2018 2018
x  y
 y   .
  x
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