Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

Thermo

1. Are these reactions exothermic or endothermic?

 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O +483.6 kJ EXO – Heat (kJ) going out
 N2 + 2O2 + 34kJ  2NO2 ENDO – Heat (kJ) going in
 Heat + H2O2  H2O + O2 ENDO – Heat going in
 S + O2  SO2 + Heat EXO – Heat going out

2. Is the diagram shown below exothermic or endothermic? EXO

a. For an exothermic reaction are the reactants higher or lower than
the products? Higher
b. What would happen to the temperature of this reaction mixture?

Energy is released from the system, so the surroundings would get

warmer. The temperature would go up.

3. Describe what happens when salt dissolves in water. Use the words system, surroundings, and thermal
energy in your answer. Thermal energy is transferred from the water (surroundings) to
the salt (system) to break up the bonds in the salt. Dissolving is a physical change because
the salt is the same before, during, and after being dissolved in water.

4. Is the diagram shown below endothermic or exothermic? ENDO

a. Would the ΔH be positive or negative? POSITIVE
b. In an endothermic reaction are the reactants higher or
lower than the products. LOWER

5. What is the definition of a chemical reaction? ? One kind of substance is changed into another by a
rearrangement of atoms. Old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
6. What evidence can we observe that suggests a chemical reaction has occurred? Color change, odor
produced, gas produced (fizzing), temperature changes, light or sound given off, etc. (usually
more than one change)
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

7. What is the definition of a physical change? A change that involves no change in substance, only a
change in the state or condition of the substance. Can be reversed with another physical
change.

8. What happens to a solid when it dissolves? The particles break apart and the particles of the
solute become interspersed with the particles of the solvent until you can’t see them anymore.
This is a physical change.
9. Define Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion or moving particles.
10. Define Temperature: Average kinetic energy. The relative hotness or coldness of a material
compared to a standard, such as a thermometer.
11. Define Energy: The ability to do work or cause a change in matter.
12. Define Thermal Energy: Give an example. Total Kinetic Energy. The internal energy of
substance based on its particles, based on both temperature and mass. Thermal energy is
transferred as heat, or the energy that flows from something hot to something cool.
13. When 2 objects have the same temperature but different masses, how does this affect the thermal
energy? Even at the same temperature, the object with the larger mass has more thermal energy
because it has more particles than the other sample.
14. Define endothermic: A system that absorbs energy from its surroundings. When energy from
the surroundings flows into a system during a chemical or physical change.
15. Define exothermic: A system that releases energy to its surroundings. When energy flows from
the system to the surroundings during a chemical or physical change.
16. Is it necessary to have more energy if we want to dissolve more? Yes (higher temp, stirring, etc.)
The more KCl we dissolved, the more the temperature changed. More solute requires more
collisions with solvent particles, which causes a greater temperature change.
17. Complete the following sentences using the following word bank: Hotter, colder, faster, slower, more
easily, less easily

The HOTTER the water, the FASTER the water particles move, the MORE EASILY the substance is
dissolved. The COLDER the water, the SLOWER the water particles move, the LESS EASILY the
substance is dissolved.

18. What happens to the kinetic energy of particles after a collision? A transfer of energy can occur,
but the total energy is constant. The colliding particle could slow down if it loses energy.
19. Which process releases energy: forming a bond

Bonds are stable, so they have lower potential energy than when separated. The extra
energy is released during bond formation.

20. Which process requires energy: breaking a bond

Bonds are stable, so they have lower potential energy than when separated. Energy is
required to break the stable bonds.

21. What substance is produced from the mixing of an alkali metal with water? HYDROGEN GAS (H2)
a. When an alkali metal reacts with water, is this an endo or exothermic reaction? EXO
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

22. Based on the two pictures below, state which one is endothermic and which exothermic?
a. How you can tell?

_EXOTHERMIC – Energy given off, R higher than P____ ENDOTHERMIC – Energy Absorbed _

23. Be able to define and list examples of chemical change, physical change.
a. Determine if the following is a physical or chemical change:
Physical: Melting ice, tearing paper, dissolving sugar
Chemical: igniting a candle, rusting car, reacting an acid with a base
b. What is happening at the molecular level during a chemical change? Draw a model of the
reaction of hydrogen gas plus oxygen gas to form water. Include the molecules changing.
Describe how you know a chemical change has occurred.
Make sure that hydrogen and oxygen molecules are both
depicted as diatomic molecules, and that the water
molecule contains three atoms (2H and 1-O).
Atoms are being rearranged in a chemical reaction, but
the number and kind of atoms remains the same.

24. Know how to describe each of the states of matter in terms of the strength of their
attractive forces, their range of motion, their shape, volume and capacity to flow.
a. Which state(s) of matter can flow? Liquids and Gases
b. Which state(s) of matter have definite volume? Liquids and Solids

Indefinite shape? Liquids and Gases

c. Which state(s) of matter are the condensed states of matter (Have particles that touch)?
Liquids and solids
d. List the three states of matter in order of increasing intermolecular (attractive) forces.
Gases, Liquids, solids
e. Characterize the motion allowed?
 In the solid state: Vibration, particles stay in the same space
 In the gas state: Random, constant motion
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

 Why are they different? Gases have more kinetic energy, may have fewer
attractive forces.
f. Which state of matter can be classified as the most ordered? Solid Least ordered? Gas
Draw a model that compares the molecular motion of 2 liquids, one having larger particles than
the other. The liquid with smaller particles needs less thermal energy to move, therefore it
will have a lower melting and boiling point, will evaporate easier, will be less viscous, etc.

Solubility

25. Which salt’s solubility is least affected by the increase

in temperature? NaCl
26. How much KNO3 at 50oC would dissolve
a. in 50 g? 40 g
b. 100 g? 80 g
c. 200 g? 160 g
27. How much more KBr is dissolved at Solubility (g/100 mL of water)
90 oC than at 10 oC?
at 10 oC = 60g at 90 oC = 100 g
Difference of 40 grams
28. Which salt’s solubility is most affected by an increase
in temperature? KNO3
29. How much more KNO3 is dissolved than KBr at 90 oC?

KNO3 at 90 oC: 200g KBr at 90 oC: 100g Difference: 100g

 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

Atom & Nuclear

30. Know the location and properties of all three major subatomic particles (p+,no,e-) found on each atom.
a. Create a chart for the type, location, and charge of the three subatomic particles.

Particle Location Charge Symbol(s)

Proton Nucleus Positive p+ or +

Neutron Nucleus None or Neutral no

Electron Electron cloud Negative e- or -

b. What particle is the atomic number? Protons

c. All atoms of the same type of element have the same number of which particles? Protons
d. What must be true for an atom to be considered neutral in charge? Balanced charges
 Can you change the proton count of the atom and still have it be the same element?
Why? No, because protons identify the element
e. What particles are attracted to each other? What particles repel? Protons and electrons
attract (opposite charges attract) while like charges repel.
f. An atom has a mass number of 23 and an atomic number of 11. How many p+, no,and e- ‘s is
on this atom.

11 protons (atomic number) ; 12 neutrons (23 – 11 = 12); 11 electrons (not a charged particle)

The identity is the isotope Na-23.

g. True or False: The atom is mostly empty space with a small, dense, positive nucleus.

31. Based on the chart that you created above, what is the overall charge of the nucleus? Positive
32. Where is nearly all the mass of the atom located? How do you know? In the nucleus
33. What is an isotope? Variation of an element based on mass; same protons, diff neutrons.
a. Which subatomic particle varies and creates isotopes of the same element? Neutrons
34. Which subatomic particle changes to create ions? Electrons
35. What is the definition of Atomic Number? Number of protons; used to identify element.
36. How do you calculate Mass Number? (mass # = ….) Mass # = p+ + n0
a. Rearrange the equation to solve for neutrons. n0 = Mass # - p+
37. How can you solve for the number of electrons on an ion?
If charge = protons – electrons, then electrons = protons – charge
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

38. For the following nuclei symbols answer questions, a-e that follow:
A. B. C. D. E. F.
78 +2 42 127 -1 40 78 53
34𝑆𝑒 20𝐶𝑎 53𝐼 20𝐶𝑎 34𝑆𝑒 24𝐶𝑟

a. Which two nuclei symbols compare the neutral atom to the ion for the same element? A and E
b. Which two nuclei symbols are isotopes of the same element? B and D
c. What is the total number of neutrons in the isotope symbol shown above having an Atomic
Number of 53? Looking at symbol C: 127 – 53 = 74 neutrons
d. What is the total number of protons and neutrons on the Calcium-42 isotope? 20 p+ and 22 n0
39. Be familiar with the terms mass number, atomic number, nuclei symbol and charge. Know how to
determine the number of subatomic particles present on an atom based on these terms. Know various
ways of representing isotopes of an atom.
a. Determine the mass number, atomic number, proton, neutron and electron count for each Mg:

Atomic # = # protons Atomic number: 12 12

Mass # = #protons + #neutron Mass number: 24 26
#Neutrons = Mass # - Atomic # Neutrons: 12 14
#electrons = protons - charge Electrons 12 10

b. Write a nuclei symbol, like the ones shown above, for an element with 10 protons, 12 neutrons
and 10 electrons.
 Is this atom neutral? How can you tell?
𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝑵𝒆 Yes, this atom is neutral because it has an equal number of protons and electrons.

c. Write a nuclei symbol for lithium-7. What does the number after the hyphen tell you?
𝟕
𝟑𝑳𝒊 The number after the hyphen is its mass number.

40. Define “strong force”? Where does it exist in the atom? What does it do? Strong force is within the
nucleus. It holds the subatomic particles together. It keeps the nucleus from coming apart.

41. What is radioactivity? What causes radioactivity? Relate your answer to the strong force.
Radioactivity is energy that is released from a radioactive isotope when it “decays”, or its nucleus
breaks into smaller parts. When the subatomic particles come apart, strong force is released and is
detected as one of three forms of radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma radiation).
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

42. Recreate the table below: Types of Radioactive Decay

Type of decay Symbol for the decay Can be stopped by….. Mass of the Effect on Mass # and
decay atomic #

Alpha 4 Paper, skin, clothing 4 amu Mass # -4 amu

2𝐻𝑒
At. # -2 amu
Beta 0 Aluminum, etc None Mass # no change
−1𝑒
At # +1 amu
Gamma
 Lead, thick concrete,
deep water
None None

43. Complete the following nuclear decay reactions:

a. Alpha decay of Plutonium-240
b. Beta decay of Iodine-131
c. Gamma decay of Helium-3

44. Define nucleon. A subatomic particle within the nucleus (proton or neutron).
45. True or false: In a nuclear reaction the number of nucleons must be conserved.
46. Where does the weak force exist within the atom? Explain how beta decay is the result of a decreased
weak force within a nucleon of the nucleus. Weak force is what holds together the neutron.
When a neutron decays into a proton and an electron, energy is released as the beta
particle (the electron shoots out and the proton remains in the nucleus).
47. What type of decay is shown below? Provide two pieces of evidence to support your claim.
Beta decay is shown.
A beta particle is emitted (an electron is released). Mass
is the same, while the atomic number increased by 1.
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

48. Use the diagram below to answer the following question. What has a higher binding energy, indicating
a more stable strong force, the parent or the daughter particle? Explain your reasoning.
The image shows the alpha decay of a U-238
particle. The parent particle was unstable, leading to
the decay event. The daughter nucleus is more
stable, and the extra energy was emitted. Since the
daughter nucleus is more stable, it has the higher
binding energy, as if it has “more glue per nucleon”.

49. Below is a graph of the Band of Stability. Answer the questions that follow.

a) Is Iridium-193 a stable isotope of Ir? How can you tell?

Ir-193 has 77 protons and 116 neutrons
It is stable, because it falls in the band of stability.

b) Is Francium-207 stable? What would be the benefit of this

isotope undergoing an alpha decay? Show the alpha decay
reaction and explain your answer using the band the stability.
Fr-207 has 87 protons and 120 neutrons
It is unstable, because it falls on the edge of the band
of stability.
If it undergoes alpha decay, the product might be
more stable. The product has 85 protons and 116
neutrons, which may be unstable as well, since it is
also near the edge of the band of stability.
𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝟐𝟎𝟑 𝟒
𝟖𝟕𝑭𝒓 −> 𝟖𝟓𝑨𝒕 + 𝟐𝑯𝒆

c) What is the proton to neutron ratio of the first 20 elements?

What is needed to stabilize the strong force after element 20?
The ratio of the smaller elements is 1:1. After element 20,
the nuclei need more neutrons than protons to be stable.
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

50. Use the graph below to answer the following questions. Assume the x-axis unit is days.

a. Describe in your own words what the term “half-life” means. How did you use the graph to
determine this? About 8 days.
 100 to 50 takes about 8 days.
 40 to 20 takes about 8 days.
b. After 2 half lives, how much of the sample remains? 25 (100 to 50 to 25)
c. How much of the sample is left after 25 days? About 10 (find 25 days on x axis, go up to
line, read y axis)

51. Define fusion. A nuclear reaction where two smaller nuclei fuse into a larger one.
52. Define fission. A nuclear reaction where an unstable nucleus splits into two smaller ones.
53. Use the picture below to answer the following questions.

a. What nuclear process is happening in the diagram? Define this process. How did you know it
was that type of process? Fusion, two isotopes of hydrogen are fusing into a helium.
b. Label the energy release that would occur during this process on the diagram. Arrow
pointing out to represent energy leaving the system.
c. Explain why this process requires high temperatures and high pressures, like in our sun, and yet
still results in a huge energy release. The original nuclei are positively charged,
therefore the force of repulsion must be overcome with extremely high
temperatures and pressures, like what must be present on stars.
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

d. Which process, fission or fusion, has a greater release of energy? Fusion

e. Which nuclear process fuels stars, including our sun? Fusion
f. Provide evidence and reasoning to support the claim below:
 Claim: Stars use fusion to make heavier elements.
 Evidence: Stars release huge amounts of energy. The spectra also show an
abundance of hydrogen and helium.
 Reasoning: Fusion reactions often involve hydrogen fusing into helium and
smaller amounts of heavier elements. Tremendous amounts of energy are
released from fusion reactions. Therefore, stars must glow because of fusion.

54. Study the diagram below. Use the diagram to answer the following questions.
a) What happens to the binding energy of lighter
elements when they undergo fusion? Increase
b) What is the most stable nucleus (the one with
the highest binding energy)? Iron
c) What happens to the binding energy of
elements like uranium when they undergo
fission? Increase
d) Why does the fusion of elements beyond iron in
our universe require a supernova? Use this
diagram to explain your answer. The fusion of
heavier elements produces products
(nuclei) with less binding energy. This
means that the heavier elements are
“more difficult” to make in stars. They
require the supernova to achieve these
intense pressures.

Periodic Table & Trends

55. Be able to complete (fill-in) an electron filling diagram by using Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion
principle, and Hund’s rule.
a. Complete the box and arrow diagrams for Li, Ar, and Ca
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

D
C EF
A
G

B G

b. Know how to properly classify an element and its reactivity based on its location on the periodic
table.

c. For all the following identified elements (A-H), identify the group number and period number,
classifications (i.e.: alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, etc.), block (i.e.: s-block, p-
block, d-block, f-block) electron configuration AND noble gas configuration (EXCEPT element D)
d. Place an X in the period as letter B that would have a smaller radius.
 in the same row as B; anywhere to the right of B
 Why are elements that are placed in the same column called a family or a group? Which
elements would have the same chemical properties as Krypton?
 same column called family; similar chemical properties
 noble gases like He, Ne, Ar are in the same family as Kr
e. Where are the representative elements? Where are the transition metals?
 Tall columns (s and p blocks)
 Short columns (d block)
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

f. Using Coulomb’s law, why does element F have a greater ionization energy than element E?
Why does element G have a greater atomic radius then element F?
 Element F has a greater IE than Element E because it is in same row, but has more
protons.
 Element G has a greater radius than F because it has more energy levels.

56. Know how to write electron configurations for elements of Periods 1-4.
a. Identify the elements having the following electron configurations:
 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3 This element is V.
 [Ne] 3s23p5 This element is Cl.
 Outer Configuration of 3s 1
This element is Na.

b. Which group of elements will completely fill their s and p valence subshells?

 The noble gases

57. Know the trends of the periodic table such as atomic size, electronegativity, ionization energy.
a. Define electronegativity. What element has the highest electronegativity? What is the group
trend for electronegativity and the period trend for electronegativity?
 The tendency of an atom to attract electrons.
 Fluorine is the most electronegative element on the periodic table.
 Group Trend: Decreases as you go down a group.
 Period Trend: Increases as you go across a period.
b. How is the current periodic table arranged today? By atomic number
c. Define atomic radius. List the group and periodic trends for atomic size/radius.
 The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually half
the distance between the nuclei of two like atoms that are covalently bonded.
 Group Trend (top to bottom): Atoms increase in size as you go down a group. (Get
bigger)
 Period Trend (left to right): Atoms decrease in size as you go across a period. (Get smaller)
58. Make predictions about an element’s radius, ionization energy or electronegativity based on your
knowledge of the trends.
a. Based on the values for sodium below would magnesium’s radius be higher or lower then
sodium’s? Would Magnesium’s ionization energy be higher or lower then sodium’s?
Element Atomic Radius in Distance Units Ionization Energy in Energy Units

Sodium 132 256

Sodium and Magnesium are in the same period.

Atomic radius decreases across a period, so the radius of Mg would be smaller than 132.

Ionization energy increases across a period, so the Ionization Energy of Mg would be greater than 256.
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

Energy and Light

59. Know how the color emitted relates to the energy of the electron’s jump.

a) A student does a flame test on three compounds A, B and C. Which flame represents the emission
of an electron at the highest energy state? The following results were obtained:
i. Compound A creates a Red flame
ii. Compound B creates a Yellow flame
iii. Compound C creates a Violet flame

The flame from Compound C represents the emission of highest energy. Violet color
is the highest energy in the visible spectrum.

b) Copper produces a green flame test. When is the green light emitted? When an electron falls
down from an excited state to a lower energy level.
c) Why do different atoms produce different flame test colors? Because each element has a unique
electron configuration, therefore a unique set of “leaps and drops”. Bigger drops release more
energy, which shows up as a color with higher frequency/shorter wavelength.
 When the atoms of a gas are excited by heating, their electrons are able to move from
their ground state to higher energy levels. As they return to their ground state, following
clearly defined paths according to quantum probabilities, they emit photons of very
specific energy. This energy corresponds to particular wavelengths of light, and so
produces particular colors of light. Each element has a "fingerprint" in terms of its line
emission spectrum.

60. What is true of the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and

energy based on the picture? ? Wavelength and frequency are indirectly
related. Wavelength and energy are indirectly related. Frequency and
energy are directly related.

 When wavelength increases, energy and frequency decrease

 When wavelength decreases, energy and frequency increase
 Ike Chemistry Midterm Review 2020 Answers

61. Below are diagrams for the bright line (aka atomic emission) spectra of four elements and the
spectrum of a mixture of unknown gases.

a. Which element(s) are NOT present in the unknown? Lithium and sodium are not present.
b. Which element(s) ARE present in the unknown? Hydrogen and helium are present.