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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
By Dr.Ashok K.Koori
Dr.Ashok K. Koori
B.V.Sc & A.H
NDVSU Jabalpur
Many scientist came and tried to describe atom, in the atomic era first of all Indian philosopher
Maharshi Kanad came and told about atom that it was the smallest indivisible particle of matter
and named PARMANU
Other Indian philosopher Pakudha Katyayama also described more about atom
The word ATOM was coined by ancient Greek philosophers “Leucippus” and his pupil
“Democritus”
Where A means not and TOM means divided hence ATOM means “not divided”
Many theories have been explained to describe atom such theories are given below
(The word atom is derived from Greek root, and it is composed of two words A and TOM.
(ATOM = A + TOM))
√υ = a(Z-b)
Atomic number is fundamental property of atom was told by Henry Mosley.
5. They travel in straight lines and produce/ cast sharp shadows of metallic objects placed in
their path; a shadow of the metal object is formed at the end opposite to the cathode.
6. They cause mechanical motion (they rotate) of a small pin-wheel
pin wheel placed in their path.
path This
shows that cathode rays are a beam of particles (cathode rays compose of material
particles) having mass and possessing kinetic energy.
When electric and magnetic field strength are counterbalanced (to calculate velocity),
Magnetic force = electric force
(qVB) = (qE)
Thus V = E/B
V can be calculated if E and B are known
Then we can assume that
Specific charge (q/M) = E/B2r
And value will be – 1.76 X 108 Cb/gm
Where
B = magnetic field strength
E = strength of electric field
V = velocity of electron
m = mass of the electron
e = charge on electron
r = radius of the circular path of the electron in the magnetic field
Specific charge (q/m) of electron:-
Mass of electron = 9.1 X 10-28 gm
Charge of electron = 1.6 X 10-19 C
Specific charge = 1.6 X 10-19/ 9.1 X 10-28 Coulomb per gm
Specific charge = 1.76 X 108 Cb/gm
Q Calculate the specific charge for deuterium in Cb/gm?
Ans –
(q/M)D = 1.6 X 10-19/2amu
1 gm = NA X amu
(q/M)D = 4.8 X 104 Cb/gm
Q Determine ratio of specific charge for isotopes of hydrogen?
Ans –
Protium (1H1) = 1/1
Deuterium (1D2) = 1/2
Tritium (1T3) = 1/3
Q Calculate specific charge for proton, neutron, and electron and α particle and
arrange in increasing order of specific charge?
Ans –
(q/M)P = 1/1
(q/M)n = 0
(q/M)e = 1/1/1887 = 1887
(q/M)α = 2/4
(q/M)e > (q/M)P > (q/M)α > (q/M)n
Note –
Charge of specie is integral multiplication of charge of electron
Charge of species = ne-; where n = 1, 2, 3…. Whole number
For example
Charge of A+2 = 2 X 1.6 X 10-19 Cb
Q Calculate charge of O2-
Ans = 2 X charge of electron
Note –
1F ≡ 96500 Cb
1F ≡ 1 mole electrons
For instance –
MnO4- (1 mol) → Mn+2; calculate total Faraday
Ans = 5F
Q Calculate charge in faraday on 2.8 gm N-3
Mole of N-3 = 2.8/14 = 0.6 mole
So charge will be 0.6 F
Q Calculate molar mass of electron?
Mass of 1 mole = 9.1 X 10-28gm X Na
= 5.5 X 10-4 gm
= 0.55 mg
Q Calculate total number of electron in 1kg mass?
Mole = (1 X 103 gm)/ (mass of 1 mol electron)
Mole = 103/ 9.1 X 10-28Na
Number of electron = 103 X Na/ 9.1 X 10-28Na
= 1031/ 9.1
Manifestation of atom
According to this model electrons (negative charge) are dispersed in positive sphere like seed in
water melon.
In the 19th century, Thomson described the atom as a ball of positive charge containing a number
of electrons.
Drawback;
He could not explain Rutherford’s experiment.
He could not explain line spectrum of the atom
Rutherford’s atomic model/ Rutherford’s α scattering experiment radioactive
source – lead
Experiment
Rutherford took radioactive lead as a source and thin gold foil(100mm thickness)
surrounded by ZnS screen and bombarded high energy α particles on gold foil and
observed some interesting facts which were
Observation –
1. Most of the α particles passed through the gold foil without undergoing any deflection
2. A few α particles underwent deflection through small angles
3. Very few α particles (1 out of 20,000) returned back i.e. through an angle of nearly 180o
Conclusion –
1. Since Most of the α particles (up to 90%) passed through the gold foil without undergoing
any deflection that means there must be sufficient empty space within the atom.
2. Since few particles deflect from their path and it is possible because of repulsion that
means a positive charge is concentrated in very small volume which is known as nucleus
3. Electrons revolve around nucleus in circular path and these paths named orbit.
Note – nucleus was discovered by Rutherford
Calculations conducted by Rutherford
4. Radius of Nucleus –
Radius of nucleus
[(r) α A1/3] and r = roA1/3
Where ro is radius constant = 1.33X10-15 m
10-15 m = 1 ferme
And radius of atom is 10-10 m
Ratio of radius of atom and nucleus (rA/rn) = 105
5. Volume of nucleus
VN = (4/3) ΠRN3
VN = (4/3) Π(roA1/3)3
VN = (4/3) Π(ro3A)
VA/VN = 1015
VA = 1015 VN
6. Density of nucleus
Density = m/v
Density = (A X amu)/ (4/3) Πro3A
And amu = 1.67X10-27 Kg
Density = 1017kg/m3
Conclusion –
[Radius α A1/3
Volume α A
Density α Ao]
7. Number of deflected α particles on θ angle –
[N α 1/ {sin4(θθ/2)}]
θ↑ → N↓ ↓
Q Calculate total number of deflected α particles on 90o angle, if 400 α particles are deflected
on 60o angle?
Ans = [N α 1/ {sin4(θ θ/2)}]
N1/ N2 = sin4(θ
θ2/2)/ sin4(θθ1/2)
4 4
N1/ 400 = sin (30)/ sin (45)
N1/ 400 = [{(1/2)/ (1/√ √2)}4] = ¼
N1 = 100
8. Distance of closest approach
(TE) initial = (TE) final
(KE+PE) initial = (KE+PE) final
½ MV2 + 0 = 0 + KQ1Q2/Rm
½ MV2 = K (2e) (ze)/Rm
Rm =?
Q Calculate the distance of closest approach? If velocity of α particle is 3000km per sec.
Ans – Rm = (2KZe2)/(1/2 MαVα2)
= 2 X 9 X 109 X 79 X (1.6 X 10-19)2/ (½ X 4 X 1.67 X 10-27 X (3 X 106)
Q Calculate distance of closest approach? If protons are used instead of α particle in
Rutherford’s experiment.
Q Determine the ratio of distance of closest approach regarding proton and α particle?
Rutherford’s planetary model
Rutherford’s atomic model also known as Rutherford’s planetary model because according
to this model electrons revolve around the nucleus as like planet around the sun
Drawbacks;
1. Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic radiation; if a body is revolve in an orbit then it achieve
acceleration and according to Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic radiation when a
positive charge move with acceleration then it would continuously emit electromagnetic
waves.
Hence conclusion is that if revolving electron is emitting electromagnetic waves then its
path must be spiral and it will be captured by nucleus due to attraction, but Rutherford
could not explain it
The main problem with Rutherford’s model was that he could not explain why negatively
charged electrons remain in orbit, when they should instantly fall into the positively
charged nucleus. This problem would be solved by Danish physicist Niels Bohr in 1913
2. Rutherford could not explain Zeeman and stark effect
3. He could not explain line spectrum of atom
α scattering effect is shown by all heavy metals like Ag, Au, Pt, Pd etc.
Density of nucleus does not depend on atomic mass