Scribd

Scribd /ˈskrɪbd/ is an American e-book and audiobook

Scribd, Inc.
subscription service that includes one million titles.[2][3][4][5]
Scribd hosts 60 million documents on its open publishing
platform.[6]
Type of Private
Founded in 2007 by Trip Adler, Jared Friedman, and Tikhon business
Bernstam, and headquartered in San Francisco, California, the
Available in English, Spanish,
company is backed by Khosla Ventures, Y Combinator, Charles
Portuguese,
River Ventures, and Redpoint Ventures.[7] Scribd's e-book
French, Indonesian
subscription service is available on Android and iOS smartphones
Malay
and tablets, as well as the Kindle Fire, Nook, and personal
computers. Subscribers can access unlimited books a month[8] Founded March 2007
from 1,000 publishers, including Bloomsbury, Harlequin, Headquarters San Francisco,
HarperCollins, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Lonely Planet, California, US
Macmillan, Perseus Book Group, Simon & Schuster, Wiley, and Key people Trip Adler
Workman.[9][10] (co-founder and
CEO)
Scribd has 80 million users, and has been referred to as "the
Jared Friedman
Netflix for books".[11][12][13]
(co-founder and
CTO)
Tikhon Bernstam
Contents (co-founder and
COO)
History
Founding (2007–2013) Services Social reading and
Subscription service (2013–present) publishing platform

Audiobooks Website Scribd.com (https://

Comics www.scribd.com/)

Timeline Alexa rank 197 (As of

1 October 2019)[1]
Financials
Current status Active
Technology
Reception
Accusations of copyright infringement
Controversies
BookID
Supported file formats
See also
References
External links
History

Founding (2007–2013)
Scribd began as a site to host and share documents.[12] While at Harvard, Trip Adler was inspired to start
Scribd after learning about the lengthy process required to publish academic papers.[14] His father, a
doctor at Stanford, was told it would take 18 months to have his medical research published.[14] Adler
wanted to create a simple way to publish and share written content online.[15] He co-founded Scribd with
Jared Friedman and attended the inaugural class of Y Combinator in the summer of 2006.[16] There,
Scribd received its initial $120,000 in seed funding and then launched in a San Francisco apartment in
March 2007.[6]

Scribd was called "the YouTube for documents", allowing anyone to self-publish on the site using its
document reader.[14] The document reader turns PDFs, Word documents, and PowerPoints into Web
documents that can be shared on any website that allows embeds.[17] In its first year, Scribd grew rapidly
to 23.5 million visitors as of November 2008.[18] It also ranked as one of the top 20 social media sites
according to Comscore.[18]

In June 2009, Scribd launched the Scribd Store, enabling writers to easily upload and sell digital copies
of their work online.[19] That same month, the site partnered with Simon & Schuster to sell e-books on
Scribd.[20] The deal made digital editions of 5,000 titles available for purchase on Scribd, including
books from bestselling authors like Stephen King, Dan Brown, and Mary Higgins Clark.[21]

In October 2009, Scribd launched its branded reader for media companies including The New York Times,
Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Huffington Post, TechCrunch, and MediaBistro.[17] ProQuest
began publishing dissertations and theses on Scribd in December 2009.[22] In August 2010, many notable
documents hosted on Scribd began to go viral, including the California Proposition 8 ruling, which
received over 100,000 views in about 24 minutes, and HP's lawsuit against Mark Hurd's move to
Oracle.[23][24]

Subscription service (2013–present)

In October 2013, Scribd officially launched its unlimited
subscription service for e-books.[11] This gave users unlimited
access to Scribd's library of digital books for a flat monthly
fee.[11] The company also announced a partnership with
HarperCollins which made the entire backlist of HarperCollins'
catalog available on the subscription service.[25] According to
Chantal Restivo-Alessi, chief digital officer at HarperCollins, this
marked the first time that the publisher has released such a large
portion of its catalog.[26] In March 2014, Scribd announced a deal Screenshots of Scribd's subscription
with Lonely Planet, offering the travel publisher's entire library service
on its subscription service.[27]

In May 2014, Scribd further increased its subscription offering with 10,000 titles from Simon &
Schuster.[28] These titles included works from authors such as: Ray Bradbury, Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Ernest Hemingway, Walter Isaacson, Stephen King, Chuck Klosterman, and David McCullough.[29]
Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription service in November 2014 and comic books in February
2015.[4][30]

In February 2016, it was announced that only titles from a rotating selection of the library would be
available for unlimited reading, and subscribers would have credits to read three books and one
audiobook per month from the entire library; unused credits roll over to the next month.[31]

Scribd's unlimited service launched on February 6, 2018, and includes access to an unlimited number of
books and audiobooks, alongside unlimited access to news, magazines, documents, and sheet music,[32]
for a monthly subscription fee of US$8.99.[33] However, under this unlimited service, Scribd will
"occasionally [...] limit the titles that [members are] able to access within a specific content library in a
30-day period."[34] The previous credit system for books and audiobooks was removed.[32]

In October 2018, Scribd announced a joint subscription to Scribd and The New York Times for $12.99
per month.

Audiobooks
In November 2014, Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription library.[35] Wired noted that this was the
first subscription service to offer unlimited access to audiobooks, and "it represents a much larger shift in
the way digital content is consumed over the net."[36] In April 2015, the company expanded its
audiobook catalog in a deal with Penguin Random House.[37] This added 9,000 audiobooks to its
platform including titles from authors like Lena Dunham, John Grisham, Gillian Flynn, and George R.R.
Martin.[38]

Comics
In February 2015, Scribd introduced comics to its subscription service.[39] The company added 10,000
comics and graphic novels from publishers including Marvel, Archie, Boom! Studios, Dynamite, IDW,
and Valiant.[30] These included series such as Guardians of the Galaxy, Daredevil, X-O Manowar, and
The Avengers.[40][41] However, in December 2016, comics were eliminated from the service due to low
demand.

Timeline
In February 2010, Scribd unveiled its first mobile plans for e-readers and smartphones.[42] In April 2010
Scribd launched a new feature called "Readcast",[43] which allows automatic sharing of documents on
Facebook and Twitter.[44] Also in April 2010, Scribd announced its integration of Facebook social plug-
ins at the Facebook f8 Developer Conference.[45]

Scribd rolled out a redesign on September 13, 2010 to become, according to TechCrunch, "the social
network for reading".[46]

In October 2013, Scribd launched its e-book subscription service, allowing readers to pay a flat monthly
fee in exchange for unlimited access to all of Scribd's book titles.[47]

Financials
The company was initially funded with US$120,000 from Y Combinator in 2006, and received over
US$3.7 million in June 2007 from Redpoint Ventures and The Kinsey Hills Group.[48][7] In December
2008, the company raised US$9 million in a second round of funding led by Charles River Ventures with
re-investment from Redpoint Ventures and Kinsey Hills Group.[49] David O. Sacks, former PayPal COO
and founder of Yammer and Geni, joined Scribd's board of directors in January 2010.[50]

In January 2011, Scribd raised an additional US$13 million in a round led by MLC Investments of
Australia and SVB Capital.[51] In January 2015, the company raised US$22 million in new funding from
Khosla Ventures with partner Keith Rabois joining the Scribd board of directors.[52]

Technology
In July 2008, Scribd began using iPaper, a rich document format similar to PDF built for the web, which
allows users to embed documents into a web page.[53] iPaper was built with Adobe Flash, allowing it to
be viewed the same across different operating systems (Windows, Mac OS, and Linux) without
conversion, as long as the reader has Flash installed (although Scribd has announced non-Flash support
for the iPhone).[54] All major document types can be formatted into iPaper including Word docs,
PowerPoint presentations, PDFs, OpenDocument documents, OpenOffice.org XML documents, and
PostScript files.

All iPaper documents are hosted on Scribd. Scribd allows published documents to either be private or
open to the larger Scribd community. The iPaper document viewer is also embeddable in any website or
blog, making it simple to embed documents in their original layout regardless of file format. Scribd
iPaper required Flash cookies to be enabled, which is the default setting in Flash.[55]

On May 5, 2010, Scribd announced that they would be converting the entire site to HTML5 at the Web
2.0 Conference in San Francisco.[56] TechCrunch reported that Scribd is migrating away from Flash to
HTML5. "Scribd co-founder and chief technology officer Jared Friedman tells me: 'We are scrapping
three years of Flash development and betting the company on HTML5 because we believe HTML5 is a
dramatically better reading experience than Flash. Now any document can become a Web page.'"[57][58]

Scribd has its own API to integrate external/third-party applications,[59] but is no longer offering new
API accounts.[60]

Since 2010, Scribd has been available on mobile phones and e-readers, in addition to personal computers.
As of December 2013, Scribd became available on app stores and various mobile devices.

Reception

Accusations of copyright infringement

Scribd has been accused of copyright infringement. In September 2009, American author Elaine Scott
alleged that Scribd "shamelessly profits from the stolen copyrighted works of innumerable authors".[61]
Her attorneys sought class action status in their efforts to win damages from Scribd for allegedly
"egregious copyright infringement" and accused it of calculated copyright infringement for
profit.[62][63][64] The suit was dropped in July 2010.[65][66]
In 2007, one year after its inception, Scribd was served with 25 Digital Millennium Copyright Act
(DMCA) takedown notices.[67]

The Guardian writes, "Harry Potter author [J.K. Rowling] is among writers shocked to discover their
books available as free downloads. Neil Blair, Rowling's lawyer, said the Harry Potter downloads were
'unauthorised and unlawful'...Rowling's novels aren't the only ones to be available from Scribd. A quick
search throws up novels from Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan, Jeffrey Archer, Ken Follett, Philippa
Gregory, and J.R.R. Tolkien."[68]

Controversies
In March 2009, the passwords of several Comcast customers were leaked on Scribd. The passwords were
later removed when the news was published by The New York Times.[69][70][71]

In July 2010, Gigaom reported that the script of The Social Network (2010) movie was uploaded and
leaked on Scribd; it was promptly taken down per Sony's DMCA request.[72]

Following a decision of the Istanbul 12th Criminal Court of Peace, dated 8 March 2013, access to Scribd
is blocked for Internet users in Turkey.[73]

In July 2014, Scribd was sued by Disability Rights Advocates, on behalf of the National Federation of
the Blind and a blind Vermont resident, for allegedly failing to provide access to blind readers, in
violation of the Americans with Disability Act.[74] Scribd moved to dismiss, arguing that the ADA only
applied to physical locations. In March 2015, the U.S. District Court of Vermont ruled that the ADA
covered online businesses as well. A settlement agreement was reached, with Scribd agreeing to provide
content accessible to blind readers by the end of 2017.[75]

BookID
To counteract the uploading of unauthorized content, Scribd created BookID, an automated copyright
protection system that helps authors and publishers identify unauthorized use of their works on
Scribd.[76] This technology works by analyzing documents for semantic data, meta data, images, and
other elements and creates an encoded "fingerprint" of the copyrighted work.[77] BookID allows authors
and publishers protect their content on the Scribd platform.[78]

Supported file formats

Supported formats include:[79]

Microsoft Excel (.xls, .xlsx)

Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt, .pps, .pptx, .ppsx)
Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx)
OpenDocument (.odt, .odp, .ods, .odf, .odg)
OpenOffice.org XML (.sxw, .sxi, .sxc, .sxd)
Plain text (.txt)
Portable Document Format (.pdf)
PostScript (.ps)
Rich text format (.rtf)
 Tagged image file format (.tif, .tiff)

See also
Amazon Lending Library and Kindle Unlimited
Document collaboration
Oyster (company)
Wayback Machine
Webcite

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External links
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