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vishnuvardhan babu
MD
Abnormal frequent passage of loose
stools
OR
Abnormal passage of stools with
increased frequency, fluidity, and
weight, or with increased stool water
excretion
Acute diarrhea
Sudden onset in a previously healthy person
Self-limiting
b) Tetracyclines
c) Sulfonamides
5) Antihypertensives
a) Methyldopa
7) Cardiac agents
1. Quinidine
2. Digoxin
10) Colchicine
11) Proton pump inhibitors
12) H2-receptor blockers
Most of the diarrheal agents are transmitted
by the fecal-oral route
Cholera: water-borne disease; transmitted
through water contaminated with feces
Some viruses (such as rotavirus) can be
transmitted through air
Nosocommial transmission is possible
Shigellosis (blood dysentery) is mainly
transmitted person-to-person.
Dehydration
Mild Moderate Severe
Appearance irritable, irritable, lethargy,
thirsty very coma, or
thirsty unconscious
Anterior normal depressed markedly
Fontanelle depressed
Eyes normal sunken sunken
Dehydration
Mild Moderate Severe
Tongue normal dry very dry,
furred
Skin normal slow very slow
retraction retraction
Breathing normal rapid very rapid
Dehydration
Mild Moderate Severe
Pulse normal rapid and feeble or
low imperceptible
volume
Urine normal dark scanty
Weight < 5% 6 - 9% 10% or more
loss
Stool microscopy
Dark field microscopy of stool for cholera
Stool cultures
ELISA for rotavirus
Immunoassays, bioassays or DNA probe
tests to identify E. coli strains
Non-pharmacologic therapy:
Dietary management:
1. Discontinue consumption of solid foods and dairy
products for 24 h (valuable in osmotic diarrhea)
2. For patients who are experiencing nausea and/or
vomiting, a mild, digestible, low-residue diet
should be administered for 24 hours.
3. If vomiting is present and uncontrollable with
antiemetics, nothing is taken by mouth. As bowel
movements decrease, a bland diet is begun.
Rehydration and maintenance of water and
electrolytes
Increase fluid intake (fruit juice – contain glucose
and potassium)
Oral rehydration solution (ORS). The WHO formula
contains glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride and
bicarbonate in an isotonic fluid.
Glucose concentrations between 80 – 120 mmol/L
are needed to optimize sodium absorption in the
small intestine.
Sodium concentration = 75 mmol/L (higher
concentrations may cause hypernatremia)
Dose in mild/moderate diarrhea for adults: 2L/first
24 h followed by 200 ml per each loose stool
39% reduction in need for IVF
19% reduction in stool output
29% lower incidence of vomiting
Risk of hyponatremia not significant in any
type of diarrhea.
back
Takvani 20/04/2015 27
Home-made ORS: Sugar or molasses (40 g)
can be used as a substitute for glucose to
prepare home-made ORS. Common salt (5 g)
will be added to it and dissolved in one liter of
clean water.
Rice-ORS: Rice powder (50 g) can replace the
sugar or glucose. The amount of the other
salts will remain the same. These will be
dissolved in one liter of clean water to prepare
rice-based ORS. Studies showed that rice-
based ORS can reduce vomiting and diarrhea
more in some cases compared to the
conventional ORS prepared with glucose.
• Zinc has an additional modest benefit
• Reduces stool volume.
• Reduces duration of diarrhea.
Takvani 20/04/2015 30
• Dose: Elemental Zinc
20 mg/day for 6months and older for 14 days
10 mg/day Between 2-6 months.
• Any of zinc salts e.g., sulphate, gluconate or
acetate may be used. back
Takvani 20/04/2015 31
Indications of antidiarrheal agents:
1. Patients with mild to moderate acute diarrhea
2. Control chronic diarrhea caused by IBS or IBD
Contraindications:
Patients with bloody diarrhea, fever or systemic
toxicity (risk of worsening of the underlying
condition)
Discontinued in patients whose diarrhea is
worsening despite therapy
Pharmacologic therapy:
Drugs used for the treatment of diarrhea
include
1. Antimotility agents
2. Adsorbents
3. Antisecretory compounds
4. Antibiotics
5. Enzymes
6. Intestinal microflora.
Opioids agonists:
Action in the GIT (mediated by binding to opioid
receptors)
1. Increase segmentation and a decrease
propulsive movement → ↑ intestinal transit
time → ↑ absorption of water and electrolyte →
feces become more solid
2. Antisecretory
3. ↑ tone of the internal anal sphincter
4. ↓ response to the stimulus of a full rectum (by
their central action)
Mechanism of opioid action:
Takvani 20/04/2015 46
Mechanisms:
1. Protect the intestine by competing with
pathogens for attachment.
2. Strengthening tight junctions between
enterocytes
3. Enhancing the mucosal immune
response to pathogens.
Takvani 20/04/2015 47
Indications:
Takvani 20/04/2015 49
Resistance rates to cotrimoxazole exceed 30%
Cefixime 20mg/kg/day 5-7 days should be used
instead of quinolones.
If No response to cefixime in 3 days:;
Ceftriaxone 50-100mg/kg od for 2-5 days.
Takvani 20/04/2015 50
Metronidazole/Tinidazole should be used
when cases of acute dysentery fail to respond
to second line drugs for dysentery such as
cefixime or when a stool examination has
confirmed trophozoites of Entamoeba
hystolitica.
Takvani 20/04/2015 51
Adsorbents decrease the absorption of many
agents, including digoxin, clindamycin,
quinidine, and hypoglycemic agents