National Report On Thermal Solar Energy Exploitation With Focus On Domestic Hot Water Installations - Romania

Wide the SEE by Succ Mod
Romania National Report
Harghita Energy Management Public Service

&
UEM-CARDT
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not
necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not
responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
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Table of content
A) INTRODUCTION
1. General overview of the country:
1.1. Meteorology: temperatures, global daily radiation
1.2. Anaglyph / Relief (use of territory)
1.3. Population: evolution for the last 1 year, actual situation and forecast
1.4. Macroeconomic statistics (GDP, per capita GDP, Per main sector GDP percentage,
Sectors of activity, Employment – Unemployment, Indicators)
1.5. Statistical data for energy consumption, dependency on energy imports, price evolution,
forecast for energy consumption, CO 2 emissions (Kyoto Protocol commitments), etc
B) STATE OF THE MARKET
2. Overview of the national market situation
2.1. Solar collector production and sales
2.2. Estimated solar parks in present year
2.3. Estimated annual solar thermal energy production in present year, equivalent CO2
emissions avoided in current year (on the basis of oil)
2.4. Product types and solar thermal applications
2.5. Market share of major manufacturers (per product type and application)
2.6. Sector employment
2.7. Imports - Exports
C) STATE OF PRODUCTI ON
3. Main characteristics of production firms (size, concentration, mentality, financial
capacity etc.)
4. Product technology and production methods
4.1. Product technology description of typical solar domestic hot water systems
5. Breakdown of solar systems’ cost
5.1. Cost breakdown of a typical DHW system for a typical family house (VAT not included)
5.2. Cost breakdown of a Typical DHW system for an apartment (VAT not included)
5.3. Conventional water heating and energy prices
6. Technological state
7. Level of R&D and R&D expenditures of manufacturers
D) STATE OF MARKETING
8. Distribution and marketing methods

9. Incentives and financing methods
9.1. Past, present and future financial incentives
9.2. Public support for investments
9.3. Third party financing - TPF
E) FUTURE PROSPECTS
10. National energy policy:

10.1. Brief description of the present and past energy policies and the role of solar thermal
energy
10.2. Priorities of the current general energy policy
10.3. Energy mix of the country:
10.4. Share of renewable energies
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Table of content
10.5. Share of solar thermal energy

10.6. Targets to meet,
11. Driving forces of energy policy
11.1. Main actors:
11.2. Local bodies, specifications, certification
11.3. Workshop organizers, Professional training, Education for citizens, Trading companies
and manufacturers
12. Objectives for the solar industry / SWOT analysis:
12.1. Prospects for market development by sector
12.2. Description of major barriers by category
12.3. Strategy to overcome the barriers to market development
12.4. Description of main measures and actions needed to extend the solar thermal market by
category
12.5. Opportunities
F) CONCLUSIONS
G) BIBLIOGRAP HY
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A) INTRODUCTION
1. General overview of the country:

1.1. Meteorology: temperatures, global daily radiation
Romania is a country of South-eastern Europe. Romania borders Hungary and Serbia to the
west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south. Romania has a stretch of
sea coast along the Black Sea, and the eastern and southern Carpathian Mountains run through
its centre.
Since Romania has been part of the European Union on the 1st January 2007, it has had the
seventh largest population within the Union with an estimated 22,303,552 inhabitants and the ninth
largest territory with 238,391 km 2.
Statistics in brief:
Area: total: 238,391 km 2.
Land boundaries: total length 3,153 kilometres; border countries: Ukraine 169 km, Moldavia
450 km, Hungary 442 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Black Sea
Coastline: 245 km
Terrain: distributed roughly equally between mountainous, hilly and lowland territories
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Capital: Bucharest (2,2 million inhabitants, 2005)
Currency: Romanian LEU (RON), convertible
4,2 RON = 1 EUR (variable)
Climate - Temperate continental with clearly marked four seasons.

Romania's terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountainous, hilly and lowland
territories. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with fourteen of its peaks
reaching above the altitude of 2,000 metres. The highest mountain in Romania is Moldoveanu
Peak (2544 m). In south-central Romania, the Carpathians sweeten into hills, towards the Bărăgan
Plains.
There is certain symmetry in the physical structure of Romania. The country forms a complex
geographic unit centred on the Transylvanian Basin, around which the peaks of the Carpathian
Mountains and their associated sub ranges and structural platforms form a series of crescents.
Beyond this zone, the extensive plains of the south and east of the country, their potential
increased by the Danube and its tributaries, form a fertile outer crescent extending to the frontiers.
There is great diversity in the topography, geology, climate, hydrology, flora, and fauna.
Because of its position on the south-eastern portion of the European continent, Romania's
climate is temperate-continental with oceanic influences from the west, mediterranean ones from
southwest and continental-excessive ones from the northeast.
The hottest regions are located in the southern part. Climatic conditions are somewhat
modified by the country's varied relief. The Carpathians serve as a barrier to Atlantic air masses,
restricting their oceanic influences to the west and centre of the country. The mountains also block
the continental influences of the vast plain to the north in the Soviet Union, which bring frosty
winters and less rain to the south and southeast. In the extreme southeast, Mediterranean
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influences offer a milder, maritime climate. The average annual temperature is 11°C in the south
and 8°C in the north. In Bucharest, the temperature ranges from -15°C in January to 35°C in July,
with average temperatures of -3°C in January and 27°C in July. Rainfall, although adequate
throughout the country, decreases from west to east and from mountains to plains. Some
mountainous areas receive more than 1,010 millimetres of precipitation each year. Annual
precipitation averages about 635 millimetres in central Transylvania, 521 millimetres at Iasi in
Moldavia, and only 381 millimetres at Constanta on the Black Sea. Annual average temperature is
8°C in the north and 11°C in the south and varies with values of -2,5°C in the mountain areas
(Omu peak - Bucegi massif) and 11,6°C in the plain (Zimnicea town - Teleorman county). Annual
precipitations decrease in intensity from west to east, from 600 mm to 500 mm in the Romanian
Plain and under 400 mm in Dobrogea and in the mountain areas they reach 1000-1400 mm.
Mountain climate: The mountainous climatic region covers the mountain parts at altitudes
above 900-1.000 m. Temperatures decrease with height, whilst snowfalls increase. The snow
cover stays put for five to six months and is over 1.5 m thick. The average January temperatures
on the high mountain peaks reach up to -20°C and are around -5°C in the valleys and ski resorts.
Average summer temperatures vary between 12°C and 20°C.
The coastal climate is moderated by the Black Sea, but strong winds and violent local storms
are frequent during the winter. Winters along the Danube River are bitterly cold.
The average winter temperature drops at -3°C, and average summer temperature is between
22°C and 24°C. A minimum ever registered was -38.5°C in Brasov County and the maximum was
+44.5°C in Baragan region.
The annual average thickness of snow is 677 mm, slightly higher in mountainous area (above
1000 m), and lower at seashore.
The average solar radiation in Romania ranges from 1.300 to 1.500 kWh/m 2 per year.
Sunshine duration
The sunshine duration is the interval with shinning sun during a day and is expressed as hours
and tens of an hour.
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On the Romanian territory, the highest values, over 2300 hours annually, are recorded on the
Black Sea coast, as a result of the prevalence of the clear sky weather throughout most part of the
year, induced by the descending air in the proximity of the Black Sea.
The plain areas are different from one another through characteristic sunshine durations,
generated by the air mass circulation conditions. Thus, whereas in the Romanian Plain the mean
annual sunshine duration sums up more than 2100 hours in its eastern and south-eastern part and
more than 2200 hours in its centre and west, as a direct result of the continental air prevalence, in
the Western Plain the sunshine duration varies from 2047 hours at Satu Mare to 2178 hours at
Sinnicolau Mare.
The regions sheltered by the mountain summits benefit from a higher sunshine duration. The
annual duration thus exceeds 2000 hours in the Curvature and Getic Carpathians, in the Moldavian
Plain and also in the depressions at the foot of the Apuseni Mountains.
The hill and mountain areas, where the annual number of days with fog and overcast sky are
more frequent, the mean annual number of sunshine hours gradually decreases from 1900 hours
in the hill and plateau areas to less than 1600 hours at altitudes greater than 2500 m.a.s.l.
In the intermontane depressions the sunshine duration decreases sensibly because of the
obstacles that limit the horizon and of the persistence of fog and stratiform cloudiness, as a result
of the thermal inversions prevalence.
Global solar radiation

Energy generated by the sun is radiated outwards in all directions, and only a mere two
thousand-millionths is intercepted by the earth as light and infrared (heat) radiation. The intensity of
the sun's radiation (irradiance) at the top of the earth's atmosphere at the mean distance of the
earth from the sun is roughly constant - the solar constant - with an observed value of 1366
Watts/m2 ± 0.3%. However, on average, only about half of this energy reaches the earth's surface.
Approximately 30% is reflected back to space, and the remaining 20% is absorbed by clouds, dust,
and "greenhouse" gasses such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, and ozone. [more information]
Romanian solar radiation map

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Solar radiation reaching the surface is made up of two components, direct and diffuse. Direct
radiation is the part which travels unimpeded through space and the atmosphere to the surface;
and diffuse radiation is the part scattered by atmospheric constituents such as molecules,
aerosols, and clouds. In simple terms, direct radiation causes shadows, and diffuse is responsible
for sky light. The sum of the direct and diffuse components reaching a horizontal surface is global
radiation. The daily global solar radiation is the total solar energy for a day. Typical values for daily
global solar exposure range from 1 to 35 MJ/m2 (megajoules per square metre). The average
value over the 3 lowest months (May, June, and July) in Armidale is 10.9 Mj/m2. This is equivalent
to a power output of 0.3 Kw averaged over 10 hours.
Solar potential
In relation to solar radiation, the lunar deviation of the values on the Romanian territory
reaches maximum values in June (1.49 kWh/ m2/day) and minimum values in February (0.34 kWh/
m2/day).
Solar-thermal potential
Solar-thermal systems are mainly formed of plane solar traps or voided tubes, especially for
areas where solar radiation is the lowest in Europe. In making the energetic potential evaluations,
the applications related to water or precinct/swimming-pools heating (hot tap water, heating, etc),
were taken into consideration.
SOLAR-THERMAL ENERGETIC POTENTIAL
Parameter MU Technical Economic
Thermal power MWt 56000 48570
Thermal energy GWh/year 40 17
TJ/year 144000 61200
Thousand 3430 1450
tep/year
Intake area m2 80000 34000
Source: ANM, ICPE, ICEMENERG, 2006
Solar-photovoltaic potential
Both the network coupling photovoltaic applications, and the autonomous (not connected to
the network) applications were considered for isolated consumers.
SOLAR-PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGETIC POTENTIAL

Parameter MU Technical Economic
Peak power MWp 6000 4000
Electricity TWh/year 6.0 4.8
Thousand 516 413
tep/year
Occupied area Km2 60 40 (2m2/spot)
(3m2/spot)
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1.2. Anaglyph / Relief (use of territory)
Centred around the 45th parallel of the northern hemisphere and described either as a country
of the Balkans, or as a south-eastern European country, Romania offers a lot of geographical
contrasts. The Carpathian Mountains, covered with dense forests, enclose the Transylvanian
Plateau in a wide arc, a distinctive feature, evident at first glance on any map of Romania. On the
outside of this arc, the Moldavian Plateau stretches to the East and the Wallachian Plain to the
South.
The Carpathians, divided into Eastern, Southern and Western Carpathians, average 1200
meters in height. Their composition offers a rich geological diversity of sedimentary, metamorphic
and volcanic rocks. The highest peaks are Moldoveanu and Negoiu (more than 2500 meters) in the
Fagaras Mountains, of the Southern Carpathians. The mountains are crossed by many rivers: the
Olt, the Mures, the Prahova, the Bicaz, which create beautiful valleys and canyons, such as Turnu
Rosu in the Olt valley and spectacular gorges like the Bicaz Gorge, in the Eastern Carpathians.
There are also marvellous caves, the most famous being “Pestera Ursilor”. The mountains hold
granite and basalt quarries, as well as lead, bauxite, iron ore, copper ore, gold and uranium mines.
Enclosed by the massive walls of the Carpathians, there are depressions, which played an
important role in Romanian history. Romanians named them “countries” (the Oas Country, the Moti
Country, the Olt Country, the Maramures Country) even though they have never had any political,
social or administrative status.
The Subcarpathians form the transition between the Carpathians and the plains. The high hills
offer good conditions for orchards, vineyards and hay-making. The soil is rich in coal, salt and oil.
Some of the Romanian plateaus, such as the Transylvanian Plateau, are in the center of the
Carpathian arc, others, such as the Getic Plateau, the Moldavian Plateau, the Dobrudja Plateau
are on the outside. They are generally covered with beech and oak forests, and vineyards on the
gentler slopes. It is on these plateaus, where the famous Cotnari, Odobesti, Tarnave and Murfatlar
vineyards are located.
The Romanian or Wallachian Plain is surrounded by the Carpathians to the West and North,
by the Danube River to the South and by the Dobrudja Plateau and the Prut River to the East. It is
the “breadbasket” of the country, formed mostly of layers of loess and alluvial soil. On the eastern
part of this plain there are some sand dunes, salt lakes and the Baragan steppe, some of which
was converted into arable land. The Western or Banat Plain in the West is smaller than Wallachian
Plain.
Covering an area of 2500 square kilometres the Danube Delta in the East of the country is a
unique ecosystem in Europe. It is an extraordinary natural reservation consisting of marshes, sand
banks and floating reed islands, crossed by hundreds of water channels.
Almost all major rivers of Romania flow into the Danube which is the largest river of the
country and one of the largest in Europe. It forms the natural border to Serbia, Bulgaria and the
Ukraine. It is an important water route for domestic and international ships. A powerful
hydroelectric plant was built in 1972 at the Iron Gates straits, where the Danube dug a narrow
canyon across the Carpathians, to make its way toward the Black sea. Other major rivers are the
Olt, the Somes, the Mures, the Jiu, the Prut and the Siret, some of them being used for local
transportation or logging. Most of the hydroelectric potential of the rivers is being utilized. Mineral
springs with therapeutic properties have been long in use at Baile Herculane, Baile Felix, Tusnad,
Vatra Dornei, Olanesti, Calimanesti, etc. Many health resorts were built in these areas.
Romania’s considerable diversity of fauna and flora derives from the complexity of the relief.
One can distinguish the following three vegetation zones: alpine, forests and steppe. The alpine
zone begins at about 1600 m and consists of mountains pines, small bushes and shrubs scattered
on mountain meadows. The fauna is represented here by the bearded vulture and the chamois.
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Romania’s forests cover more than 25% of the land. The coniferous forest is intermingled with
birches and maples at lower altitude. The Transylvanian Plateau is covered with oak and beech
trees. Large oak forests can also be found in Dobrudja, in the Western Plain, across the northern
part of the Wallachian Plain and in southern Subcarpathians. Large numbers of deer, wolves,
bears, lynxes, squirrels, hawks and owls roam these forests.
Administratively Romania is divided into 42 counties (judete). Bucharest, the capital, is the
most important political, economical and cultural centre of the country. It is located on the
Dambovita River in the south-eastern part of the Wallachian Plain, and is surrounded by many
natural lakes and forest.
Other major cities are: Cluj, Timisoara, Jassy (Iasi), Constanta, Brasov, Sibiu, Arad, Oradea.
There are several port cities such as Sulina, Galati, Giurgiu, and Orsova on the Danube, and
Constanta on the Black Sea.
Romanian running waters are radial displayed, most of them having the springs in the
Carpathians. Their main collector is the Danube River, which cross es the country in the south on
1075 km length and flows into the Black Sea. In the mountain areas there are numerous glacial
lakes and recently, anthropic lakes which turn into account the rivers hydro-energetic potential.
The vegetation is determined by the relief and by pedo-climatic elements, being displayed in
floors. Mountain areas are covered by coniferous forests (especially spruce fir), mixture forests
(beech, fir-tree, spruce fir) and beech forests. Higher peaks are covered by alpine lawns and
bushes of dwarf pine, juniper, bilberry a.s.o. In the hills and plateaus there are broad-leaved
forests, prevailing beech, common oak or durmast oak; the main forests species often met on low
hills and high plains are Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto. The steppe and silvosteppe
vegetation, which covered the areas of low humidity in Dobrogea Plateau, Romanian Plain,
Moldova Plateau and Western Plain has been mostly replaced by agricultural crops.
1.3. Population: evolution for the last 1 year, actual situation and forecast
The population structure is composed as follows: 48,9% male, 51,1% female with a density of
94.8 inhabitants / sq km. Romanian-speaking people represent about 86% of the population. As
ethnic minorities, Hungarian and Germans live mainly in Banat and Transylvania, Serbians in
Banat, and Jews throughout Romania. The Gypsies form one of the largest ethnic groups. Some of
them live a nomadic life, others are settled near large cities like Bucharest and Constanta. A limited
number of Russians, Bulgarians and Turks live in Dobrudja, Ukrainians in Maramures and northern
Moldavia.
In 2008, Romania's population continued its falling trend, going down to 21.5 million people on
31 December, 0.14% less than in 2007, on the background of a higher number of deaths, as
compared to live births, the National Institute of Statistics announced on Monday.
On 1 January 2008, Romania's population was 21.53 million people. According to INS, last
year, 222,700 babies were born, 8,000 more than in 2007, so that the birth rate increased to 10.4
live births per 1,000 inhabitants, as against 10‰ in 2007. In 2008, 252,200 deaths were registered,
1,200 more than in 2007, the general death rate thus increasing to 11.8 deaths per 1000
inhabitants, as compared to 11.7‰ in 2007. The infant death rate (deaths under one year per
1,000 live births) dropped to 10.9 ‰ in 2009, as against 12‰ in 2007, due to a decrease in the
number of under one-year-old deaths from 2,574 to 2,438. Last year, the natural increase was -
30.400 people, as against 37,200 people in 2007, and the natural increase rate rose to -1.4 people
per 1,000 inhabitants, from 1.7‰ in 2007. In 2008, 1,000 dead births were also registered, the
dead/birth rate dropping to 4.5 dead births per 1,000 live + dead births, from 4.7 ‰ in 2007.
The number of marriages decreased by 40,100 as compared to 2007, to 149,200, and the
nuptiality rate was 6.9 marriages per 1,000 inhabitants, as against 8.8% in 2007. The high number
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of marriages in 2007 was registered following the adoption of Law No 396/30.10.2006 on the
granting of financial support for the newly wed, according to data from the INS.
In 2008, 33,500 divorces were granted, 2,800 less than in 2007, the divorce rate reaching 1.56
divorces per 1,000 inhabitants, as against 1.69‰.
1.4. Macroeconomic statistics (GDP, per capita GDP, Per main sector GDP percentage,
Sectors of activity, Employment – Unemployment, Indicators)
GDP Industrial
Inflation Unemployment
Year Population annual production
Rate [%] Rate [%]
increase [%] increase [%]
1999 22,458,022 -1.2 -2.2 45.8 11.8
2000 22,435,205 +2.1 +7.1 45.7 10.5
2001 22,408,393 +5.7 +8.3 34.5 8.8
2002 21,794,793 +5.0 +4.3 22.5 8.4
2003 21,733,556 +5.2 +3.1 15.3 7.4
2004 21,673,328 +8.4 +5.3 11.9 6,3
2005 21,623,849 +4.1 +2.0 8.6 5,9
2006 21,570,000 +7.9 +7.4 4.87 5,4
2007 21,530,000 +6.2 -5,6 4.7 5,6
Source: statistical data - National Institute of Statistics, National Commission of Statistics
The GDP/capita, in figure 2, still has low values in comparison with the average in EU. In 2004
this value was 8.1 times lower than the average in EU 25 if the comparison is made on the
exchange rate RON/EUR or 3.1 times lower if we use the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). In 2006
it was registered also a strong valuation (8%) of the Romanian currency reported to the Euro. The
annual average exchange rate for 2006 was 1 Euro= 3.5245 RON.
Taking into account the Romania accession to EU, it is expected that after 2010 the Romania
development will approach the level of the countries which accessed the EU in 2004.
A large part of the Romanian population (approx. 45%) lives in rural areas. About 70,000 rural
households are still not electrified. 40% of these are in the Western Mountains of Transylvania.
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The energy sector in Romania is still plagued by the specific problems faced by most countries
in transition:
- low efficiency of energy production and usage;
- high marginal cost of energy production;
- poor legislative, institutional and regulatory infrastructure, plus administrative
inefficiency leading to high transaction costs;
- increases in energy prices that consistently exceed the general rate of inflation;
- low collection rates especially from industrial users but also from individual consumers
because of the high share of energy bills in total household expenditure;
1.5. Statistical data for energy consumption, dependency on energy imports, price
evolution, forecast for energy consumption, CO 2 emissions (Kyoto Protocol
commitments), etc
Energetic intensity
A special indicator used to forecast the energy consumption is the energetic intensity. The
energetic intensity of a country is defined as the relation between the total consumption of energy
and the domestic gross product.
According to the data published by Eurostat, Romania’s energetic intensity was in 2006, 5.6
ori times higher than the EU27 average. The progress made due to the reduction of this indicator is
more substantial in the case of Romania than in the case of most EU countries. If in Romania, the
energetic intensity dropped by 22.7%, between 2000 and 2006, at the level of the EU, the
energetic intensity dropped by 5.4% in the same period. The high percentage of the industrial
sector and the predominance of energy intensive industrial branches (metallurgy, chemistry,
cement, cellulose and paper production) do not allow a more rapid reduction of the level of this
indicator. Also, the large scale use of obsolete technologies in industry, which are energy-
intensive, and the low energetic efficiency of the residential sector, contribute to the maintenance
of the high level of energetic intensity in our country.
The data found in the Energetic Strategy of Romania for 2007-2020, document approved by
the G.D. no. 1069/2007, indicated for Romania, in 2005, a primary energetic intensity of 0.492 tep/
euro 1000, at the exchange rate parity, and of 0.225 tep/ euro 1000 at the purchasing power parity,
and the final energetic intensity, for the same year, was of 0.308 tep/ euro 1000 at the exchange
rate parity, and of 0.141 at the purchasing power parity. These values are 1.4 times or respectively
1.34 times higher than the EU-25 average.
In relation to electricity intensity, the same document indicated a value of 0.491 kWh/ euro
1000 at the exchange rate parity, and of 0.225 kWh /euro 1000 at the purchasing power parity.
Thus, the electricity intensity is 2.18 times higher than the EU-25 average, if the DGP is considered
at the exchange rate parity, but is 9 % below the EU average if the DGP is expressed at
purchasing power parity.
Structure of the final energy consumption
Based on the data at national level, published by the National Institute of Statistics, the
economic activities represent 70% from the final energy consumption, and the population has 30%.
Industry and constructions represent approximately 40% from the national energetic consumption,
transportation and communications have 19%, while agriculture has around 1% from the energetic
consumption.
The economic increase recorded in the last decade has also determined an increase in the
energy consumption both in the economic, and in the household sectors. The energy consumption
increased from 37971 thousand tep (tons of oil equivalent) to 39159 thousand tep. The final
consumption/ inhabitant increased in the same period, by 7.3%, reaching 1.818 tep in 2007.
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Perceptible changes in the structure of energy consumption at national level were recorded
Industry decreased from 41.7% in 2001, to 39.9% in 2007, agriculture from 1.3% to 1%, and the
residential sector, from 32.1% to 30.2%. The percentage represented by transportation increased
from 17.7% to 18.9% and the percentage for other services activities, increased from 7.3% to
9.9%.
The data published by the National Institute of Statistics shows that 55.8% from the final
electricity consumption recorded at national level in 2007 was realized in industry, the residential
consumption holds a rate of 25.4% from the total, all the other economic sectors having much
lower rates (transportation 3.6%, agriculture 1.3%) (see table 12 annex).
In relation to the structure of the thermal energy consumption, the residential consumption has
a net prevalence (71.6%), being followed by the industrial sector consumption and by constructions
(17.6%), all the other domains gathering around 10% from the final consumption of thermal energy.
Energy Balance, 2003
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Population, cost of living and energy
Kyoto Protocol commitments

Romania signed the UNFCCC in 1992, at the Rio Earth Summit and ratified it by Law no.
24/1994. Romania is the first country included in the Annex I of the UNFCCC that ratified the Kyoto
Protocol to the UNFCCC by Law no. 3/2001, committing itself to reduce the GHG emissions with
8%, in the first commitment period 2008-2012. Comparing to the base year (through the Decision
9/CP.2 it was agreed that Romania will use 1989 as a base year, instead of 1990). Romania has
the same 8% reduction target as the EU 15.
According to the last inventory submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat and taking into account
the projections of GHG emissions for 2008-2012, (presented in the Forth National Communication
of Romania to the UNFCCC) there is a great probability for Romania to meet the Kyoto Protocol’s
commitments to reduce GHG emissions in the first commitment period (2008-2012) even
considering a sustained strong economical development requested by the objective to reach the
level of EU initial member states in a definite timeframe.
Although the mechanisms provided by the Kyoto Protocol are “voluntary”, Romania has
successfully been involved in developing JI projects in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. Thus,
Romania signed 10 Memoranda of Understanding with different countries (Switzerland, the
Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Austria, Sweden, France, Italy and Finland) as well with the World
Bank’s Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) establishing the legal framework for Joint Implementation
(JI) projects.
Until now, 15 JI projects are in different stages of development. Most of the approved projects
involve the local authorities, focusing on: rehabilitation of district heating systems (especially by
using renewable energy sources - sawdust, geothermal), and recovery of methane generated by
urban waste landfills.
The amount of emission reduction units (ERU) committed in these projects is about 10 million
tones of CO 2 equivalent (2008 -2012), the transfer of the ERU will be performed by the MESD after
2008 based on the monitoring reports verified by accredited independent entities.
Trends of GHG emissions

The aggregated GHG emissions trends reflect the main characteristics of the country’s
economic development. A restructuring process of the industry and a transition to the market
economy characterized the period 1989-2004. In the same time, the first reactor at the Cernavoda
nuclear power plant started to operate in full capacity in 1996 having also an effect on reducing
overall GHG emissions. After 1999, the improvement of the economic indicators and the starting of
the EU accession process have been reflected in a slight increase of the overall GHG emissions.
UEM-CARDT pag 10
The total GHG emissions, excluding removals by sinks, decreased with 43.3% in the period
1989-2004, and the net GHG emissions (taking into account the CO2 removals) decreased with
50.2% in the same period.
In absolute values, the total GHG emissions in 2004, amounted 160,059.73 Gg CO2
equivalent, compared with the base year emissions level of 282,467.18 Gg CO2 equivalent.
Energy is the most important sector for total GHG emissions of Romania. The energy sector
accounted for 71% of the total GHG emissions in 2004. The GHG emissions generated in the
energy sector decreased with 40.5% comparing with the base yea
Based on the trends presented and the projections developed, there is a great probability for
Romania to meet these commitments with the existing policies and measures.
Romania was the first Annex I Party that ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2001. Romania has
chosen to ratify first, and then to establish the national systems for implementation. Romania has
committed to reduce its GHG emissions by 8% in 2008-2012 (base year 1989). Already in 2001,
Romania’s total aggregated gross GHG emissions proved a decrease down to ca. 58% of the 1989
value.
This large decrease is however mainly due to the industrial production cutbacks. Within the
efforts towards a sustained economic growth, Romania’s GHG emissions are expected to increase
slightly till 2008 unless Romania is able to prevent emissions by implementing energy efficiency
and other GHG emissions reduction measures (GHG emissions in Romania origin mainly from fuel
combustion). In 2003, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forests, Waters and Environment in co-operation
with interested stakeholders is considering a framework for a National Action Plan on Climate
Changes.
Under the Kyoto Protocol’s Article 6 joint implementation (JI) mechanism, Romania
UEM-CARDT pag 11
envisages selling any “additional” emission reduction units (ERUs) from projects, to other Annex I
countries that may need to buy. Because of its relatively high level of energy intensity, Romania
has a great potential to attract investments through the JI mechanism. Romania has signed
bilateral JI agreements with Switzerland, the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Denmark, Sweden and
the World Bank’s Prototype Carbon Fund. In September 2003, Romania is having 8 JI projects in
different stages of development, in co-operation with the above-mentioned states and organization,
and several others are in the negotiation phase.
Due to the fact that Romania was passed over in the first wave EU accession, it will
continue to employ the JI framework for developing emissions abatement projects for several years
after its neighbours are engaged in the EU ETS. These do not mean that the Emissions Trading
will be forgotten in Romania.
EU-ETS
The legal framework for the implementation of the EU-ETS in Romania is provided by the
Governmental Decision no. 780/2006 regarding the establishment of the greenhouse gas emission
trading scheme, which transpose the Directives 2003/87/EC and 2004/101/EC.
As part of the preparation for participating in the scheme, Romania developed the National
Allocation Plan (NAP), which was submitted to the European Commission. The NAP states the
total amount of allowances that the Romanian Government intends to issue during the periods
(2007 and 2008 – 2012), and the way these allowances are distributed among the installations
subject to the scheme. The Romanian NAP includes the last year of Phase I (2007) as well as the
entire Phase II. The NAP becomes operational after it is approved by the Romanian Government
following the final decision of the European Commission.
3.1.1.2. Renewable energy resources

The EU SDS pays special attention to increasing the share of renewable energy in the energy
consumption and in the electricity consumption. Taking into account the new EU commitments on
energy, the Romanian Ministry for Economy and Finance has just drafted a reviewed national
Strategy on Energy.
3.1.2 Specific national/ NSDS actions in this field
Specific national climate change actions

The main goal presented at that time in the NSDS was that Romania must observe the
provisions of the UNFCCC, in particular those related to stabilizing the GHG emissions at the 1990
level by 2000. Romania not only met the GHG emissions limitation objective but reduced the
overall GHG emissions by more than 50% by the year 2000. In the same time, Romania continued
to improve the climate change related framework by developing a strategy and an action plan on
climate change in the light of the Kyoto Protocol provisions.
National Strategy and National Action Plan on Climate Change

In 2005, through the National Strategy on Climate Change (NSCC) and the National Action
Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) the Romanian Government has taken important steps towards
a targeted and coordinated national effort to meet the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol commitments,
to stabilize GHG emissions at current levels and to consider the expected climate change impacts
and their respective adaptation measures.
UEM-CARDT pag 12
NSCC outlines Romania’s national priorities concerning climate change in the period 2005-
2007, addressing the requirements resulting from the EU accession. NSCC also specifies the
environmental and economic benefits for Romania regarding the participation in the application of
the flexible mechanisms provided by the Kyoto Protocol, especially Joint Implementation (JI) and
International Emissions Trading (IET). NSCC was followed immediately by the NAPCC, which
prioritized the actions needed to implement the strategy at all levels and in the same time it
operationalized the NSCC’s objectives into specific actions. Clear timeframes for the actions to be
carried out have been set, and sources of funding for the specific actions were identified, where
possible. During 2007, both documents will be updated and approved before the start of the first
commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, taking into account the new obligations after Romania’s
accession to the EU.
National Commission on Climate Change
The National Commission on Climate Change is the inter-ministerial body in charge of
evaluating the JI project proposals and recommending a decision to the Minister of Environment
and Sustainable Development, considering the sole responsibility of the
MESD in approving the JI projects. The National Commission on Climate Change was
reorganized in mid-2006, in order to define its roles and competencies in relation to activities
carried out for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
Adaptation to climate change effects
During the last years, extreme events affected Romania: river flooding, flashfloods, drought,
heavy snow, forests and land fire, heat waves, coastal flooding, tornadoes, avalanches.
In 2005, Romania faced the maximum flows of Danube in the last 100 years (more than
3
15,000 m /s) experiencing catastrophic floods. Also, it is expected that 2007 will be the warmest
year recorded in the history.
Until now, the water management sector integrated climate change issues in the planning
activities. The integration of adaptation to climate change into the development of relevant sectoral
policies will continue with the Climate Change National Adaptation Plan. This document will be
prepared by the end of 2007, under an interdisciplinary working group established in December
2006.
Renewable energy
The promotion and fosterage of the power generation from renewable resources is seen as a
measure for reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and reduce the dependence on imported
energy resources.
Starting with 2003, Romania adopted various regulations for promoting energy efficiency and
electricity generation from renewable sources:
• G.D. no 443/2003 on promoting renewable energy sources, further amended, establishing
the legal framework for the promotion of the programs regarding the increase of the contribution of
renewable sources to the electricity generation;
• G.D. no 1892/2004 on establishing the promotion system for electricity produced from
renewable energy sources, further amended;
• G.D. no 1535/2003 on approving the strategy for using renewable energy sources;
• Law no. 199/2000 on the efficient use of energy, further amended by Law no 56/2006;
• Law no. 13/2007 on energy.
UEM-CARDT pag 13
The Law on energy promotes the use of new and renewable energy sources and gives the
possibility to the Government to approve support schemes for promoting electricity generation from
renewable sources.
In May 2007, a draft of the National Strategy on Energy was prepared by the Ministry of
Economy and Finance. The targets on renewable sources provided in this document, including
hydropower energy, are as follows:
- the share of electricity from renewable sources in the national gross production of
electricity should reach 33% until 2010, 35% in 2015 and 38% in 2020;
- the share of electricity from renewable sources in the national gross consumption of
primary energy resources should reach 11% until 2010.
A preliminary estimation of the potential of renewable energy in Romania is shown in the table
bellow:
Annual
Source Purpose
Potential
60 PJ/year Heat
Solar energy
1,2 TWh Electricity
Wind energy 23 TWh Electricity
36 TWh
Hydro energy below 10 MW Electricity
3,6 TWh
Biomass and biogas 318 PJ Heat , Electricity
Geothermal energy 7 PJ Heat
The Romanian hydraulic potential technically developable is 36,000 GWh/year from which,
30,000 GWh/year (taking into consideration the developable economic potential) can be exploited,
in terms of economic efficiency, considering the present situation of prices in the energy market, for
hydroelectric power plants with a total capacity of power of 8,000MW.
At the end of 2006 the installed capacity in hydroelectric power plants was 6,346 MW, the
projected energy for the hydrological medium year being evaluated at 17,340 GWh/year.
Therefore, the accounted degree of the available technical potential is presently 48% and the
available economic potential is 57.6%.
The draft of the National Strategy on Energy contains a map of renewable energy sources
potential on the territory of Romania.
Cost and benefits

With the exception of large hydropower plants, the cost of energy production in units of
renewable energy sources is higher compared with the energy production from fossil energy
sources. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources takes into consideration different
supporting mechanisms used at European level.
Promotion of bio-fuels
Pollution reduction represents another reason for promoting the use of bio-fuels or other
renewable fuels as replacements of diesel or petrol for transport purposes.
Romania transposed the Directive 2003/30/EC by Governmental Decision no. 1844/2005 on
promoting the use of bio-fuels and other renewable fuels for transport, and for accomplishing the
5.75% objective by 31 December 2010 under the Governmental Decision no. 456/2007, which set
gradual targets on bio-fuels content for operators placing fuels on the market.
UEM-CARDT pag 14
An approximately 300,000 tones of bio-fuels and bio-ethanol will be needed annually from
2010, taking into consideration the quantities of fuels annually consumed and the obligations
resulted from the Governmental Decision no. 1844/2005. Romania has the potential of supplying
the necessary raw materials, for bio-fuels and bio-ethanol production to accomplish the targets
assumed. For example, the potential of supplying the necessary raw materials for bio-fuels
production, namely vegetable oil (sunflower, bean oil, rape) is of approximately 500-550,000 tones
per year, a level that determines the achievement of a similar bio-diesel production level
(approximately 500-550,000 tones per year). Therefore, the conditions for accomplishing the 10%
objective for bio-fuels by 2020 are assured, on the basis of energy content, of all petrol and diesel
for transport purposes placed on the market, as specified in the document “An energy policy for
Europe”.
Romania has an important potential in the agriculture field (compared with the EU average).
Taking into account this potential as well as the role played by biofuels for combating climate
changes and improving energy security of supply the Ministry of Economy and Finance has
already carried out a set of actions aiming at promoting the use of bio-fuels and other renewable
fuels. In this context, the new Fiscal Code provides a tax exemption for production of bio-fuels and
other renewable fuels.
UEM-CARDT pag 15
B) STATE OF THE MARKET
2. Overview of the national market situation
2.1. Solar collector production and sales
Romania has exploited a significant amount of solar resources in the past, but since 1990, the
manufacturing, installation and research and development has virtuall y ceased. The potential
market for solar applications is very large but specific incentives will be needed in order for this
potential to be realized.
In Romania, since 1979, a large scale program for various solar applications was
implemented; solar domestic hot water systems for hotels at the Black Sea and for apartment
blocks, solar house near Bucharest, solar drying for agricultural products in the South Plain, solar
cooling for fish preservation in Dobrogea region, industrial applications. A lot of efforts have been
made in research and development activities and an important human potential and infrastructure
were available. The peak of installations occurred in 1984-85.
The poor quality of the equipment and installation made in Romania and the lack of
maintenance in
many of the early installations resulted in a deep dissatisfaction, creating an additional barrier
to further solar energy utilization. The manufacturing, installation, research and development
activities have practically stopped since 1990 because of the market reforming and the resulting
difficult economic situation.
The annual market of solar collectors for household systems is rather low; because a great
part of the population currently faces enormous financial problems and few people can afford the
investment in solar systems. Big parts (90%) of the sales of solar systems belong to those who
build new houses or new private hotels.
UEM-CARDT pag 16
The technologies applied for solar thermal energy conversion are the same as the ones
applied in other European countries.
The solar thermal installations, implement under different programs, were mainly for:
- Hot water in public buildings (hospitals, kindergartens, city halls etc.), in domestic and tourist
sector;
- Solar dryers in agricultural products industries (one installation for cereal drying in Calarasi
County).
The main clients in the collective sector are as follows:
- hotels and holiday sector;
- swimming pools – public and private;
- industry – for wood processing and agricultural products.
Already in the 80s, solar domestic hot water systems, solar drying and cooling and industrial
applications were developed. The size, variety and distribution all over the country of the solar
systems installed were impressive.
Till 1989, 1,000,000 m2 solar collectors, mainly flat plate, were manufactured and installed in
Romania, within large systems up to 9,000 m2. Evolution of solar collector installations in Romania
is shown in the following figure.
The peak of installations occurred in 1984-1985. The poor quality of the equipment and
installation and the lack of maintenance resulted to a deep dissatisfaction, creating an additional
barrier for further solar energy utilization.
After 1990, the low conventional fuel prices and the poor availability reduced the interest for
further necessary efforts.
Only a very small part (about 7%) of the 1.000.000 m 2 installed collectors area, is still in
operation.
After 1989, the solar thermal applications were abandoned. A very small part of the former
installed collectors is still in operation, producing some 15 TJ heat, in majority for drying
applications.
Only after the year 2000 there were registered the first signals regarding the development of a
solar thermal applications market. The most attractive niche market seems to be the small size
systems (4-8 m 2), for hot water in buildings.
UEM-CARDT pag 17
2.2. Estimated solar parks in present year
Glazed collectors 100.000 square metres

If we consider that the thermal solar systems for heat and hot water are practically related
directly to the area covered by buildings it is possible to evaluate in this way the technical solar
thermal potential. The technically usable area for solar collectors is approximately 25 percent of the
roof area of buildings. As the area of buildings roof in Romania is about 220 km², it results that 56
km² of these could be used for solar collector. Following these rough considerations, the technical
potential for the output of solar thermal systems results 80 PJ/year, a figure close to the one
mentioned in the Strategy for renewable development.
A solar heat collectors output of 60 PJ/year may replace almost 50 percent of the households’
hot water supply or 15 percent of the thermal energy used in the current heating, today. Under the
present meteorological-solar conditions, in Romania, a solar heat collector is usually functional
from March to October with 40 – 90 percent efficiency.
Together with modern collectors installed in the last year, only some 90 TJ solar heats are
produced today.
Under the Strategy provisions, about 7.34 ktoe/year (307 TJ) will be produced in 2010, by
215,000 square metres of collectors.
The most favourable area is the Black Sea coast with an insulation period of above 2300
hours/year. In Romania, the proper inclination for the solar panels is 450 for the whole year, south
orientated.
2.3. Estimated annual solar thermal energy production in present year, equivalent CO 2
emissions avoided in current year (on the basis of oil)
In Romania, the average solar radiation ranges on horizontal area from 1,100 too 1,300
kWh/m 2 per year for more than half of the country area. The solar thermal potential is estimated to
60 PJ/year (1400 ktoe/year).
Thus the solar radiation on horizontal area for Romania is approximately 200 million GWh per
year (i.e. the theoretical potential for solar energy).
100.000 m 2 x 400 kWh/m 2 = 40.000 MWh/year
Romania: 40.000 MWh x 0,31 tone CO2/MWh = 12.400 tonnes CO 2/year
2.4. Product types and solar thermal applications
The poor quality of the equipment and installations and the lack of maintenance in many of the
early installations resulted in a deep dissatisfaction, creating an additional barrier for further solar
energy utilisation.
A small part (about 10%) of the installed 1.000.000 square metres of collectors area is still in
operation.
The size, variety and distribution all over the country of the solar systems installed are very
impressive. This was due to the centralised economic system.
Installations in hotels at the Black Sea coast amounted totally to 180.000 square metres and
were as large as 9.000 square metres (e.g. 9.126 square metres Venus I, 9.800 square metres
Deha - Mangalia).
Most DHW systems were installed for large apartment blocks, connected in series with
conventional equipment or district heating. The average size was 2.000 square metres per system.
The size of the solar systems in the industry sector was in the range of 100-1.200 square
metres per application.
UEM-CARDT pag 18
Solar systems for drying agricultural products were installed mainly in the South Plain. The
average size was 1.200 square metres.
Concentrating collectors were developed and installed for various applications, e.g. 3.174
square metres Sabaru-Sector Agricol Ilfov for drying vegetables, 1.800 square metres for
honey/wax melting in the alpine region (Carpathians).
Solar cooling (making ice for fish preservation) was developed and demonstrated.
Several types of collectors were produced by 7 public owned companies. Generally, the quality
was low and the efficiency was decreasing in time.
During the same period (1980-1990), there was a large effort in R+D including quality testing.
Several Research Centres participated in this effort, creating a significant source of experienced
personnel. Unfortunately, most of the promising results have not been introduced into the market
for commercial applications.
Under the circumstances, all this activity that took place in the ’80s had good results.
A new era for solar thermal applications is about to start.
The potential market for solar thermal systems is very large in Romania and past experience
will be used as a very valuable lesson.
It is clear that efficient and durable solar equipment is not “cheap” anywhere around the world,
but it is affordable. Of course, this means hard time, at least for some years, in competing with the
present fossil fuel pricing system.
Short term actions must aim at the most promising applications:
Solar domestic hot water represents the mostly installed collector area all over. Furthermore, it
is replacing high quality fuels or electricity, proved as an excellent Demand Side Measure for
utilities.
For Romania, of special importance is the way of protecting the systems against freezing,
since winter temperatures may be well beyond 0 degrees. The most popular way is the utilization
of propylene – glycol mixture with water. The system as a type should be executed in a way that it
implements an indirect contact between the working (solar) fluid with the domestic water through
heat – exchanger. Other method is emptying the installation during cold months.
A Decree for the obligatory installation of a (certified) DHW system in every new building is the
most suitable measure. This action will have many effects as it provides warranty for a large
market. Technology and marketing expertise transferred from other European countries will
increase quality and competitiveness.
Incentives and soft loans available for solar system applications in the sectors of industry and
agriculture are necessary.
2.5. Market share of major manufacturers (per product type and application)
Although the Romanian solar-thermal market is still small, the companies on this market are
ready to distribute and install all types of equipment necessary for solar water heating.
Although there is no large request for solar-thermal systems in Romania, the number of
producers and distributors on the market is important and has an increasing trend. Local producers
are offering traditional, quite cost effective, solar panels. Other West European companies
commercialise equipment that is more efficient. However, the number of installed equipment is
very low (about 400 m 2/year), a real market still waiting to be opened.
VIESSMANN ROMANIA
The Viessmann group is one of the most important European manufacturers of heating
technology products. Viessmann produces heating equipment in ten factories, both in Germany
and abroad. Their subsidiaries comprises a total of 33 countries, including Romania. The main
UEM-CARDT pag 19
products on the Romanian market are small and medium size gas heating systems. Additionally,
Viessmann sells in Romania also solar thermal equipment.
The VIESSMANN ROMANIA solar products range comprises Vitocell B100 and Vitocell B300
boilers as well as Vitosol 100 collectors, designed for these boilers.
HORNOFF TRADE CONSULT (HTC) – VAILLANT
Vaillant Hepworth Group ensures with their experience, top performance in heating
technologies, building materials, home products and automotive. The company’s head office is
based in Remscheid, Germany. VAILLANT is represented in Romania by HORNOFF TRADE
CONSULT (HTC). HTC range of products includes solar thermal components as VIH S 300/400
boiler, VFK 2.0 collector, VRC-Set S comfort regulator and a solar station.
SC IAICA-SA ALEXANDRIA
IAICA Alexandria is a Romanian producer of solar-thermal systems, since 1997. The
organization is specialized in producing equipment for heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
IAICA Alexandria produces and distributes solar collectors and different thermo siphon operation
solar systems IST.
CORINA-GEALAN SRL - Solar Installations Department
CORINA-GEALAN is a Romanian company founded in 1994. The company is a part of the
German company GEALAN, mainly known as windows producers. In Romania their main business
is centred on aluminium and PVC frame windows. At the same time, the company promotes solar-
thermal systems, and central heating systems. CORINA-GEALAN SRL distributes HELIOSTAR
vacuum solar collectors, MAZDON vacuum tubes and various types of boilers.
SOLARCOM INDUSTRIAL
 Business type: importer
 Product types: solar water heating systems, solar water pumping systems, wind energy
systems (small).
 Service types: installation, engineering, maintenance and repair services
 Address: Aniversarii 29, sector 3, Bucuresti, Bucharest, Rou Romania 7000
 Telephone: +40724504345 , FAX: +40213236078
ALTENERGY SOLUTIONS
Advanced thermal solutions based on high efficiency equipments: solar panels, heat pumps,
biomass energy boilers, electric and gas boilers. Extended range of accessories for different
technical solutions. Professional consultancy in optimizing thermal systems.
 Business type: retail sales, wholesale supplier
 Product types: solar thermal energy, solar collectors evacuated tube, solar collectors flat
plate, solar water heating systems, solar water heating components, biomass energy
boilers, condensing boilers.
 Service types: consulting, installation
 Address: Mihai Bravu, 206, Ploiesti, Prahova Romania 100410
ACTIV CONSTRUCT SRL
 Product types: photovoltaic systems, building integrated photovoltaic systems, solar water
heating systems, air heating system components, air cooling system components,
 Service types: project development services
 Address: Nicolae LEONARD str., No 18, Bucuresti, Sector 2 Romania S2
 Telephone: +40 (0)740 179 667, FAX: +40 (0) 216 53 46 89
UEM-CARDT pag 20
AEROSOLAR
 Business type: manufacturer, retail sales, wholesale supplier, importer
 Product types: wind turbines (small), wind energy towers and structures (small), wind
power plants, solar electric power systems, solar tracking systems, solar charge controllers,
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Generator..
 Service types: installation, construction, engineering
 Address: Principala, Pietroasele, Buzau Romania 127470
 Telephone: +40. 727 284 923, FAX: +40. 238 716 543
ASCORA ECOTERM
 Business type: retail sales, wholesale supplier, importer
 Product types: electric bicycles, hydroelectric turbines (small), photovoltaic systems, solar
water heating systems, wind turbines (small), wind energy systems (small).
 Service types: consulting, installation, engineering, project development services,
maintenance and repair services
 Address: Str. Bolocani Nr.2, Scorteni, Prahova Romania 107525
 Telephone: +40 (0)722 210523, FAX: +40 (0)244 355778
INTERGREEN
 Product types: solar electric power systems, hydro energy systems (small), photovoltaic
systems, wind energy systems (small), solar water heating systems, alternative homes and
buildings, alternative energy products.
 Service types: consulting, installation, engineering, project development services
 Address: str. Carpenului,nr.8, Pitesti, Arges ROMANIA 110301, Telephone: 0754585605
MONSSON ALM A SRL

 Business type: wholesale supplier, importer
 Product types: heat pumps, photovoltaic systems, solar thermal electric power systems,
solar collectors evacuated tube, geothermal energy systems, solar water heating systems.
 Service types: consulting, design, installation, construction, engineering, project
development services
 Address: Tomis Avenue No. 308, Constanta, Romania 900407, FAX: +40 241 611 244
SOLARA.RO
 Product types: solar water heating systems, solar electric power systems, wind power
generators, alternative homes and buildings, pasive house, zero energy house.
 Address: str. D. Barceanu 8, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj Romania 400048
 Telephone: +40264434832, FAX: +40264434833
SOLARTEC SOLARSYSTEMS SRL

 Product types: solar garden lights, solar outdoor lighting systems, solar pool heating
system components, solar pool heating systems, solar roofing systems, solar water heating
systems, water storage systems, photovoltaic systems,solar water pumping systems, wind
energy systems, heat pumps, pool heat pumps,.
 Address: Botizului 10, Satu Mare, Romania 440101
 Telephone: +40 723 482 774
UEM-CARDT pag 21
SOLTECH AG SERV SRL
 Product types: solar thermal energy, solar collectors evacuated tube, solar collectors flat
plate, solar pool heating systems.
 Service types: installation
 Address: str. Arges 6, Eforie Sud, Constanta Romania
 Telephone: 0040-241-748209, FAX: 0040-241-748209
TIM&JO SRL
 Business type: retail sales, wholesale supplier, exporter, importer
 Product types: photovoltaic modules, solar water heating systems, wind turbines (small),
water filtering and purification systems, emergency manual chargers for GSM, especially
for NOKIA, infrared heating panels, inverters.
 Service types: installation
 Address: Str. Donath 107/40, Cluj-napoca, Romania 400331
 Telephone: +40744409896; +40745321231
 FAX: +40364815643
Each company managed to gain an image on the Romanian solar-thermal market, even if
there was no intensive promotion of the solar-thermal technology benefits to the general public.
CORINA-GEALAN and VIESSMANN are the most representative companies on this incipient
market. MSTC, GERMAN TECH, SOLART International and HORNOFF TRADE CONSULT follow.
This ranking should be accepted as a momentary impression and this order can be changed easily
during the solar-thermal market development.
UEM-CARDT pag 22
The following tables provide a more comprehensive view on the Romanian DHW market.
Distributors of thermal solar systems
UEM-CARDT pag 23
Installers of thermal systems including solar
UEM-CARDT pag 24
UEM-CARDT pag 25
Standards and regulations

Standards:
Standard SR 1907-1/1997 - related to the theoretical heat demand for heating installations.
The document establishes 4 climatic zones for the Romanian territory, differentiated by the
theoretical outdoor temperature (zone I: -120C, zone II: -150C, zone III: -180C, zone IV: -210C),
and 4 wind areas differentiated by the theoretical wind speed (zone I: 8 m/s in cities and 10 m/s
outside cities to zone IV: 4 m/s).
Standard SR 1907-2/1997 relating to the theoretical indoor temperatures for heating
installations. The conventional indoor temperatures used for calculations are differentiated by the
building category and the room destination.
Standard SR 4839-1997 relating to the annual number of degrees-day for the heating
installations.
The standard establishes for several localities parameters like:
- average monthy temperatures
- average yearly tempetarture
- altitude
- conventional period for heating
Following the GD 29/2000, several specialized design institutes (INCERC, IPCT, UAUIM) built
a significant number of technical norms. As example we mention the following:
Order no. 550/2003 approving the Technical regulations “Guide to the authorization of energy
auditors for buildings and the related installations”
Norm I 13-2000 for the design and execution of the central heating installations.
Norm C 107 relating to the thermal protection of buildings. It is a set of norms relating to the
calculation of the global coefficients of thermal insulation for buildings, the thermo-technical
calculation of the construction elements of the buildings, to which guidelines and instructions
relating to the assessment of the level of comfort and design of dwellings are added.
Guide GP 039-99 for the calculation of annual heat demand for the residential buildings.
The calculation of the annual heat demand for residential buildings takes into account a series
of characteristics such as: the type of the heat source, the regime of heat supply; influence of solar
radiation, indoor energy inputs, active mass of the building construction elements, etc.
UEM-CARDT pag 26
Framework solutions SC 002-1998 relating to metering of water, natural gas, and heat
consumption of the installations in the blocks of flats. The technical regulation applies to the
heating, sanitary and natural gas installations in the new or existing blocks of flats.
Norm 048/2000 and 047/2000 on energy audits to buildings and heating and hot water
systems in buildings
Norm 049/2000 on how to elaborate the energy certificate of buildings
Framework solutions SC 006-2001 relating to the rehabilitation and modernization of heating
systems in residential buildings.
Framework solutions SC 002-1998 relating to the rehabilitation of thermal envelopes of
existing buildings
Methodology MP 017–02 to license the auditors for energy audits of buildings.
To mention that the Guide I 42-1985 for building and operation of solar thermal panels was
elaborated 20 years ago, but most of its content is not topical any more.
Solar systems made in the EU are not taxed. Installations not coming from the European
Union are
taxed at 12, 7%.
2.6. Sector employment
 Types of products available (collectors, family water heaters)

 Quality of product
 Potential for technology transfer
Almost all main European solar thermal equipment is available on the Romanian market:
unglazed, glazed flat plate and evacuated tube collectors.
The biggest part of the distributors also supplies the needed adjacent equipment as control
units and pumps.
The Solar Thermal Equipment market in Romania is rapidly developing, in its vast majority in
private house sector, but it is still in an initial phase.
2.7. Imports – Exports
Much of the equipment for the local power industry is manufactured in Romania. Indeed,
Romania has the capability for designing and erecting complete plants. Equipment and turnkey
projects have been exported to countries such as: Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, the Arab countries,
China, and other countries with which Romania has relations.
For the hydraulic schemes related to hydropower plants, more than 80,000 tons of equipment,
mainly consisting of: plane gates, immersed plane valves, movable raising bridges and actuators,
have been manufactured. The best performances for such hydro mechanical equipment have been
carried out for the harnessing of the Iron Gates II hydropower plant and for the Danube-Black sea
shipping canal.
Potential direct exports of power equipment to Romania will have to be viewed with the impact
of high freight costs and competition with local industry which can still offer comparatively lower
prices for equipment that is technically competitive.
Another category of equipment manufactured locally is not up to international standards.
These items will have to be imported anyway. Competition could come only from other western
companies. The list of this equipment and materials is as follows:
Nuclear equipment; power plant control systems and instrumentation; installations for solid,
UEM-CARDT pag 27
liquid and gas fuel handling or parts of such installations (such as special pumps, special
compressors and high pressure fittings); high and medium voltage breakers; special high voltage
transformers and insulated cells as well as parts thereof; conductors and electric insulators; ionic
masses; special high alloy steel plates and bars; fero-alloys and other special materials.
Most of the equipment and technologies now in place in the Romanian factories are European
ones, purchased in the sixties and the seventies. The Romanian import market for equipment
related to the energy sector is dominated by German, French and Italian companies.
The electricity sector in Romania is under a process of transition from a monopolist structure
to a competitive energy market in order to ensure safety in electricity supply, qua lity of electricity
supply, efficient use of fuel, direct market relations between producers, energy/services suppliers
and customers.
UEM-CARDT pag 28
C) STATE OF PRODUCTION
3. Main characteristics of production firms (size, concentration, mentality, financial

capacity etc.)
Although the Romanian solar-thermal market is still small, the companies on this market are
ready to distribute and install all types of equipment necessary for solar water heating.
Although there is no large request for solar-thermal systems in Romania, the number of producers
and distributors on the market is important and has an increasing trend. Local producers are
offering traditional, quite cost effective, solar panels. More efficient West European equipment is
commercialised by many other firms. However the number of installed equipment is very low
(about 400 m 2/year), a real market still waiting to be opened.

4.1. Product technology description of typical solar domestic hot water systems
About 3% of the installed collectors’ area is for thermosiphon type DHW systems. The storage
capacity ranges from 100 to 3.000 lt.
About 10% are glazed air collectors for drying, 28% in complexes of apartment buildings, 30%
in hotels, mainly at the Black Sea coast, 12,6% in industry, 4,8% in public buildings (hospitals,
schools, etc.), 11,6% others.
All these were forced circulation systems.
The systems installed for the apartment buildings and hotels were very often several thousand
square metres each.
Almost all the collectors were glazed non selective. Low concentration collectors were also
produced.
The solar collectors are made from stainless steel, aluminium, copper and/or special solar
glass. The collectors' surface area per unit varies from 1.7 m 2 to 2.5 m 2.
The usual capacity of the boilers varies between 160 and 300 litres on the Romanian market
(for family use) and up to 1000 liters for larger applications. Almost all main European solar thermal
equipment is available on the Romanian market: unglazed, glazed flat plate and evacuated tube
collectors. The biggest part of the distributors also supplies the needed adjacent equipment as
control units and pumps.
The quality was low and durability was the main problem of the solar collectors produced.
Corrosion of the absorbing plate or tubing, reduced reflectivity of the parabolic surface, absorber’s
shift off the focus and deposits on the glass are noticed almost at every installation.
5. Breakdown of solar systems’ cost

5.1. Cost breakdown of a typical DHW system for a typical family house (VAT not included)
Housing-Apartment Building (P + 4 floors / 4 stairs / 50 App)

Type of building: The housing-apartment building, block of flats G12 is located in north – east
side of Bucharest in center-south-east of Romania. The housing-apartment building consists of one
UEM-CARDT pag 29
rectangular shaped building with 5 levels, ground floor plus 4 superior levels, for residential
occupancy. The total effective area is 4100 m2. The building has 4 stairs each consisting of 5
floors, ground floor and 4 superior floors, in total 50 apartments. In the basement there are several
available spaces for the storage tanks and other equipment in the technical premises. The largest
front of the building is oriented toward South East with an angle of 30° from the South. The roofs
tilt angle is 30°.
- Hot water supply: The hot water for the residential building is provided by the city district heating
network which is supplied with hot water by several cogeneration plants, fueled with natural gas
and heavy oil as support. The block building has three distribution systems for sanitary hot water
and for kitchen which covers 50 apartments with approximately 150 inhabitants. Each distribution
system will have separate DHW storage located in different technical premises. This study for the
solar system for hot water is planed to supply DHW for around 150 inhabitants.
5.2. Cost breakdown of a Typical DHW system for an apartment (VAT not included)
Type of activities in the building

- 50 apartments for 150 inhabitants, sanitary hot tap water kitchen and bath rooms, 50 flats with 2,
3 and 4 rooms, Flats with 2 rooms: 10, Flats with 3 rooms: 30, Flats with 4 rooms: 10.
• Solar collectors on the roof
• Storage tanks and other equipment in the technical premise.
Hot water consumption evaluation
Calculations for solar hot water system design are done month by month, on the basis of average
daily domestic hot water consumption.
This hot water consumption values come from the meter reading or from estimations (as in our
case) made with:
- monthly average number of people using this water,
In this case, the average daily domestic hot water consumption at 55°C is estimated according to
activities in the building and according to the measured hot water consumption in other elderly
homes in Slovenia and is estimated with following data:
150 inhabitants ………… Water consumption: 50 l/person.day
The detailed calculations were done with online version of SOLO sizing software.
The annual hot water energy needs of the facility are about 146170 kWh.
UEM-CARDT pag 30
5.3. Conventional water heating and energy prices
The guarantee energy production will be equal to 80% of the annual solar contribution
determined by the calculation, to take into consideration the hazard of the weather and the
collectors themselves.
GEP = 57090 x 0,80 = 45672 kWh/year.
If the hot water consumption is below the forecast consumption, the energy “guarantee” will be
calculated again at the end of each year with the same method, and with the real hot water
consumption.
6. Technological state
Back-up District heating energy cost:
CO2 production from oil: 273g/kWh

 Solar contribution : 57090 kWh/an
- Winter (1er november to 31 march) : 22385 kWh
- Summer (1er april au 31 october) : 34705 kWh
 Estimation of the back-up energy substituted : 57090 kWh/an
- Winter (1er november to 31 march) : 22385 kWh
- Summer (1er april au 31 october) : 34705 kWh
• Annual solar savings: - 2914 € (VAT included)
• Annual emission of CO2 avoided (ratio: 273 g/kWh) - 15.59 tons
7. Level of R&D and R&D expenditures of manufacturers

The solar thermal applications in Romania started in 1979 as part of the governmental plan to
promote renewable energy sources.
All the country has a valuable potential for solar system applications, as the average solar
radiation in Romania ranges from 1.300 t - 1.500 kWh/m 2 per year.
A large scale programme for various solar applications has been implemented. Solar Domestic
Hot Water systems (DHW), solar drying and cooling and industrial applications have been
developed.
Many efforts have been made in R+D activities and an important human potential and
infrastructure have been available.
The Romanian market followed the same trends as in several other European countries, e.g.
France, Italy, Spain. The peak of installations in the last decade occurred in 1984-1985 as in most
countries around the world.
In accordance with the energy potential 5 areas have been identified in Romania. Tho
research project was implementation in 2007. First was installation in Polytechnic University of
Bucharest in the 30 kW PV pland other one in Valahia University (10 kW).
Number of installations and capacity: on the one side, this can be private households, but form
the capacity point of view look also at bigger installations by companies.
UEM-CARDT pag 31
During the same period (1980-1990), there was a large effort in R+D. Several Research
Centres participated in this effort, creating a significant source of experienced personnel. Quality
testing was also carried out by ICPE-NESL.
The R+D and Demonstration projects in the ’80s cover a wide range including:
 solar plants for drying (pollen, grain, ground nuts, sand, casein, tobacco, etc.)
 solar cooling
 water heating systems including the development of collectors and systems for various
applications
 concentrating collectors based on non-imagine optics
 selective surface
 heat storage.
In the period 1990-1995, the main R+D activity was for:
 solar irradiation of seeds
 concentration type and evacuated collectors.
UEM-CARDT pag 32
D) STATE OF MARKETING
8. Distribution and marketing methods
National Total sales

Imports Exports
Year production (Home market)
m2 m2 m2
m2
1979 2.000 0 0 2.000
1980 17.200 0 0 17.200
1981 54.000 0 0 54.000
1982 80.300 0 0 80.300
1983 125.700 0 0 125.700
1984 217.200 0 0 217.200
1985 231.800 0 0 231.800
1986 149.300 0 0 149.300
1987 71.500 0 0 71.500
1988 50.200 0 0 50.200
1989 34.600 0 0 34.600
2006 800 800 0 800
TOTAL 1.034.600 0 0 1.034.600
Solar collector production and sales
250000
m2
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
06
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
Evolution of solar glazed collector production and sales
UEM-CARDT pag 33
9. Incentives and financing methods
9.1. Past, present and future financial incentives

The prices of conventional energy have increased many times. Nevertheless, the energy
market is still not liberalized. Under the international pressure for liberalization on the energy
sector, the energy prices soon will be in line with the international levels and RES will be more
competitive.
Environmental awareness is growing and RES are seen as a clean future source of energy.
Decentralization of the state regulation and larger autonomy of the local and regional
authorities lead to development of their natural resources as they see triple dividends:
environmental improvement, economic development and increased employment.
9.2. Public support for investments

For the promotion of the production of electricity from Renewable Energy Sources, a system of
Green Certificates is in place, including a purchase obligation for distribution companies and the
obligation to fulfil an annual quota of purchased green electricity: at the end of each year,
distribution companies have to deliver a certain amount of "Green Certificates" corresponding with
the annual quota. Since October 2005, the certificates are being traded at the newly created
electricity market administrator OPCOM. According to the Energy Law, all producers of electricity
have equal access to the network. The tariffs are regularly adapted to the actual production costs
by the Romanian Regulatory Authority, ANRE.
For the period 2005-2012, the annual maximum and minimum value for Green Certificates
trading is 24 Euro/certificate, respective 42 Euro/certificate.
9.3. Third party financing – TPF
E) FUTURE PROSPECTS
10. National energy policy:

10.1.Brief description of the present and past energy policies and the role of solar thermal
energy
Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources in Romania

Operational stage:
Energy quota obligation and green certificate system – but only for electricity produced from
RES (Law 220/2008)
Investment stage: Structural Funds
Environmental funds and other similar co-financing sources.
National legislation related to RES
1. Energy law (13 / 2007) – general provisions for promotion of renewable energy sources
2. GD:
 GD 443 / 2004 for promotion of renewable energy sources
 GD 1892 / 2004 for the establishment of the promotion system of the energy produced
from renewable energy sources
 GD1535 / 2003 Strategy for promotion of RES
 GD 958/2005 for modification of GD 443/ 2003 and GD 1892/ 2004
UEM-CARDT pag 34
3. Law 220/ 27 october 2008 for the establishment of the promotion system of the energy
produced from renewable energy sources.
4. ANRE regulations:
• Certification procedure of priority electricity production from RES (Ord. 39/2006 – ANRE)
• Regulations concerning green certificate market (Ord.38 /2006 – Monitoring procedure for
green certificate market)
• Regulations concerning emission of guarantee of origin (Ord. 23 /2004 – Supervising
procedure for emission of guarantee of origin for electricity produced from RES, GD 1429/2004 for
approval of certification regulation of electricity origin produced from RES)
• Regulations concerning energy labeling (Ord. 41/2004 Regulation for electricity labeling at
end users)
5. Procedures of power market operator (OPCOM) and transport – system operator (TSO)
For emission of green certificates
For organizing the green certificate market
6. Regulation for the connection of users to public electricity networks (GD 90/2008)
Law 220/27 october 2008 for the establishment of the promotion system of the energy
produced from renewable energy sources :
- The validity of quota obligation has been extended from 2.74% in 2007 to 16.8% by 2020 -
For the period 2008-2014 the trading value of Green Certificates ranges between a minimum
value of 27 euro/certificate and a maximum value of 55 euro/certificate. The value in
Romanian Currency (Lei) will be calculated at the exchange rate determined by Romanian National
Bank as the average exchange rate for the month of December of the previous year.
(Law 220/27.10.2008).
* According to GD 1892 / 2004 the minimum value was 24 euro/certificate and the
maximum value was 42 euro/certificate
International opening of green certificate (GC) market
- Buying green certificates from other country starting by 2010
-Selling green certificates to other countries:
- if national quota obligation are fulfilled
- under regulatory conditions fixed by ANRE
Romania is a good example for a country that is still only beginning to establish a policy for
solar heating and cooling – not merely on the side of the government, but also on the side of the
industry and its suppliers.
As of 21 December 2009, there has not yet been a date announced for the first draft of the
National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP). Responsible for devising the plan are the
Ministry for Economy and the Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE) – but there is also
the newly created renewable energy association called SunE, which tries to have a say in the
drafting the country's NREAP.
It has been tried to gather stakeholders from all renewable technology sectors, such as solar
thermal, photovoltaic, wind, small hydro and biomass, in order to set up an action plan, but it has
not yet been done. To date, SunE consists of 30 members. It achieved formal approval in January
of 2009.
10.2. Priorities of the current general energy policy

The first decision to include the creation of a subsidy scheme for renewable heating
technology was the one from October 2008, still introduced by the former government. The name
of the programme: “programme to change or fill the classical heating systems in buildings with new
heating systems including one of the following technologies: solar thermal, photovoltaics,
UEM-CARDT pag 35
geothermal, wind energy or other renewable energy sources”. Its objective is to improve the quality
of air, water and soil. Unfortunately, the newly elected Romanian government postponed the
aforementioned plans at the beginning of 2009, which moved the programme's actual launch to
July. According to a press release of the Authority for the Environment (Administratia Fondului
pentru Mediu) (AFM) published in late November, there had already been three application rounds
between July and November, each with different requirements. The first one took place between
the 15th of July and the 14th of August, during which the government had to review a total of 151
projects submitted. It approved 91 of these projects, totalling EUR 19 million. Since the programme
itself is open for all renewable technologies, but the press release did not differentiate between
them, it is not clear how many projects included solar thermal technology.
10.3.Energy mix of the country:

Energy strategy of Romania for 2007 - 2020
Promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources (ERES) is a high priority of
now-a-days for reasons of environmental protection, increase the energy independence from
imported electricity by getting a wider range of energy sources as well as for other reasons of
economic and social cohesion.
Romania has transposed the Directive 2001/77/EC provisions into its own legislation (GD no.
443/2003 with modification of GD no.958 / 2005).
National targets
Electricity share produced from RES in gross national electricity consumption
 33% in 2010 (commitment according to Directive 2001/77/EC)
 35% in 2015
 38% in 2020
According to the EU new Directive for promotion of RES in 2008 and draft Directive…/2009
10.4.Share of renewable energies

The share of energy produced from RES in gross national energy consumption for 2020: 24%
National potential of renewable energy sources*
Estimations for Romania according to PHARE project: Technical and economic potential of
renewable energy sources in Romania – Energy Consulting Network
- Average wind speed to be above 6.3 m/s (at 60 m above ground level) favourable regions in
Romania are: Dobrogea, Moldova hills, other hilly or mountainous plateau
- Size: 10-40MW for a wind farm. The unit size is 2-2.5MW.
- Typical production is equivalent to 2300-2800 equivalent hours/year at rated power
UEM-CARDT pag 36
- Wind generators units with 60-100 m high towers and 60-90 m diameters rotors are
distanced to 3-8 rotor diameters each to other.
- Wind offshore may become competitive in few years: distance >> 4km from shore; water
depth up to 30m
- Land use limitation: A general indicator 4-8 ha/MW. Typical land requirements for foundation
is 300-500m2/unit
Structure of primary energy sources for electricity production and installed capacity in
Romania 2008 - data published by Transelectrica*
10.5.Share of solar thermal energy

The most relevant areas of implementing solar power applications are Dobrogea area, the
Black Sea coast and the Danube Delta, areas where the solar power yearly average flow is above
1200-1250 kWh/m 2. In addition, also efficient for solar power exploitation are the Romanian Plain,
the West Plain, the Banat region and a part of Transylvanian and Moldavian hill areas, with a solar
power yearly average flow of over 1000-1250 kWh/m 2. The energy potential of solar-thermal
systems is estimated at about 1,434 thousand toe/year and that of the photovoltaic systems is
about 1,200 GWh/year.
10.6.Targets to meet
The national indicative targets for Romania are:
• minimum 5.75% by the end of 2010, calculated on the basis of energy content, of all petrol
and diesel for transport purposes placed on the market;
• at least 10% by 2020, calculated on the basis of energy content, of all petrol and diesel for
transport purposes placed on the market.
About 2.600.000 square metres of collectors will be installed until 2010 avoiding 1.000.000
tonnes of CO 2 emissions per year.
Moreover, 6.000 additional jobs will be created.
11. Driving forces of energy policy

11.1.Main actors:
After the recent presidential election, governmental bodies have been subject to restructuring
efforts: A new Energy Ministry was founded on the 21st of December, with the respective minister
having led the Ministry of Economy beforehand. Agency for Energy Conservation (ARCE) is now a
subsidiary of the National Authority of Energy Regulatory (ANRE). What has already happened in
the country in terms of renewable energy policy? The first governmental decision to approve a
national strategy for renewable energy use in the country (No. 1535/2003) only covered the
electricity market.
11.2.Local bodies, specifications, certification

The "National Strategy for Energy Efficiency", issued in February 2004, highlights that "taking
into account the actual potential for energy savings, the building sector represents the most
important area for energy efficiency measures".
Energy efficiency standards have been introduced for most household appliances and for
buildings. Almost 2700 municipalities, including 182 cities, are responsible for the environmental
protection, housing, heat supply, street-lighting, pre-schools and primary schools, and a range of
public buildings.
UEM-CARDT pag 37
Above the municipalities are the 42 counties, responsible for coordinating the actions of the
municipalities. Local authorities are fairly autonomous with regard to budgets. Local taxes and a
share of income tax form the bulk of the budgets of municipalities.
11.3.Workshop organizers, Professional training, Education for citizens, Trading companies

and manufacturers
12. Objectives for the solar industry / SWOT analysis:
Strengths Weaknesses
 commitment to radically reform power  domestic financial sector relatively
sector, which should create a favourable undeveloped
environment for cogeneration and DSM  extensive poverty limits household’s ability
activities to invest in energy efficiency
 difficulty in increasing household electricity
 huge potential for efficiency gains, if
financial resources can be made available tariffs to cost-covering levels due to high
inflation and continued depreciation of the
leu
Opportunities Threats
 public lighting upgrades  political resistance to further increases in
 residential building energy efficiency household electricity tariffs
improvements  loss of district heating customers because
 refurbishment / modernisation of district of continued poor performance
heating networks
 efficiency improvements in pumps in the
petroleum industry and in water treatment
works, through appropriate motor sizing
and variable speed drives
12.1.Prospects for market development by sector

A. Residential sector
The upgrading of about 2.500.000 dwellings is expected by the year 2010. The possible
construction rate is not expected to exceed 150.000 - 200.000 dwellings/year. A further estimation
is that the rural sector will be upgraded within about 15 years and this will include dwellings'
specific facilities.
Heavily depending on the expected legislation, 600.000 dwellings, mainly new, are expected to
install solar systems in the next ten years.
In the rural dwellings sector, individual thermosiphon equipment and c ompact Integral
Collector Storage systems will be extensively implemented.
B. Hotels
Solar energy can be used in coastal hotels and in hotels in treatment resorts. The INCERC
system of "energy distribution management" between solar and non-solar hotels (new or currently
existing) may be developed.
The expected size of this market is 10.000 to 20.000 square metres of collectors per year and
will be increasing substantially after the year 2000.
UEM-CARDT pag 38
C. Public Sector Buildings
Installations in health centres, stadiums, campings, military campuses, etc. have been
performed already. The public sector is shrinking but still the potential for solar energy utilisation is
vast.
D. Industrial Applications and Commercial buildings
There is a large variety of possible industrial applications and, more important, a precious
background of more than 100.000 square metres already installed.
Many of the existing industries will surely have to be modified or even close.
Third Party Financing combined with incentives is expected to motivate the installation of solar
systems even in the early steps of transition.
E. Other applications
Improved air collectors for drying can have a significant market. The results of R&D on drying
specific products, during the 80’s, as well as on desalination, can contribute. Further development
and demonstration of cooling systems can result not only in local applications but also in export
oriented products and technology.
Total solar Production Solar energy Conventional Emissions Total CO2
collector area supply energy avoided emissions
replaced avoided
2 2
m MWh/m *year MWh tonnes/MWh tonnes/year
Residential 2.000.000 0,45 900.000 Electricity, 1,00 900.000
Coal, Gas
Hotels 200.000 0,40 80.000 Electricity, 0,40 32.000
Oil, Gas
Public 100.000 0,40 40.000 Electricity, 0,40 16.000
Sector Oil, Gas
Industry & 100.000 0,40 40.000 Oil, Gas 0,40 16.000
Commercial
Other 200.000 0,30 60.000 Oil, Gas 0,40 24.000
Prospective solar market and environmental impact in 2010
12.2. Description of major barriers by category

The barriers for solar thermal installations are as follows:
 Lack of a national program for the development of renewable energy sources and related
technologies;
 The various state institutions, although having a positive attitude towards renewables, still do
not pay the necessary attention to these energy sources;
 Lack of regional and municipal structures, dealing with energy planning and utilization of RES;
 There are no authorized laboratories for quality control of the produced equipment.
 Lack of related codes and standards covering the technical requirements of the equipment and
installations.
Currently, a minor amount of renewable energy besides hydropower has made its way into
Romania's electricity generation mix. Biomass and waste incineration have been in use in
Romania for many years, though not in any significant-sized generating facility. The Romanian
government is planning to implement a new program for increasing the use of renewable energy
that includes photovoltaic, wind energy, biomass, and geothermal energy.
UEM-CARDT pag 39
Romania has a supportive Thermal Buildings Rehabilitation Law, modified in December 2005
for the benefit of end-users. The law has been changed several times due to low attraction to
residents, so that the current version states that the cost of building thermal rehabilitation is divided
in equal parts among owner, local authority and the Ministry of Transportation, Construction and
Tourism (TECP).
The state pays for an energy audit and for project development. The Ministry of
Transportation, Construction and Tourism3 – the Thermal Energy Conservation Program is a
Project Coordination Unit, which runs a multi-annual Thermal Buildings Rehabilitation Program for
multi-family buildings. The unit also successfully finished a Thermal Energy Conservation Program
(TECP – for power plants and pipe networks) in five Romanian cities, cofinanced by EBRD. The
unit arranged meetings and workshops for householders (owners and renters), in order to increase
their awareness of energy efficiency and the long-term benefits, applying the domestic energy
saving measures in multi-level buildings.
The law sets up the framework for annual thermal rehabilitation programs. The municipalities
deliver substantiated applications for inclusion of specified buildings into the annual program,
whereas the ministry decides within its budget limitations on which buildings to include in the
annual program.
Lack of funds may be a major constrain to the program, but it is open for additional funding if
this can be attracted. The Law of Buildings 114/1996 establishes two major Government
obligations within the institutional framework for buildings:
• The Government is responsible for establishing a development policy in the field of dwelling
construction at the country level.
• The development programme for dwelling construction should be developed by Ministry of
Public Works, Transport and Dwellings, based on information provided by the local councils and
other public administrative institutions concerned, and in accordance with the documents of urban
and regional planning approved by law.
12.3. Strategy to overcome the barriers to market development
Solar domestic hot water represents the mostly installed collector area all over. Furthermore, it
is replacing high quality fuels or electricity, proved as an excellent Demand Side Measure for
utilities.
A Decree for the obligatory installation of a (certified) DHW system in every new building is the
most suitable measure. This action will have many effects as it provides warranty for a large
market. Technology and marketing expertise transferred from other European countries will
increase quality and competitiveness.
Incentives and soft loans available for solar system applications in the sectors of industry and
agriculture are necessary. Financing for the further development of innovative products (e.g.
cooling) should be available.
12.4. Description of main measures and actions needed to extend the solar thermal market by
category
It will be necessary to have predictions and estimations for each sector, scenarios of domestic
hot water needs according to the national evolution for each sector for the next 10 years, to have
the base for global financial requirements to be tailored in connection with national strategy and
objectives.
Factors such as unsatisfied hot water needs (when existing) or some other problems regarding
the water parameters (e.g. low pressure, dirty water) when the hot water comes from the district
facility will be analyzed from an economic as well as technical point of view.
UEM-CARDT pag 40
For domestic system ensuring the needs of hot water is assumed that the necessary volume
of hot water per day for one person is around 60 liters with temperature 45oC. In accordance with
the type of the used collector this is achieved with 1 to 2 m 2 of collector surface. When it concerns
big systems like hotels, restaurants and others, calculations are made evaluating more factors like
coefficient of filling in, season and etc. With the choice of a system and components, the
geographical region is taken into account; whether the system will be used all the year around (the
utilization of vacuum tube collectors is recommended).
The monthly savings depend on the quantity of hot water, which will be used, the volume of
the boiler and the price of the conventional energy, which is used for additional heating of the
water. A well-designed system should ensure between 50% and 85% solar contribution, a
percentage that represents savings from the traditional bill.
Solar water heating systems are always installed with an additional source of heating, usually
gas, but it could be also electric. It supplies hot water in case of exhaustion, a bad day, so that
there is always water in the boiler ready to use. In any case, for optional utilization of the solar
system and for more savings, the consumption of hot water should be evenly distributed in the
days of the week. This would decrease the utilization of a source for additional heating.
Legislation imposing the installation of a certified solar DHW system in every new building
must be applied. An exemption may only be provided for buildings connected with district heating
supplied by waste heat or biomass.
Information and education campaigns have been proved effective in other countries and must
be applied.
Incentives in the form of tax credits are proposed for solar system applications in new and
existing buildings.
Grants to establish Third Party Financing (TPF) for solar system installation must be available.
Incentives to demonstrate new systems and new applications should be set.
Barriers to imported solar equipment should be avoided; this will promote competition and
improve quality. Investments in the production of solar systems must be supported.
Funds for further development of promising technologies must be available.
12.5. Opportunities
Romania started programs to revitalize the housing sector and help provide affordable
housing. Private does not necessarily mean market, and the key question is how market
mechanisms are introduced as a dominant integrating mechanism. In the area of water and
heating etc. it was not possible to introduce market mechanisms (price liberalization, enforcement)
because of the risk of social conflicts. Two main stakeholders in the Romanian residential sector
are the Owners Associations League “HABITAT” and the Romanian Federation of Owners
Associations. The majority of the population owns their flat. None of them have been involved in
solar thermal campaigns or programmes in the past, nor in present.
The sectors to be considered are the one with clear and monthly permanent hot water needs.
Other sectors to be potentially concerned by collective solar thermal installations are:
 Health (hospitals, clinics and dispensaries, retirement homes…)
 Sport (dressing room showers in stadiums and gymnasiums, public swimming pools…)
 Education (boarding schools, canteens…)
 Industry (laundries, fruit and vegetable processing, car cleaning…)
 Other public buildings (army barracks…)
UEM-CARDT pag 41
F) CONCLUSIONS
The national policy for the efficient use of energy is an integrant of the energy policy of the
state and is based on the following principles:
a) To ensure the normal market operation in the field of energy, including the price formation
according to competition criteria and to environment protection costs and benefits;
b) To reduce the hurdles to promote energy efficiency and stimulate investments in this way;
c) To promote financing solutions for the initiatives related to energy efficiency;
d) To educate and create the awareness of the users of different forms of energy to reduce the
energy consumption by product unit;
e) To ensure the co-operation between the consumers, producers, energy suppliers and public
authorities in view of reaching the objectives set in the national policy of efficient use of energy;
f) To support fundamental and applicable research in the field of efficient use of energy;
g) To promote the private initiative and the development of energy services;
h) To co-operate with other countries in the field of energy efficiency and to observe the
international conventions of which Romania is a party.
The national policy for the efficient use of energy defines both, the objectives of the efficient
use of energy and the ways by which those objectives are reached, especially referring to:
(a) Reducing energy consumption by unit of gross domestic product in Romania;
(b) Increasing energy efficiency in all the sectors of the national economy;
(c) Refurbishing with new technologies having a high energy efficiency;
(d) Promoting new energy sources;
(e) Reducing the negative impact on environment of energy production, transmission,
distribution and consumption in all its forms.
The “law concerning the efficient use of energy” is a step in the right direction, but the
realization of the huge potential requires the abolishment of subsidies for fuel, an active policy of
dissimination of know-how, the promotion of the advantages of enegergy savings and an effective
financing mechanism.
G) BIBLIOGRAPHY
Report to the Commission on progress at national level regarding the implementation of the National
Sustainable Development Strategy
Energy Situation and Alternatives in Romania - Report - Campagna per la Riforma della Banca mondiale
Renewable energy sources solar e nergy for heat production - Solar thermal applications in EU and CEE
countries
EAST-GSR - Solar Thermal applications in EAS Tern Europe with Guaranteed Solar Results Report
The Solar PV Business Guide
http://www.solarthermalworld.org/
http://www.clubofrome.at/events/2007/ future/index.html
http://www.zf.ro/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Solar_Thermal_Technology_Platform
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union
http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/byC/Romania/Romania.shtml
UEM-CARDT pag 42

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Wide the SEE by Succ Mod

Romania National Report

Harghita Energy Management Public Service

Romania National Report

8. Distribution and marketing methods

10. National energy policy:

10.5. Share of solar thermal energy

Romania National Report

1. General overview of the country:

Climate - Temperate continental with clearly marked four seasons.

Romania National Report

Global solar radiation

Romanian solar radiation map

SOLAR-PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGETIC POTENTIAL

Romania National Report

Source: statistical data - National Institute of Statistics, National Commission of Statistics

Romania National Report

Energy Balance, 2003

Romania National Report

Kyoto Protocol commitments

Trends of GHG emissions

Romania National Report

3.1.1.2. Renewable energy resources

3.1.2 Specific national/ NSDS actions in this field

Specific national climate change actions

National Strategy and National Action Plan on Climate Change

Romania National Report

Romania National Report

Cost and benefits

Romania National Report

2. Overview of the national market situation

2.1. Solar collector production and sales

Romania National Report

Glazed collectors 100.000 square metres

Romania National Report

MONSSON ALM A SRL

SOLARTEC SOLARSYSTEMS SRL

Romania National Report

Romania National Report

Romania National Report

Romania National Report

Standards and regulations

2.6. Sector employment

 Types of products available (collectors, family water heaters)

2.7. Imports – Exports

Romania National Report

3. Main characteristics of production firms (size, concentration, mentality, financial

4. Product technology and production methods

5. Breakdown of solar systems’ cost

Housing-Apartment Building (P + 4 floors / 4 stairs / 50 App)

Type of activities in the building

Romania National Report

CO2 production from oil: 273g/kWh

7. Level of R&D and R&D expenditures of manufacturers

Romania National Report

Romania National Report

8. Distribution and marketing methods

National Total sales

Solar collector production and sales

Evolution of solar glazed collector production and sales

Romania National Report

9.1. Past, present and future financial incentives

9.2. Public support for investments