CH-3

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

 Prediction of Period, Group and Block of a given Element-

The period, block and group can be easily predicted through the electronic
configuration of the element.
 Period- The largest principal quantum number in the electronic configuration
gives the period of the element
 Block- The Type of shell that receives the last electron gives the block of the
element.
 Group-
I. For s-block elements- Group number is equal to the “number of valence
electrons”.
II. For p-block elements- Group number is equal to the “10 + no. of valence
electrons”.
III. For d-block elements- Group number is equal to the “number of electrons
in ‘ns’ shell + no. of electrons in ‘(n-1)’d shell.
Note- Inert Gases have electronic configuration of “𝑛𝑠 𝑛𝑝 ”.

 Atomic Radius- The distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell
containing electrons.
Covalent radii- rcovalent= [𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ]

 Ionization Enthalpy-
 The minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound
electron from an isolated gaseous atom to form gaseous ‘cation’.
 It is called ionization potential as it is the minimum potential difference
required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous
atom to form gaseous ‘cation’.
 Its units are
‘𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚(𝑒𝑉/𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚)’, ‘𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝑘𝐽/
𝑚𝑜𝑙)’, ‘𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒(𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙)’ .
 1 𝑒𝑉/𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 23.06 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 96.49 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙.

 Successive Ionization Enthalpies-

 The ionization enthalpies required to remove the first, second, third, etc.
electrons from an isolated gaseous atom.
 …>I.E.3 >I.E.2>I.E.1 Explanation-When 1 electron has been removed from the
neutral gaseous atom, a positively charged ion is formed. Hence, the
 electrostatic attraction between remaining electrons and nucleus increases.
Therefore, more energy is required to remove the next electron.

 Factors affecting Ionization Enthalpy-

a) Nuclear Charge− 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝛼 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒.
With increase in nuclear charge, the outer electrons are held more firmly by the
nucleus.
b) Atomic Size- 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝛼
As atomic size increases, the outer electrons are held less firmly by the nucleus.
c) Electronic Configuration- Elements with completely filled or exactly half-
filled orbitals are more stable. Hence, they have more Ionization Enthalpy.
d) Screening or Shielding Effect− 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝛼

 Variation of Ionization Enthalpy-

a) Along a period- As we move from left to right in a period, the ionization
enthalpy increases due to increase in nuclear charge and decrease in atomic
size.
Exceptions-.
1. 𝐼. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒 > 𝐼. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 - ‘Be’ has completely filled orbital while ‘B’ has partially
filled orbital.
2. I.E.1 of N > I.E.1 of O – Due to above reason
3. I.E.2 of 0 > I.E.2 of N - Due to above reason
b) Within a group- As we move down a group, the ionization enthalpy
decreases.
The increase in atomic size and screening effect compensates the effect of
increased nuclear charge.

 Electron Gain Enthalpy-

 The energy released when a neutral isolated gaseous atom accepts an extra
electron to form the gaseous ‘anion’.
 Its units are ‘𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚(𝑒𝑉/𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚)’, ‘𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙)’.
 For most elements, the E.G.E is negative. For example, halogens have highly
negative E.G.E. as they gain 1 electron to acquire noble gas configuration.
 Noble Gases have large positive E.G.E. as the extra electron has to be placed
in the next higher principal quantum energy level.

 Successive Electron Gain Enthalpies-

 The second E.G.E. of an element is positive because after the addition of 1
electron, it becomes negatively charged. Hence, the addition of second
electron is opposed by electrostatic forces.
Note- E.G.E is the opposite of Electron affinity.

 Factors affecting E.G.E-

a) Atomic Size- As atomic size increases, the force of attraction between the
nucleus and incoming electron decreases. Hence, E.G.E. becomes less negative.
b) Nuclear Charge- As nuclear charge increases, the force of attraction between
the nucleus and the incoming electron increases. Hence, E.G.E. becomes more
negative.
c) Electronic Configuration- Elements with exactly half filled or completely
filled orbitals are more stable. Hence, energy has to be supplied to add an
extra electron. Therefore, their E.G.E. is positive.

 Variation of E.G.E-
a) Along a period- As we move from left to right in a period, the E.G.E. becomes
more negative due to increase in nuclear charge and decrease in atomic size.
b) Within a period- As we move down the group the E.G.E. becomes less negative
due to increase in atomic size.
However, some of the elements of the 2nd have more negative E.G.E. than the
corresponding elements of the third period because the 2nd period elements
have the smallest size in their respective groups.
Exception- 𝐸. 𝐺. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙 > 𝐸. 𝐺. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 − This is because addition of electron in
2nd orbit is difficult because of its small size.

 Electronegativity− (𝛼 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)
 It is the tendency of the atom to attract the shared pair of electrons (bond
pair) towards itself in the covalent bond.
 𝐹(4) > 𝑂(3.5) > 𝐶𝐿(3) = 𝑁(3) > 𝐵𝑟(2.96) > 𝐼(2.66) > 𝐶(2.55) = 𝑆(2.55)