Review of Related Literature

A Journal on The La Solidaridad and Philippine Journalism in Spain (1889-1895)

Marcelo del Pilar, a fellow proponent of the following publication would label La Solidaridad as “Nuestros
periodiquito” or “Our little newspaper”. The mentioned periodical, that would later serve as the organ of
the Philippine reform movement in Spain. For the next seven years, the La Solidaridad serves as the
respected Philippine newspaper in the peninsula (Torres, 2017) that voiced out the reformists’ demands
and perforated their attempts to open the eyes of the Spaniards to what is currently happening to the
Philippine society.

The contributors of the La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos (Zaide, 1994), such as:
Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel), Dr. Jose Rizal (Laon Laan), Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulo, Tigbalang),
Antonio Luna (Taga Ilog), Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa), Dr. Pedro Paterno, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
Isabelo delos Reyes, Eduardo de Lete, Jose Alejandrino

There are other notable foreign people that contributed to the formation of the mentioned
publication, notably Professor Blumentritt (Austrian) and Dr. Morayta (Spanish).
Despite its significant place in our history, the story of the publication has not entirely been told. An
account would tell that “Madalas pag-usapan pero hindi alam ang kasaysayan.” (Saber, 2017). There
haven’t been any clear evidences on the La Solidaridad’s beginnings, the hardships to endure to survive
as a printing press and its bitter ending.

There exists a singular work which studied the La Solidariad and he was recognized as John N. Schumacher.
In his works (The Propaganda Movement (1972) that was published in and in 1997), presented and
mentioned as part of the history of the reformist movement (Saber, 2017). The paper aims to explicate
ideas and facts about La Solidaridad and parts of its history that is often overlooked.

A Journal on Philippine Higher Education and the Origins of Nationalism

According to Schumacher (1975), in order to write of the beginnings of nationalism seems to be a paradox
to an individual acquainted with the nationalist literature of the remainder of the last two decades of the
century. Exceptional pieces like Rizal’s El Fili and Panganiban’s dissection in the La Solidaridad that is open
to Filipinos of the 1880s is the most systematic of the critiques (Schumacher, 1975) of Philippine higher
education.

In one of Schumacher’s journals (1975) indicated that the chief complaint of the young Filipinos against
education is their narrow limits of commerciality imposed on them (Filipino students) on which they call
it as lack of academic freedom (Schumacher, 1975)

The Propaganda Movement (1880s and 1890s) was the period in time in which the Filipinos became fully
aware of their being as a Filipino, not merely Tagalogs, Visayans, and Ilokanos, not merely a people united
under a Spanish colonial rule in lieu to Schumacher (1975). The mentioned national consciousness,
accounted to the Propaganda movements which is its catalyst, came into existence as the primary cause
of the Philippine institutions of higher education.

If it is indeed a fact that Philippine higher education was significant in the growth of Filipino nationalism,
and that if it did provide competent leaders transitioning a radical change in Philippine society, it remains
to be questioned on what are the “ways” have they paved the way for it to be successful. Though Jesuits
and Dominicans who provided education were not consciously promoting any movement towards Filipino
emancipation from Spanish captive, which is ironically a fact. Rizal understood it more vividly than his
fellow colleagues what the significance of education is when he sent a letter to Blumentritt in 1887 about
the Filipinos’ state in Madrid and then revising a predecessor of La Solidaridad, España en Filipinas which
is shortlived either way.

A Content Analysis of Jose Rizal’s selected Compositions

The heroism of Dr. Jose P. Rizal is a manifestation of fortitude of the Filipinos to face the tests of time with
valor. His contributions to reach diplomacy bring about changes in the lives of the Filipinos and that makes
him everyone’s epitome. Ocampo (2006) said that the life of Dr. Jose P. Rizal is a living testament among
Filipinos to live with their intelligence and help bring the country to the pedestal through intellectual
excellence as well as in the technical.

The study seeks to analyze the literary elements embedded on Dr. Jose Rizal’s selected poems “Imno sa
Talisay”, “Josefina”, “Awit ng Manlalakbay”, and “Kay Don Ricardo Carcinero” which he composed during
his exile in Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte. The research relied solely on Qualitative research through
Content Analysis (Bayron Jr., 2018) to analytically scrutinize the in-depth evaluation of the aforesaid genre
of Rizal (Bayron Jr., 2018).

The content of the study below comprises of a table that classifies the chosen poem, literary figure, the
actual meaning and the lines that imply that literary figure in the given poem.

***palagay nung table dito ty****

A Review on Derrida, Deconstruction and Social Theory

The article primarily focused on deriving what is deconstructionism in accordance to Derrida, a French
philosopher and the proponent of this theory. Deconstruction, a theory about language and literature,
was introduced in the 1970s, in large part as a reaction to the primacy of French structuralism and a
repressive academic system that strictly administered a unique interpretation of literary text (Hendricks,
2016). The essence of this literary theory is to question the fundamental conceptual distinctions, or
“oppositions” by means of thorough contemplation of the language and the logic of literary as well was
philosophical texts.

Derrida sought to overthrow the purpose of structuralism, as deconstruction opens new suggestions on
ways on how we analyze things that oppose to become oddly unified. Thus, making everything that is
argued meaningless. Derrida argues that logocentric (words and language as fundamentally critical in
expressing an external reality) interpretive interest in theology and philosophy is widely held and
contradict by the West, as this somehow reveals the Western belief of the metaphysics of presence
(Hendricks, 2016).

Derrida noted that deconstruction as a means of a technique rather than a process of breaking down. It
[deconstruction] is a significant tool in creating new ideas with regards to the text (Derrida, 1970).
Derrida’s critical analysis of Rousseau clearly shows the relation between writing and linguistics, which
Derrida marks with the expression of supplementation in the text. Writing can be deduced as a ‘dangerous
factor’ (Rheinberger, 2008:85).

As with the opposition between society and the nature, however, the essence of the deconstructive
analysis is not to portray that the terms of the speech/writing opposition should interchange—that writing
is really prior to speech—nor is it to show that there are no differences between speech and writing.
Rather, it is to dismantle the latter to show that neither term is above.
References

Torres, J. Z., (2017). “OUR LITTLE NEWSPAPER” THE LA SOLIDARIDAD AND PHILIPPINE JOURNALISM
IN SPAIN (1889-1895). Luz y Saber,11(2). Retrieved from http://ejournals.ph/form/cite.php?id=12109

Hendricks, G.P., 2016, ‘Deconstruction the end of writing: “Everything is a text, there is nothing
outside context”’, Verbum et Ecclesia 37(1), a1509. http://dx.doi. org/10.4102/ve.v37i1.1509

SCHUMACHER, J. (1975). Philippine Higher Education and the Origins of Nationalism. Philippine
Studies, 23(1/2), 53-65. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/42635034

Xiaoli Fang (2017) A Review on Deconstruction and Criticism, Comparative Literature: East & West,
1:1, 134-139, DOI: 10.1080/25723618.2017.1339515