ii TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

Answer Key

1. The Cell
FA Page 2— 1. (a) Robert Hooke (b) Cell (c) bark
2. (a) Amoeba, Paramoecium (b) mouse, human
(c) cells as the egg of an ostrich, cells in a fibre-yielding
plant like juicy hairs of lemon
FA Page 7— 1. Cell organelles 2. genes
3. Chloroplasts, Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts

Exercises
A. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b)
7. (a) and (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
B. 1. Nucleus 2. Chromoplast 3. Chloroplast
4. Golgi bodies
C. 1. Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke.
2. Cells similar in structure and function form a tissue.
3. The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
4. Cell wall is the outermost layer of a plant cell.
5. The longest cell in the human body is the nerve cell.
D. Ribosome Protein synthesis Granule like
Lysosomes Digestion of worn out parts Suicide bags
Mitochondria Usable energy Power house
Centrosome Cell division In animal cells only
E. 1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
2. Selectively permeable
3. The cell wall in a plant cell is made of cellulose. Its function is
giving rigidity to the cell.
4. The function of chloroplast in a plant cell is to perform
photosynthesis.
F. 1. Robert Hooke an English scientist, discovered cells as early as
1665. Hooke looked at a slice of cork through a microscope. He
found that the thin slices of cork when observed under a crude
microscope appeared to be made up of small compartments. These
compartments were honeycomb like structures, each separated
from the other by a wall. Hooke termed each compartment as cell.
2. The nucleus various parts. A spherical structure is present inside
called the nucleolus. It contains threadlike structures called
chromosomes. Chromosomes are made of a material called
chromatin which contains DNA and certain proteins. DNA
carries the genes.

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 Nucleus controls the activities of the cell. Nucleus plays an
important role during cell division. Genes are responsible for the
transmission of characters from the parents to the offspring.
3. Cell is the structural and functional unit of life because all living
organisms are made up of cells and these cells perform all the
functions essential for the survival of the organ is. For example—
respiration, digestion etc. In unicellular organisms like Amoeba,
a single cell carries out all the functions necessary for life. And
in multicellular organisms cells are organized into tissues and
tissues form organs and organ systems and carry out different
functions.
4. Plastids are found in a plant cell only. They are the site of
manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds
used by the cell. 
Plastids are of different types. Chloroplasts are plastids that
contain chlorophyll, a green pigment essential for photosynthesis.
They provide green colour to the leaf.
Leucoplasts are colourless plastids. They are found in
underground parts of plants like roots and underground
modified stems. They help in the storage of food.
Chromoplasts are the plastids which contain coloured pigments.
They are present in colourful parts of flowers and skins of fruits.
In flowers they help in attracting insects for pollination.
5. When plants and animals grow, their cells increase in number by
dividing. New cells are formed by cell division. Human beings
and other multicellular organisms develop from a fertilized egg,
or zygote, which is a single cell. After a cell grows to its maximum
size, it divides and forms two cells. These two cells further grow
and divide, forming four cells. Thus, cells grow and divide over
and over again ultimately to form numerous cells. This process
is known as cell division.
G. 1. Refer to the text.
2. Refer to the text.
3. Refer to the text.
4. (a) Cell membrane is a thin, delicate and elastic membrane which
forms the outer layer of a cell. It allows only some substances to
pass through it. Thus cell membrane is selectively permeable.
Cell wall is present only in plant cells. It is an additional membrane
present outside the cell membrane. It is a rigid, nonliving layer
made up of cellulose. It gives shape and protection to the plant
cell and allows almost all substances to pass through it.
(b) Leucoplasts are colourless plastids. They are found in
underground parts of plants like roots and underground
modified stems. They help in the storage of food.
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 Chloroplasts are plastids that contain chlorophyll, a green
pigment essential for photosynthesis. They provide green colour
to the leaf.
(c) In a plant cell vacuoles are large—one central vacuole
occupies  60%-90% of the cell space, while in animal cells if at
all present, they are small and numerous in number.  In animals
they help digest food. In plants these help in storage and waste
removal.
(d) A tissue is a collection of cells with similar functions. An
organ is made up of many different tissues which work together
for a common function.
H. 1. A multicellular organism is more efficient. In a unicellular
organism a single cell does all the process of life. In multicellular
organisms, the individual cells are specialized to do an activity.
Hence they are more efficient.
2. Cell wall is a rigid, nonliving layer made up of cellulose. It gives
shape and protection to the plant cell. Plant cells have cell walls
because plants need protection against variation in temperature,
wind, humidity, etc., as they cannot move.

2. Microorganisms
FA Page 15— Round-shaped bacteria Coccus
Rod-shaped bacteria Bacillus
Spiral-shaped bacteria Spirillum
Comma-shaped bacteria Vibrios
Lactobacillus acidophilus Turns milk into curd
FA Page 19— 1. dhokla bread and cakes
2. ringworm and eczema
3. blight of potato and rust of wheat
4. Cyanobacteria
5. Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Volvox
FA Page 21— 1. Poliomyelitis and AIDS 2. Bacteriophage
3. Yellow vein mosaic in bhindi

Exercises
A. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a)
B. 1. True
2. False. Microbes are found almost everywhere around us.
3. False. Viruses do not have a cellular structure.
4. False. Fungi are nongreen in colour, so they are saprozoic.

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 5. False. Cyanobacteria are autotrophic.
6. True 7. True 8. True
9. Viruses can be seen with the help of a compound microscope
used in the school laboratories.
C. 1. Chlamydomonas — Algae
2. Paramoecium — Protozoa
3. Spirillum — Bacteria
4. Diatoms — Algae
5. Euglena — Protozoa
6. Penicillium — Fungi
D. 1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
2. (a) Rhizobium (b) Yeast
(c) Fermentation (d) Preservative
(e) Rhyzobium (f) Foot and Mouth disease
(g) Saprozoic or Parasitic (h) Bacteriophage
E. 1. Organisms which cannot be seen with our naked eyes are called
microorganisms or microbes.
2. Bacterial cells are unicellular and prokaryotic. Some bacterial cells
have fimbriae which are hair like structures that help it attach
itself to a surface. And some may have whip like locomotory
structures like flagella or cilia instead.
3. Microbes spoil our cooked as well as uncooked food. So if we
want to store it for a long time, we have to prevent the growth
of microbes in them by removing water from it, adding salt or
sugar or by adding chemical preservatives.
4. Vegetables can be preserved for a long time by sun drying.
Addition of salt or sugar can preserve food materials. Pickles
and murabbas can be preserved for long. Pickling in vinegar or
brine (salty water) preserve onions, olives etc. Jams, jellies and
squash can be kept for long by adding sugar. Perishable food
items like fruits, vegetables, meat and fish can be stored at low
temperature in the fridge.
5. Our body produces antibodies to fight against the microbes that
enter it. This forms the immune system of our body. A vaccine is
a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular
disease. A small amount of an antigen is introduced in the body.
This is called inoculation. A vaccine typically contains a small
amount of an agent that resembles a microorganism. The agent
stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize any foreign
agent and ‘remember’ it, so that it can more easily recognize and
destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters with.
6. Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed
medications in modern medicine. An antibiotic is a selective

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 poison. It kills the desired bacteria, but not the cells in your body.
Some antibiotics work by killing bacteria, other antibiotics work
by stopping bacteria from multiplying.
7. The dough, when kept overnight rise as yeast acts on the dough.
Yeast turns starch into sugar and produces tiny little carbon
dioxide bubbles by the process of fermentation. This makes the
dough rise and the bread and cake fluffy.
8. Fungi cause diseases in human beings like food poisoning and
ringworm, eczema and athlete’s foot.
9. (a) Pasteurization: Heating and then cooling of food items
mainly made of milk to store them for a longer time
(b) Vaccination: Introduction of a small amount disease causing
microbes into the human/animal body to prevent a specific
disease
F. 1. Take a moist piece of bread. Keep it in a place with dim light.
After 4–5 days you will observe a cottony mass growing on it. The
cottony mass is bread mould, a multicellular fungus. Observe it
under the microscope after placing it on a slide. And details of
the fungus can be seen.
2. Microbes are friends as well as foes. Say for example, bacteria
spoil both cooked and uncooked food. Bacteria cause diseases like
tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, leprosy in human beings; citrus
canker in plants, and anthraxin cattle. However, bacteria help
in making curd and cheese from milk. Bacteria decompose the
dead and decaying plant and animal matter by converting them
into simple substances. This helps in cleaning the environment.
3. Microbes are found almost everywhere around us. They are
present in air, water and soil. They are present in the bodies
of plants and animals. Our body harbours a large number of
microbes as well. Microbes exist in large numbers because they
can survive in severe conditions—in snow, hot springs (with
temperature of 100 °C) and at the bottom of the sea. By forming
spores the microbes can survive unfavourable conditions. They
remain inactive inside the spores and get active as soon as food
and moisture is available and the temperature is favourable.
4. Viruses can grow and multiply inside a living cell only. They do
not show any signs of life outside a living cell. For this reason they
are called a ‘biologist’s puzzle’. They grow and multiply in plants,
animals and the human body. Viruses do not have a cellular structure.
They have DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
as the genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses use
the materials of their host cells to grow and multiply. Hence they
are in the border line of living and nonliving.

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 5. Microbes need warmth and moisture to grow. In the right
conditions, for example, one bacterium could become several
millions in 8 hours and thousands of millions in 12 hours. So
in the absence of warmth and moisture these stop growing.
Food stuffs, especially fruits are dried to preserve and save from
spoilage by bacteria.
Again, low temperature prevents the food from getting spoilt
because microbes do not multiply and their enzymes become
inactive in low temperature. Freezing in cold storage inhibits
microbial growth.
6. Same as E 5.
G. 1. At home, we end up making variety of dishes, shakes, pickles,
salad and chutney with mangoes. We can make drinks aam
panna with raw mango. But if we have to preserve it for some
time we can make aam papad. Let us try our hand:
Boil the kairies with skin. Remove the skin and cut into pieces
discarding the seed. Grind it in mixie and pass through a sieve.
Take the pulp and blend in a blender with and a little bit of salt.
Add rock salt, cumin powder, chaat masala (if using) and mix
well. Cook on low heat stirring constantly. Now take a greased
plastic sheet and spread the pulp on to it evenly. Keep this on a
mat and dry it out in the hot sun. When the top is dried, turn and
dry some more till no moisture is left. Remove from the sheets
and preserve in a container.
2. A small amount of curd is added to warm milk and left for a
few hours and the curd is set. The little curd that you add has
bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus. These bacteria grow in warmth
and turn milk into curd. In winter the warmth is less, so it takes
longer to set.
3. It is true that bacteria cause harm to us as they spoil our food and
cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. Bacteria are also
very useful. They help in making curd, cheese, leather, vinegar
and manure. They contribute to nitrogen cycle and decompose
dead matter. Without them there would not be decomposition of
dead matter and the dead would accumulate leaving no place for
us on the earth.
4. Refer to the text.

3. Crop Production
FA Page 31— 1. loose 2. Roots of plants
3. infection and contamination with the excreta of animals

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 4. depth 5. seed drill
FA Page 33— Green manure legume crops
Farmyard manure cow dung
Compost vegetable peels
Fertilizer urea
FA Page 35— 1. True 2. True 3. False

Exercises
A. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a)  4. (c)  5. (b) 6 . (d)

7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10.(d) 11. (a)
B. 1. True 2. True 3. False
4. True 5. False Culturing of bees is called apiculture.
C. 1. Ploughing 2. Leveling
3. Sowing 4. Irrigating
5. Spraying pesticides 6. Harvesting
7. Winnowing 8. Taking to granaries
D. 1. Crops grown for food are called food crops. Cereals like wheat,
rice, maize, oats; pulses like beans, grams, pea; oil seeds like
mustard, sunflower; and other crops like sugarcane are examples
of food crops.
2. paddy (rice), maize
3. The soil is made loose and turned with a plough. This allows
air and water to pass through and helps the roots of plants to
penetrate easily into the soil. Fertilizers can get easily mixed by a
plough.
4. The process of loosening and turning the soil is called ploughing
or tilling.
5. The atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used directly by plants and
animals. It is necessary that gaseous nitrogen gets converted into
forms usable by living organisms and this process of converting
atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds is known as
nitrogen fixation.
The nitrogenous compounds are taken in by plants through
their roots and utilized in synthesizing plant proteins and other
compounds.
6. Sprinkler irrigation is economical and useful in large plantations
and gardens.
7. Fumigation is the process of spraying vapours of chemicals to
kill pests and infections. Godowns and granaries, where grains
are stored, are fumigated to make them free from pests.
8. Catla and Rohu.
E. 1. Refer to page 33 Table 3.2.
2. A weed is an unwanted plant that grows along with the main
crop. Name of some common weeds are Amaranthus and
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 Chenopodium. Weeds compete with the crop for nutrients, light,
water and space. Therefore, for a healthy growth of the crops, it is
necessary to remove weeds. Removing weeds is called weeding.
3. Different crops have different nutrient requirements. If the same
crop is grown over and over again in the same field, the soil in that
field will be deficient in a certain nutrient. Practice of growing
two different crops alternately in the same field is Crop rotation.
Normally, a nonlegume crop and a legume crop alternate with
each other. The legume crop has nitrogen fixing bacteria in its
root nodules and so the soil is enriched with nitrogen and the
nonlegume plant benefits from it.
4. For certain crops such as paddy, tomato and chilli, seeds are not
sown directly in the field. The seeds are first grown in a nursery
and then transplanted to the crop field.
Transplantation has several advantages:
(i) Only healthy seedlings are transplanted.
(ii) Roots penetrate properly into the soil.
(iii) Shoots develop properly.
(iv) Seedlings are planted with enough space between them to
allow sufficient light, water and nutrients.
5. Perishable food items like fruits and vegetables have a very short
shelf life at room temperature and so they have to be stored
at low temperatures (between 0 degree Celsius and 4 degree
Celsius). Low temperature does not allow microbes to spoil the
food. Fruits and vegetables are usually packed in crates, racks or
trays and stacked one on top of the other with a plenty of space.
6. Animals are also raised as they also give us food products like
meat, eggs and milk and carry our loads and help us to work in
the field. Rearing of animals for food and work is called animal
husbandry or livestock farming.
F. 1. Pests are organisms that destroy the crop. Pesticides and
insecticides are used to destroy pests and insects. These are
chemicals which are sprayed on plants. They are also sprayed
over the fields by hand-operated machines and low lying aircraft.
These kill the pests without damaging the crops. Malathion is an
insecticide used to kill harmful insects found in the crop fields.
2. Refer to page 31.
3. Refer to page 32.
G. The desert  region of Rajasthan  is characterized by extremes of
climate and erratic rainfalll and is subject to recurring droughts. The
agriculture is mostly depend on the low rainfall. One-fourth of the
cropped area is irrigated by Indira Gandhi Canal. The canal has
transformed the barren deserts of Jaisalmer district into rich and

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 lush fields. Crops of mustard, cotton, and wheat now flourish in the
semi-arid western region of the desert.

4. How Babies are Formed

FA Page 44— 1. Human, bird 2. Lizard, butterfly
3. Dog, rat 4. Earthworm and leech
5. Echidna and platypus
FA Page 50— Testes Testosterone
Pituitary Growth hormone
Ovaries Oestrogen
Pancreas Insulin

Exercises
A. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c)
B. 1. Butterfly 2. Gills 3. Ductless
4. Blood 5 blood glucose level
C. Change one word to make the sentence true .
1. Yeast reproduces by budding.
2. Asexual reproduction occurs in Yeasts.
3. The onset of puberty in girls occurs at about 12 years of age.
4. Metamorphosis occurs in the life cycle of a silk worm
5. Pituitary is present at the base of the brain.
D. 1. (e) 2. (f) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c)
E. 1. Gamete
2. So that it can move and fertilise the egg
3. Hormone 4. Adrenaline
5. Adrenal gland 6. Goitre
7. In frog external fertilization is seen whereas in hen internal
fertilization happens.
F. 1. External fertilization is seen in frog and fish. The females
discharge thousands  of eggs in water and the males discharge
sperms. The sperms swim to the eggs and fertilize the eggs in
water. However, 99% of these eggs are eaten by various predators
in the sea. The number of eggs that actually gets fertilized is very
less. Birds birds exhibit internal fetilisation. They in general
produce only a few eggs at a time but success rate is much more
than that of fish and frog. Moreover, eggs of a hen or duck are
protected in hard shells, while those of a frog and fish are not
covered in shells.
2. (a) The process of fusion of male and female reproductive cells
or gametes is called fertilization.
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 (b) Metamorphosis is the process of transformation from the
larval stage to an adult (as seen in butterfly).
3. Refer to page 46.
4. Sometimes fertilisation is not possible in a human female due
to blockage in the fallopian tube or due to any other reason. In
such cases egg and sperm are collected and kept in a test tube.
The sperm and the egg are made to fuse and the fertilized egg is
transferred to the uterus where it grows and develops. This kind
of fertilization is called in vitro fertilization (IVF).
5. The endocrine system in our body consists of a set of bag-like
structures called endocrine glands. These are located in different
parts of the body and are ductless. They produce secretions
called hormones and release them in tiny amounts into the
blood. Pancreas is an exocrine gland as well as an endocrine
gland. It is exocrine because it releases pancreatic juice through a
duct which helps in digestion, and it is endocrine since it releases
hormones—insulin and glucagon—directly in the blood.
6. People who have a deficiency of insulin in their body suffer from
diabetes. Without insulin, the body cannot use the glucose (blood
sugar). Glucose is a simple sugar which serves as the body’s fuel
to produce heat and energy. When glucose cannot get inside of
the cells where it is burned to yield energy, the level of glucose
circulating in the blood is high and energy yield is low. Hence a
patient of diabetes often feels weak and tired.
7. Female foeticide has led to a skewed child sex ratio. This means
that there are lesser number of girls against boys. This is why sex
determination of the foetus has been banned in India.
8. There are some diseases which spread through sexual contact.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is one such
disease which is most dreaded. It is caused by Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). A person can get infected by
this virus by infected syringes or through sexual contact with
infected person. It can also get transmitted to an infant from the
infected mother through her milk. In order to avoid such diseases
and maintain good health, healthy interaction between opposite
sex is essential. Syringes should be used only once and thrown.
9. a. Cretinism: Thyroxine hormone affects metabolism and has an
effect on the growth of an individual. If thyroxine hormone is
less in children, it causes cretinism. The disease causes slow
growth, wrinkled and dry skin, deformed teeth, pot belly and
retarded growth of sex organs.
b. Goitre: Iodine is needed for the synthesis of thyroxine. If
there is less intake of iodine in an individual’s diet, he or she

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 suffers from goitre. The symptoms of this disease include
enlargement of the thyroid and neck region, the eyes also
bulge out in this disease. To prevent this disease iodised salt
should be consumed.
G. 1. Hormones act like chemical messengers. They carry messages
for the organs to function in a particular way. Hormones speed
up, slow down or alter the activities of these organs according to
the message.
Testes secretes the male sex hormone testosterone, which is
responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters
in a boy.
Ovaries produce the female sex hormone estrogen, which helps
in the development of secondary sexual characters in a girl.
Another hormone called progesterone is also released from
the ovary. It is sometimes called the pregnancy hormone and is
responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy
2. In rare cases, when a zygote starts dividing into a two-celled
embryo, the two cells separate. Each cell continues dividing on
its own, ultimately developing into two separate individuals
within the mother. And twins are born. Since the two cells come
from the same zygote, the twins are genetically identical and are
called identical twins. In a different case, when two ova mature at
the same time and are fertilized by two sperms, two nonidentical
or fraternal twins are born.
3. a. Unisexual and bisexual animals
Most multicellular animal is either a male or female. The
male individual shows the presence of male reproductive
organs and a female has the female reproductive organs. Such
animals are called unisexual animals.
There are animals in which the male and female reproductive
organs are present in the same individual. Such animals are
called bisexual animals or hermaphrodites. Examples are
earthworm and leech.
b. Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction typically requires the involvement of
two individuals, one each from opposite type of sex. The
female has female reproductive organ called ovary in which
the female reproductive cell called egg or ovum (pl. ova) are
produced. The male has male reproductive organs called
testes (sing. testis) which produce the male reproductive cell
called sperm. The male and the female reproductive cells fuse
to form zygote which develops into embryo—the developing
baby.

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 c. Embryo and foetus
The zygote formed as a result of fertilization in the fallopian
tube, travels to get implanted in the wall of the uterus. The
zygote divides and develops into a ball of cells. The cells then
develop into different tissues and organs of the body. This
developing structure is called an embryo.
The embryo remains attached to the wall of the uterus and
continues to develop inside the uterus. Eight weeks after
fertilization the embryo develops body parts. The stage of the
embryo in which all the body parts can be identified is called
foetus. The foetus forms and develops for about 40 weeks.
4. Refer to the text.
H. 1. Sexual organisms evolve more quickly than asexual ones,
possibly due to the following reasons:
i. Sexual reproduction typically requires the involvement of
two individuals. Hence, each of the two parent organisms
contributes half of the offspring’s genetic makeup giving rise
to variation.
ii. Sexual organisms are less likely to accumulate harmful
mutations as these can be reconstituted through
recombination.
2. Our thyroid gland needs iodine for the manufacture of thyroxine
hormone. Goitre is caused by iodine deficiency in our diet. People
living in coastal areas eat sea food and sea food contain sufficient
amount of iodine. That is why they do not suffer from goitre.

5. Conservation of Plants and Animals

Exercise
A. 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c)  4. (b)  5. (b)  6. (d)
7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (a)
B. 1. Gir 2. Flora 3. Endemic
4. Exotic 5. Deforestation
C. 1. Haryana: Sultanpur National Park—large range of birds,
2. Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park, Bhavnagar National
Park—tiger
3. Uttar Pradesh: Corbett National Park—birds, wild elephants and
tigers
4. Assam: Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park—
one-horned rhino in India
5. Rajasthan: Ranthambore National Park—Project Tiger
6. Gujarat: Gir Forest—Asiatic Lions

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 7. Ganga Brahmaputra delta: Sundarban National Park—royal
Bengal tiger
D. 1. Indian rhinoceros and great Indian bustard
2. Himalayan quail and the golden langur
3. chinkara deer and black buck
4. Gharial and Hawksbill Turtle 
5. Tigers, elephants, rhinos, leopards, whales, seals, etc. are hunted
for hides, skin, fur to obtain leather; horn, tusk and bone are
used to make jewellery and comb.
7. Eucalyptus tree
8. Cod
E. 1. Fauna includes all animals that exist in the natural surrounding
and are not domesticated or looked after by man, while flora refers
to all the naturally growing plant life in any particular region.
2. Migration is a phenomenon in which animals move from
one place to another periodically to escape severe climatic
conditions
3. Breeding endangered animals under controlled conditions to
protect their babies is called captive breeding.
4. Forests are the home to a large fauna and flora hence they need
to be conserved.
5. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resource (IUCN) or World Conservation Union (WCU) has been,
for more than four decades now, assessing the conservation status
of various species and subspecies on a global scale. Studies show
that about one-eighth of the known plant species are threatened
with extinction and some species have become extinct. IUCN
highlights the species threatened with extinction and keeps a
record of the threatened species of plants and animals in the
form of a Red Data book.
F. 1. The variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or
the entire earth is called biodiversity. During the last century,
erosion of biodiversity has been increasingly observed. Some of
the reasons for the decrease in the number of some living species
are: habitat destruction, depletion of food, killing animals for
food and other products, climatic change, presence of an exotic
species, pollution, etc.
2. Threatened species  are any species—animals, plants, fungi,
etc.—which are vulnerable to endangerment in the near
future.  The threatened species of organisms have been placed
in the following categories—critically endangered, endangered
and vulnerable.
Critically Endangered species: They are under the highest risk

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 of extinction as their number has decreased drastically. Examples
are Andean catfish, Abes salamander, Angular pebblesnail
amongst many more.
Endangered species: These species are represented by fewer
individuals because of unfavourable factors. Examples are Indian
rhinoceros, crocodile, blue whale and great Indian bustard.
Vulnerable species: These species are most likely to become
endangered if their security is not taken care of. Examples are
chinkara deer, black buck and blue pheasant amongst others.
3. Biodiversity is of enormous value to us due to several reasons.
Two of these reasons are as follows:
Economic value: This encompasses direct harvesting of plants
and animals for food, medicine, fuel, raw materials like fibres,
gum, resin, rubber and skin. A number of commercial products
like ivory, leather and honey are also obtained from animals and
plants.
Ecological value: Wildlife maintains the balance of nature by
transfer of energy in a food chain and the circulation of inorganic
nutrients between the biotic and abiotic environment. They
maintain the oxygen cycle, water cycle and the nitrogen cycle in
the atmosphere. Trees prevent floods as well as droughts, serve
as habitats for many animals and make the environment clean
and fresh. You have read about all this before. Soil erosion is
prevented by the trees. The roots of trees act as soil binders.
4. Refer to page 56, 57.
5. (a) Endemic and Exotic species:
Endemic species are those species that are restricted to a
particular geographic region and are not found all over the
world.
Exotic species are those animals and plants that do not belong
to a place originally and are introduced from elsewhere.
(b) Hunting is killing animals for various reasons – meat,
products like skin, hide, tusk, fur, etc.
Illegal hunting of animals for food and other things is called
Poaching.

Chapter-wise
Assignments for Formative Assessment

Chapter 1
1. (a) If building: brick then body: cell
(b) If Paramoecium: unicellular then human: multicellular
(c) If plant: epidermal then animal: epithelial

14 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

 (d) If photosynthesis: chloroplast then cell division: nucleus
2. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Cell wall Cellulose Shape and rigidity
Chromosomes DNA and proteins Heredity
Vacuole Membrane- bound sacs Digestion, storage, waste removal
Chromoplasts Colourful flower parts Attract insects for pollination
3. (a) Cell division is an important process in the life of every organism.
(i) It ensures continuity of species.
(b) It is desirable to stain an object while viewing through a light
microscope.
(i) In order to view the object clearly.
(c) Organisms like bacteria are called prokaryotes.
(iii) They do not have a distinct nucleus.
(d) Xylem and phloem are called conducting tissues.
(ii) They transport water and food respectively.
(e) Blood is called a connective tissue.
(i) It transports oxygen and other substances.

6. Metals and Nonmetals

FA Page 76—1. Zn + CuSO4 (sol) ZnSO4 + Cu P
2. Fe + CuSO4 (sol) FeSO4 + Cu P
3. Au + CuSO4 (sol) AuSO4 + Cu NP
4. Cu + FeSO4 (sol) CuSO4 + Fe NP
5. Cu + ZnSO4 (sol) ZnSO4 + Cu NP

Exercises
A.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. c. 9. (a)
B.
1. Sodium 2. Copper  3. Zinc 4. Iron 5. Magnesium
C.
1. soft 2 . Alloys 3. Mercury 4. displacement
5. basic oxides, basic 6. graphite
D.
1. Zinc is used in galvanization to protect iron from rusting through
a displacement reaction.
2. Na
3. No, silver reacts with hydrogen sulphide gas (present in the air)
to form a black coating of silver sulphide on its surface.
4. Copper and Tin
5. No
6. Copper, when exposed to moist air for long, acquire a thin
greenish layer on them. This green material is a mixture of
copper hydroxide, Cu (OH)2 and copper carbonate, (CuCO3).

TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 15

 7. 2 Na + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2
sodium water (cold) sodium hydroxide hydrogen
E. 1. Metals are generally solids at room temperature; they are hard,
ductile and malleable, have high density and lustre. They are
good conductors of heat and electricity.
Nonmetals are generally solids and gases at room temperature,
they do not have lustre, neither are they ductile nor malleable;
they are not sonorous and are poor conductors of heat and
electricity.
2. Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution, but copper
cannot displace iron from an iron sulphate solution because in
a displacement reaction a more reactive metal displaces a less
reactive metal from its salt solution and iron is more reactive
than cupper.
3. Aluminium also reacts with water and forms oxide. Iron (red
hot) reacts mildly with steam liberating hydrogen.
4. On burning a piece of charcoal, a gas evolves. This gas is carbon
dioxide. If we hold a wet litmus paper in the smoke, we will find
it turn red. This shows the gas is acidic in nature. Here carbon
dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid.
5. Metals placed above hydrogen in the reactivity series displace
hydrogen from acids. Pickle and curd have acids. If stored in
metallic containers acids in pickes and curd will react with the
metallic container forming poisonous salts.
6. Copper is used for electrical wiring in our houses because it
is a good conductor of electricity. The conductivity of silver is
greater than copper but we use copper because copper is cheaper
than silver. Graphite cannot be used for electrical wiring in our
houses. Graphite is an allotrope of carbon, which means that it
is made of carbon rings. The rings are loosely bound together, so
they flake off easily, this makes it difficult to form into wires.
7. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a
nonmetal. Alloys are made to improve upon the characteristics
of metals. Alloys are stronger, harder and resistant to corrosion
better conductors. For example, iron is strong but corrodes
easily. When alloyed with chromium and nickel in stainless steel,
it does not corrode.
8. Iodine: Iodine is used as an antiseptic.
Iron: Iron is a very strong metal. It is used in construction
industry for making rods, girders and other engineering works.
Oxygen: Oxygen is used for respiration and combustion
process.
Sodium: Sodium is used in the form of common salt.

16 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

 Stainless steel is used for making utensils, cutlery,
Bronze is used for making statues, medals, coins, bearings
9. Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, Copper,
Mercury, Silver, Gold, Platinum
F. 1. Refer to page 73 experimental work.
2. Corrosion is the process of slow eating away of a metal due to its
reaction with moisture and oxygen. Metals like iron, copper and
aluminium get corrode and a thin coating forms on their surface.
Corrosion of different metals can be prevented in many different
ways like painting, oiling and greasing, and galvanizing
3. Metals differ in their reactivity with acids. Reactive metals
like sodium, potassium and calcium react violently whereas
metals like magnesium, aluminium and zinc react mildly with
acids. Metals placed above hydrogen in the reactivity series
displace hydrogen from dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid.
Sodium, magnesium and aluminium react with hydrochloric
acid to produce salts and liberate hydrogen. Metals like silver,
gold and platinum, that have low reactivity, do not react with
acids, oxygen, water and any other compound under normal
conditions.
4. (a) Gold and platinum, have low reactivity. They do not react
with acids, oxygen, water and any other compound under
normal conditions. This is why gold and platinum jewellery
do not lose their shine. These metals are rare and so they are
expensive.
(b) Graphite is a form of carbon, and hence, a nonmetal.
However, graphite conducts electricity and hence is used to
make electrodes.
(c) Copper, when exposed to moist air for long, acquire a thin
greenish layer on them. This green material is a mixture of
copper hydroxide, Cu (OH)2 and copper carbonate, (CuCO3).
G. No. If gold is reactive, it would react with acids, oxygen, water and
other compound and thus lose their shine.

7. Coal and Petroleum

FA Page 89— 1. Petrol, kerosene, diesel, paraffin wax asphalt
2. Hydrocarbons
3. Asphalt

Exercises
A. 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c)  4. (a)  5. (a)  6. (a)
7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (d)
TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 17
 B. 1. fossil fuels 2. Mines 3. Diesel and petrol
4. hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and other volatile
hydrocarbons.
5. Global warming 6. hydrogen and sulphur
C. 1. Methane
2. Anthracite
3. Bituminous coal
4. LPG: liquefied petroleum gas; CNG: compressed natural gas
5. Colliery
6. Asphalt
7. Coal
8. coke, charcoal
D. 1. Coke is used as a fuel. Coke is used in the manufacture of steel
and in the extraction of other metals. Coal tar is used in making
roads and as a roofing material.
2. Crude oil is of little use in its raw form, so it is refined to
obtain useful products as fuel, lubricating oil, wax, asphalt and
petrochemical, etc.
3. Natural gas is used in motor vehicles and to produce nitrogen
for fertilizer.
4. Carbonization  is the term for the conversion of an  organic
substance  into  carbon  or a carbon-containing residue
through pyrolysis or destructive distillation.
5. Natural gas burns completely. It releases more energy than any
other fuel. It produces the least amount of carbon dioxide as it
burns completely. It also occurs in larger amounts as compared
to oil and coal.
Inexhaustible: solar energy, hydel power
Exhaustible natural resources: coal, petroleum
6. Refer to the text.
E. 1. Refer to the text.
2. Refer to the text.
3. Refer to the text.
4. Refer to the text.
F. 1. CNG is preferred over any other fuel. CNG releases more energy
than any other fuel.
It produces the least amount of carbon dioxide as it burns
completely. Hence it causes least amount of pollution of air. It
also occurs in larger amounts as compared to other fuel, hence it
is cheaper.
2. The proverb: ‘Carrying coal to New Castle’ means ‘to do
something pointless and superfluous’. Newcastle in England has
been well-known as a coal mining centre since the middle ages.

18 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

 Therefore, ‘Carrying coal to Newcastle’ was an archetypally
pointless activity, there being plenty there already.
G. 1. b. bituminous
2. c. Lignite
3. a. anthracite

8. Combustion and Flame

FA Page 97—1. inflammable 2. Combustion 3. ignition temperature
4. less 5. supporter

Exercises
A.  1. c  2. b 3. d  4. c  5. b., c., and d
 6. a  7. d 8. d 9. b 10. b
11. b 12. b
B. 1. False A substance does not burn unless it attains its ignition
point.
2. False A fuel substance always is a combustible substance.
3. False Combustion of most fuels releases carbon dioxide.
4. False In a fire extinguisher carbon dioxide is stored as a liquid in
cylinder at high pressure.
5. True
C. 1. a paste made up of antimony trisulphide
2. zone of combustion or nonluminous zone
3. Water can extinguish fire in a forest which has wood and dry
leaves.
4. A piece of paper will catch fire more quickly.
5. The blue flame in the bottom of a candle flame is due the complete
combustion of carbon particles.
6. No, a candle would not burn in the absence of a wick. The wax
acts as a fuel for the candle to burn and the wick as a combustible
material.
7. No, a substance cannot catch fire below its ignition
temperature.
8. The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in kilojoules/gram
(kJ/g).
D. 1. There are certain conditions necessary for combustion which are
as follows.
• Presence of a combustible substance
• Presence of a supporter of combustion, i.e., oxygen
• Attainment of ignition temperature of a combustible
substance

TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 19

 2. Water is a good conductor of electricity. It cannot be used as an
extinguisher for electrical fire. It might give shocks. Hence other
means of extinguishing fire like carbon dioxide or nitrogen are
used.
3. If left in open, sodium combines with atmospheric oxygen and
burn. This is why sodium is kept under kerosene. Sodium cannot
be kept in water, as it is highly reactive and chemically combines
with water liberating hydrogen.
4. Paper and cloth are combustible substances. We do not burn
paper to make food. For our heat energy requirements to cook
food we have to select a fuel which gives a regular and sufficient
energy, on burning.
5. Water cannot be used in case of fire caused due to liquid fuel like
oil. Oil is lighter than water and floats on its surface; hence water
cannot extinguish such fire.
6. Luminous yellow zone: This zone is the zone of partial or
incomplete combustion. Here the supply of oxygen reduces.
Without fuel there is no combustion. The formation of the carbon
(soot) particles increases. As they rise, they continue to heat until
they ignite and emit the full spectrum of visible light.
7. The goldsmith uses the outermost zone because it is the hottest.
8. A candle inside a closed jar for long. Oxygen is a supporter of
combustion. Combustion is, in fact, oxidation of a substance
to give heat and light. The process of combustion stops if the
supply of oxygen is cut off. Once the candle has used up all the
oxugen inside the jar it extinguishes.
E. 1. A good fuel should
• have a high calorific value
• have a definite ignition temperature (well above the room
temperature and not too high)
• be least polluting
• be easy and safe to handle
• have low content of noncombustible substances and burn
completely or leave no residue
• be easy to transport
• require less space for storage
• be cheap and should be easily available
Gaseous fuels like CNG, LPG and biogas can be easily stored
in containers (small or big) and are easily transportable. These
fuels, leave no residue due to complete combustion, and are less
polluting too. Thus gaseous fuels have all properties of a good
fuel and are preferred over others.

20 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

 2. Comparasion LPG and Wood as Fuel
LPG Wood as Fuel
1. LPG is a costly fuel but 1. Wood is a cheap fuel, not
readily available and easy readily available in cities
to transport in cylinders and difficult to carry
and tanker 2. Wood has a low calorific
2. LPG is combustible, its value—17000-22000 kJ/
calorific value being kg—and takes longer to
55000 kJ/kg burn completely, hence
3. LPG is more energy not readily combustible.
efficient 3. Wood as Fuel in not much
4. It causes less air pollution energy efficient
and prevent deforestation 4. It causes air pollution and
by supplementing the deforestation.
fuel need in place of 5. It is not an exhaustible
wood as fuel natural resource as trees
5. It is an exhaustible can be grown in 5-10 yrs.
natural resource.
3. Refer to the text.
4. Carbon dioxide being heavier than oxygen, covers the fire like a
blanket and cuts the supply of oxygen. Since the contact between
the fuel and oxygen is cut off, the fire is controlled. For fires
involving electrical equipment and inflammable materials like
petrol, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the best extinguisher as in such
fires water cannot be used. The added advantage of CO2 is that
in most cases it does not harm the electrical equipment.
F. 1. Hydrogen has the highest calorific value but still is not used as
a domestic fuel as it is highly combustible and explodes. Safe
storage of hydrogen is also difficult.
2. Green leaves have water and moisture in them. And water as
we know works as a coolant reducing the temperature below
the ignition point. Hence it makes it difficult to catch fire. On
the other hand dry leaves have lost all the water and moisture
content in it and hence it catches fire easily.
3. The Rusting of iron is an oxidation process. In this iron using
oxygen and water, gets oxidized and is rusted out. It is a slow
process which does produce heat at a very slow rate. The
combustion process is also a oxidation process and  a chemical
reaction by which fuel and an oxidizer react and produce  heat or
light. Combustion needs  heat, an oxidizer, and fuel. Combustion
is much faster than rusting.

TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 21

 9. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
FA Page 113— Switch Bakelite
Unbreakable kitchenware Melamine
Grocery bags Polythene
Piano keys PVC

Exercises
A.
1. c 2. c 3. a 4. a
5. a 6. c 7. d 8. a
B.
1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (f) 5. (d) 6. (b)
C.
1. Nylon
2. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
3. Compounds of crude oil, coal or natural gas
4. Esters
5. Thermosetting plastic
6. Thermoplastic
7. Thermoplastic
8. polyvinyl chloride
D.
1. Synthetic fibres are mixed with natural fibres to form blended
fibres. For example, polycot—a mix of polyesters and cotton,
and terrycot—a mix of terelyne and cotton are names of some
blended fibres.
2. A fibre is a chain of small units joined together. Each small unit
is actually a chemical compound. The small units get arranged
in a sequence usually on heating. This results in the formation
of a chain of repeating units, called polymer. Cellulose is a
natural polymer composed of long chains of glucose molecules.
Polythene is also an artificial polymer consisting of long chains
of the monomer—ethene.
3. Synthetic fibres are highly inflammable i.e., they easily catch
fire. If synthetic clothes catch fire, it can be disastrous. The fabric
would melt and stick to the body of the person wearing it. We
should, therefore, never wear synthetic clothes while working in
the kitchen or in a laboratory. Synthetic fibres are uncomfortable
in summers as they do not pass air through them. Hence their
use should be avoided in summers. Synthetic fibres and plastics
release toxic fumes on burning; hence they should never be
burnt. Both Synthetic fibres and plastics are nonbiodegradable—
do not decompose naturally. Hence they should be disposed of
carefully in the right bins.
4. Terrycot is a blended fibre. Blended fibres are a mix of synthetic
fibres with natural fibres in an effort to get the best of both.
22 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8
 Terrycot is a mix of terelyne and cotton. In terrycots, cotton
makes it comfortable to be worn in summer and terylene keeps
it light.
5. Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers of
cellulose and so it is not a synthetic fibre, though manmade.
Nylon is made entirely from chemicals. Hence it is a synthetic
fibre.
6. PET is another familiar form of polyester. It is used for making
bottles, utensils, films, wires and many other useful products.
E. 1. Refer to the text.
2. Refer to the text.
3. Refer to the text.
F. 1. If synthetic clothes catch fire, it can be disastrous. The fabric
would melt and stick to the body of the person wearing it. We
should, therefore, never wear synthetic clothes while working in
the kitchen or in a laboratory.
2. Refer to the text.
3. Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers of
cellulose and so it is not a synthetic fibre, though manmade.

10. Sound
FA Page 119— The following table summarises some features of sound
waves and vibrations. Fill in the blanks.

Amplitude Frequency
Sound Loud Big Low High
Quiet small low high
pitched pitched
Example Whisper Shouting roar of a Woman
lion speaking
For FA page 122— Writewhetherthemusicalinstrumentiswind,percussionor
Tabla percussion
Flute wind
Violin string
Drum percussion
Harp string
Clarinet wind

Exercises
A. 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d)
5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d)

TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 23

 B. 1. Vibrations vaccum
2. liquids gases solids
3. increase
4. decreases
5. 20,000 Hz, ultrasonic sounds
C. 1. Two sounds differ only because of the difference in their loudness,
pitch and quality.
2. Sound will travel faster through an iron bar than an atmosphere of
nitrogen.
3. The sound of drum has a lower frequency than the sound of violin.
4. A tuning fork makes 100 oscillations in one second. It is vibrating
with a frequency of 50 Hz.
5. The pitch of sound depends on the frequency of vibrations.
D. 1. a. amplitude b. frequency c. Hertz d. Pitch e. Decibels
2. Clarinet 3. Cochlea 4. No
E. 1. Sound is a type of energy. It is produced by the vibrations of a
body. Vibration is a rapid back and forth movement of a body.
2. Frequency: The rapidity of vibrations or the number of oscillations
per second is called the frequency of vibration.
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of the vibrating body
on any one side of the mean position is called the amplitude of
the vibration.
3. Sound needs a medium to travel. It cannot travel in vacuum
because in vacuum, there are no particles that will vibrate and
transmit the sound.
4. Pitch of a sound depends upon
 i. the length of the string: Smaller the vibrating string, higher
is the pitch. A smaller string can vibrate faster, hence have
higher frequency;
ii. The thickness of the string: A thinner string produces a high
pitch sound. A thinner string can vibrate faster, hence have
higher frequency.
5. The loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude of the
vibration that produces it. The greater the amplitude of the wave,
the louder is the sound. The harder you beat a table the greater
is the displacement of the vibrating body on any one side of the
mean position, in other words bigger is the amplitude of the
wave; hence, louder is the sound. Moreover, loudness depends
upon the amount of energy set forth. So harder you beat a table,
louder is the sound.
6. The frequency of vibration = 12 × 4 = 48 Hz
7. Amplitude of the wave—The greater the amplitude of the wave,
the louder is the sound.

24 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

 F. 1. Loud sounds, usually above 90 dB, cause noise pollution. Sound
produced by sources such as aircraft, pneumatic drills, machines,
loudspeakers, bursting crackers and horns of vehicles cause
noise pollution. What are the sources of noise pollution? List the
harmful effects and the steps to prevent noise pollution.
Harmful effects of noise pollution
Refer to text page 123
Steps to control noise pollution
Refer to the box matter page 123
2. Refer to page 123, Table 10.2 Comparison between musical sound
and noise.
3. Refer to text page 120.
G. Light needs no medium to travel but sound needs a medium to
travel and hence cannot travel in space.

11. Light
FA Page 132—2. Infinite images of an object are formed when two mirrors
are kept parallel to each other.
FA Page 136— Match the following.
Splitting up of white light Dispersion
Blind spot Insensitive to eye
Iris Coloured diaphragm
Bending of light Refraction
White light Seven colours

Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a)  4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b)
7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. b.
B. 1. Diffused 2. reflection
3. erect, virtual, size as the object, laterally inverted
4. regular 6. Cornea 7. blind spot 8. retina
3 × 108 × 10–3
C. Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s = × 60 × 60 km/hour
5
5
= 3 × 10 × 3600 km/hour
9
= 1.08 × 10 km/hour
D. 1. 15 cm away from the mirror
2. 6 m
360
3. No. of images formed = – 1 = 11
3
4. refracted
5. infinite
6. Angle of incidence would be 30°.

TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 25

 7. Hypermetropia is a defect of vision due to which a person is
unable to see the nearby objects clearly. The defect arises due to
shortening of the eyeball. The image of an object placed nearby
is formed behind the retina. This defect is corrected by wearing
spectacles made of convex lenses.
8. The blind spot is a spot on the retina from where the optic nerves
enter the eye. It is insensitive to light and the image of an object
formed on it cannot be seen.
E. 1. The space between the cornea and the lens contain a transparent,
watery fluid called the aqueous humour. The space between the
lens and the retina is filled with a jellylike transparent substance
called vitreous humour. Both these liquids help to refract the light
coming through the lens. There is a highly light sensitive spot is
on the retina, at its centre. This spot is called the yellow spot.
2. When a parallel beam of light falls upon a smooth and well
polished surface like that of a fresh apple, regular reflection takes
place. Reflection is bouncing off of light incident on a surface.
This helps to form images, like in a plane mirror and shine.
3. i. The iris gives the eye its characteristic colour. For example, a
blue-eyed person has blue iris and a black-eyed person has
black iris.
ii. The iris controls the size of the pupil, which in turn, controls
the amount of light entering the eye.
4. Due to old age or exposure to atmospheric pollutants, the
transparent crystalline lens of the eye becomes cloudy and
opaque. Then, enough light from an object is not able to pass
through the lens and reach the retina. Thus, vision is hampered
and the object looks hazy. The person with such a condition is
said to have cataract.
To correct this defect a surgery is necessary. In a cataract
operation, the doctor removes the opaque lens from the eye and
introduces a new lens in place. This brings back clear vision to
the eye again. Cataract left untreated may lead to blindness, that
is, complete loss of vision.
5. Refer to page 131 and Fig 11.6 and 11.7.
6. Deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness which makes it
difficult to see at night or in dim light.
Consumption of milk, milk products, green leafy vegetables,
yellow or orange fruits and vegetables, fish, almonds etc., are
good for the eyes. They contain vitamin A, which is essential for
good vision.
7. Refer to page 133 Fig. 11.13.
8. Blind people cannot read the books others can. Louis Braille was

26 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

 a person who lost his vision in childhood. He invented the system
of Braille, in 1821, by which visually challenged people could
read. In the Braille system, patterns are made with raised dots.
Combination of dots in each pattern represents a letter or a
combination of letters of the alphabet or a word or a sign. In each
pattern, dots are arranged in a ‘six-dot cell’. The dots are felt by
touching them with fingers and the character represented by
each pattern is understood.
Refer to page 137 to write ‘CAT AND BAT’ in Braille.
F. 1. When a parallel beam of light incident upon a surface is reflected
‘unparallely’, i.e., in different directions, then it are called
diffused reflection or irregular reflection. This happens when a
parallel beam of light falls on a rough or uneven or dull surface
like a whitewashed wall or an unpolished piece of wood or a
road surface. No image is formed due to diffused reflection.
Irregular reflection helps us to see objects. It does not cause
glare and spreads the light over a large area. All this is not due
to the failure of the laws of reflection! The laws of reflection are
always followed whenever there is reflection of light. The rays
are, however, reflected in different directions because of the
unevenness of the surface. In other words, the normal drawn at
the points of incidence of all the rays are not parallel to each
other. Hence the reflected rays are not parallel to each other.
Refer to Fig. 11.4 b for diagram.
2. a. The ability of the eye to focus objects lying at different
distances is called the power of accommodation of the eye.
b. Hypermetropia or long-sightedness is a defect in which
people cannot see the nearby objects very clearly but can see
objects at infinity clearly.
c. The yellow spot is a highly light sensitive spot on the retina, at
its centre.
d. People who can see the nearby objects clearly, but have
difficulty seeing far away objects, are said to have a defect
called shortsightedness or myopia.
G. 1.

45°
45°
45°
45°

45° 45°

TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 27

 2. P P′
Q′ R P
Q

A B

Since the extended rays meet the reflected rays, so every one can
see each other’s image.

12. Force and Pressure

FA Page 146— 1. (10 – 5) N = 5 N on the left
2. (5 N and 8 N) = 13 N on the right
3. (7 – 4 ) N = 3 N on the right
4. (5 – 1) N = 4 N down
FA Page 147— 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False

Exercises
A. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. d
B. 1. c 2. a 3. d
C. 1. 760 2. Pressure
3. More 4. Manometer
D. 1. True
2. False. The atmospheric pressure acting on a human body is equal
to the pressure of the fluids inside the body.
3. True
4. False. A barometer is an instrument used for measuring the
atmospheric pressure.
5. True
E. 1. 10
2. Forces are balanced
3. The net force acting on a body
4. Noncontact forces
5. Force of gravity
6. My weight on the earth is 36 kg. Hence on moon it will be 1/6th
of 36 = 6 kg. .
7. Atmosphere is the envelope of air surrounding the earth.
8. Barometer

28 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

 F. 1. Forces that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction are
balanced forces. When an object is not moving, the forces acting
on it are balanced. In the game of tug of war, two teams pull each
other or pull at a rope in opposite directions. Sometimes the rope
simply does not move. This happens when the force applied by
the two teams is equal and opposite, i.e., the force is balanced.
2. The force exerted by a charged body on a charged or uncharged
body is known as electrostatic force. This force can be attractive
or repulsive.
A balloon that has been rubbed gets electrically charged and
picks up small bits of paper without even touching the paper.
The balloon is thus an example of a charged body.
3. If a force is applied in the direction in which the object is moving,
the object will move faster.
4. Both electrostatic and magnetic forces are noncontact forces.
5. A body weighs less on the moon because moon’s gravity it is
lesser – 1/6 th that of the earth.
6. We can stop a moving object applying a force in the opposite
direction.
7. Force can cause a moving object to turn or change direction.
8. The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called atmospheric
pressure.
G. 1. Any ‘push’ or ‘pull’ which is applied on a body to bring about some
change in its position and form is called force. Refer to page 144 for
effects of force.
2. Electrostatic force can be attractive or repulsive. Like charges repel
and unlike charges attract each other.
Let us tie a straw with a thread and hang it with the help of a stand.
Now let us rub this straw with a cotton cloth and bring the cotton cloth
near the straw. We will find the two attract each other. Now let us rub
another straw on the same cloth and bring both the straws closer.
We will observe that the two straws repel each other. This happens
because if one rubs things together, electrons from the atoms of a
thing can move to the atoms of another thing. In this process some
atoms get extra electrons and develop a negative charge, while other
atoms lose electrons acquiring a positive charge.
3. Here are the characteristics of pressure exerted by a liquid.
• Liquid exerts pressure in all directions.
• At a certain depth a liquid exerts the same pressure in all
directions.
• The pressure exerted by a liquid increases with depth. In other
words, the pressure is highest in the deepest part of a vessel
containing liquids.

TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 29

 Activities 4 and 5 explain how liquids exert pressure.
4. Refer to page 152 and Fig. 12.17.
H. 1. If my weight on earth in 36 kg, my weight on Jupiter would be
36 × 2.5 = 90 kg. However my mass will remain the same as on
earth.
2. It is hard to push a glass tumbler down into water because water
pushes it back upwards.
3. A siphon is a device that allows the transfer of a fluid from one
reservoir to a second at a lower level even though the first part of
the journey is up-hill.
A siphon is effectively an inverted U-tube with unequal lengths.
The asymmetry makes a pressure difference between the ends.
A siphon is an inverted U-tube of unequal lengths.
At the upper reservoir: p1 = P – ρgh1
at the lower reservoir: p2 = P – ρgh2 
where P = atmospheric pressure)
so p1 > p2 if h1 > h2 and the fluid flows. To get the siphon ‘running’
you do need to reduce p2  and the best way is orally by sucking
on the tube (this is why we use water rather than gasoline which
would have been be easier to see), but once the head difference is
achieved the process is automatic. 

h1
p1

h2

p2

Figure 1: Principle of the siphon 

13. Friction
FA Page 158— 1. lesser 2. more 3. more
FA Page 159— 3. Rolling friction 2. Sliding friction 1. Static friction

Exercises
A. 1. (c) Lubricating the surface between the box and the floor

30 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a)
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. opposite, reduces 2. heat, wear and tear
3. reduces 4. Powder
5. Frictional
C. Friction retards motion as it acts in the direction opposite to motion.
We cannot walk easily on a very smooth floor as it is difficult to
overcome less friction. Rougher the surface in contact, the more
is the friction. A lubricant helps decrease friction between moving
parts. Fish and birds have streamlined bodies so that the friction is
less and they move through the fluid easily.
D. 1. Graphite is used as lubricant when electric contact is required
because it not just serves as a lubricant but also as a good
conductor of electricity.
2. Heat is produced by the friction between the hands as friction
can produce heat.
3. Yes, static friction
4. Sliding friction is the frictional force offered when sliding an
object.
5. When a car goes for servicing, grease is applied on its moving
parts. This is done to reduce friction.
6. The frictional force exerted by liquids is also called drag.
E. 1. Friction is a necessary evil. Write three points to support the
statement.
• Friction helps us to walk and run and allows car tires to grip
and roll along the road without skidding. We would have
slipped down instead of gripping in the lack of friction.
• Nails and screws can be held together in a surface because of
friction. When you fix a nail on the wall, the nail gets fixed due
to friction. Friction between screws and beams prevents the
screws from sliding out and keeps buildings standing.
• Friction helps us write. Friction between the chalk and the
board or the paper and the pencil helps us to write.
However friction has its disadvantages too
• Friction reduces the speed of a moving object.
• Friction causes wear and tear. Rubber tyres of automobiles
wear and tear due to friction produced between the tyre and
the road while running.
• A large amount of fuel is wasted while running machines to
overcome friction.
2. A streamlined shape of an object moving through a fluid
reduces friction. This is why boats and aeroplanes are made in
streamlined shapes. Their streamlined shape helps them move
through the fluid easily.
TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 31
 3. Friction occurs because surfaces tend to catch on one another
as they move past each other. The ridges of one surface can get
stuck in the grooves of the other, effectively creating a type of
interlocking, between the surfaces. So one has to apply a force to
overcome this interlocking and the applied force is equal to the
frictional force.
4. Refer to the text
5. Banana peel makes the surface slippery. Shoes slip and slide
instead of gripping because of the lack of friction, making
walking difficult.
6. a. fluid friction: fluid friction is the force of friction exerted by
fluids (liquids and gases) on objects moving through them.
The frictional force exerted by liquids is also called drag.
b. Rolling friction is the frictional force offered when a body rolls
on a surface.
F. Long-Answer Questions
1. Give reasons for the following.
a. Football shoes have spikes in their soles to increase friction
and give a better grip while playing.
b. The shapes of racing cars, are so designed that is, streamlined,
to reduce friction so that the resistance offered to their
movement is less.
c. Water makes the surface of the road smooth, so friction is
reduced. Hence the car can skid.
d. It is easier to pull a suitcase with wheels because rolling
friction is less than sliding friction.
2. Use of ball bearings in moving parts of machines reduces friction
because rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
Here are two examples when increasing friction comes to our
advantage
i. When tyres become smooth, the car skids. The tyres of a car
are treaded to increase friction.
ii. Nail files are made rough in order to increase friction between
the nail and the file. This helps in wearing away the nail, and
trim it.

14. The Universe

FA Page 165— We can not see stars during the day because sun’s light is too
bright.
FA Page 167— Sun—Star; Stars—Nebula; Sirius—Onion;
Big Dipper—Saptarishi; Ursa Major—Great Bear

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FA Page 168— 4745 times (Approximately)
FA Page 172— 6 kg
FA Page 178— 1. Stars—Constellation
2. Universe—Big Bang Theory
3. Meteor—Shooting star
5. Satellite—Moon

Exercises
A. 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. c
B. Jupiter—Largest planet of the Solar System—Fastest spinning planet;
Venus—Evening star—Spins backwards; Saturn—Ringed planet—
Light in weight; Mars—Red planet—Thin and dry atmosphere
C. 1. Pole star 2. Comet 3. Craters 4. Milkway
5. Halley’s comet 6. Uranus 7. Neptune
8. Jupiter 9. Venus
10. Pole star is situated above the axis of rotation of the earth.
D. 1. Venus is nearly the same size as the earth, so it is called the sister
planet of the earth.
2. • Weather forecasting
• Assisting navigation of ships and aircraft.
3. It is the distance that light travels in the vacuum in one year.
4. A regular star is like the sun, only very far away. A shooting star is a
meteor entering the earth’s atmosphere and burning up.
5. Uranus is mainly made of ‘ice’—a frozen mixture of water, methane
and ammonia.
6. Meteors are pieces of dust burning up in the earth’s atmosphere.
When a meteor is able to reach the earth’s surface it is called
meteorite. That is why, meteorites are very few.
7. Mercury is too close to the sun and sun’s strong gravity would suck
a moon away in a second.
E. 1. Galaxies are huge collections of stars, other celestial bodies dusts
and gases, held together by gravity. For example, Milkway galaxy.
Constellations are groups of stars that make an imaginary shape
in the night sky. For example, Ursa major and Ursa minor.
2. There are many theories and assumptions on the beginning
of the universe. But the most accepted in the Big Bang Theory.
According to this, the universe began with a massive explosion,
a big bang, about and billions years ago. With this explosion the
space was filled with particles got stuck together to form large
bodies. These pulled the smaller ones due to force of gravity.
The smaller ones started revolving around the larger ones. Thus,
many solar system and galaxies were formed.

TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 33

 3. (a) Stars Planets
1. They have their own 1. They shine with the light
light. reflected from the star.
2. They are found in space. 2. They revolve around
stars.
(b)  Galaxy Constellation
1. Huge collection of stars, 1. Group of stars making
celestial bodies dust and specific shapes in night
gases. sky.
2. There are billions of 2. There are eighty-eight
galaxies in the world. constellations known so
far.
(c) Asteroid Meteor
1. Small rocky bodies 1. Pieces of dust burning
orbiting the sun in a belt up in the earth’s
between Mars and Jupiter. atmosphere.
2. They appear as shiny 2. They appear as a
stars. narrow streak of light.
4. Refer to page 168 of text book.
5. It is neither too hot nor too cold. It has oxygen. It has water.
F. 1. Saturn is made of light gases, hydrogen and helium. So it is very
light in weight.
2. No, satellites revolve around a planet only.
3. Half of the present weight.

15. Chemical Effects of Electric Current

FA Page 180—The following will form ions in a solution:
1. Salt water
3. Lemon juice
5. Soda water
FA Page 182—Write which ion or radical will move towards which electrode,
in an electrolytic solution:
Na+ → Cathode or –ve electrode
Cl– → Anode or +ve electrode
OH– → Anode +ve electrode
H+ → Cathode or –ve electrode

34 TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8

 K+ → Cathode or –ve electrode
I– → Anode +ve electrode

Exercises
A. 1. (a) 2 (d) 3. (a) 4. (c)
5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c)

B. Substance Conducts Owing to

Electricity
Sodium chloride Yes movement of ions
Distilled water No no ions
Tap water Yes traces of salt that conducts
electricity
Copper metal Yes presence of electrons which can
flow
C. 1. Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases
and salts.
2. The passage of an electric current through a solution causes
chemical changes.
3. A sugar solution does not conduct electricity.
4. Electrolysis of water was first done by Nicholson.
5. If you pass current through copper sulphate solution, copper
gets deposited on the plate connected to the negative terminal of
the battery.
6. The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another
material by the process of electrolysis is called electroplating.
7. An electrode connected to the negative terminal of a battery is
called cathode.
8. In electrolysis of sodium chloride, sodium is deposited at the
cathode and chlorine is evolved at anode.
9. A cation has positive charge.
D. 1. Salt water, Lime water, Tap water
2. Conducting electricity
3. Magnetic effect
4. It is neutral.
5. electrons
6. Yes
7. Heating effect of current
E. 1. The water that we get from sources such as taps, hand pumps,
wells and ponds is not pure and has small amounts of mineral
salts present in it. This water is thus a good conductor of

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 electricity. Human body is also a conducting medium. Hence if
we touch an electrical appliance with wet hands we may get a
shock.
2. A salt solution has common salt which is sodium chloride (NaCl)
dissolved in water. Sodium chloride dissociates into sodium
(Na+) ion and chloride (Cl–). Thus it forms an ionic compound.
The electricity is carried by these ions that are able to move in the
solution. A sugar solution does not conduct electricity because
sugar is made of molecules which do not dissociate to form free
ions.
3. Cations carry positive charge and are drawn towards cathode
because is the electrode that is connected to the negative terminal.
Anions carry negative charge towards anode as anode is the
electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of a battery.
4. Pure water does not have any amount of mineral salts present
in it.   Although it contains hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl
ions (OH-) but the amount of ions present are not sufficient to
conduct electricity. Hence pure water does not allow electric
current to pass through it. We add a few drops of acid in water
to make it conducting. Water mixed with some acid, base or salt
can only allow current to pass through.
5. In the process of purification of copper a thin plate of pure
copper and a thick rod of impure copper are used as electrodes.
Copper from the impure rod is sought to be transferred to the
thin copper plate. The impure rod of copper should be connected
to the positive terminal of the battery. When electric current
is passed through copper sulphate solution (CuSO4), copper
sulphate dissociates into copper (Cu2+) and sulphate (SO42-) ions.
The free copper (Cu2+) gets drawn to the electrode connected to
the negative terminal of the battery and gets deposited on it.
6. Electric current is the flow of charged particles in a conductor or
the movement of electrons in a conductor.
7. Refer to the chapter.
8. Iron vessels and containers used for storing food have to be
plated with tin. Tin is less reactive with food and it does not rust,
so food is protected from getting spoilt.
F. 1. Generally objects made of metals like iron are coated with nickel,
chromium, silver and gold by the method of electroplating.
Electroplating is done to improve the appearance of metals and
for protection against corrosion.
Refer to page 184 for detail.
2. Chemical effect of electric current can be best seen in electrolysis
which enables purification of metals, electroplating etc.

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 Electrolysis is a process in which a substance in a liquid state
gets decomposed into its constituents, on passage of electric
current. Electroplating is done to improve the appearance of
metals and for protection against corrosion. Very often the object
is made from a cheaper metal and the metal coated is expensive.
This gives the object a rich look and at the same time makes it
economical. Refer to page 184 for detail.
3. a. Electrode: The rods, plates or wires that are partially immersed
in the solution during electrolysis are called electrodes. The
electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of a battery
is called the anode; the electrode that is connected to the
negative terminal is called the cathode.
b. Electrolysis: A process in which a substance in a liquid state gets
decomposed into its constituents, on passage of electric current
c. Radicals: Radicals are a group of atoms that have charge
on them. Such groups of atoms stay together in a chemical
reaction.
4. Refer to the text.
G. 1. Ravi should have connected the iron spoon with the negative
terminal of the cell and the copper plate to the positive
terminal.
2. When the free ends of two wires connected in a circuit are
not joined together no current flows through the circuit. This
happens because air is a poor conductor of electricity. But air
allows current to pass through during a thunder lightning. This
is static electricity.

16. Some Natural Phenomena

FA Page 191—1. negatively 2. positively 3. negatively
4. repel 5. attract
FA Page 193—1. induction 2. conduction 3. friction
4. positive, negative 5. opposite
6. same 7. grounding
8. electroscope

Exercises
A.  1. b  2. c  3. a  4. b  5. b  6. b
 7. a  8. a  9. b 10. d 11. b 12. c
13. d 14. b 15. d 16. b
B.  1. plates 2. seismogram 3. fault 4. hypocentre
 5. epiccentre 6. richter 7. Lightining conductor

TH—Learning Science New CCE Edition–8 37

  8. wind direction and temperature
C. 1. Electroscope 2. It gets discharged
3. Negative 4. Seismology
5. Seismograph 6. No
D. 1. Static electricity is the build-up of electrical charges on the
surface of some objects or materials. It is usually created when
materials are rubbed together.
2. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each
other.
3. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk the two bodies get oppositely
charged due to rubbing.
4. Refer page 192 of text book.
5. Due to the movements of the tectonic plates inside the earth
forces are induced and released in the form of waves. On the
surface of earth we feel it as a tremor, known as earthquake.
E. 1. Refer page 191 of text book.
2. Refer page 192 of text book.
3. Lightning is an electrical discharge that moves through the clouds
in a thunderstorm. When wind blows, the frozen droplets collide
with each other and become electrically charged. This gives rise
to a whole cloud filled up with electrical charges. The air gets so
hot that it glows for a short time. This causes a spark, known as
lightning.
4. Seismograph consists of a spring and a weight hanging from
a frame that is placed along the earth’s surface. As the ground
vibrates, the vibrations are transferred to a recording drum which
rotates and on which a pen attached from the weight marks the
movement. A plot of the motion of the ground is obtained which
is called a seismogram.

17. Pollution of Air and Water

FA Page 205—1. pollution
2. burning fuels
3. storms, fires, volcanoes
4. perfumes, hair sprays, moth repellents
5. chimneys, petrochemicals and power plants
FA Page 212—1. sewage 2. suffocates 3. eutrophication
4. typhoid, diarrhea, cholera, amoebiasis
5. aquatic ecosystem

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Exercises
A. 1. c 2. d 3. d 4. b
5. b 6. b 7. b 8. c
B. CFCs—Ozone layer depletion—Skin cancer; Burning of coal—
Sulphur dioxide(SO2)—Lung diseases; Incomplete combustion—
Carbon monoxide (CO)—Severe anaemia; Burning of petrol—
Lead—Nervous damages; Sewers—Black water—Water borne
diseases; Agricultural wastes—Eutrophication—Death of aquatic
life; Carbon dioxide(CO2)—Global warming—Floods
C. 1. Chlorofluro carbons (CFCs)
2. (i) Toxic and poisonous wastes from household
(ii) Acid rain
(iii) Nuclear waste
(iv) Underground leakage
3. Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, ozone
4. Ozone
5. Ganga Action plan
6. Sulphurous acid
D. 1. Indoor pollution is caused due to the burning of fuels like wood,
cow dung cakes and coal.
2. When pollutants like SO2 and NO2 combine with water vapour
in air, acid rain is formed.
3. Excessive algaee growth in water bodies badly affects the aquatic
life. This is known as eutrophication. It blocks the oxygen and
light affecting the rate of photosynthesis in plants.
4. Clear water is not always fit to drink because it may contain
dissolved impurities. Potable water is always fit to drink.
5. The thin film of oil on the surface of water suffocates fish and
other aquatic life. It blocks the light and reduces the rate of
photosynthesis in aquatic plants.
6. The most famous river Ganga is included in the list of
endangered rivers of the world. Its overuse has left its water
highly contaminated. It is polluted with garbage from industries
and households.
E. 1. If the percentage of carbon dioxide is increased in the atmosphere
it may raise the overall temperature of the earth. This is global
warming. It may cause melting of ice on ice caps, thus resulting
in floods.
2. Refer page 206 of text book.
3. Excess of fertilizers and pesticides help in the growth of weeds
which causes eutrophication. This is responsible for large scale
death of aquatic plants and animals.

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 4. The wonder of the world ‘Taj Mahal’ has turned dull and yellow
due to deposition of pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides. Listing of the river ‘Ganga’ in the endangered rivers of
the world is another threat to pollution.
F. 1. In storage and distribution potable water must be kept safe from
microbial contamination.
2. There will be no life on the earth.
3. There is no pollution in thick forest areas as air is clean as
compared to urban areas.

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