SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF SHS

STUDENTS OF CNHS YEAR 2019

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment

of the Research in

Research II

DAUZON, RAMIL

DECAPIA,MARIO

TAMARAY,JHON ROBY AL

TE, DAVID

BANGLOY, ZENAIDA

MARTINA DELA PAZ-DAQUIOAG

Research Teacher
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Solid wastes are all the discarded solid materials from any municipal,

industrial and agricultural activities and it is also one of the

contributing factors in pollution. According to Imelda V. Abano (June

2018), the country generates about 2.7 million metric tons of plastic

waste and half a million metric tons of plastic-waste leakage each

year, data from the Ocean Conservancy stated. In Metro Manila, which

is home to more than 12 million people, about 8, 6000 tons of waste

are generated each day in last June 05, 2018. Waste mismanagement has

serious environmental effects making the passage of the Republic Act

(RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

The Zero Waste of Cagayan National High School corresponds to the

plans and programs set out in the “Path to School Environment” and

“Quality School”, that seek to foster the engaged participation of

students and teachers, and build environmental stewardship capacities

to elevate environmental awareness and to improve quality of life and

health of students as school waste is a source of disease and latent

pollution.

Since the number of wastes being thrown everywhere is continuously

rising and the health of people is at risk and until now many students

are still not aware on the Zero Waste, the researchers will conduct a

research about the solid waste management practices. This research

aims to know the different solid waste management practices of SHS

students of Cagayan National High School. It also aims to know what

are the following effects of these solid waste management practices

and also to know if it is effective or not.

B. Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Profile of the Respondents - Extent by which the Solid

Waste Management is practiced
- Sex
- Strand - Effects of Solid Waste
Management in School

C. Statement of the Problem

Generally, over the years, solid waste disposal has become a major

problem in the Philippines. Since schools are one of the institutional

places that produces great amount of waste, this study will be

conducted to examine the solid waste management practices of SHS

students of Cagayan National High School.

Specifically, this study will answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the

following:

1.1. Sex

1.2. Strand
 2. What is the extent by which the Solid Waste Management

practices are observed by the students?

3. Is there a significant difference between in the extent by

which the Solid Waste Management practices are observed by the

students when group according to profile?

D. Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the extent by which the

Solid Waste Management practices are observed by the students when

group according to profile.

E. Scope and Limitations

This research covers only the practices of 150 senior high

students of Cagayan National High School in school year 2018-2019

about the solid waste management. Although the study had reached its

aims, there were some unavoidable limitations. This study is based on

senior high students’ perceptions. In this matter, the students will

have different perception about the research topic and it is based on

their knowledge about the solid waste management, how they observe and

perceive things in their surroundings and their awareness in the said

topic.

Some potential respondents wanted to be compensated for the time

spent in responding to the questionnaire. This makes the

administration of questionnaire quite difficult.

F. Significance of the Study

This study is deemed beneficial to the following:

Students – clearly, this study focuses mainly in students’ perceptions

in solid waste. This study can help them to have a better

understanding about solid waste management. They can also share their

opinions about the matter regarding solid waste management, with that,

they can help for the improvement of solid waste management.

School – It is also beneficial to school as it focuses on maintaining

the cleanliness of the surroundings by proper waste management. It

helps the school to lessen the waste products.

The Researchers – the researchers are also students so this study is

also beneficial to them since they would go deeper to their study,

which is the solid waste management, to understand more about the

solid waste management. The researchers an also apply what they have

learned and found. With that, they can also help other people.

To future researchers – the proposed study will benefit and help the

future researchers as their guide. The study is also amenable in

development of the study in case they want to conduct a parallel

study.

G. Definition of Terms

Solid Waste - are any discarded or abandoned materials. Solid wastes

can be solid, liquid, and semi-liquid or containerized gaseous

material.

Zero Waste – a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource

life cycles so that all products are reused and no trash to be sent to

landfills, incinerators, or the ocean.

Ecological Solid Waste Management– a systematic administration of

segregation at source, transportation, storage, transfer, processing,

treatment and disposal of solid wastes.

Composting – biological decomposition of solid organic materials by

bacteria, fungi and other organisms into a soil-like product.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization, or

conclusions, methodologies and other. Those that were concluded in

this chapter help in familiarizing information that is relevant and

familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present

study.

A. Related literature

Waste Generation

Of the six functional elements, waste generation is the most difficult

to manage and control. The amount of waste generated depends on the

pattern of national production and consumption, industrial structure,

waste management regulations, life style and the level of economic

activity. The greater the economic activity, the higher is the waste

generation rate. All activities that lead to the identification and

understanding of the sources, amount, nature, type and characteristics

of the solid waste generated to this functional element. Also

availability and quality of data on solid waste generation as well as

subsequent treatment also vary significantly from country to country

(Uriarte F. 2008, p 9) and (Pipatti R. et. al., 2006, p – 2).

Onsite Storage

Onsite means these functions are concerned with solid waste at the

place where the waste is generated. Handling means the separation of

wastes into their different types so they can be dealt with in the

most appropriate way. The benefits of appropriate onsite handling

include reducing the volume of waste for final disposal and recovering

usable materials (Open University, 2017)

The advantages of onsite storage are generation of clean recyclable

materials and removal of hazardous materials from general waste

streams in order to minimize health risks to the general population

particularly the waste handlers. It can also improve efficiency of

energy recovery processes, thus helping to operate the waste treatment

system.

But on the other hand, onsite storage is not practical to design a

solid waste management system that collects and disposes of wastes as

soon as they are generated. For this reason, the wastes must be stored

prior to collection. The most basic requirement of a good onsite

storage system is that it must isolate the wastes from the environment

to prevent health hazards. In addition, it must be aesthetically

acceptable and must facilitate the process of collection (Uriarte F.

2008, p 9).

Collection

Waste collection is the collection of solid waste from point of

production (residential, industrial commercial, institutional) to the

point of treatment or disposal. (WHAT A WASTE: A GLOBAL REVIEW OF

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, 2018, p - 13). It involves gathering the solid

waste and hauling them to transfer stations, processing and recovery

stations, or to final disposal sites, In most solid waste management

systems, the cost of collection accounts for a significant portion of

the total costs. Accordingly, the failure or success of many solid

wastes management systems depends on the failure or success of the

collection system. (Uriarte F. 2008, p - 9).

Transfer and Transport

Functional element of transfer and transport refers to the means,

facilities used to affect the transfer of wastes from one location to

another, usually more distant, location (Chapter 10 Transfer and

Transport, 2018 p - 1).

When the location of the final disposal site is at a distance from the

points of collection, it is more often economical to transfer the

collected, waste into larger transport vehicles, e.g., large container

trucks, rail cars, or barges, before transporting them to the final

disposal site. In this system, relatively smaller collection vehicles

carry the wastes to transfer stations where the wastes are loaded into

much larger transport vehicles. A properly designed transfer and

transport system normally reduces the overall cost of collection and

transport of wastes from onsite storage to final disposal sites.

(Uriarte F. 2008, p - 9).

Processing, Treatment and Recovery

This functional element includes composting and incineration. These

processes are designed to recover or produce usable materials such as

compost, or produce energy, such as electricity. When the waste stream

is predominantly organic and has high moisture content, composing is

an attractive alternative provided that a market for compost is

available. When the waste stream is relatively dry and has a high

fraction of combustible materials, then incineration is a viable.

Incineration greatly reduces the volume of waste but produces gaseous

emissions that require extensive treatment to prevent air pollution

and residual ash that requires appropriate disposal system.

Particulates are the major air pollutants arising from incineration.

However the issue of dioxins contained in the stack gases has become

major environmental and health concern. It is an issue that is raised

regularly by those who oppose the use of incinerators for the

treatment of municipal solid wastes. Depending on the nature of the

waste to be treated, location of the incinerator, environmental

regulators, and general attitude of the affected community, the air

pollution control facilities may constitute a major fraction of the

entire cost of the system and become the deciding factor on whether to

use incineration or not (Uriarte F. 2008, p – 10).

Solid waste is the useless, unwanted and discarded material resulting

from day to day activities in the community. Solid waste is wastes

arising from human and animal activities. For example residential,

commercial and household activities that are discarded as unwanted.

Solid wastes are generally classified in three general categories

which are municipal waste, industrial waste and hazardous waste.

Municipal waste includes waste from residential, commercial, open area

such as parks, streets, playground and treatment plant waste while

industrial wastes derived from industrial activities other than mining

(Jaafar I. et. al., 2018, p - 1).

When people think about solid waste management, they likely associate

it with garbage being dumped in landfills or incinerated. While such

activities comprise an important part of the process, a variety of

elements is involved in the creation of an optimal integrated solid

waste management system (Balance Small Business, 2018).

Solid waste management is defined as the discipline associated with

the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing

and disposal of solid waste (Mishra A., Mishra S., and Tiwari A. 2014)

in a manner that is accord with the best principles of public health,

economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other

environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public

attitudes (Dr. Eng. Mansour S. (2002). It also involves understanding

of existing waste management practice as well as adoptions of new

methods to overcome existing practices (Uriarte F. 2008, p 7).

The needs for solid waste management are many. While it is sometimes

carried for resource recovery, in other cases it could overcome

problem or epidemic. Sometimes it is carried out to avoid accumulation

of hazardous substances which could lead to fire hazards. At other

time it is carried out to avoid rodents and vectors irrespectively of

the reasons and methods it aims to restore the environment in which

the inhabitants are comfortable. With rising people, wealth

urbanization, it is chief challenge for many nations to manage

increasing quantity of solid waste. It must be further highlighted

that reduction in Green House Gases (GHG), improved public health,

safety, and environmental benefits accrue from good waste management

practices. (Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 2018)

Sanitary Landfills

Sanitary landfills are a method of waste disposal where the waste is

buried either underground or in large piles. This method of waste

disposal is controlled and monitored very closely.

For sanitary landfills, the process starts by digging a large hole in

the ground that is then lined with thick plastic (normally 2-4 feet

thick) and a layer of impervious clay. The bottom of the landfill is

also lined with a network of plumbing that functions as a collection

system for any liquids. Leachates are the term used to describe

liquids that leach or leak from the landfill, and this system collects

the leachates. These components of the sanitary landfill help prevent

materials and liquids from spreading to the surrounding ground and

waterways.

Once the landfill is set up, waste can then be added to the landfill.

Instead of simply filling the landfill completely with waste, the

landfill is organized in layers. The layers alternate between waste

and soil. This alternation of materials reduces odors and allows for

more rapid decomposition, which is the breakdown of materials. When a

landfill is full, it is sealed and covered in a thick layer of clay.

Once the landfill has been evaluated and considered safe, it can be

converted into a park or open space for human use. It is interesting

to think that a location where we put our unwanted materials can then

be turned into a location for recreation and fun (Study.com, 2003).

Incineration

Incineration is the process of burning refuse in a controlled

condition. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste

treatments are recognized as thermal treatments. During the process

of incineration, the waste material that is treated is converted in to

IBM, gases, particles and heat. These products are later used for

generation of electricity. The gases, flue gases are first treated for

eradication of pollutants before going in to atmosphere.

Among waste-to-energy technologies, incineration stands taller. Other

technologies are gasification, PDG, anaerobic digestion and Pyrolysis.

Sometimes Incineration is conducted without the reason for recovering

energy.

In past, incineration was conducted without separating materials thus

causing harm to environment. This un-separated waste was not free from

bulky and recyclable materials, even. This resulted in risk for plant

workers health and environment. Most of such plants and incinerations

never generate electricity.

Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from 95 to 96 percent. This

reduction depends upon the recovery degree and composition of

materials. This means that incineration however, does not replace the

need for land filling but it reduced the amount to be thrown in it.
Incineration comes with a number of benefits in specific areas like

medical wastes and other life risking waste. In this process, toxins

are destroyed when waste is treated with high temperature (Waste

Management Resources, 2009).

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) represents a contemporary and

systematic approach to solid waste management. The U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) defines ISWM as a complete waste reduction,

collection, composting, recycling, and disposal system. An efficient

ISWM system considers how to reduce, reuse, recycle, and manage waste

to protect human health and the natural environment. It involves

evaluating local conditions and needs. Then choosing, mixing and

applying the most suitable solid waste management activities according

to the condition. (Integrated Solid Waste Management for Local

Governments: A Practical Guide. 2017)

Composting

Composting is the controlled aerobic biological decomposition of

organic matter into stable, humus like product called compost. It is

essentially the same process as natural decomposition except that it

is enhanced and accelerated by mixing organic waste with other

ingredients to optimize microbial growth. The potential benefits of

composting manure and other organic wastes are improved manure

handling; reduced odor, fly, and other vector problems; and reduced

weed seeds and pathogens. Land applied compost improves soil

fertility, tilts, and water holding capacity. It is also free of

offensive odors and can be stored for extended periods. These

qualities make it suitable for use on the farm or for sale. Composting

is easily adapted to agricultural operations because farms generally

produce suitable amounts and types of waste for composting, have

adequate land, will benefit from the application of compost to the

soil, and have the necessary equipment already available. It provides

a means of developing an organic source of fertilizer or soil

conditioner. Because composting is suited to a wide range of

materials, it is possible for a compo sting operation to work in

cooperation with other farms, municipalities, and industry to compost

their organic wastes, such as manure from horse race tracks, food

processing wastes, or yard trimmings (United States

Department of Agriculture, 2000 p - 2).

Recycling

Recycling is the recovery of useful materials, such as paper, glass,

plastic, and metals, from the trash to use to make new products,

reducing the amount of virgin raw materials needed. Recycling is a

simple way for citizens to reduce waste, contribute to energy

conservation, and preserve natural resources. To fully realize the

benefits of recycling, three elements must be in balance: collection,

manufacturing and buying recycled. Recycling involves collecting,

sorting and processing materials that would otherwise become waste,

remanufacturing recycled materials into new products and purchasing

products made from recycled materials. Commonly, consumer items that

are widely accepted at community collection sites and private

recyclers includes paper, cardboard, plastic, glass, aluminim and

steel are widely accepted at community recycling programs. Unwanted,

obsolete and broken electronics are collected by retailers and other

electronics recyclers. Recycling and buying recycled goods helps

reduce the amount of waste materials sent to landfills and

incinerators, create jobs in the recycling and manufacturing

industries, reduce energy needs for the manufacturing of many new

products, conserve water and other natural resources and reduce

pollution generated during the harvesting of raw materials.

In addition to recycling, the following activities also help reduce

waste and protect the environment. (a) Reducing. As a consumer,

determine ways to cut back on the amount of materials you purchase to

reduce waste. This could include purchasing materials manufactured

with source reduction design, buying in bulk packaging to avoid

individual packages, or buying/using less. (b) Reusing. This includes

purchasing used items, avoiding disposable items, borrowing and

sharing items, and donating good used items. It also includes

maintaining and repairing products so that they last longer. (c)

Source reduction. Source reduction is reducing waste at its source. It

involves designing products so that less waste is generated when they

need to be thrown away. It also includes designing products in a way

that the resulting waste is less toxic. (d) Composting. Composting

involves collecting organic wastes, including yard waste or even food

scraps, and managing their natural decay into a rich organic material.

Finished compost is used as a natural soil amendment and/or

fertilizer. Community and private composting facilities accept yard

waste from residents. Composting saves landfill space. Using compost

improves soil and plant health, thereby reducing the need for

pesticides and chemical fertilizers. (e) Household hazardous waste

collection. Household hazardous waste (HHW) includes leftover

household products that contain corrosive, toxic, ignitable or

reactive ingredients. HHW collections help prevent the careless and

harmful discard of unwanted drain cleaners, oven cleaners, art

supplies, oil-based paint, paint remover, solvents, motor oil,

antifreeze, pesticides, mercury-containing light bulbs and

pharmaceuticals. Local community programs and private recyclers often

accept HHW and offer collections for other items such as mercury-

containing devices and unwanted or expired medicines materials

(INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT).

Source Reduction

Source reduction, also known as waste prevention or pollution

prevention, is the elimination or reduction of waste before it is

created. It involves the design, manufacture, purchase or use of

materials and products to reduce the amount or toxicity of what is

thrown away (Environmental Science Environmental Science A Study of

interrelationships A Study of interrelationships, 2018). The amount of

waste which must compost, recycled, land filled, etc. is reduced.

Hence, waste reduction of this is given the highest priority in solid

waste management plans, because it reduces the demand placed on the

management system (WASTE REDUCTION ELEMENT SOURCE REDUCTION AND REUSE,

2018 p - 33).
B. Related Studies

According to Paghasian M. (2017) in her study, the findings showed

that the awareness on solid waste management of the students was high;

their practices in terms of segregation reduce and recycle were good;

and their practices in terms of recycle and disposal were fair. The

awareness on solid waste management of the students had no influence

on their practices in terms of disposal however their awareness had

affected their practices specifically on segregation, reduce, reuse,

and recycle.

According to Gequinto A. (2017), in their study, Result revealed that

solid waste management practices are implemented to a great extent.

Among the practices, waste collection got the highest composite mean

particularly on the promotion of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) in the

collection of waste. On the other hand, waste recycling and waste

treatment obtained the lowest composite mean. In terms of waste

recycling, establishing partnership with local or private business for

recyclable recovery program was to moderate extent. Waste treatment

particularly neutralization of acid bases was also of moderate extent.

The study recommended strengthening of public private partnership

(PPP) on the recycling and treatment of wastes. Based on these

studies, the practices of people are affected by their discipline.

According to Pervez A. and Kafeel A. (2013) Improper MSW disposal and

management causes all types of pollution: air, soil, and water.

Indiscriminate dumping of wastes contaminates surface and ground water

supplies. In urban areas, MSW clogs drains, creating stagnant water

for insect breeding and floods during rainy seasons. Uncontrolled

burning of MSW and improper incineration contributes significantly to

urban air pollution. Greenhouse gases are generated from the

decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, and untreated leach ate

pollutes surrounding soil and water bodies. Health and safety issues

also arise from improper MSWM. Insect and rodent vectors are attracted

to the waste and can spread diseases such as cholera and dengue fever.

Using water polluted by MSW for bathing, food irrigation and drinking

water can also expose individuals to disease organisms and other

contaminants.

World Health Organization (2015) improper waste management and illegal

waste shipments can have negative impacts on both environment and

public health. Negative impacts can be due to different handling and

disposal activities resulting in soil, water and air pollution.

Inadequately disposed of or untreated waste may cause serious health

problems for populations surrounding the area of disposal. Leaks from

the waste may contaminate soils and water streams, and produce air

pollution through emissions of e.g. heavy metals and persistent

organic pollutants (POPs), ultimately creating health hazards. Other

nuisances caused by uncontrolled or mismanaged waste disposal which

may affect citizens negatively include impacts at local level, such as

landscape deterioration, local water and air pollution, as well as

littering. Managing waste properly and in an environmentally sound way

is therefore important for health reasons.

As illustrated above, waste production, management and disposal

involve a variety of complex activities, with a great potential to

affect health directly and indirectly, through many pathways and

mechanisms, only partly understood. The health effects include an

increased risk of cancer and mortality, respiratory disease,

congenital malformation and low birthweight; also, wellbeing is

affected, through annoyance due to odour.

According to Ejaz, N. Akhtar, H. Nisar & U. Ali Naeem (2010) Solid

waste damps are seriously spoiling the environmental conditions in

developing countries. Negative environmental impacts from improper

solid waste dumping can be easily observed everywhere in the

developing world. An improper solid waste management system may

contribute to a worsening environmental degradation of the community.

Illegal dumping of communal solid waste is responsible for a number of

diseases in Pakistan.

Srivastava S. and Singhvi R. (2013) Waste that is not properly

managed, especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste from

households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to

the spread of infectious diseases. Unattended waste lying around

attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease.

Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour.

This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the

health problems.
The focus of their study was on impact of solid waste due to non-

engineering and nonscientific disposal. It is found that with increase

in the global population and the rising demand for food and other

essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being

generated daily by each household. Waste that is not properly managed,

especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste from households

and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread

of infectious disease.

Solid waste impacts on health and the environment improper solid waste

management practices can have a number of environmental and health

impacts. Municipal solid wastes come from residential, institutional,

commercial, and industrial sources. Other sources include illegal

dumps, street sweepings and litter and rubbish from roads, open spaces

and water bodies. People who live near or within dumpsites are

vulnerable to various diseases. Leachate from solid waste can

contaminate groundwater tables and surface waters. Insects and pests

in open dumpsites are disease vectors. Methane gases from dumpsites

can affect the health of exposed populations and contribute to global

warming. Coastal and marine litter affects aesthetics, causes

pollution, and harms marine organisms. Improperly managed solid wastes

also can result in increased flooding and destruction of

infrastructures due to clogged waterways.

Improper waste Management has a lot of impacts and effects in public

health and in our environment. As said above, one of the major effects

of improper waste management is the spread of diseases especially in

isolated and compact areas. This diseases can cause severe illnesses

and worst is it can lead to death. In the environment, improper solid

waste management causes many things. For example is pollution.

Pollution in air, water and land can cause global warming, climate

chance and natural calamities like flood and typhoons.

Handling of proper waste is part of our lives now. In we want to

survive and have a home for the future; we should put an action on

what’s happening in our world. Implementing proper waste management in

your home and in yourself has a million effects in our world and

implementing right solid waste management can hold this effects.

C. Synthesis

In the events of the 20th and early into the 21st century indicate that

waste in whatever form or classification – it could be solid, liquid

or toxic have become a major consequence of modernization and economic

development. Waste mismanagement has continuously rising making the

passageway of Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000. RA 9003 declares the policy of the state in

adopting a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste

management program that ensures the protection of public health and

the environment and the proper segregation, collection, transport,

treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation of best

environmental practices. Industrial waste management policies (IWMPS)

were among the measures introduced into the Environment Protection Act
1970 by the Environment Protection (Industrial Waste) Act 1985 to

improve management of industrial wastes but most of the people lack

knowledge about on how to obey Laws and Regulations and they are not

aware on the effect of this solid waste in their environment

especially into the health.

Different group of researchers have different priorities in applying

the most suitable solid waste management activities based on the

concern problem. They conducted the research to identify the

significant factors which may promote cleanliness and directly reduced

the impact of the improper waste disposal in the environment and

public health so that people will be aware on what are they doing on

the waste that they generated. Some of the recommendations of the

researchers towards this problem, trainings and seminars should be

conducted in order for a student and individuals to have a very good

habit on their practices, to overcome the problem and to have a

leadership in their school and to their community.

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Arts and Trades. Date Retrieved March 5, 2019. From

https://www.atlantis-press.com/procedure/icet-17/25883492
 D. Articles/Journals/Magazines/Thesis/Dissertation

(Uriarte F. 2008). Solid Waste Management Practices and

Principles.Quezon City Philippines.The University of Diliman Press.

Gequinto A. (2017). Solid Waste Management practices of Select State

Universities in CALABARZON, Philippines, Vol. 5 pg – 1. Date Retrieved

March 5, 2019.

Pervez A. and Kafeel A. (2013). Department of Civil Engineering, COET,

BGSB, University, Rajouri, J & K, India 2 Department of Civil

Engineering, F/O Engineering & Technology, JMI, New Delhi, India. V –

2, pg 165. Date Retrieved March 5, 2019.

Ejaz, N. Akhtar, H. Nisar & U. Ali Naeem (2010). Waste and human

health: Evidence and needs. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the

Environment, Vol. – 142, pages 379 – 380. Date Retrieved March 5,

2019.

Srivasta S. and Singhvi R. (2013).Impact of Solid Waste on Health and

the Environment.Vol. – 4. Pages 1770 – 1772. Date Retrieved March 5,

2019.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

It is study with a quantitative approach, developed through

descriptive survey design, seeking to “describe phenomena accurately”.

This research design aims at getting data from multiple cases at a

given point in time so to analyze relationships across a number of

variables of interest.

B. Research Environment

The study will be conducted at the Cagayan National High School Senior

High School grounds since the respondents are students of the said

school. The testing of the effectiveness solid waste management

practices will be conducted at Cagayan National High School Senior

High School grounds by the researchers.

C. Research Samples and Sampling Procedure

Respondents of the study were randomly selected from 150 samples of

SHS students of Cagayan National High School, 21 respondents from each

of the strand will be selected. Random sampling will be employed in

choosing the respondents. In this sampling technique, each sample has

an equal probability of being chosen.

D. Research Instruments

The researchers will conduct a structured interview with the use of

structured questionnaire (the questionnaire is a researchers-made,

hence it will undergo validity and reliability test before it will be

floated to the respondents). The researchers will set a schedule first

for the interview with the respondents before performing the study and

will float questionnaires wherein it has a list of questions that is

only answerable by one and only item from the set of alternative

answers.

E. Research Gathering Procedure

The researchers will float a consent letter addressed to the principal

and will ask for approval before conducting the research study. Upon

the approval of the principal, the researchers will also float consent

letter addressing to the parents and the respondents. Upon the

approval of the parents and the respondents, the researchers are now

ready to conduct the study. The researchers will set a schedule for

the interview with the respondents before commencing the study. The

researchers will then float the questionnaires to the respondents to

gather data. The data that will be gathered will be kept only between

the respondent and interviewer. The respondents will be informed about

the findings after the research study is done.

F. Treatment of Data

All data gathered were treated confidentially. From the questionnaire,

the demographic data of all the students were gathered. Answers or

responses that identified the different solid waste management that

was being practiced by the SHS students of Cagayan National High

School were collected, scored and tallied. Data gathered will be

analyzed and interpreted through mean percentage score.

 Appendix 1

LETTER TO AUTHORITIES
 LETTER TO AUTHORITIES

September , 2019

Noemi O. Obcena, PhD

Secondary School Principal IV

Cagayan National High School

Ma’am:

Warm Greetings!

The undersigned are currently enrolled at the Cagayan National

High School – Senior High School and undertaking a study on the “Solid

Waste Management Practices of SHS students of Cagayan National High

School” and conducting an interview with the senior high school

students of Cagayan National High School to know the solid waste

management practices and how effective it is in Cagayan National High

School as partial requirements for our subject, Practical Research 2.

May we respectfully request therefore for your cooperation in

allowing us to conduct an interview to your constituents. The

information provided is purely for academic purposes only and rest

assured will be treated confidentially.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Respectfully,
DAUZON, RAMIL

DECAPIA, MARIO

TAMARAY, JHON ROBY AL

TE, DAVID

BANGLOY, ZENAIDA

Researchers

CONTENTS NOTED:

MARTINA DELA PAZ-DAQUIOAG

Research Teacher
 Appendix 2A

LETTER TO RESPONDENTS
 LETTER TO RESPONDENTS

September , 2019

Dear Fellow:

Warm Greetings!

The undersigned are currently enrolled at the Cagayan National High

School – Senior High School and undertaking a study on the “Solid

Waste Management Practices of SHS students of Cagayan National High

School” and conducting an interview with the senior high school

students of Cagayan National High School to know the solid waste

management practices and how effective it is in Cagayan National High

School as partial requirements for our subject, Practical Research 2.

May we respectfully request therefore for your cooperation in

providing information in response to the standardized questionnaire.

The information provided is purely for academic purposes only and rest

assured will be treated confidentially.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Respectfully,

DAUZON, RAMIL

DECAPIA, MARIO
TAMARAY, JHON ROBY AL

TE, DAVID

BANGLOY, ZENAIDA

Researchers

CONTENTS NOTED:

MARTINA DELA PAZ-DAQUIOAG

Research Teacher
 Appendix 2B

LETTER TO PARENTS
 LETTER TO PARENTS

September ,2019

Dearest Parents:

Warm Greetings!

The undersigned are currently enrolled at the Cagayan National

High School – Senior High School and undertaking a study on the “Solid

Waste Management Practices of SHS students of Cagayan National High

School” and conducting an interview with the senior high school

students of Cagayan National High School to know the solid waste

management practices and how effective it is in Cagayan National High

School as partial requirements for our subject, Practical Research 2.

We, the researchers, are requesting for your written consent to

allow your son or daughter to participate. Approximately 150 boys and

girls from your child’s school will anonymously complete a 4-page

questionnaire. The questionnaire will be completed outside of class

time and the survey process should take no longer than 10 minutes.

The individual results of this study will remain absolutely

confidential anonymous to all parties and child’s academic

institution. Thank you for your consideration.

 I allow my daughter/son to participate

 I do not allow my daughter/son to participate

____________________________________

Parent’s Signature over Printed Name

Respectfully yours,

DAUZON, RAMIL

DECAPIA, MARIO

TAMARAY, JHON ROBY AL

TE, DAVID

BANGLOY, ZENAIDA

Researchers

CONTENTS NOTED:

MARTINA DELA PAZ-DAQUIOAG

Research Teacher
 Appendix 3

QUESTIONNAIRE
 QUESTIONNAIRE

The goal of this study is to gather preliminary information to assess

the importance of solid waste management for sustainable development

in Cagayan National High School-SHS department. The indirect benefit

of the study is to improve understanding of the impact of solid waste

and Solid Waste Management Practice in Cagayan National HIGH School-

SHS department.

 Participation in the study is completely voluntary and written

informed consent will be obtained.

 The questionnaire is to be answered by SHS students of Cagayan

National High School.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Please put a check mark () in the appropriate box/boxes for your

answer.

Name :______________________(optional)

Sex:

 Male

 Female

Please mark your strand:

 STEM  HUMSS  GAS  Arts and Design

 ABM  TVL  Sports

PART I.
Directions: Below are Solid Waste Management practices. Please check

() the appropriate column that describes the extent by which you

practice each statement .Choose in the column:

Solid Waste Management

Practices Always Sometimes Never

1. I segregate non-

biodegradable waste from

biodegradable waste.

2. I reduce waste.

(e.g. composting,

relying on reusable

containers)

3. I reuse waste.

(e.g. plastic soda

bottles)

4. I recycle waste.

(e.g. plastic)
5. I repair electronic

gadget instead of

dumping them.

6. I use eco-bottle as

an alternative for a

waste can.

7. I make and/or utilize

compost pit.
8. I avoid dumping my

waste anywhere.

9. I practice zero

waste.

10. I do street

sweeping.

11. I have done waste

incineration.

12. I pick up the trash

that I pass by.

13. If I can’t find a

trash can, I keep my

trash in my pocket or

bag until I can dispose

it properly.

14. I have buried the

waste in landfills.

15. I am committed to

minimize waste

16. I segregate waste 2-

3 times in a week.

17. I make a plant pot

out of bottle.

18. I am decorations out

of plastics.

19. I have done vermin

composting.

20. I follow the

recycling policies.

21. I dispose hazardous

waste through the proper

networks to prevent

human and environmental

harm.

22. I help in the

preservation of natural

resources.

(e.g. tree planting)

23. I join clean up

drive.

24. I practice waste

compaction.

25. I reduce food

wastages at source.

26. I avoid burning of

plastics.

27. I identify the

source and type of waste

correctly.

28. I practice clean and

green.

(e.g. avoid pollution)

29. I perform routine

inspections about

segregation.

30. Collecting and

selling plastic bottles

instead of dumping them.

Thank you for your participation!!!

The information requested above is purely for academic purposes

and will be treated confidentially. Thank you for accepting the

questionnaire.
 Appendix 4A

INFORMED CONSENT LETTER

 INFORMED CONSENT LETTER

September , 2019

Title of the study: Solid Waste Management Practices of SHS students

of Cagayan National High School

Student researcher/s:

DAUZON, RAMIL

DECAPIA, MARIO

TAMARAY, JHON ROBY AL

TE, DAVID

BANGLOY, ZENAIDA

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:

You are being asked to take part in a research study. Before you

decide to participate in this study, it is important that you

understand why the research is being done and what it will involve.

Please read the following information carefully.

The purpose of this study is to gather preliminary information to

assess the importance of solid waste management for sustainable

development in Cagayan National High School-SHS department.

TIME REQUIRED FOR PARTICIPATION:

Your expected time commitment for this study is not more than: 10

minutes.

RISKS:
The risks of this study are minimal. These risks are similar to those

you experience when disclosing work-related information to others. The

topics in the survey may upset some respondents, or it may cause them

confusion. You may decline to answer any or all questions and you may

terminate your involvement at any time if you choose.

BENEFITS:

The indirect benefit of the study is to improve understanding of the

impact of solid waste and Solid Waste Management Practice in Cagayan

National HIGH School-SHS department.

ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE:

If you do not want to be in the study, you may choose not to

participate and leave your answers blank, or you may read quietly at

your desk (for in-class survey research).

CONFIDENTIALITY:

Please do NOT write identifying information on your questionnaire.

Your responses will be anonymous.

If you have any questions about this study, feel free to contact the

researchers:

Email/Phone number: kristineliezlstotomas@gmail.com or 09773939336

VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION:

Participation in this study is completely voluntary. If you decide not

to participate, there will be not be any negative consequences. Please

be aware that if you decide to participate, you may stop participating

at any time and you may decide not to answer any specific question.
By signing this form, I am attesting that I have read and understand

the information above and I freely give my consent/assent to

participate or permission for my child to participate.

Adult Informed Consent or Minor Assent

_____________________________ _________________________

Research Participant Printed Name Signature:

Parent/Guardian Permission (if applicable)

_____________________________ _________________________

Parent/Guardian Printed Name: Signature:

 Appendix 4B

INFORMED CONSENT LETTER (VULNERABLE RESPONDENTS)

 INFORMED CONSENT LETTER (VULNERABLE RESPONDENTS)

Title of the study: Solid Waste Management Practices of SHS students

of Cagayan National High School

By signing below, you are agreeing that: (1) you have read and

understood the Participant Information Sheet for this research study

dated [Insert Date], (2) questions about your child’s participation in

this study have been answered satisfactorily, and (3) you are willing

for your child to take part in this study voluntarily.

_____________________________ _____________________________

Parent/Guardian Name (Printed) Child’s name (Print)

_____________________________

Parent/Guardian Signature

_____________________________ ______________________________

Name of Researchers (Printed) Signature of person obtaining

consent
Appendix 5A

DOCUMENTATION