INVERSE Z-TRANSFORl\1 - ,

SOLUTION oF DIFFERENCE EQu ATAN:

~ 101

6. 1. Introduction.
In this chapter we shall recover the sequence from knowledge of ft,
.
Z-transform X( z ) . Like 'inverse Laplace Transform' this will prove ,
valuable asset in the process of solution of discrete equation. As for th a
Laplace transform we find the inverse Z-transfonn of functions by u . e
. . . sing
a table of some standard functions . The difference equation is being solved
by using this transfonnation.
6.2. Inverse Z-transform.
If z{x,,},, = X(z) then the inverse Z-transform of X(z) 1s {xn} .
Symbolically, z-1[ X(z)] ={x,,},, .

Example: Since Z {a"},, =z ~ a in th~ region / z />/a /, we can write

z-'[, ~al; {a"}., where the domain of definition is / z />/a/ .

6.3. Linearity of Inverse Z.:.transform. ·

For t~o functions X(z) and Y(z),

. (i) z-1[X(z)+Y(z)}= z-1[X(z)}+z - 1[Y(z)]

(ii) z -i[aX(z)}=aZ - 1[X(z)], where a is independent ofz.
Proof : Obvious.
6.4. Inverse Z-transfor f
. m O some standard functions.
If z is a complex variable then

O) z- {1} -- {1 , o, o, .. •.. .upto to oo} ,

1

(2) z-1(__!_)- X a:,

z - 1 - { "} ,,=o ' where x" = 1 for aJJ n, / z / > I

~
I' \ [RS[ z,. TR .\ .__ S FOR!\1 & SOLLT ION or DIFFERENCE EQUATION 175

(J) z t~ a ) = { a" t . I=I I

> a I

(4 ) Z •L:~I)' J={n}., lzl> l

(5) z- I ( (: _a)
Z ' J-{- I I .
na n - 1 } , , z >a , where a is positive real

(7) z- 1 (_!_J-z- (_!_~J -{

z-a
- 1
zz -- a
- 0,1,a , a ,a ,a , ...... (a> 0)
2 J 4 }

(This is a shifting property)

All of the above results follow directly from the article • Z-transform of

some standard sequences'

(8) If z-' {X( z)} = { xJ:., and z-•{ Y(z)} = {y.[, 0 then

z-•{X(z )Y(z)} = { x. [ , • {yJ:., (Convolution of the two sequences)

= {tr=cO
x,Y.-, r
) ,r :cO

E l.llustrative Examples.
6·5• 4z 2 -2z .
lllmple I. Find the inverse Z-transform of th e functton z' _ 5z' + Sz -4 ·

Find the domain of definition.

~ tun· on. Now ~
4z2 - 2z -- --------(
2z(~ 2,.,). . t2
z3 - 5= 2 + 8z - 4 (z -1) z -
We shall decompose this fraction into partial fractions :

Let . - -(2c ~-= -A+ - -

' ---1) B+- C 2
( z-1 )(.:-2)2 z- 1 z -2 (z- 2)

or. 2.: - 1 =A( : _ 2f + B (z - I)( z - 2) + C ( z - · l)

 -•~:_----------------.--~E
1.., 6 E.\GI .\ EE IH\ c; .\1 .\J'Jf .
\t .q
~
Putt ing .: = 2. .1 = C
Puttmg .: = I. I -= .4 .- A = I

. coeft-1cient of .:: on both side we get

Equating
0 = A + B .-. B = - 1

(2; - I) = _I_ - __
I + 3 1
(:-l)(z -2f :-1 z-2 (z -2)-

., ..7 -1)
_.?-(2 2z --+ 2:: -6::-
.. (z - 1)(z - 2f = z - 1 - z - 2 (=- 2f

2 -'fr, ~1~; =;),] = 22- ( z

1
~ J22- (z ~ 2)+ 6z- ~
1 1(

=2 {x} II II
-2 {2"} +6{11.2
II
11
-
1}
II
,wherex ::: J \.JVI/
II

={2-2n-l +Jn2"},,.
The domain of definitions of Z ' in the above three parts are
respectively /:: / > I,/ z / > 2, and /=/> 2 . The common part of these
IS / :: / > 2.

So the domain of definition of the inverse transform is /:: / > 2 ·

2/ +3:
E,ample 2. Frnd the inverse Z-transform of the function (: + ])(: - ! ) ·
Mention the region of va lidity.

Solution. We shall decompose the frac tions 2:: + 3 i11w par11:il

fractions : (:: + :? )( :: - 4 )

Let 2.:-+J A fJ
(:: + 2)(:: - 4) = -+-
:: + 2 :: _ 4

or, 2:: + J = A(:: - 4)+8(::+2)

putting z = 4 we ge t I I == 61J or , B :: ~
6

ruuing z == - 2 WC get - I = - 6A or, A=.!_

6
2z + 3
- - - - = _ ,. _ + _ ,, _
II

· . (: + 2 )( z - 4) z+2 z- 4
2z2 + 3z I z 11 z
=_l!__ + - '- '-
. . (z + 2)( z - 4) z + 2 z - 4

1[ 2/ + 3z ] )z I[ Z ] 11 1[ z ]
:. Z (z + 2)(z - 4) =6 z +2 +6 2 z- 4

Example 3. Find the inverse Z-transform of the function (z - 6f 3 when

lz\>6 .
Solution. We kno w
(l- x)"' m(m + IJ 1
= 1+mx+--___;_x- m(m
+- -- - -+-2)x 3 + ···· ·· w hen \ x \ < 1
+ l)(m
2! 3!

= 1+ I m( m + l )( rn + 2) ...... (m + r - 1) x'
,_ , r!

::: z ) {1+ I,_, 3(3 + l ){3 + 2) ...... (3 + r - 1) (

r!
~ )r }'when
z
6

z
<l

= z 3 + ~ 3.4.5.... .( r + 2) , l
;- r' (6) ·:;:-T
 ENGINEERING MATIIE/\1 .
!.78
-~---------~:~:--~--- ~
i\11(\
- • 3.4.S... ...r.(r+l)(r+2) _(6)' .~
=z-3+L ,, z,.
r =l

-3 "' l)(r + 2) .(6Y . r\3

= z + I r!(r +2.r!
r =I
z

ro (r + l)(r + 2) (6)r __ l_
=Z
-3 + "~ .;,__--
2 · rd
2
r=I

_ ~ (r + l)(r + 2) _(6Y
-1...J 2 z
.-h
r =O

= ~ (n-3 + l)(n-3 + 2) _(6)"-3.~

1-.J
n=3 2 z

[Putting r+3=n , i . e . r=0 ⇒ n=3,r=oo ⇒ n = (I)]

= f (n - 2)(n -1) .( 6)"_3-~

n=3 2 Z

cxi X
= L--;z ,where x
n=O
11 = 0, n = 0, 1, 2

(n - l)(n - 2)6 3 >

11

=-----,n_ 3
-

:. z- {(z - 6f3 } = {x
1
} CX)
11 n=O

where xn = 0, n = 0,1, 2

_ (n- l)(n - 2)6n-3

n~3
2

This is valid when ~ < 1.

z

1. e. when \ z \ > 6 .
 2: + I
••luti'o o·. The fraction can be decomposed into the partt al
" (: + l)(: - 3)

ti1ctions

l : +-
-~ l -=- 4 +- ~ ( deta1·1 ca Icu Iat10n
. not shown )
(: +l)(:-3) : +l -- 3

l l : 7 l :
= - .- .- - + - .- .-
4:: + l -t::-3

= { x,.}

W
he 1( l)n-1 7 3n-l
re X. ---- 0
4 +-4 , n>
::Q . n> 0
t4 _3 + 2:~ + l
lllp\e 5 p·
· md z- {F(z)} when:
1 F{ : ) = - _3

Sotu~\IOl\ V,/ ) 2 1 +1
· e see z-+-z- 2 1
- = l +-+--;-
_3
-- -- ·
, 0 l O L) 0
l - +
= + -+~+~ -~- + -+
_, _ i- +
-

• ., I {

. F(~) } {
~ :: l. ~.0.1.0.0.0...... }
.:.'s:o:,_________________________ ~...:.
E~G INEE KI NG 'lAT IIE\1.,q I<.\ 11111

[ \. ample 6 . Find the imerse Z-transfo rm of the function (-!._]'

z- 1 ·

Solution . \Ye know. Z ' :: ( ~- J \

1 = {x,,} , where x,, =l I I>I

V n, z

. z 1
{L ~ i)' }= Z- t~ I z ~ i} ={x,,} * {x,, }
={t ~,.x, _rlJ ={f1 x1} ={l+l+ ..... +l}" =={ n+I}
r=O II r=O n tJ

., z z
A 0 am
.
z-I { -z--
, } =
z - 1
{
.
- 2- .- - }
~ (::-1)3 (z-1/ z- 1

={n + 1} 11 * {X 11 } 11

={t(r+l)x. .,},, ={t(r+l)}., [·: x,,=1Vn]

={1+2+3+ -·•· .. +(n+ l)}= { (n+l)(n+l+l)}

2

= g (n + l)(n + 2i},,
The region of validity is \ z \ > 1 .

Example 7. Using Z-transform solve the difference equation

xn+ 2 + 4xn+I + 3x,, =3 11

with Xo = 0, x, =1
Solution. Let Z {x 11 } = X(z)
By shifting property (advance version),

.-. Z {x,,+ 1 } = zZ {x,, } - zx 0 = zX(z) ·: x0 =O

and for double step advance
 -
ll .· q : ) - : t- -4 ; .\( : ) + J .\( : ) - --- , for J.: j >3
\ •· :-J
-
- 1-:: =
: -3 :-J

-.

__ , ·l lJ C
Let -- ) - _ · -., + - -., + - -1
l : - >)t : + 3)( : + I : - -' .:: + -' .: +

t,r. : - 2 = .~t.: + J )(.: + I) + B( : - 3)(.: + 1) + C(z - 3)(z + 3)

-5
Putting : = - 3. - 5 = B( - 6)( -2 ) .·. B = l2
1
Putting : = 3. l = A( 6 )( 4) A =-
24

3
Putting : = - 1. - 3 = C(-4)( 2) .·. C = 8

:. X( .:) = .4 ____:__ + B ~ + C ~
.: - 3 .:+3 :+1
Ta1l\.lllg
·· ·
mverse Z-transfom1,
1l\~:::
1 Z ( A- ---
I
-
+ B -..:.-+C 7)
_::,_
: - 3 .: +3 z +l

===- z
\ I ( -- ) -" z I ( - Z ) +-3 z - I ( -Z- )
24 .: _ 3 - J2 .: + 3 8 z+l
10::,_
1"2 __________________ "·'"""·•-u,,<, ~~"•¼
'"·"
- = {-' 3" _ .2._(- 3)" + 3 (-1)"},.
~
24 12 R
.-. the required soluti on of 1he given difTcren<.:c equat ion I\

x
"
=-'
24
3" - ~(- 3)" +~ (- 1)" for n = 0, 1, 2,3, ......
12 8
Exa mple 8. Solve the difference Equation I Recurrence relation
u
ll +l
- 2u II• I
+ u" = 3n + 5 .

,olutiop. Let Z {u,,} = X (z)

:. By advanced shifting property
Z {u,,+ 1 } = zZ {u,, }- zu0 = zX(z) - zu0
For double step advance,
Z {u,,. 1 } = zZ {u + }-zu11 1 1

= z {zX ( z) - zu0 } - zu 1

= z 2 X(z)- z 2u0 - :u 1
Taking Z-transform on both side we get
Z{u,,. 2 }- 2Z{u,,. 1 } +Z {u,, } = Z {3n +5}
or, z 2 X(z) - z 2u0 - zu1 - 2zX( z) + 2zu0 + X(z) = 3Z{n} +5Z {l }

or, X( z )(z 2- 2z+ l) - uoz 2- u z+ u 2z= 3 z +5__:_

1 o (z-l)2 z-1

"' .. - 2z + I) = u0 z 2 + u z - 2u z + -Sz- +
or, X(.,)(., 3z
2
2
i o z-1 (z-1)

or, X(z)(z -1) 2 = uoz 2 + u1z - 2uoz + ~ + 3z i

z-1 (z - 1)
2
or, X(z) = ll0 z
+ 11 12 2.:u0 5z 3:
+ ----;
(
= - I)
2
(z - 1)2
-
(z - 1)2
+ (z - 1)3 (: -
I)
,
= - - + (u I - 2u,, )-~
110 = · 5-.. 3:
(: - If (: - 1) ~ +(.:- - I) '+ (: - 1) ~
 .r t:14., Rr~SE
;,;Z-
_.TRA_N_s_Fo_R
_ l\_1_&_· s_, O_L_U_T_1o_N_O_F_D_1F
_F_E_R_
EN_C
_E_
~_EQ
,;,.U
_A _J8
_T_Io_N _3
1~\e,_
~

. z- (_!:_ _
1 _z_1 = { l} * {l} (convolution)
,, z-1 z-1) 11 n

.. z -1
( (z
22
j
-1/ - {n + 1L -

Now, z-l ( z \ = { n.} 11 I} = { l1}

~(z-1)2) n

Now z- 1( - 1- l= z 1
z- l )
2
(_!_.-
-)={0,l,l,l, ...... }={xJ (say)
z z-1

' z-t( -
..
z- --
(z - 1)2 , 2 -1
Iir,x
I J= {" r=O n- ,
} 11

={1.xn-1 + 2xn-2 + ...... +(n- l)x, +nx0 }

= {1 + 2+ ...... +(n-1)} ·: x 0 =0,x, = l \:Jr

:.2_ z ) 1( = {n(n -1)}

~(z - 1)3 2 n

·•• Z_1 ( - z - -1- = J {~ r(r -1)i...J~ - . X n -r

}
(z - 1)3 · Z - 1 r=O 2 n

or, z-
1( 2
(z -1) )
4 \={!2fr(r-1)}={!2I:r(r-1)}
r- 0 r- 2 IJ
 ~.J:....________ _________________
ll~ I '\ c, I \ I I I<I '\ C, \ I \ I I I I \ I \ I 1,

- ~
r)

I I , . ..,.. ( /7 II

, ,r
--l 1 .,. _
...,
'l
~
~ J .... . . . ,. , " - 1) 1- r1 + 2 ..,.. 3
...J
-j- .•••.
.
+ <11 _ 1iJJ

l l (n - J)(n- l + l)(](n - l) + l ) _ (n I)( 11

=
') 6 1

= J_ f(n - I )n( 211 - I) _ 11( 11 - I !~

2l 6 : ,

-{ _!_ 11(11 - 1) ( ~n - 1
1) l _ , n( n - I)( 2n - 4 )}
2 ~ \ 3 Jr - ~vJ
,,
= f 11(11 - 1)(11 - ::!1
I 6

From ( I ) taking 1m i:r!,e 7.-tr,m~form, "L' ge t

1
( ::.
( .:- - I) · )
I+(11 - _,,,,
1 ) z.

- ,,
Jn -t J,l "'" (l( - 2" ) Jn l + ..: { 11(11 - 1) ~ " 11(11 - 1)( 11 - 2) (
I (I l I _, - -- .., -' i - - -- ~·
2 6

- ( Ii • Ii 211.. ) IIi I + II /I i + I~_'._l_::__I_I " 1/( 11 - I)( Ii - :') (

l 2 2
►
,q{SJ•: z -TRANSFOl{I\J '-'( SOLLITION OF DIFFERENCE EQUATION 185
1-.J ' I·
~thl' rt:qu inxl so Iut1on
. o [ tI1e ( 1·1l1erence
-:c equation is
~ 11( n - J )( n + 3)
11 ,,
-- C,1 11+C , + - - -- 2 - ~

, , 11 - u C = u0 • constants.
\\ !,t:ft' L II - I II ' I

EXER C I S E
. J the inverse Z-tra nsform of the following functions and mention
t. fin . . .
the region of valtd1ty . z

(i) (.: - 2)
--4 Ui) (= - sr 3 (iii)
z- 2

z z
( vi)
.)
(JV (Z - 2)(.:: - I) ( v) -:" 2 + 11 --;- + 24 z3 - z2 +Z - )

;:

(vii) (;:- l)(z +2)

i.iii) (3z- 4r ' [Hint : (3z- 4r 3 = 3 ·1z-3 (z- ;.) 3

]

2. Find the inverse Z-transform of the fun ctions :

2
z
., 2z
'-
(ii) ( iii) (2 z + l)( z - 1)
(i) z2 + I 2.: + z - 1
2

I I 1 I I 1
[H int : write /+ 4 = (: + 2i)( z - 2i) = 4iz - 2i - 4iz+2i]

z (vii) . ~2
(v) - ( vi) 3z + 1 Z + 1'/L
z- I

z +2 z
(viii) - (' )
.: + I ix (z - 3)( 2z + J)
3. Find tl1 e mvcrse
· , ·
Z-trnnsform of the 1unct10ns :
(i) ~2 . z z
(: - 2)( .z _ S) [Hint : Use convol ution of 2 _ 2 a D<l 2 _ 5]

~-'
(ii) - : _ z- 3
(: 7): (iii)
z 2 - 3z + 2
, ◄
)86 ENGINEERING ,\ 1ATHE' .. AT
, Tl IC:'.'1
4. Find the Z-inverse of the functions :
2 1 3 2
(i) - 7 +- (') -J+ ] - -9
z z
//
=- z

Sz 5 + z 2 + 3z l+z 3z
(iii)
ZS (iv) 7 + 3z + I
5. So]ve the following difference equation I Recurrence Relation :
(i) xn+2 + x11+1 - 6xn = 0 with x0 = -1, x1 = 8

(ii) 4xn -xn + _? = 0 with X0 = 0, X 1 = 2

(iii) X 11+2 +2xII =0 with x0 = 1, x 1 = ✓2

(iv) x11 +2 -2xn• J +xn =0 with X0 = 0, X1 = J

(v) Xn+l - 8Xn+I - 9xn = 0 with X0 = 2, X1 =]

(vi) Xn+2 + 4xn = 0 with x0 = 0, x1 = l
(vii) 2a11 + 2 -San+I -3a11 = 0 with a = 3, a, = 2
0

(Viii) 6x11 +2 + Xn + 1 - Xn = 3 with x0 =xI = 0

(ix) Gn+2 - 5all+I + 6a,, = 5 with a0 = 0, a, = 1
(x) 8an-. 2 - 6all+I + 0 = 9 \\ it Ii
11
0 1, = 1, a,= ;

(xi) a11+2 -Sa11+ 1 +6aII = ~211 \\·ith a =a,= 0

0

(xii) Xn+2 + 2Xn+I +XII;=. n

with XO= x, = Q
(xiii) x,,+2 + 6xn+) + 9x,, = 2n with X0 =X1 = 0
(xiv) un+~ -Sun+I + 6u11 = x wi th
11
uo = 0, u, = 1, where x,, = 1 Vn
(xv) X11+2 - 2xn+I + XII =211
with Xo = 2, X1 =I
(xvi) x -4xn+I +3xn -- 511
II r2

(xvi i) xn + L, + x 11 -t l
- 2x = 1
11 with XO =0, XI = J
II'' ·f' H.S t: / .,-TK AN SFOHM & SOLll l'ION o r l>l l· I· I.,·IH.N
. < . I•.. H ) I IATIO N I H7

~ ANSWEl{S
'

I, (i) {x.) where x,. = O. I. 2,3

- l)(n - 2)
-- -(11 -;..._..- ~ 2" ,, , n 2: 4
2

Region of validity is \ z \ > 2 .

(ii) {xJ where x,, = 0. n < 3

( n - l )( n - 2) \
= - -- 2 -- 5" · , 11 >3
- .

(iii) { 2"} .
(iv) ~ 211
l
- t} r.c:, .
11 :a=O
(v) t{ (-3)" -<-sr JL

(vi') fl21[} - cos 2,ur - s111

· 2l !T J} 11
•
(vii) t:[ I -(-2)" Jt
(viii) {x,i} where x,, = 0, 1,2

= (n - l)(n - 2) (~)n-3.n ~ 3 .
3
27 X 2

2. (i) { sin
11
; },, •
(ii) {½( ff + ½c-1r'l· (iii) t; H-ff L· +

(v) {I,1,1, ......} .

(vi) {H-ffL·
(vii) {(-i✓2)"} . ( viii) { x,,} where x0 == 1
== (-1/+1

(ii) {(n + 1)7"}. •

(ii i) ( x } where x n = O for n = 0 ·

~ 2 - 2" ' for n ~ l
188

-t , (i) {0,l,0,0,0,0,0,2} ·

(iii) {5,0,0,1,3}.

5• (i) X11 = 2 II - 2(- 3)" '

(iii) x,,=2 !!2 { C0S 2+

1111 •
sm nn }
T . (iv) x,, == n .

( v) X II = -10J ( 9") + 17(

1-0 - l)" . ( vi) X == 211 - l sin
· 1111
II _
2 •

( . . ') 1 I
Vil/ X ::: .::_ ( - - ) 11 9(1) 11
II 5 2 - .IQ -J f 1
~ .
( ix
· ) a" = 22 (3 11
) - 6(2 11
) + ~2 .
(x) Q/1 ::: 2(~)" - 4(ir + 3,

(X Ii' '')
l X, , = _I_
25 [2"- (-3)11 + 3 11 (- 3)11 ] . 5

(xiv) u 11 = ~- 2 11
'
1
+ ~ (3)'' .
(xv) x,, = 2" + 1- 2n .
(XV l') X,, = C1 1-. C . 3" + 1 . 5 11 .
2 8 (
xv11, ') , r11 = -3I n + -92 -\J2 ( - 2)" .