Periodic Classification of Elements

Matter is something that has some mass and occupies some space is what we have
learnt in our schools. Subsequently, matter consists of molecules, which are made up
of compounds of various combinations of atoms. Mankind has always been curious to
study about the properties and behaviour of matter and identified that there are
different types of atoms that ultimately make up the matter. We all know we refer to
this type of atoms by the term ‘elements’. This article discusses the periodic
classification of elements & how it changed with time.

It was recent that IUPAC named 4 more elements and added them to The Modern
periodic table – which we will discuss upon later in this article. Science has
developed so much that from just 31 elements identified in 1800, we have discovered
and named 117 elements at present. Right from the initial days, scientists did feel a
need to classify the elements so that their properties and behaviour can be studied
collectively, thus simplifying an otherwise tedious process of learning about each
element one at a time.

History of Periodic Classification of Elements

One of the first attempts to classify elements dates back to 1829; when only 31
elements were known. Johann Dobereiner, a German chemist had identified groups of
three elements, each showing similar behaviour. These groups were known
as Dobereiner’s Triads. Few of these trials were:

1.Lithium (Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K)

2.Calcium(Ca), Strontium(Sr), Barium(Ba)

3.Chlorine(Cl), Bromine(Br), Iodine(I)

The Law of Triads for this classification observed that the atomic weight of the middle
element in each triad is roughly the average of the other two and the properties of the
middle element are the intermediate of the first and last element. This classification
failed because all the elements known couldn’t be made into triads and the
observations were largely considered coincidental.
A French geologist, A.E.B de Chancurtois came up with a cylindrical table of
elements in 1862, in which elements were arranged in the increasing order of their
atomic weights. This model too didn’t earn much recognition.

Next notable classification was produced in 1865 by John Alexander Newlands, an

English chemist. He profounded the Law of octaves, which states that when elements
are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic weights, every eighth element
showed properties similar to the first element. The work of Newlands too threw light
on periodic repetition of properties as de Chancurtois’, but could be applied to
elements up to Calcium (Ca) only.

The independent works of Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist
Lothar Mayer in the latter half of 1800s led to the formulation of Periodic Law,
which states that properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic
weights. Both Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer arranged the elements in the form of
rows and columns, keeping similar elements in the same column. But Mendeleev
studied the compounds formed by the elements of a group and even went on to change
the order atomic weights in few cases; so that elements in each group exhibit similar
properties. He even left gaps in his table and predicted the properties of elements that
would fill the gaps.

The Modern periodic table, developed by an English physicist Henry Mosely, is based
on the the studies through X-ray diffraction, which revealed that atomic number– an
indicator of the no. of protons in the nucleus, which is unique for any element – is the
more fundamental criteria than atomic mass. He stated the modern periodic law as
– properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers. Keeping
atomic number as the base also enables us to predict how many more elements are yet
to be found out in between the two known elements in the Modern periodic table.
Later when noble gases were invented, they could be easily accommodated in the
table.

Periodic Classification of Elements – Present form of

periodic table (Long form)
Based on the modern periodic law, the elements are arranged into rows and columns
based on their atomic number. There are 18 columns, called groupsand 7 rows,
called periods. We know that electrons are distributed in the various shells around the
nucleus. The period represents the outermost shell to which electron is added.
The groups represent elements with the same number of electrons in their outer-most
shell, called the valence shell.

Hydrogen (atomic number-1) shows similarity in properties to group-1 and group-17

elements, hence is positioned separately on top of the table.

Due to large number of elements in 6 th and 7th period, 14 elements from both are kept
outside the main table, called Lanthanoids and Actinoids respectively.

Valency

The reactivity of elements are determined based on the rule of Octet rule – which
states that elements lose or gain their outermost electrons (valence electrons) to
achieve noble gas configuration which is 8 electrons in their valence shell. So
elements having 1,2 or 3 elements in their valence shell can achieve stable noble gas
configuration by losing electrons and those having 5,6 or 7 can make up 8 electrons
by gaining electrons. This number electrons lost or gained is referred to as valency of
the element and is an indicator of the reactivity of the element.

Trends in the periodic table

As said earlier, properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.
The arrangement of elements in the table form allows us to identify certain trends in
their physical and chemical properties along the groups and periods.

Let us consider atomic size, one of the important physical property of elements. As we
go down a group, the number of shells containing electrons increases, significantly
increasing the atomic size. The trend across a group is governed by the effective
nuclear charge. As we go right in a group, the effective nuclear charge increases,
pulling the electrons closer to the nucleus and reducing the atomic size. This effect is
lesser in magnitude as compared to the trend down the table.

The metallic and non-metallic character of elements can be largely attributed to the
number of valence electrons and valence. Metallic character is characterised by the
ease of elements lose electrons to attain octet. Elements having lesser than 4 electrons
in valence shell are hence metallic, which means metals are found towards the left of
the table. As we go down a group, the valence electrons are much farther away from
the nucleus, which means they can be released easier, increasing the metallic
character. As for non-metals, they are found towards the right of the table; and are
generally electron acceptors so as to complete their octet. Down a group, accepting an
electron becomes a tougher job, decreasing non-metallic character.

The general trends in the properties are summarised as shown below:

The trends discussed above are the general observed trends. There are a lot of other
factors like ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, electron gain enthalpy; as seen in
the figure above. governing the properties of elements, which you will learn in higher
classes. The combinations of these properties give rise to exceptional behaviour and
anomalies, thus making the learning of elements beyond generalisation yet interesting.
Moseley’s modern periodic table can be considered the best available to us now, but
as extensive scientific research reveals more understanding of matter every day, the
quest for a perfect periodic classification of elements still continues.

Filled orbitals and number of elements in different periods

Number of Strating Number

Nature of Filled
Period electrons -Last of
period orbitals
accomdated element elements

Hydrogen –
1 Shortest period 1s 2 2
Helium

Lithium –
2 Short period 2s 2p 2+6 8
Neon

Sodium –
3 Short period 3s 3p 2+6 8
Argon

Potassium –
4 Long period 4s 3d 4p 2 + 10 + 6 18
Krypton

5 Long period 5s 4d 5p 2 + 10 + 6 Rubidium – 18

Xenon
 6s 5d 4f 2 + 1 + 14 + 9 Cesium –
6 Longest period 32
5d 7p +6 Radon

7s 6d 5f 2 + 1 + 14 + 9 Francium –
7 Longest period 32
6d 7p +6 Uuo

Types of elements

Salient Features of Modern Periodic Table

There are eighteen vertical columns known as groups in the modern periodic table
which are arranged from left to right and seven horizontal rows which are known as
periods.
 Elements are arranged on the basis of increasing order of atomic numbers.

 The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called Periods and the vertical
columns are known as the Groups.

 The elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged in 7 Periods and 18
Groups.

 The elements in the Modern Periodic Table are classified into four categories
viz. Representative Elements, Transition Elements, Inner Transition Elements, and
Noble Gases.
Group number Group name Property

They form strong alkalis

Group 1 or IA Alkali metals
with water

They also form alkalis

Group 2 or IIA Alkaline earth metals but weaker than group 1
elements

Boron is the first member

Group 13 or IIIA Boron family
of this family

Carbon is the first

Group 14 or IVA Carbon family
member of this property

This group has non-

Group 15 or VA Nitrogen family
metals and metalloids
 They are also known as
Group 16 or VIA Oxygen family
chalcogens

The elements of this

Group 17 or VIIA Halogen family
group form salts.

They are noble gases and

Group 18 Zero group under normal conditions
they are inert.

Physical properties
S-block elements have their sub-shells filled with electrons. Alkali metals have one
electron in their outermost s-sub shell. Let’s take a look at the physical properties of
Alkali metals.

1. Atomic radii: As we know atomic size decreases as we move from left to right
in the periodic table, s-block metals – alkali metals to be precise- have the largest
atomic radii in a particular group. Also, the atomic and ionic sizes increase as we
move down the group.

2. Physical State: All the elements exist as silvery white, soft, light metals and
are considered metals due to very low ionization energies. These elements can be
compressed into sheets or drawn into wires. When freshly cut, they’re lustrous but the
lustre tarnishes easily with exposure to air.

3. Density: The density increases as we move from Li to Fr but there’s an

anomaly in case of sodium and potassium where K is lighter than Na. Li is the lightest
among all the metals. Li, Na, and K are lighter when compared to water.

4. Ionization Enthalpy: s-block metals have low values of ionization enthalpies

as it is easier to remove their valence electrons to attain stability. Ionization enthalpy
decreases as we move down a group as the outer electrons feel a lesser pull from the
nucleus. This is predominant in the last members of each group, where the shielding
of nuclear charge by inner electrons means the outer electrons are very loosely
 attached to the atom (the effect is called as the Screening effect), further decreasing
its ionization enthalpy

5. Melting & Boiling Points: The presence of large atomic radius makes these
elements bind very weakly at the time of forming crystals. These elements have very
low melting and boiling points because of a weak inter-atomic bonding.

6. Colour: When we heat most of the s-block elements or their salts, the
outermost electrons get excited and jump to higher energy levels. When they come
back to their ground state, colours characteristic to each metal is imparted to their
flames. This is rather used in the laboratories to identify the action in salts using a test
called the `flame test’. This can’t be applied for Magnesium and Beryllium as their
outer electrons are too bound to get thermally excited.

7. Hydration Enthalpy: Alkaline earth metals and Lithium generally form

hydrated salts. The extent of hydration decreases with size and hence decreases down
the group.
Group-13 Elements
 Group-13 elements belong to the first group of p-block elements and
include Boron (B), Aluminium (Al), Gallium (Ga), Indium (In) and Thallium (Tl).

 Boron is the only metalloid in the group while the rest of the elements are
metals. Gallium is liquid at temperatures over 30 oC.

 They contain three electrons in the outer most shell i.e. a filled s-orbital and one
electron in the p-orbital. (ns2np1)

 Atomic Radius and density increases down the group with Thallium (Tl)
having the largest atomic radius and highest density. (**Atomic radius of gallium is
less than Aluminium due to poor shielding effect of d-orbital electrons.)

 First Ionization Energy decreases down the group. (except Thallium)

 Boiling Point decreases down the group.

 Electronegativity decreases from Boron to Aluminium, but then increases

marginally. This discrepancy is due to aberrant trends in atomic size.
 Sum of first three ionization enthalpies decreases considerably from boron to
aluminium, but then increases due to poor shielding effect of intervening d- and f-
orbital electrons.

 The relative stability of the +1 oxidation state increases from Aluminium to

Thallium.

 These are electron deficient elements, hence act as good Lewis acids. The
tendency to behave as Lewis acids decreases down the group.

 Oxide of boron is acidic, oxides of Aluminium and gallium are amphoteric,

while oxides of indium and thallium are basic in nature.

 Boron and Aluminium react at high temperatures with oxygen and nitrogen to
form oxides and nitrides respectively.

 Boron is nonreactive at moderate temperatures to acids and alkalis, whereas

Aluminium reacts with both acids and bases.

 Boron, in the form of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O), is used in household cleaning

products, as a pH buffer for gel electrophoresis, as flux for soldering and in laboratory
tests for transition metals due to the characteristic colours of their metaborates when
exposed to flame.

 Orthoboric acid is used in the manufacture of fibreglass, LCD display screen

glass and as a dry lubricant for carom boards.

 Aluminium is used in the manufacture of aircraft bodies, food packaging

materials in the form of aluminium foil, pipes, tubes, coins and electrical wires (due to
high electrical conductivity).

 Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH4) and Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) are

potent reducing agents used in organic chemistry.
Group-14 Elements
 Group-14 elements include Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin
(Sn) and Lead (Pb).

 Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, tin and lead are
metals.
 They contain four electrons in the outer most shell i.e. a filled s-orbital and two
electrons in the p-orbital. (ns2np2).

 There is a considerable increase in covalent radius from carbon to silicon, but a

small increase from silicon to lead. This is due to poor shielding effect of completely
filled d and f orbitals.

 First ionization enthalpy is higher than the corresponding members of group 13.
Ionisation enthalpy generally decreases down the group. Discrepancies in the trend are
also due to poor shielding effect of d and f orbital electrons.

 Electronegativity from silicon to lead is almost same, but higher than the
corresponding group 13 members.

 Boiling point decreases down the group from silicon to lead.

 Melting and Boiling points are higher than the corresponding group 13
members.

 A tendency to show +2 oxidation state increases from germanium to lead.

Stability of +4 oxidation state decreases down the group.

 Lead is stable in +2 oxidation state and acts as an oxidising agent in +4

oxidation state.

 Presence of d-orbital in elements apart from carbon increases their tendency to

form complexes by accepting electron pairs from donors.

 Two types of oxides are formed, on heating with oxygen- monoxides and
dioxides. Dioxides tend to be more acidic than monoxides.

 Acidic nature of dioxides decreases down the group; tin and lead dioxide is
amphoteric.

 Stability of dihalides increases down the group, whereas stability of tetrahalides

decreases down the group.

 Carbon has a unique property of forming long chains by linking with other
carbon atoms. This is called catenation. Tendency of catenation decreases down the
group (Lead does not show catenation.)
 Carbon also has unique ability to form pπ– pπ multiple bonds with itself and
with other atoms of small size and high electronegativity.

 Due to catenation and formation of pπ– pπ multiple bonds, allotropic forms of

carbon, namely graphite, diamond and fullerenes exist.

 Carbon, in form of graphite fibres, is used to make tennis racquets and aircrafts.
Graphite is used as an electrode in batteries.

 Activated charcoal is used in water purification and removal of poisonous

gases.

 Diamond is used in jewellery and in cutting equipment.

 Silicon is used in electronics and manufacture of cement.

 Germanium is used in synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate.

 Tin is used to make alloys and solder, used for making connections in electrical
circuits.

 Lead is used in radiation shields.

Group-15 Elements
 Group-15 elements include Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As),
Antimony (Sb) and Bismuth (Bi).

 Nitrogen and Phosphorous are non-metals, arsenic and antimony are metalloids
while bismuth is a metal.

 They contain five electrons in the outer most shell i.e. a filled s-orbital and
three electrons in the p-orbital. (ns 2np3). The p-orbital is half-filled, making it more
stable.

 Covalent and ionic radii increase in size down the group. The lack of regular
trend is due to poor shielding effect of d and f orbitals.

 Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group due to increase in atomic size,
and is higher than the corresponding group 15 members due to extra stability of half-
filled p orbitals.
 Electronegativity decreases down the group.

 Metallic character increases down the group.

 Boiling point increases up to arsenic and then decreases up to bismuth.

 Allotropy is seen in all elements except nitrogen.

 Stability of -3 and +5 oxidation state decreases down the group.

 Nitrogen can form multiple pπ– pπ bonds, whereas phosphorous and arsenic
can form dπ– pπ bonds.

 Oxides formed are of two types with different oxidation states of the element –
+3 and +5.

 Oxides of higher oxidation state are more acidic and acidic character of these
oxides decreases down the group.

 All elements react with metals and possess -3 oxidations states in their
respective compounds.

 Nitrogen is used as a coolant, to make fertilizers, plastics and explosives. It is

also used in cryopreservation, pharmaceuticals and X-ray detectors.

 Phosphorous is used in fertilizers along with nitrogen, in making matches to

light fires, softening hard water, and military applications like smoke bombs.

 Arsenic is used in semiconductors in the form of gallium arsenide. Arsenic-lead

alloys are used to manufacture bullets.

 Antimony is used as a dopant in semiconductors.

 Bismuth is used as a catalyst to make acrylic fibres and in cosmetics.

Group-16 Elements
 Group-16 elements include Oxygen (O), Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se),
Tellurium (Te) and Polonium (Po).

 Oxygen and Sulphur are non-metals, selenium and tellurium are metalloids,
whereas polonium is a metal.
 They contain six electrons in the outer most shell i.e. a filled s-orbital and four
electrons in the p-orbital. (ns2np4).

 Atomic radii, ionic radii, metallic character, melting and boiling points increase
down the group.

 Ionization enthalpy decreases down the group due to increase in size, but is less
than the corresponding elements of Group-15. (Extra stable Half-filled p-orbitals)

 Electronegativity decreases down the group.

 All elements exhibit allotropy.

 Stability of -2 and +6 oxidation states decreases down the group. Oxygen can
show only -2 oxidation state, except in case of OF 2 (+2 oxidation state).

 Stability of +4 oxidation state increases down the group due to inert pair effect.

 Acidic character of hydrides and their reducing power increases down the
group. (Except H2O).

 Reducing property of oxides decreases down the group and their oxides are
acidic in nature.

 These can form either dihalides or tetrahalides or hexahalides. Only

hexafluorides are stable.

 Oxygen is used as liquid fuel in rockets, in oxy-acetylene flames used for

welding, in smelting iron into steel and as a breathing gas by organisms on the planet.

 Sulphur, in the form of sulphuric acid, is used in the manufacture of fertilizers,

paints, dye and storage batteries, in petroleum refining, cleansing metals and as a
laboratory reagent. Sulphur is also used in the vulcanization of rubber.

 Selenium is used in manganese electrolysis and in alloys with bismuth.

 Tellurium is used in solar panels.

Group-17 Elements
 Group-17 elements include Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine
(I) and Astatine (At).
 They contain seven electrons in the outer most shell i.e. a filled s-orbital and
five electrons in the p-orbital. (ns2np5).

 They have the smallest atomic radii in their respective periods. Atomic, Ionic
radii, melting and boiling points increase down the group, as expected.

 Ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, oxidising power, affinity to hydrogen,

ionic character of metal halides, all decrease down the group.

 Bond dissociation enthalpy decreases down the group, however, due to large
electron-electron repulsion in fluorine, its bond dissociation enthalpy is close to that
of chlorine.

 Oxidation states exhibited are -1, +1, +3, +5 and +7. Fluorine exists in -1
oxidation state only.

 The acidic strength of hydrides and stability of oxides increases down the group
(I>Br>Cl).

 Fluorine is used to fluorinate uranium and polonium, used as nuclear fuel in

reactors. It is also used in PET imaging and PTFE synthesis.

 Chlorine is used as a disinfectant, in bleaching wood pulp for paper

manufacture, in extraction of gold, manufacture of dyes and organic solvents etc.

 Bromine is used in photography, in flame retardants, and synthesis of

brominated polymers.

 Iodine is used as a laboratory reagent for testing ammonium ions (Nessler’s

reagent), as disinfectant, for cloud seeding etc.

Group-18 elements
 Group-18 elements constitute the last group of p-block elements and
include Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and
Radon (Rn).

 Helium is an exception as it does not have p-orbitals. All the elements in the
group are gases.
 They contain eight electrons in the outer most shell i.e. a filled s-orbital and a
completely filled p-orbital, with the exception of Helium (ns 2np6).

 Exhibit very high ionization enthalpies due to high stability and it decreases
down the group.

 Atomic radii, melting and boiling points increase down the group.

 Only xenon reacts with fluorine and oxygen to form fluorides and oxides
respectively.

 Helium is used in filling hot air balloons and in superconducting magnets.

 Neon is used in bulbs and lights for advertisement and display purposes.

 Argon is used to provide an inert atmosphere for metallurgical reactions.

D-block elements show typical metallic behaviour. These are characterised by high
tensile strength, malleability, ductility, electrical and thermal conductivity as well as
metallic lustre. Except for Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) and Manganese
(Mn), they have one or more typical metallic lattices. Due to the larger extent of
metallic bonding by virtue of d-electrons, they are hard and have high melting and
boiling points. The group-12 elements (Zn, Cd and Hg) shows the exception in this
regard also.

Melting and Boiling point

The high melting and boiling points of d-block elements can be attributed to the
involvement of d-orbital electrons in addition to the s-electrons in metallic bonding.
Melting and boiling points increases as the d-orbital get filled. This trend goes till
d5 configuration and then decreases regularly as the orbital gets further filled and the
electrons get paired in the orbital. A point to be noted here is that Manganese (Mn)
and Technetium (Tc) have abnormally low melting and boiling points.

 The exceptional case of Mercury – the liquid metal: Mercury is one among
the two elements (other being Bromine(Br) ) and the only metal that exists in its liquid
state at room temperature. This is unexpected for the general outlook of a metal and
can be explained by the fact that 6s valence electrons of Mercury are more closely
pulled by the nucleus, rendering those outer s-electrons less involved in metallic
bonding. Still, Mercury shows good electrical conductivity.
Atomic and Ionic Sizes
The ionic sizes show gradual decrease as we move right across a series. This is
because as we number of electrons increase, the nuclear charge to increase. Due to
poor shielding of nuclear charge by d-electrons, the net increase in nuclear charge
outweighs the effect of the added electron, thereby reducing the size.

Similar trend and reasons can be observed for the case of atomic radii as well, though
the decrease is much gradual. In case of going down the series, the atomic radii show
increase. There is a huge jump from 3d to 4d in terms of atomic size, but the 4d and
5d series have a small difference only. This is explained on the basis of Lanthanoid
contraction. In case of 5d series, the inner 4f orbitals are filled before 5d orbitals. The
poor shielding ability of 4f electrons renders the outer electrons greater nuclear pull,
causing lanthanoid contraction. Due to this, the expected increase in atomic size is
compensated by increased nuclear pull, keeping the size nearly same.

Ionisation enthalpy
The same reasons that govern the trend in atomic size can explain the gradual increase
in ionisation enthalphy as we move from left to right in a series. However, there exist
large anomalies in this general trend. The anomalies arise due to the fact that removal
of an electron alters the combined energy considerations of s and d orbital system. The
concepts like hybridisation, pairing and exchange energy plays its role here, but let
keep away such complexities for the time being. In simple terms, we can assume that
the ionisation enthalpy will be high if removal of electron leads to deviation from a
stable configuration – half or completely filled d-orbitals or hybridised orbitals.

Multiple oxidation states and stability

One of the most notable features of d-block elements are the variety of oxidation
states exhibited by them. This leads to a large number of compounds and pool of
reactions involved. The number of oxidation states shown increases with the number
of electrons available to lose/share. It decreases as the number of paired electrons
increase making the number of orbitals available for sharing less. Hence, the first and
last elements show fewer oxidation states and the elements with a maximum number
of oxidation states are towards the centre of the table. For example, Manganese
(Z=25) shows states from Mn2+ to Mn7+, whereas Sc3+and Zn2+ are the only other states
shown by Scandium (Z=23) and Zinc (Z=30) respectively.

In p-block, the heavier elements prefer lower oxidation states due to what is
called inert pair effect. But in case of d-block elements, the higher oxidation states are
more stable for heavier members in a group. For example, in group-6 ( Chromium
(Cr), Molybdenum(Mo) and Tungsten(W) ), the +6 states for W and Mo are stable
whereas Cr6+, as in potassium dichromate, easily reduces thus being a common
oxidising agent.

Lower oxidation states in these metals are stabilised by ligands like CO, which are pi-
electron donors, whereas the higher oxidation states are stabilised by electronegative
elements like Fluorine(F) and Oxygen(O).Hence the high oxidation compounds of
these metals are mainly fluorides and oxides.

Standard electrode potential

There are mainly the M2+/M and M3+/M2+ reduction potentials that are generally
considered, for the states M2+ and M3+ respectively. The reduction potential values are
governed by the ionisation enthalpies, size, electronic configuration of the ions and
the energy levels of hybridised t2g and eg orbitals, which are beyond the scope of this
article.

Magnetic properties
Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism and ferromagnetism are the general properties
exhibited by substances. Here ferromagnetism is an extreme level of paramagnetism.

The parametric behaviour of d-block elements is due to the presence of unpaired

electrons. Such electrons contribute to ‘orbital magnetic moment’ and ‘spin magnetic
moment’. However, for 3d series, the orbital angular moment is negligible and the
approximate spin-only magnetic moment is given by the formula:

μ = √n(n+2)

where n is the number of unpaired electrons. Its unit is Bohr Magneton (BM). For
higher d-series, the actual magnetic moment includes components from the orbital
moment in addition to the spin moment.

Hope this article provided a fair idea of the periodic classification of elements. You
can read about the s-block elements here. All the Best!

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