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Department of Education
COMPETENCY-BASED
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
LEARNING MATERIAL
GRADE NINE
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PRODUCE VEGETABLE CROPS
Module No. 5 Module Title: MAINTAINING THE GROWTH OF
PLANTS
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MODULE V
Let’s find out how much you already know about the module.
Direction:
Read and understand the questions carefully and select the best answer
by writing the LETTER in your test notebook.
9. The supply of water to the soil by any other means than rainfall is
a. duty of water c. fertilization
b. drainage d. irrigation
11. This method of irrigation is used to apply water with the use of
sprinklers to irrigate crops grown in a small piece of land like
school and home gardens.
a. irrigation by hand c. irrigation by windmill
b. irrigation by gravity d. irrigation by power machinery
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12. Which of the following benefits is NOT derived from irrigation?
a. Assures crop against drought
b. Improves soil aeration
c. Enables the growing of quick maturing crop
d. Increases quality and yield of crops
13. In order to save irrigation water, you should practice the following
EXCEPT:
a. avoiding over irrigation.
b. practicing wild flooding
c. practicing lining of canals properly with a clay puddle.
d. planting the field with uniform or properly graded surface.
14. The process of removing excess water from the soil in order to
increase its productivity is---------------.
a. fertigation c. irrigation
b. drainage d. none of these
15. These are wild or cultivated plants that grow in a place where they
are not wanted.
a. broadleaf weeds c. sedges
b. grasses d. weeds
This lesson deals on the study of the kinds of fertilizer, its sources,
functions, methods of fertilizer application, methods on how to improve
the fertility of the soil and composting.
1. determine the macro and micro elements of the soil and their
functions;
2. identify the sources, kinds and the importance of fertilizers;
3. know the methods of determining and conserving soil fertility;
4. perform the methods of applying fertilizers;
5. perform composting; and
6. recognize proper nutrition in plants
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
Fertilizer – any material used to add to the fertility of the soil in order to
increase the growth or yield of crops.
Fertilizing or fertilization – the practice of applying fertilizers to crops
through the soil or to the leaves of the plants.
Fertile soil – one that contains most of the essential elements needed for
plant growth.
Soil productivity – the ability produce more than a sufficient quantity of
agricultural crops.
Soil fertility – the richness of soil in terms of organic and inorganic plant
foods which plants can use for growth and production.
Liming – the application of calcium or magnesium containing compounds
to the soil to neutralize acidity.
Plant food – the necessary materials from which a plant can build new
tissues and at the same time carry on its normal functions.
Leaching – the loss of soluble substances in water that drains down to
the lower depths of the soil beyond the reach of the roots
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Fertilizers are chemical compounds containing one or more of the
important nutritive elements which plants need for their growth and
development.
Plants have three sources from which they get their necessary
nutrients.
1. Air. The air contains carbon dioxide (carbon combined with oxygen).
Carbon dioxide provides source of carbon and oxygen for growing
crops. In turn when plants residues decay, carbon dioxide is again
released into the air.
The air around us is composed largely of nitrogen, a very inert gas.
Although nitrogen is needed in large amounts by plants, nitrogen from
the air cannot be used by the growing plant. Through legumes, the
bacteria in their nodules which develop in their roots as a result of
inoculation, can fix and utilize nitrogen from the atmosphere.
2. Water. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen; thus, it provides
plants with these elements.
3. Soil. All other plant food elements in the soil are therefore very
important.
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The plant food elements and their functions
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reduces lodging. burned margin of the
Increases leaves
plumpness of the grains Drooping of the
and seeds. corn plant falls down prior
Helps in the to maturity due to poor
formation and transfer of root development
starch, sugar and oil.
Imparts
hardness to legumes.
Kinds of Fertilizers
Fertilizer Computation
Example 1
recommended rate
Fertilizer needed
(kg/ha) x 100
=
% nutrient of the fertilizer
120 kg N/ha
kg AS = × 100 = 570 kg AS/ha
21%
The same formula may be used with any of the materials containing
nitrogen, phosphorous, or potassium.
Example 2
80 kg P/ha
kg 0-20-0 = × 100 = 400 kg 0-20-0/ha
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Example 3
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Compute for the number of kg of muriate of potash (0-0-60) needed to
fertilize 1 hectare using 60 kg/ha recommendation.
60 kg K/ha
kg 0-0-60 = × 100 = 100 kg 0-0-60/ha
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Example 4
Solution:
150 × 21%
kg N = = 31.5 kg of nitrogen
100
600 × 20%
kg P2O5 = = 120 kg of phosphate
100
100 × 60%
kg K2O = = 60 kg of potash
100
Example 5
How will you find the percentage of available N, P 2O5 and K2O in
the whole mixture?
Solution:
Divide the weight of each plant nutrients by the total weight of the
mixture and multiply by 100, thus:
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weight of nutrient
percentage of nutrient = × 100
total weight of fertilizers
31.5 kg N
N= × 100 = 3.7% N
850 kg total weight
120
P2O5 = × 100 = 14.1 % P2O5
850
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K2O = × 100 = 7.0% K2O
850
Example 6
Solution:
How will you find the number of kilograms of each of the fertilizing
materials needed to make the mixture (This is the same procedure as in
examples 1 to 3)?
240 kg
N= N × 100 = 533 kg urea
45% N
533 kg
urea
960 kg
triple superphosphate
400 kg
potassium chloride
107 kg
sand, or coconut shells,
etc.
2,000 kg total
Example 7
Work out the quantities of the individual fertilizers required for 100
kg of 5-8-12 fertilizer mixture, i.e., to contain 5% N, 8% P2O5 and 12%
K2O. Then multiply these figures by 100 to obtain the total requirement
of fertilizers for 1,00 kg of the mixture.
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For N = × 100 = 25 kg ammonium sulfate
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8
P2O5 = × 100 = 50 kg calcium superphosphate
16
12
K2O = × 100 = 20 kg muriate of potash
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95 kg of straight fertilizers
+ 5 kg of filler
100 kg of mixed fertilizer
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Loss through the crops. Plants utilize large quantities of nutrients
from the soil for their growth. The plants having reached their
maturity are harvested and sold. Thus, the organic and the
minerals that composed the harvested crops are taken away from
the farm. The constant removal of soil fertility through the crops
will make the soil poor. This is the reason why production will
decrease year by year if we do not fertilize our crops.
The amount of soil nutrient lost through the crops depends
on the kind of crops grown. From the standpoint crops may be
classified into three categories:
1. Heavy feeders are those crops that utilize a large quantity of all
the three essential elements or it may be a heavy feeder as
regards one element but a light feeder as regards another.
2. Medium feeders consume not much of the food elements not like
the heavy feeders.
3. Light feeders consume only little amount of the plant food
elements.
Loss of plant food through surface run-off.
Rain water or excess irrigation water which runs off the surface of
the ground may carry not only soil particles and the food they
contain but also the plant food which get dissolved in the running
water.
Loss of plant food through leaching. Even if
we do not plant, the minerals in the soil may be lost by leaching,
that is, the soluble substances go with the water that drains down
to the lower depths of the soil beyond the reach of roots. This is
especially true in cases of sandy soil.
Soil erosion. This is the greatest enemy of the
farmer. Erosion is the removal of soil from the field through natural
forces.
What is composting?
Students of the Jones Rural School performing composting during their TVE
class.
In nature, bacteria, fungi, worms, and other soil organisms help in
breaking down dead plants and animals, as well as animal wastes. The
decomposed organic material becomes part of the soil. This natural decay
usually takes place very slowly. To speed up the process, composters
create ideal growing conditions for compost organisms.
3. Right temperature
Organic materials will eventually decay even in a cold
compost pile. But the decay process is sped up in a hot compost
pile. When bacteria and fungi grow rapidly, they burn a lot of food,
and give off a lot of heat. If the compost pile is big enough, the heat
will build up inside the pile. Bacteria that grow well at high
temperature take over and speed up the decay process.
A. Traditional way
1. Make the soil firm, and dig a trench around for excess water to flow
into.
2. Stack up about six (6) inches high of grass. Do not compress.
3. Put 1-2 inches thick animal manure over the grass. Urea or
ammonium sulfate of about 1-2 kilograms may also be used if
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available.
4. Put 1 inch thick of rich soil mixed with wood ashes, lime over the pile.
5. Repeat the process over the pile until about 1 ½ meters high.
6. Water the pile to make it moist.
7. Thrust a pipe(s) or bamboo pole(s) with holes to allow air to penetrate
the bottom of the pile.
8. After three weeks, turn the compost over with the aid of a garden fork.
This is easily done by transferring into another pile so that the bottom
layer will now be on top, etc.
9. Turn the compost again bottom up after 5 weeks. Wait for 4 weeks
more to allow complete composting.
10. Water the compost during hot weather; cover the compost pile with
banana leaves during rainy days.
The pile of compost will be hot. This means that the bacteria in it are
working. Composting can also be hastened with a chemical for this
purpose.
Materials
1. Select a shady place in your yard that is somewhat elevated and does
not lodge water.
2. Construct compost pile measuring 1 X 1.5 square meter by 1 meter
high using the 8 posts and bamboo slats to enclose the posts; allow
space for air at the bottom.
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hours.
8. Reverse the pile; see if it is heating up. Keep it moist but not
wet. If it is not hot sprinkle with dissolved manure.
10. The pile must be cooling at this point, which means the
compost is done.
11. The resulting compost is ground (pulverized). If desired, let it
stay to decompose longer because the natural bark or coating takes
a longer time to deteriorate.
Health precautions
LET US REMEMBER
FEED THE SOIL AND LET THE SOIL FEED THE PLANT
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A. Fill in the blanks. Fill in the blanks with the correct word or group of
words to complete the thought of the sentence: Write your answers in
your test notebook.
1. Applying the fertilizer material with water in the soil means
__________________.
2. The use of liquid form of fertilizer dissolved in water and sprayed to
the plants refers to ______________.
3. When fertilizers are placed in between rows of plants, the method
used is_______________.
4. __________ are chemicals which consist of one or more inorganic
compounds applied to the soil to improve the growth and yield of
crops.
5. The placing of fertilizer to the soil is called ________________.
RESOURCES
fertilizer
wood
nail
animal manure
plant residues
compost
hammer
hand trowel
sprinkler
sprayer
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REFERENCES
19
LESSON 2
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LET US STUDY
Let us define
Irrigation – the application of water to the soil by any other means than
rainfall.
Field capacity – the amount of water held by the soil after gravitational water is
drained away.
Permanent wilting point – a level of moisture in the soil which is unavailable to
the plant.
Drainage – the removal of excess water from the soil
Evaporation – the loss of water in the soil in vapor form.
Transpiration – the loss of water from the leaves in the form of water vapor.
Seepage – the horizontal passage of water or sideward loss of water the soil.
Percolation – the vertical/downward movement and loss of water from the soil.
Benefits of irrigation
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continuously for 3-4 days, water may indeed be lacking and the crop
must be irrigated immediately
5. Color of foliage. Not all plant show temporary wilting when water is
limited. Instead, their leaves turned yellowish as in beans and in some
cases bluish green as in eggplants, as the water in the soil gets lesser
and lesser. Color is an indicator of plant variety where there is nitrogen
supply so take this into account.
6. Rate of growth of the plants. If the rate of growth of the crop is
sluggish, water may not be enough.
7. “Feel of the soil”. Get samples from a depth where most of the roots
occur and try to feel the soil. This depends on the type of the soil.
Type of Irrigation is needed
soil
Sandy Appears to be dry, but does not form a ball when
squeezed
Loam Somewhat crumbly but holds together
Clay Somewhat pliable, forms a ball, too dry to form ribbon
easily (ribbon is formed between thumb and forefinger)
8. Sand-cum-soil-mini plot technique. It involves digging thoroughly a
one cubic meter pit in one part of the field. Mix 5% sand to the soil
which has been dug and return it to the pit. Now the soil as reduced
water holding capacity. The crop including the test plot is planted as
usual. The plants in the test plot will start to wilt 2-3 days ahead of
those in the field. Irrigation must be done when wilting is observed in
the test plot.
1. Surface irrigation. In this case water is applied over the surface of the
ground, either in furrows or by spreading it broadcast over the land
being irrigated. Water is conducted from the source to the points of
distribution either in open ditches or pipe lines. This kind of irrigation is
usually used in the Philippines for irrigating their rice fields.
2. Sub-irrigation. In this kind of irrigation the water is delivered to a
porous stratum of soil at proper depth. The moisture spreads to the plant
roots through this stratum.
3. Overhead or spray irrigation. In this case, water is put into the plants
in the form of very fine drops or spray or mist. In small scale, this
method is used like in nurseries where water is applied by means of
sprinklers, water hose with nozzles.
Methods of irrigation
1. Irrigation by hand. This requires hand labor. This system is used only
where a valuable crop can be grown in a small piece of land, as in school
and home gardens. Water is applied either early morning or late in the
afternoon.
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2. Irrigation by windmill. It is used for irrigating a fruit plantation or a
truck garden. This system furnishes a very satisfactory means of
pumping water in some localities in the Philippines. It works well in
sections along the seashores. One thing which we must bear in mind is
that where windmills are depended upon as a source of water, it is
advisable to have a considerable storage capacity so that there will be a
sufficient supply of water to last through periods of drought.
3. Irrigation by power machinery. Water pumps are set in the source of
water. Water is delivered to the field through water hose.
1. Over irrigation. A farmer should not use more water than his crop
needs. The amount of water needed by crops varies with the crop, and
a farmer should ascertain what amount is for each crop and how it is
best distributed among the different times of application.
2. Poor grading of land. When a piece of land to be irrigated is not
uniformly or properly graded, as for example, when certain spots are
high while others are low, or when there is hardly any grade at all to
allow movement of water by gravity, there will be loss of water.
3. Seepage is the horizontal passage of water from irrigation canal
through the surrounding ground. Loss of water by seepage is prevented
by lining the canal properly with a clay puddle.
4. Deep percolation. Percolation is the vertical downward movement of
water. Water which sinks much deeper than the roots of the plants is
wasted water. Skillful cultivation should prevent much loss of water
due to deep percolation.
5. Run-off at the ends of fields or furrows. To avoid waste of water in
the form of run offs, it is necessary to supervise carefully the irrigation
work so that only enough water is allowed to flow in the irrigation
furrows.
6. Direct evaporation. This refers to the loss of water from plant parts,
soil surface and even from bodies of water with the aid of sunlight.
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Below is an example of irrigation by gravity
Drainage
Systems of drainage
LET US REMEMBER
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A good proportion of investment in vegetable growing is allocated for water
management, whether or not it is in a traditional farm where water is applied
by manual labor or in an automated drip-irrigation system. Unlike field crops
that can be grown under rain fed condition, vegetables with few exceptions are
always irrigated, at least partially. It is every grower’s utmost concern to use
irrigation water in the most efficient way. It is equally important to provide
adequate drainage facilities in the field because most vegetables cannot tolerate
prolonged waterlogged conditions.
1. The application of water to the soil by any other means than rainfall is
__________
2. The opposite of irrigation is __________ which is the removal of excess
water from the field.
3. The method of irrigating a small piece of land like backyard and school
gardens is the __________
4. The cheapest and most common method of irrigating the field where a
ditch canal is dug from the source (stream or river) going to the field is
called __________.
5. When irrigation water is supplied to the field with the use of engines
(water pump) to irrigate the field, the method used is called __________
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RESOURCES
sprinkler
pail and dipper
water pump
shovel
spade
crowbar
water hose/irrigation hose
REFERENCES
26
LESSON 3
27
LET US STUDY
Let us define
Weeds – plants, whether wild or cultivated which are growing in a place where
they are not wanted
Weeding – removing the weeds which a crop grower has to do repeatedly after
planting and before harvesting his crop
Cultivation – the process of loosening or breaking up the soil about growing
crops or plants in order to maintain it in condition favorable for their
growth
Soil tilth – the coarseness or fineness of the soil
Hilling up – a kind of cultivation by bringing the soil towards the base of the
plant to cover fertilizer and control weeds
Man’s attitude toward the so-called weeds is more or less the same as his
attitude towards so-called harmful insects.
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Weeds lower land value.
Root of weeds interlace with roots of plants which makes cultivation
and weeding difficult.
Weeds cause the wear and tear of farm implements or equipment.
Types of weeds
II. Sedges. Sedges are similar to grasses but have three-ranked leaves and
triangular solid stems. They frequently have modified rhizomes for
storage and propagation.
Examples:
1. Fimbristylis littoralis Gaud.
Local names:
Tagalog Ubod-ubod
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Pangasinan Gumi
Ilocano Siraw-siraw
1. MECHANICAL METHODS
Weeds are controlled mechanically by:
1. uprooting the weeds
2. cutting
3. flooding or by drying the ground
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4. burning
5. Smothering. This is done by depriving the weeds of complete sunlight.
6. tillage
One weed control technique involves managing plants so that weeds have
a difficult time to grow. A farmer or gardener may grow a smother crop, a crop
of closely spaced plants such as squash or sweet potato for example, before
planting the desired crop. The smother crop prevents weeds from receiving
light, water, and nutrients they require, minimizing their competition with the
desired crop. Another cultural control is to rotate crops by growing a different
crop in the same area every year for three or four years. In this method, a weed
that thrives with one crop will not survive with the next one.
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bioherbicide does not damage desirable plants. The flowerhead weevil insect,
for example, was imported from Europe in the 1970s before adequate testing
was done. Designed to kill the milk thistle weed, it has recently attacked native
thistle species in the western United States.
IV. CHEMICAL METHOD (Use of herbicides). This method employs the use of
herbicides in controlling weeds. Chemicals are basically poison. When they are
not affected properly, they may harm lives of beneficial insects, animals and
including man. This method then is not environmentally friendly.
Weed control or
pollution?
Cultivation
Benefits of cultivation:
1. Cultivation aerates the soil to facilitate the respiration of plant roots and
micro-organisms as well as to supply nitrogen for nitrogen-fixing
organisms.
2. It makes the top soil loose to increase its capacity to absorb water.
3. It kills the weeds, the chief plant competitor.
Methods of cultivation:
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Objectives of cultivation:
Frequency of cultivation
The ideal way of taking care of an annual crop like vegetables is to keep
the field free from weeds and the soil in excellent tilth all the time through
cultivation. This is usually done in gardening and so when a field receives
about the same amount of attention, we often say we “garden” the field. By this
we simply mean we give the field a very intensive care just as we generally do to
a garden.
Depth of cultivation
Time of cultivation
Cultivation is done after planting and before the crops cover the ground.
Since cultivation is actually a process of working the soil, the rules governing
plowing with reference to the condition of the soil should apply to cultivation.
Below is the time table when to hill up the following vegetable crops.
Beans and peas 2-3 weeks after planting
Eggplant 2-3 weeks after planting
Pepper 2-3 weeks after planting
8-10 cm tall or approximately 30 days after
Potato
planting
Lettuce 2-3 weeks after transplanting
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Chinese cabbage 2-3 weeks after transplanting
Celery 2-3 weeks after transplanting
Carrots 30 days after transplanting
Cabbage 2-3 weeks after transplanting
Cauliflower and
25-30 days after transplanting
broccoli
Tomato 2-3 weeks after transplanting
A. Garden trowels. These are the simplest tools for cultivation. Trowels are
used in gardening where the ground is taken cared of intensively and the
scale of the work does not demand the use of larger implements.
B. Hoes. Next in simplicity among implements for cultivation is a hoe. Hoes are
specially adapted for use on land where animal drawn cultivators can not
be used, and for cultivating spaces between plants in the row that can
not be reached by other cultivators.
C. Cultivators. A cultivator is an implement used for cultivation and consists
usually of a frame to which shares are attached. Cultivators may be
either propelled by hand or drawn animals, tractor or cable.
Hand cultivators. Cultivators which are used with hand power are
usually called hand cultivators.
Animal drawn cultivators. The use of animal drawn cultivators is
preferred than hand machinery because they are more economical to
operate.
Tractor cultivators. These type of cultivators are not used in the
culture of annuals or crops which require fairly close distancing since
the tractors need a good deal of free space for passage.
LET US REMEMBER
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In hand weeding, be sure the weeds are completely pulled out instead of
merely being cut.
Practice crop rotation whenever possible and advisable.
Do not allow weed plants to produce seeds. Kill them before they have a
chance to reproduce.
Do not leave weed piles, especially of weed plants which reproduce new
plants. They should be put in a compost pit or be burned.
Weed control is the most important function of cultivation; therefore, the
work should be done at the time most favorable for killing weeds. The
best time is before the weeds have become established.
Cultivation should be done as often as necessary to prevent weeds from
injuring the crops and this is done when conditions are favorable.
Shallow cultivation is preferable than deep cultivation so as not to injure
the root system of the plants.
B. FILLING THE BLANKS: Fill in the blanks with a word or group of words
to complete the sentences. Write tour answers in your test notebook.
1. ___________ is the operation of cultivating the soil towards the base of
the plants.
2. As a rule, cultivation should be done at a depth of _________
centimeters.
3. The simplest tools for cultivation is the ______________.
4. A ________________ is a machine used for mechanical weed control
which is dragged behind a tractor and dislodges weeds by breaking up
the surface of the soil with teeth and hoes.
5. ___________are weeds that are monocotyledenous plants which have
long, narrow two-ranked flat leaves and round hallow stems.
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LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
1. In your own vegetable gardens which I let you prepare before and which
you already have planted your vegetable crops, perform weeding and
cultivation following the knowledge and skills you have learned in your
lesson. Include weeding and cultivation operations in your diary of
activities which I required you to prepare.
2. Write a short report of about 100 words on how you practiced weeding
and cultivation. Include in your report how you felt about your work.
3. Why is there a need to practice cleanliness and sanitation in your
vegetable garden?
RESOURCES
herbicides
sprayer
personal protective equipment (PPE)
hand trowel
plow
shovel
grub hoe
REFERENCES
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Elementary Agriculture: Saint Mary’s Publishing:
1983.
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Introduction to Tropical Crop Production: First
Edition Saint Mary’s Publishing. 1976.
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G. and Castro, U. D.; Producing Quality Seeds the Easy
Way: Saint Mary’s Publishing: Sta Cruz, Manila. 1977.
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon. D. et.al.; Technology and Home Economics 1
Agricultural Arts: Abiva Publishing House, Inc.: Quezon City. 1991
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon D. at.al.: Technology and Home Economics 2 Agricultural
Arts: Abiva Publishing House, Inc: Quezon City. 1991
Cheah Kok Kheong, at.al.; Modern Agriculture for Tropical Schools: Oxford
University Press: 1979
Mendiola, N. B.; Principles of Crop Production. United Circulation, Inc.:
Malabon, Rizal. 1959
Resource Manual on Integrated Production and Pest Management (IPPM) in
Vegetables: World Education (INGO) Philippines, Inc.; Laguna,
Philippines: March 2005
Reyes, P. L.; “Lecture Notes on Field Crop Production” GAUF., Victoneta Park,
Malabon, Metro Manila.
Rivera, Aquilino R.; Home and School Vegetable Gardening: Grace Printing,
Inc.: Laoag City. 1988
Ware, George W. and J.P. McCollum; Producing Vegetables Crops: Second Ed.,
Interlino Printing Co., Inc.: Quezon City 1977
36
LESSON 4
LET US STUDY
Let us define
Insect – a small invertebrate animal with three pairs of legs and usually with
wings. It has three clearly marked body regions: head, thorax and
abdomen.
Disease – an abnormal condition that injures the plant or causes it to function
improperly. A disease is any disturbance that interferes with the normal
structure (e.g. height, tillers, leaves), function (e.g. reduced vigor, early
death), and economic value (e.g. reduced yield, poor quality produce) of
the plant (host) .
Symptom – the physical expression of a change in the appearance and function
of the plant
Signs – visible presence of the pathogen
Pathogen – a causal agent of a disease. Pathogen in the broader sense, is any
agent that causes a disease. However, the term is generally used to refer
to a living organism, such as fungus, bacteria and virus.
Pesticides – a broad term that describes all products used to control insects,
diseases, weeds, fungi and other “pests” on plants, animals and in
buildings
Susceptible – easily affected or capable of being influenced
Virulent – noxious, poisonous, infective or malignant
Vector – the transmitter or carrier of a disease
37
Vegetables are susceptible to injury and damage caused by insect pests
which can occur at the same time with other pests. A vegetable grower must be
able to control these pests effectively in order to have profitable crop.
Many different kinds of insects visit a garden. Some can be harmful, but
most are helpful.
The insect
All insects have 3 pairs of legs and 3 body divisions (head, thorax and
abdomen). A hard outer covering protects the insect’s body. This covering is
called an exoskeleton.
38
How does an insect grow?
The Egg
The larval stage of an insect is the most destructive stage. Most damage
is done to crops at this stage. The larvae grow from almost microscopic size
when hatched. Larvae are ravenous eaters. When full size has been attained,
the larvae either spin a cocoon or build a shell around themselves and go to a
resting stage.
The Pupa
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The adult
In other insects, such as grasshoppers and aphids, the young insect (nymph)
looks like the parent when it is hatched. It sheds its exoskeleton several times
as it grows.
40
Ways on how insects damage plants
1.) by chewing
Insects feed by chewing some portions of the
plant like leaves, stems, flower, and fruits. They have
horn-like jaws which they use for biting and
chewing. Grasshoppers, caterpillars, grubs, and
beetles are examples of these insects.
2.) by sucking
Insects also nourish themselves by sucking,
plant juices and nectar. These have sharp, slender,
hollow beaks which they insert under the surface of
plants to suck their juices. San Jose scales, aphids,
plant lies, squash bugs, and other tree bugs are
sucking insects.
3.)by lapping
Mouth parts of these insects enable them to lap or lick liquids from the
outer surfaces of objects on which they feed. Apple maggots and cherry fruit
flies are examples of lapping insects.
41
spread over foliage, fruits, or the bark, or the bodies of the insects
more quickly or completely; bring insecticidal substances into
solution or emulsions; mask distasteful or repellent properties of
insecticides or activate the chemical action of the toxicant.
Examples:
Carriers such as water in a spray, talc in a dust, or bran in
poison bait.
Emulsifiers such as flours, calcium and blood albumen.
Stickers such as lime, resin and glues.
Spreaders like wetting agents and detergents
Stabilizers such as caustic soda, glue, gelatin
42
b. The use of growing plants to destroy, repel or prevent damage by
insects.
1. Aphids
Family: Aphididae
Plants attacked: Most vegetables
Type of damage: Aphids suck plants juices,
may inject toxins into the plant, secrete a
sticky substance called “honeydew,” or
transmit certain plant viruses.
Remember: Aphids are usually found in
colonies on the underside of leaves. They
may be winged but are usually wingless.
Aphids are capable of rapidly increasing in
numbers. Lady beetles and lacewings are
effective predators of aphids.
43
2. White Grubs
Family: Scarabaeidae
Plants attacked: Most vegetables
Type of damage: Grubs feed on the roots or
other underground parts of most
vegetables. Damage typically consists of
surface scars and round gouges.
Characteristics: Grubs are mostly a problem
in fields following sod. Weedy gardens are
also attractive to ovipositing beetles.
3. Cutworms
Family: Noctuidae
Plants attacked: Nearly all vegetables
Types of damage: The most common damage
appears in young plants cut off at the soil
surface. Cutworms may also climb the
plant and feed on foliage and fruit.
Remember: Damage can be reduced by
keeping gardens free of weeds before and
after vegetables are planted.
44
5. Striped Blister Beetle
Epicauta vittata
Family: Meloidae
Plants attacked: Many vegetables
Type of damage: Adults feed ravenously on
foliage
Remember: This general feeder readily moves
from plant to plant. The beetles can be
picked off the foliage. However, they
contain oil that can blister the skin if they
are accidentally crushed. The larvae of
blister beetles are beneficial because they
feed on grasshopper eggs in the soil.
6. Wireworms
Family: Elateridae
Plants attacked: Many vegetables
Types of damage: Wireworms feed on seeds
and seedlings of corn, bean, and pea. They
also cause wilting and often death of the
plant. Wireworms feed on the marketable
portions of potato, sweet potato, radish,
carrot, rutabaga, and turnip. Wireworms
also attack the roots of cabbage,
cucumber, tomato, onion, watermelon, and
other crops thus, reducing vigor or killing
the plants.
Remember: Some species are more serious in
garden that is recently sodden. Wireworms
can be detected with baits (grain or potato)
buried underground before planting.
45
7. Cabbage Looper
Trichoplusia ni
Family: Noctuidae
Plants attacked: Cabbage, cauliflower,
broccoli, radish, collard, mustard, kale,
lettuce, celery, spinach, beet, pea, potato,
and tomato.
Type of damage: Same as imported cabbage
worm.
Remember: Effects of Cabbage loopers are
usually more serious in the fall. They
should be controlled when they are still
small because the large loopers are
difficult to control. They crawl in a looping
fashion- “inchworm.”
8. Diamondback Moth
Plutella xylostella
Plants attacked: Cabbage, cauliflower,
broccoli, radish, mustard
Type of damage: Larvae eat many small
holes on underside of leaves, giving plant a
shot-hole appearance. Some feeding does
not go entirely through the leaf.
46
10. Hornworms
Manduca spp.
Family: Sphingidae
Plants attacked: Tomato, potato, pepper,
eggplant
Type of damage: The tomato and tobacco
hornworms consume large amounts of
green foliage and sometimes fruit.
Comments: Easily detected through presence
of droppings resembling those produced by
rabbits. Can be controlled in home gardens
by hand picking. Many hornworms are
killed by parasites on the hornworm’s
body.
11. Corn earworm or Tomato Fruitworm
Helicoverpa zea
Family: Noctuidae
Plants attacked: Many, including corn,
tomato, bean, pepper, okra, eggplant
Type of damage: Corn earworms feed on the
marketable portion of each vegetable crop
that it attacks, often making them
unusable.
Remember: Home gardens may wish to cut
the damaged tips off sweet corn ears or
plant extra to compensate for losses.
47
12. Striped Cucumber Beetle
Acalymma vittatum
Family: Chrysomelidae
Plants attack: Cucurbits (cucumber, squash,
gourd, watermelon)
Type of damage: Larvae feed on roots and
underground stems. Adults may destroy
newly emerged plants. On older plants,
beetles feed on leaves, shoots, and stems.
The beetles transmit a bacterium that
causes bacterial wilt to cucumber and
cantaloupe.
Remember: Only a short period of feeding is
necessary to transmit the bacterium, so
plants must be protected from beetle
feeding, Protecting plants with row covers
before bloom will prevent beetle feeding
and disease transmission, but be sure to
remove them when flowers appear.
13. Spotted Cucumber Beetle
Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi
Family: Chrysomelidae
Plants attacked: Cucurbits, bean, pea,
potato, beet, asparagus, eggplant, tomato,
corn, cabbage
Type of damage: Larvae feed on roots of
corn, beans, alfalfa, and many grasses.
Adults feed on foliage and also transmit
bacterial wit of cucurbits to cucumber and
cantaloupe.
48
The plant disease
49
B. Living (Biotic) factors:
A disease may be caused by organisms that spread disease to healthy
plants.
The organisms are very small.
Can be recognized by symptoms and signs
Can be managed by destroying or removing the parasitic agent and
reducing the number of pathogen and infection rate.
1. Soil treatment
Using steam or dry heat
Drenching the soil with formaldehyde solution.
Dusting with fungicides
Fumigating the soil.
2. Seed treatment
Dusting with ceresin, arasan or semesan
Soaking in liquid fungicide
Using hot water treatment
50
various fungicides.
51
it is on its host or in the environment of the host. This method is
used in tubers, seeds, soil, storage roosts, etc. It is maybe done
by heat, or with the use of poisonous substances; fungicidal
solution, and formaldehyde.
c. Inhibition or the modification of environment. The aim of this
method of control is to hold the pathogen in check by controlling or
modifying certain surrounding environmental conditions. For
example, damping off in nurseries is controlled by exposing the
attacked seedlings to the sun and keeping them in a drier
atmosphere.
d. Protection. The aim of this method is to place effective barriers
between the susceptible part of the plant and the pathogen in order to
prevent infection. Examples of this method are:
Creation of wind breaks
Selection of sheltered places protected from wind-borne
inoculums
Bagging protects the fruits from parasite-bearing insects coming
in contact with plants.
e. Chemical control like spraying of liquid fungicides, or dusting
using a fungicide in powder form or dust is applied to the plants.
52
Damping off Damping-off is ● The fungi that cause
Phytium sp. these seedling diseases
essentially a seedling
Fusarium sp. are soil inhabitants. To
Rhizoctoni sp. disease. Infected plant reduce plant losses,
Phytophora shows soft-girdled, rotted sterilize soil for growing
sp stem near the soil line seedlings; use healthy
seeds dressed with
Hosts: causing young seedlings fungicide; locate nursery
Crucifers to topple down. Symptoms beds on well-drained
Solanaceous are brown, water-soaked sites; and keep beds well-
Legumes ventilated
areas around the lesion
Cucurbits
that shrivel and pinch the
seedling off the base.
● The dry rot is usually
limited to the outer part of
the stem and infected plant
may fall down or may
remain more or less
upright. Infected plants
remain under developed
and usually die.
53
Bacterial wilt Sudden wilting of Since the bacterium is
Ralstonia
leaves and death of the soil-borne, soil treatment
Solanacearum
Pseudomonas entire plant is effective in controlling
Solanacearum unaccompanied by any this disease. Hot water
yellowing or spotting of treatment of seeds at
Hosts:
Solanaceous leaves. 50°C for 25 minutes
Brownish effectively reduces the
discoloration appears in bacteria that stick to
vascular tissues of the seeds.
basal part of the stem. Rotation of non-
Also, roots are formed on solanaceous crops;
the stem. If the stem is growing of seedlings in
cut, milky white exudes bacterial wilt-free beds;
ooze out from the vascular and planting of tomatoes
system after suspended in away from the land
water. In later stage of previously infected with
the disease, decay of the bacterium to prevent
pith cause extensive infection from drainage
hollowing of the stem water are important in
the management of
bacterial wilt disease.
Use of compost may
reduce bacterial wilt.
High organic matter in
the soil improves
conditions for
microorganisms
including antagonistic
organisms that may
work against Rhizoctonia
bacteria.
54
Downey The disease appears Major control
mildew
as yellow spots on the measures include the
Pseudoperono
s surface of the leaves with use of resistant varieties
Pora cubensis a purplish downy growth and crop rotation. Wider
(Berk and on the lower surface. spacing between plants
Curt)
Rostow These yellow spots may and planting sites with
soon turn reddish-brown good drainage and
Hosts: and eventually kill the ventilation also helps
Solanaceous
leaves. When infected check disease
Cucurbitacea
plants do not die, the development by
fruits may not mature, promoting good aeration
and the flavor is poor. and rapid drying of plant
surfaces.
Use of clean seeds or
hot water treatment will
lessen the disease
development. Practice
sanitation and
destruction of plant
debris will likewise help
to eliminate the disease.
When seedlings show
symptoms of downy
mildew, try applying
some extra nitrogen.
Seedlings tend to
outgrow the disease if
they are top-dressed
with nitrogenous
fertilizer.
55
Fusarium wilt The fungi may infect Seeds from healthy
Fusarium
the plant at any age. plants and treating the
oxysporum
Initial symptoms are seeds with hot water will
Hosts: yellowing of the leaves help reduce the
Solanaceous near the base of the plant incidence of this disease.
followed by wilting. One Precautions must be
or more branches may be taken to reduce the
affected while others spread of infested soil on
remain symptomless. implements and workers
As the disease during movement among
progresses, yellowing greenhouses and fields.
develops on the upper Rotation might help
leaves. Affected leaves limit the development of
may sometimes dry up new races of this
before wilting is detected. persistent soil-borne
The vascular system of pathogen. Do not apply
the affected stem and excessive fertilizer and
petioles becomes brown use disease-resistant
and can be detected by varieties.
cutting them diagonally.
56
Powdery Initial symptoms are Treat seeds with hot
mildew
small, white powdery water before sowing.
Leveillula
taurica (Lev) spots that first appear on The use of sprinkler
Arnaud the upper surface of the irrigation and fungicidal
Oidiopsis leaflets and soon become spray can help in
Taurica
Tepper evident on both surfaces. reducing the
Affected tissues turn development of the
Hosts: yellow. In serious cases, disease.
Legumes
the mildew covers the
Parsley
solanaceous entire leaf until it shrivel
and dies. The disease
progresses from the older
to younger leaves. The
pathogen also affects
stem, petioles and floral
parts.
57
Bacterial Spot Leaf lesions begin as The bacterium can be
Xantomonas
water-soak, and circular seed-borne and persist
campestris
pv. to irregularly-shaped in crop debris and
vesicatoria spots that become weeds. Warm
necrotic with brown temperatures, sprinkle
Hosts:
Crucifers centers and chlorotic irrigation or heavy rains
Cucurbits borders. enhance the severity of
More numerous on the disease. Seed
young than old leaves, cleaning along with crop
lesions are slightly rotation, helps in the
sunken on the upper leaf prevention of disease
surface and slightly raised outbreaks, while copper
on the lower surface. compound sprays reduce
Lesions sometimes the rate of disease
coalesce and severely development.
infected leaves turn yellow
and drop.
Fruit symptoms start
as water-soaked brown
dots and then become
raised, wart-like in
appearance surrounded
by a lighter halo. Narrow,
elongated lesions or
streaks may develop on
stems.
58
Cercospora Brown effuse patches The pathogen survives
Leaf mold
under the leaf. The in diseased plants parts
Cercospora
fuligena corresponding upper where it produces spores
Roldan surfaces turn yellow and at the beginning of the
later brown. growing season. The
Hosts:
Cucurbits In advanced application of fungicides
Legumes infection, the patches and planting resistant
Cricifers coalesce and become varieties can reduce
necrotic. Foliage of disease losses.
severely infected plants
dries up and dies.
Symptoms may also
occur on petioles and
young succulent stems,
but have not been
reported on fruit.
The disease
progresses from older to
younger leaves.
Tomato yellow Yellowing and curling Control insect vector
Leaf Curl
of the leaves and stunting. by using systemic
Virus
Transmitted Some varieties show insecticides like
by whitefly severe cupping and dimethoate, fenitrothion
(Bemisia curling of leaves while and fenthion.
tabaci)
some exhibit rosette type Remove weeds; use
Hosts: of symptoms. barrier crops like maize
Tomato Flowers are often two months before
aborted and wilted. Plants transplanting seedlings;
may be excessively avoid planting
branched and those that solanaceous and
survive set very little malvaceous plants near
fruits. tomatoes, roughing; and
use of resistant varieties.
59
Namamarako Typical symptoms Sanitation or removing
(maleness)
include wrinkling of leaves of weeds that serve as
NMK virus
transmitted followed by thickening of alternate host of the
by Aphis leaves, which become vector of the virus
gossypi and shiny or ‘plastic’ in disease is one of the
Myzus
persicae appearance. Later older preventive measures for
leaves most often have this disease.
Hosts: yellow patches and the Control of the insect
Cucurbits
number of female flowers vector is necessary to
is severely reduced. In limit the transfer of the
severe infection, plants disease. Proper fertilizer
could be stunted and management is also
sometimes, even male necessary to produce
flowers are hardly vigorous plants.
produced.
Phomopsis Phomopsis is a The most effective
Fruit Rot
fungal disease that is soil- method or control is to
Hosts: borne. It spreads with collect infected fruits
Eggplant water splashing from soil and bury them. Keep
to plants or from plant to field clean from rotting
plant with irrigation and fruits; dead leaves and
rain. branches, and weeds.
The affected areas on Keep fruits from
fruits are dark brown. touching the soil.
They grow rapidly and are Provide proper aeration
circular in pattern. The in the area.
infected fruits turn brown
and rot in a few days.
60
Pictures showing signs/symptoms of diseases of vegetable crops
61
Cercospora leaf spot Pepper mild mottle Powdery mildew
(Frogeye) – gray-brown (PMMV) – mild mosaic (Leveillula) – leaf
circular lesions with in leaves yellowing and necrosis
light colored center evident on the upper
surface of leaves
A. Before application
1. Read the label
Determine the target organism.
Identify the rate and time of application.
Wear personal protective equipment (PPE).
Remember the antidotes and other safety measures.
Observe field reentry intervals after treatment.
62
2. Check the sprayer
Fill the tank with plain water and test the sprayer to be used that
there are no leaks or loose connections and the equipment is working
properly.
Repair or replace any worn-out or faulty part.
3. Mixing and filling
Extra precaution is necessary when mixing and filling sprayers
because pesticides are concentrated.
Wear personal protective equipment.
Open pesticide container carefully to avoid splashes, spills, or drifts.
Keep your head away from the opening of the sprayer.
Wash and change clothes immediately if pesticide is spilled on
clothing.
Do not use bare hands in mixing pesticides, nor allow concentrated
materials to touch bare skin.
B. During application
1. Wear personal protective equipment.
2. Do not eat, drink, smoke, or blow clogged nozzles with your mouth while
applying pesticides.
3. Do not spray when it is windy to avoid pesticide drift.
4. Spray areas near homes in early mornings or evenings when humans,
pets and livestock are less likely to be exposed.
C. After application
1. Store remaining pesticides properly.
2. Bathe and change clothing after application of pesticides.
3. Stay away from treated field one to two days. This prevents poisoning
through contact with treated plants, or inhalation of pesticide fumes.
LET US REMEMBER
A large group of pests attacking crops are in the form of animals. These
vary in sizes. Some are visible and some are not.
The insects are probably the worst enemies of our crops. The study of
insect pests and their control is the science of entomology and the person
engaged in entomological work is called entomologist.
Insects are classified into three: the sucking insects, lapping, and the
biting insects.
63
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
B. Building blocks in insects. Identify the statements below and fill in each
block with a letter that corresponds with your answer. The number of blocks
determines the number of letters of the correct answer. Again write your
answer in you test notebook.
1. The first letter of the beginning of an insects’ life.
2. Are all insects harmful?
3. The initial letter of the 3 body divisions of an insect.
4. That stage of an insect when they are in their cocoon.
64
5. The last stage of an insect’s life.
6. The body division with 3 segments where the 3 pairs of legs are found.
7. They are characterized with 3 body divisions, 3 pairs of legs, with or without
wings.
8. The specialized mouthpart of a chewing insect.
9. A needle like structure to suck plant juices, nectar and blood.
10. The protective covering of an insect body which is hard. Exclude the first
letter.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Entomology a. building or placing of effective barriers to control
2. Insect control spread of diseases.
3. Pathogen b. the study of insects and their
4. Sucking c. causal organisms of diseases
insects d. any abnormal condition that will affect the
5. Biting insects normal function of plant parts
or chewing e. the changes in the life of an insect
insects f. the removal of a diseased plant
6. Metamorphosis g. the direct killing of the pathogen while it is on its
7. Roguing host or in the environment of the host.
8. Disinfection h. group of insects that sucks plant juices
9. Protection i. group of insects that eat parts of the plant.
10. Disease j. a small invertebrate animal having three body
divisions, three pairs of legs and usually with wings
k. It places effective barriers between the susceptible
part of the and the pathogen in order to prevent
infection.
65
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
Write in your diary all the required activities for your garden.
RESOURCES
insecticides
fungicide
soil sterilant
sprayer
personal protective equipment
REFERENCES
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Elementary Agriculture: Saint Mary’s Publishing:
1983.
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Introduction to Tropical Crop Production: First
Edition Saint Mary’s Publishing. 1976.
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G. and Castro, U. D.; Producing Quality Seeds the Easy
Way: Saint Mary’s Publishing: Sta Cruz, Manila. 1977.
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon. D. et.al.; Technology and Home Economics 1
Agricultural Arts: Abiva Publishing House, Inc.: Quezon City. 1991
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon D. at.al.: Technology and Home Economics 2 Agricultural
Arts: Abiva Publishing House, Inc: Quezon City. 1991
Cheah Kok Kheong, at.al.; Modern Agriculture for Tropical Schools: Oxford
University Press: 1979
Mendiola, N. B.; Principles of Crop Production. United Circulation, Inc.:
Malabon, Rizal. 1959
Resource Manual on Integrated Production and Pest Management (IPPM) in
Vegetables: World Education (INGO) Philippines, Inc.; Laguna,
Philippines: March 2005
Reyes, P. L.; “Lecture Notes on Field Crop Production” GAUF., Victoneta Park,
Malabon, Metro Manila.
Rivera, Aquilino R.; Home and School Vegetable Gardening: Grace Printing,
Inc.: Laoag City. 1988
Ware, George W. and J.P. McCollum; Producing Vegetables Crops: Second Ed.,
66
Interlino Printing Co., Inc.: Quezon City 1977
67
LESSON 5
PERFORM MULCHING
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
mulch – any material spread on the ground to protect plant roots from heat,
cold or drought and to keep fruits clean
mulching – the practice of covering the soil with any kind of material like
leaves, paper and plastic in order to protect the plants from extreme
temperature and to conserve soil moisture
Importance of mulching
68
environment for plant growth. Soils that have high organic matter are
easier to till and better suited to vegetable gardening. Organic mulch
such as straw or newspaper can be turned under the soil at the end of
the season. This helps build the soils organic matter content. Turn the
mulch under as soon as the gardening season is over so it breaks down
before the garden is replanted.
Most mulch also provides excellent weed control. Mulches do not
prevent weed seeds from sprouting. Weed seed emergence is blocked by
a mulch layer thick enough to exclude light. A 3 inch layer of mulch on
the soil surface is enough to prevent the growth of weeds.
Garden mulching reduces maintenance. A good mulch layer eliminates
the need for weeding, and mulched vegetables are cleaner at harvest
time. For example, the fruits of tomato, melon and other plants never
touch the soil so they are a lot cleaner than those unmulched vegetable
crops.
There will be more fruit harvests because of less fruit rot. This is
because the soil does not splash up on the fruit.
Mulch materials
There are many materials in the locality that could be used as mulch
materials.
Compost is generally the best mulching material for home and school
gardens. It is usually free from weed seeds and is in expensive. Prepare
compost from materials present in your yard.
Straw is short lived and coarse textured. More straw is needed for the
same effect as compost or lawn clippings.
Sawdust is common mulch available especially in urban places. If
well managed, it can be good mulch. Add a small amount of garden
fertilizer to the after applying sawdust directly to a garden. Even better,
add nitrogen to sawdust, and then compost it before spreading in your
garden.
Plastic is effective mulch if properly used. Black plastic keeps light
from the soil and prevents weeds from growing. Clear plastic warms the
soil, but weeds can grow beneath the plastic. A disadvantage of plastic is
that it cannot be turned into the soil at the end of the planting season.
However, it can be recycled.
Newspaper is much better than plastic because they can be turned
into the soil after se.
69
planting season to mulch beans planted in the second planting season.
The time when mulch is to be used. Select light colored mulch during
summer to reflect heat. Use dark-colored mulch in the early season to
help warm the soil and to permit earlier planting and hasten early
growth.
Spread mulches on freshly cultivated, used free soil before plants are
large enough to interfere. Apply organic mulch thick enough to leave a 3 inch
layer after setting. Four inches of fine materials like compost should be
adequate. Remember that coarser materials, such as straw, settle and many
require 6 inches or more initially. If you use newspaper, place thee layers on
each side of the row. Add more mulch during the season when working with
organic materials. The mulch settles and gradually rots during the growing
season where it meets the moist soil surface. Adding more layers assures
continuous wed control and a clean resting place for the fruits of your labor
and creates a pleasing appearance throughout the season.
LET US REMEMBER
70
RESOURCES
mulch materials
compost
rice straw/hay
sawdust/rice hull
plastic
sticks
REFERENCES
71
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED FROM THE MODULE?
Post Test
Let’s find out how much you have learned about the module. Read and
understand the questions very well and answer them correctly.
Direction: Read and understand the questions carefully and select the best
answer by writing the LETTER only in your test notebook.
2. It refers to the necessary materials which a plant can build new tissues and
at the same time carry on its normal functions.
a. lime c. plant food
b. inoculants d. pesticide
6. The method of scattering the fertilizer on the surface of the ground refers to
a. side dressing.
b. broadcasting.
c. foliar application.
d. band or row or localized placements.
72
7. Which of the following is NOT a method of determining soil fertility?
a. soil analysis
b. field fertilizer trials
c. nutrient deficiency symptom
d. foliar application of fertilizer
9. The application of water to the soil by any other means than rainfall is
a. fertigation c. fertilization
b. drainage d. irrigation
10. The water is applied above the ground, either in furrows or by spreading it
over the land being irrigated is called______.
a. sub-irrigation c. over head or spray irrigation
b. surface irrigation d. watering by hand
11. This method of irrigation is used to apply water with the use of sprinklers
to irrigate crops grown in a small piece of land like school and home
gardens.
a. irrigation by hand c. irrigation by windmill
b. irrigation by gravity d. irrigation by power machinery
14. The process of removing excess water from the soil in order to increase its
productivity is_____.
a. fertigation c. irrigation
b. drainage d. none of these
73
15. These are either wild or cultivated plants which grow in a place where they
are not wanted.
a. broadleaf weeds c. sedges
b. grasses d. weeds
16. Which of the following is not a good reason for removing or controlling the
weeds?
a. Weeds cause a decrease in crop production.
b. Weeds increase labor cost and cost of production.
c. Weeds increase land value.
d. Weeds harbor plant pests which may affect plant growth and yield.
74
Y3 MODULE 5 ANSWER KEY
75
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
MODULE 5. Maintaining the growth of plants..………… 1
76
Let us study........................................................... 28
Let us remember................................................... 34
How much have you learned.................................. 35
Let us apply what you have learned....................... 36
Resources.............................................................. 36
References............................................................. 36
77