TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MACHALA

Quality, Relevance and Warmth

ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES

MEDICINE

TECHNICAL ENGLISH

TOPIC:

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

AND COMMON DISEASES

TUTOR:

LCDA. BARRETO HUILCAPI LINA MARIBEL

THIRD SEMESTER "A"

EXPOSITORS:

JOHAN CALLE

LEIVER DURÁN

MELANY GUERRERO

NIXON PALACIOS

SECOND PERIOD 2019

 OBJECTIVE:

To describe the anatomy of the respiratory system, its function and the most common
diseases using teaching materials to strengthen learning.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

❏ DEFINITION:

The respiratory system is the set of organs of the human body whose function is the exchange
of gases between the external environment (the air) and the organism (the blood), the gases
are molecular oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

❏ FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

- Hematosis or oxygenation of each and every one of the cells that make up the different
tissues and organs of the human body.

- Pulmonary ventilation through inspiration and expiration processes.

- Exchange and transport of molecular oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between
the alveoli of the lung and blood, and between blood and cells.

❏ ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Upper Respiratory Tract:

➔ Nose: Formed by two air inlet and outlet holes. They
are covered with hairs to filter the air.
➔ Mouth: It is also used for breathing
➔ Pharynx: It is a tube that besides being part of the
digestive system serves to conduct the air.
➔ Larynx: It is a tube that conducts air. In it are the
vocal cords.

2. Lower Respiratory Tract:

➔ Windpipe: Ringed tube that conducts air to the
bronchi.
➔ Bronchi: Tubes in which the trachea branches and
serves to conduct the air.
➔ Bronchioles: Each of the branches into which the
bronchus is divided.
➔ Lungs: They are two sponge-shaped organs
composed of millions of alveoli.
➔ Alveoli: They are small cavities of the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
➔ Diaphragm: Muscle that helps to breathe along with the intercostal muscles.
 Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation

Ventilation is the renewal of alveolar air. Air enters and leaves the lungs as a result of
pressure changes inside the thoracic cavity.

The mechanics of breathing, that is, ventilation, is done by two movements: inspiration and
expiration.

● The inspiration is due to the increase in volume of the thorax produced by the
contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal
muscles; the accessory muscles are the scalenes
(raise the 1st and 2nd rib) and the
sternocleidomastoids (raise the sternum). The
main respiratory muscle is the diaphragm.
● Expiration is the result of passive retraction of the
lung and muscles due to their own elasticity,
coming from the elastic fibers of the lung
parenchyma and the surface tension produced by
the fluid that covers the alveolar epithelium, all of
which tends to collapse the lung.

In respiratory mechanics, several pressures must be taken into account:

● Intrapleural pressure.- pleural fluid.

● Intraculmonary pressure.- is the pressure inside an air duct.
● Atmospheric pressure.- is the reference level with which the others are compared.

Gas exchange

The walls of the pulmonary alveoli are very thin and surrounded by a network of blood
capillaries.

In the alveoli the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) is carried out
between the air inside the alveoli and the blood that circulates
through the blood capillaries. Gas exchange occurs through a
physical process called diffusion, which is that the molecules move
from where there is more concentration to where there is less.

Oxygen is transported in the blood by a well-known molecule,

hemoglobin, of intense red color. In it there is iron and it is to him
that oxygen is attached. Hemoglobin is inside the red blood cells.

Carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in the blood plasma (the liquid part of the blood).
 SIMPLE AND COMPOUND SENTENCES

Simple sentences

1. All living things have a respiratory system.

2. David must expose about the respiratory system.
3. Matias and Lucia are going to have a physical examination of the respiratory system.
4. The lungs are essential for breathing.
5. Chronic bronchitis is a form of COPD highlighted by a chronic cough

Compound Sentences

● My neighbor went to the doctor yesterday.His lungs were in good condition.

My neighbor went to the doctor yesterday and his lungs were in good condition.
● The pain was really bad. he refused to see a doctor.
The pain was really bad yet he refused to see a doctor.
● My aunt has pneumonia. the pulmonologist is a specialty about lung diseases
My aunt has pneumonia and the pulmonologist is a specialty about lung diseases
● Luis has to take his medicine. he doesn't mind recovering.
Luis has to take his medicine but the doesn't mind recovering.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Diseases T. The Top 8 Respiratory Illnesses and Diseases [Internet].

Unitypoint.org. 2018 [cited 7 October 2019]. Available from:
https://www.unitypoint.org/homecare/article.aspx?id=2448b930-1451-43e4-
8634-c0c16707c749

2. Davis, M. & Holliday, J. Jr. (2015). Differentiating causes of respiratory distress.

Emergency Medical Services, 34(1), 72–73.

3. Farquhar, S. L. & Fantasia, L. (2014). Pulmonary anatomy and physiology and

the effects of COPD [Internet]. Home Healthcare Nurse. Available from:
http://downloads.lww.com/wolterskluwer_vitalstream_com/sample-
content/9780781785891_Smeltzer/samples/Chapter021.pdf

4. Last, L.J. Aids to Anatomy (twelfth edition). London, Balliere, Tindall & Cassell,
1962.

5. Moore, K.L., Dalley, A.F. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (fourth edition). Baltimore,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.