3DG C13 00012 PDF

BECHTEL CORPORATION
ENGINEERING
CIVIL/SITE
DESIGN GUIDE
ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003, December 19, 2002
Prepared by: C. Ravotta/P. Carrato
Approved by: S. Mullen
Reason for issue: Revised and issued for use
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE
2.0 CODES
3.0 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS
4.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Ductility
4.2 Load Types
4.3 Load Combinations
4.4 Tension Loading
4.5 Shear Loading
4.6 Design Strength of Cast-in Anchors
5.0 CAST-IN ANCHORS
5.1 Materials
5.2 Standard Details
5.3 Headed Bolts and Threaded Rods with Nuts
5.4 Hooked Bolts
5.5 Welded Studs
5.6 Reinforcement
5.7 Considerations for Sleeves and Blockouts
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Refer to the electronic documents in BecWeb for current revisions.
Bechtel Confidential
Bechtel Corporation 2002. Contains confidential and/or proprietary information to Bechtel and its affiliated companies which shall not be
used, disclosed, or reproduced in any format by any non-Bechtel party without Bechtel’s prior written permission. All rights reserved.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 1 OF 53
6.0 POST-INSTALLED ANCHORS
6.1 Adhesive Anchors

6.2 Grouted Anchors
7.0 INSTALLATION
7.1 Anchor Length

7.2 Templates and Placing Tolerances
7.3 Preloaded Anchor Bolts
7.4 Elongation Checks for Preloaded Bolts
7.5 Sleeves
7.6 Bond Breakers
7.7 Baseplate Leveling Systems
7.8 Bending and Welding of Anchor Bolts
8.0 REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
1. Materials for Hooked, Headed, and Threaded Anchors
2. Properties of Bolts and Heavy Hex Heads/Nuts
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Shear Lug Near a Free Edge
2 Example of a Standard Anchor Bolt Detail
3 Lateral Reinforcement for Anchors at the Tops of Columns
4 Supplementary Shear Reinforcing
5 Sleeves
6 Leveling Systems for Baseplates
APPENDIX
A Design Examples
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 2 OF 53
INTRODUCTION
This engineering design guide presents information on anchor bolt design for use in industrial
and commercial facilities. Coverage is given to cast-in anchors, post-installed adhesive
anchors, and grouted-in anchors. It does not cover post-installed expansion anchors. Shear
lug design is also presented as an alternative to designing anchor bolts for shear loading.
This design guide supplements design codes through discussion of various code provisions as
well as through guidance on issues outside the scope of the codes. In addition, standard
design methods and details are presented in order to encourage uniformity in anchor designs.
Revision 3 of this design guide has been substantially modified from previous versions due to
evolving industry standards and expanded topical coverage. Many of the previous tables for
standard design have been revised or omitted in Revision 3 to incorporate guidelines and
recommendations from the current industry standards and codes. This guide makes frequent
reference to industry codes that are periodically updated. Therefore, this guide should be
reviewed and revised as required as new editions of the applicable industry codes are
published.
This design guide is intended to be used for new plants, upgrades to existing plants, and
modifications to existing plants.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 3 OF 53
1.0 SCOPE
In general, this engineering design guide covers most anchor bolt types with the
exception of post-installed expansion anchors. Refer to Engineering Design Guide
3DG-C13-00013, Expansion Anchors. Note that various design guides and guide
instructions on anchor bolts have been issued from Bechtel GBU Offices. Anchor bolt
design guides should be used as directed by the GBU Chief Engineer.
Anchor bolt designs for nuclear safety-related work might be subject to codes and
requirements beyond the scope of this guide, such as ASME standards or historical
editions of ACI Standards 318 and 349. In such cases, care must be taken to
determine the design bases that the project is required to meet. For projects having
design criteria based on ACI 349-85, Revision 2 of this design guide may be used.
2.0 CODES
This design guide has been prepared to be consistent with the following codes:
• American Concrete Institute ACI 318-02 (Reference 1)
• American Concrete Institute ACI 349-01 (Reference 2)
• International Building Code IBC 2000 (Reference 3)
3.0 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS
Definitions and notations in this design guide are consistent with ACI 318-02 unless
otherwise noted.
Anchor – A steel element used to transmit loads to the concrete structure, including
headed bolts, hooked bolts, headed studs, post-installed adhesive anchors, and
grouted-in anchors.
Attachment – The structural assembly that is external to the concrete and transmits
loads to the anchor (e.g., baseplates, embedded plates, etc.)
Cast-in Anchor – A headed bolt, headed stud, or hooked bolt installed before placing
concrete.
Ductile Design and Developed Anchor – Interchangeable terms referring to an

anchor with design strength equal to the design strength of the steel element. All
potential concrete failure modes must have design strengths greater than the steel
element (supplemental reinforcing may be used to increase the design strength of
concrete failure modes).
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Ductile Steel Element – Per ACI 318, the material properties of the steel must
achieve a tensile test elongation greater than 14 percent and a reduction in area of at
least 30 percent. Also, a steel element meeting the requirements of ASTM A307 shall
be considered ductile. This definition applies strictly to properties of the steel material
and should not be confused with a developed anchor or ductile design.
Ductility – The ability of an element to deform beyond the point of elastic yield prior to
total failure.
Preloading – An anchor is subjected to a large tensile force by intentionally elongating

the entire length of the bolt. A nut is generally advanced along the bolt threads until the
desired tensile force is achieved. ACI 318 uses the term “torqued” in place of
"preloaded."
Projection – The length of an anchor that projects from the concrete surface where
the length is measured from the concrete surface to the free end of the anchor. Any
thickness of grout placed on the concrete surface must be included in the projection
length.
4.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
As with all designs, anchor bolt designs must meet the project design criteria and
project commitments to codes and standards. This design guide primarily follows the
provisions of ACI 318-02, Appendix D, for the design of cast-in anchors.
In general, concrete design codes in the United States have recently adopted a
somewhat new methodology for designing anchorage to concrete. Previously, ACI 349
was the primary code reference for anchorage design. The new approach is based
upon the so-called Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) Method. The CCD method is an
adaptation of the so-called κ-method developed at the University of Stuttgart.
Reference 4 provides a comparison of the CCD Method to the historical ACI 349
approach as does ACI 349R-01, Section RB.13.
ACI Committees 318 and 349 have incorporated the CCD method in Standards 318-
02 and 349-01, respectively. Although ACI Standards 318-02 and 349-01 are similar,
349-01 contains unique provisions for ductile anchors and additional provisions for
shear transfer using friction and shear transfer using shear lugs. IBC 2000, Section
1913, has essentially incorporated ACI 318-02, Appendix D, with minor differences. It
is anticipated that future editions of the IBC will simply refer to ACI 318 rather than
including the full text of the provisions.
ACI 318-02 does not cover post-installed adhesive or grouted-in anchors. This design
guide does provide guidance on these types of anchors.
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For international projects that are committed to using country-specific design codes
that vary from the ACI 318 provisions, this design guide should be reviewed for
applicability. Many of the recommendations and details covered herein will remain
applicable to good design practice, regardless of the design code. In particular, the
design engineer should consider the need for ductile design of anchorage even if a
project-specific code does not contain provisions for ductile design.
4.1 Ductility
Much consideration is given to ductility in the design of anchor bolts. In general, steel
is a ductile material and plain concrete is not. For anchorage to concrete, ductility
usually means that in the event of overload the ductile steel anchor will yield before the
concrete can fail in a brittle manner. In this guide, ductile designs are also referred to
as developed anchors. Ductile designs are therefore preferable for most applications
and are required for seismic applications.
ACI 318 addresses the issue of ductility in two distinct ways. First, steel anchors are
classified as brittle steel elements or ductile steel elements based upon elongation and
area reduction results from tensile tests, since not all steel types possess equal
ductility. A ductile steel element must achieve a tensile test elongation greater than 14
percent and a reduction in area of at least 30 percent. In addition, a steel element
meeting the requirements of ASTM A307 shall be considered a ductile element. The
strength reduction factor φ applied to the anchor is based upon the ductile/brittle
classification of the steel (ACI 318, D.4.4). Second, ductility is a primary concern for
anchors in regions of moderate or high seismic risk or for structures assigned to
moderate or high seismic performance categories. Refer to ACI 318, Table R1.1.8.3
for correlation between low, moderate, and high seismic risk designations and the
terminology used for seismic classification in model building codes. For such seismic
applications, ACI 318 requires that either the ductile steel anchor must control the
design or the attachment (such as a base plate) to the anchor must be designed to
yield at a load level less than the controlling design strength of the anchor. The former
approach of providing a developed anchor is recommended. For typical applications,
this guide does not recommend the latter approach of designing the attachment to
yield.
For moderate to high seismic conditions, ductile anchor designs (i.e., developed
anchors) should be employed for all anchor types covered by this guide, unless a
nonductile design procedure is approved by the Chief Civil/Structural Engineer.
For the majority of nonseismic applications, the anchor material and diameter should
first be selected to resist the applied load. Then, the anchor-to-concrete interface
should be designed to develop the strength of the steel anchor (i.e., a ductile design).
The following examples are nonseismic applications where a nonductile design may
be acceptable:
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a. Piers/pedestals or other concrete elements where the edge distances and bolt
spacings preclude development of the steel anchor strength – The addition of
supplemental reinforcing can often provide restraint and confinement capable of
producing a ductile design.
b. Large diameter bolts specified by machine manufacturers – Machine anchor sizes

are often much larger than the sizes that would be required for strength
considerations only. For example, it may be difficult to produce a ductile design for
a group of 2-½ in. diameter generator anchors that have small edge distances. In
such cases, supplemental reinforcement should be provided in order to come as
close as practicable to a ductile design. Note that manufacturers sometimes
specify ductile anchors as part of their design criteria.
c. Supports for architectural, mechanical, and electrical components – This case

consists primarily of post-installed adhesive or grouted-in anchors for medium to
light duty service.
d. Supports for structures or equipment where anchors are not required to be

designed for an applied load – Such cases would include posts subject to gravity
load only, equipment skids subject to gravity load only, etc. In these cases,
anchors should be provided with minimum recommended embedment depths
given in Section 5.0 of this design guide.
Note for Nuclear Safety-Related Work
For work that is nuclear safety-related, ACI 349-01, Appendix B, will likely be the
governing code. Draft Regulatory Guide DG-1099 (July 2002) from the U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission generally endorses ACI 349-01, Appendix B, with exceptions
in the area of load combinations and with some supplementary recommendations.
ACI 349 has unique provisions for anchor ductility. Anchors may be ductile (B.3.6.1)
or nonductile (B.3.6.3) without regard to the seismic region in which the structure is
located. If nonductile, the design strengths (shear and tension) shall be multiplied by
an additional strength reduction factor of 0.60.
For ductile design (B.3.6.1), design strength of the steel element will include the
regular strength reduction factors from B.4.4(a). Additionally, for tension, the concrete
failure modes must "exceed the specified ultimate tensile strength of the embedment
steel." The language "specified ultimate tensile strength" implies that no strength
reduction factor shall be applied to the steel strength that the concrete must exceed
(the ultimate steel tension strength would be Asefut). For shear, the concrete failure
modes shall exceed 65 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of the steel. The
concrete failure modes shall receive a strength reduction factor of 0.85 when being
compared to the ultimate tensile strength of the steel (as opposed to the regular
strength reduction factors from B.4.4(a) that apply to the shear design strength).
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For ACI 318, the ductile criterion compares the design steel strengths to the design
concrete strengths; there is no mention of "specified ultimate tensile strength."
For ductile designs according to ACI 349, there is a discussion as to whether or not an
anchor must be ductile/developed in both tension and shear. Commentary RB.3.6.1
states, "It is not necessary to develop an embedment for full axial tension and full
shear if it can be demonstrated that the embedment will be subjected to one type of
loading." For example, if an anchor is subjected to tension load only, then that anchor
needs to be developed for tension strength only. Also, the Commentary refers to
Section B.7, which specifies that if applied tension is low enough (Nu<20% of φNn),
then there is no interaction with shear strength, and vice-versa. The 20 percent
criterion implies that if either the tension or shear is a small percentage of the
respective capacity, then the anchor need not be fully developed for tension and shear
simultaneously.
4.2 Load Types
Load types and magnitudes are specified by project design criteria, government-
adopted building codes, and equipment manufacturer requirements. Consideration of
the load types must play a role in the selection and detailing of suitable anchors.
Several load types require special attention.
Seismic loads often require the most involved evaluations. The magnitude of a seismic
load depends on a multitude of inputs. Inputs include the site characteristics, building
code requirements based upon use and occupancy, and additional performance
requirements that may be imposed by the owner or equipment manufacturer. Many
building codes adjust the seismic load level based upon the type of element to be
anchored and the characteristics of the anchoring system. For example, IBC 2000,
Section 1621.1.7, applies to anchorage of architectural, mechanical, and electrical
components. That section limits the component response factor Rp for shallow
anchors, where shallow anchors are defined as having embedment length-to-diameter
ratios of less than 8. Limiting the factor Rp has the effect of increasing the magnitude
of the seismic load.
Equipment loads are typically specified by the manufacturer. Anchors for equipment
may be subject to static and dynamic loads. For major equipment, the manufacturer
will generally specify the anchor material, diameter, and projection.
Preloading (also referred to as pretensioning) is sometimes required for an anchorage

system to perform properly. For example, vibrating equipment may require preloaded
anchors per the manufacturer's specifications. (See Section 7.3 of this design guide for
further discussion of preloading.) For such cases, the anchor material and detail is of
great importance.
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Impact loads and high cycle fatigue loads require special consideration and are
outside the scope of this design guide.
4.3 Load Combinations
Load combinations shall be in accordance with the project criteria and codes and,
where applicable, equipment manufacturer requirements. For load combinations
where any load reduces the effects of other loads, that load shall be multiplied by a
maximum of 0.9 if it can be shown that the load is always present or occurs
simultaneously with the other loads. Otherwise, the load shall be multiplied by zero.
Codes such as ACI 318-02 and IBC 2000 include strength design load combinations
that specify a dead load factor of 0.9.
The engineer must determine whether the building code prescribed loads are at the
service level or strength level. In the United States, model building codes have
transitioned from service-level to strength-level earthquake forces. A load factor of 1.0
is generally applied to strength-level earthquake forces. If service-level earthquake
forces from an earlier code edition are used, a load factor of approximately 1.4 will be
required for strength design.
4.4 Tension Loading
Tension may be transferred from an attachment to the anchor by a number of means.

Most commonly, the anchor is welded directly to the attachment, as with welded studs,
or secured with nut and washer, as with column base plates. The load path must be
carefully examined. Where attachments are provided with oversized holes, a plate
washer may be required to ensure that there is adequate bearing and that the anchor
does not pull through the attachment. As an alternative to welding anchor bolts to an
attachment, the use of threaded holes in the attachment should be considered.
4.5 Shear Loading
There are several alternatives for transferring shear from an attachment to the
concrete. When transferring shear from attachment-to-anchor-to concrete, it is critical
to provide a well-defined, adequate load path.
4.5.1 Anchor Shear
An anchor may be loaded in shear, and, in turn, transfer the shear to the concrete. The
provisions of ACI 318 address this type of shear transfer. Welded studs are most
commonly used to transfer shear in this manner. Welded studs have the advantage of
being securely welded to the attachment. An anchor bolt inserted through a hole in an
attachment requires special consideration to assure shear transfer from the
attachment to the anchor. Usually, the bolt holes in the attachment will be oversized to
accommodate anchor installation tolerances. Oversized holes make it unlikely to
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 9 OF 53
achieve bearing at all anchors in a given attachment. Reference 4 presents two
methods to deal with oversized holes: the number of anchors considered to resist the
shear may be limited to no more than two; washers without oversized holes may be
provided and then welded to the attachment to transfer the shear to the anchor.
4.5.2 Friction
For cases where a sustained compressive force exists between the attachment and
the concrete surface, friction will be developed. Project criteria and codes must be
reviewed to determine if it is permitted to rely on frictional resistance. For example,
IBC 2000, Section 1621.1.3, states that consideration cannot be given to frictional
resistance produced by the effects of gravity when designing seismic anchorage for
architectural, mechanical, and electrical components.
ACI 349RB.6.1.4 states that for as-rolled baseplates installed against hardened
concrete, the coefficient of friction is approximately 0.40.
The friction load should be based on the dead load and any portion of the live load that
causes the shear. Care must be taken not to overestimate the dead load. If the applied
shear load exceeds the shear that can be transferred by friction, additional means
must be provided to transfer the applied shear that is in excess of the friction.
4.5.3 Shear-Friction
Shear-friction may be developed as a result of the anchors effectively clamping the

attachment to the concrete surface. This methodology is most often associated with
transfer of shear across a plane in reinforced concrete design. This method is not
recommended for anchor design. First, distribution of the shear to all anchors is
unlikely, due to the prevalent use of oversized holes in attachments. Second, the
clamping force is a function of the elongation of the anchors that results from
displacement normal to the shear plane. The anchor must therefore be designed for
the tension resulting from shear friction as well as any tension applied directly.
Section B.11.3 of ACI 349 specifies the use of shear-friction for embedments having a
base plate whose contact surface is below the surface of the concrete. Shear-friction
provisions are contained in Section 11.7 of ACI 349. Section B.11.3 modifies the
shear-friction coefficients specified in Section 11.7.
4.5.4 Shear Lugs and Pre-formed Baseplate Pockets
Shear lugs and pre-formed baseplate pockets are the preferred methods of shear
transfer when friction is not an option or is not sufficient to resist the applied shear (of
course, welded studs are always acceptable for shear loading). Both methods require
pre-formed pockets in the concrete. The shear lug is generally a steel element, welded
to the attachment, that transfers the shear directly to the concrete through bearing.
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The baseplate pocket is formed in the concrete surface, subsequently grouted full, and
permits the baseplate to transfer shear directly to the concrete in bearing. Unless there
are architectural features that necessitate a smooth floor surface to the faces of the
column, the selection of shear lugs versus baseplate pockets should be coordinated
with Construction, since constructability will be the primary consideration.
Shear lugs are most commonly single cantilever plates but may be wide flange shapes
or box sections for very large loads. Reference 5 presents an acceptable methodology
for the general design of common cantilever plate shear lugs. ACI 349, Section
B.4.5.2, specifies the bearing strength of concrete or grout placed against shear lugs
as 1.3φf c′ with φ equal to 0.70. For the case of multiple shear lugs on a single
embedment, Commentary RB.11 recommends an additional check of the concrete
shear strength between lugs. The additional check is of a shear plane between the
shear lugs as shown in Figure RB.11.1. The concrete stress on the shear plane should
be limited to 10 φ f' c , where φ is equal to 0.85. ACI 349, Section B11.2, further
specifies design shear strength for the case of shear acting toward a free edge (see
Figure 1). The ACI 349 shear strength is a uniform stress of 4φ f ' c acting on an
effective stress area defined by projecting 45 degree planes from the bearing edges of
the shear lug or baseplate to the free surface. The bearing area of the shear lug or
baseplate must be deducted from the effective area, and the factor φ is equal to 0.85.
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Figure 1. Shear Lug Near a Free Edge
Use of cantilever shear lugs greater than the thickness of the attachment plate is not
recommended, and shear lugs should be designed using a minimum of 2 in.
embedment into the concrete. Fillet welds are preferred over penetration welds by
fabricators for attaching shear lugs to baseplates.
For the case of extremely large shear loads, on the order of several hundred kips, shear
lugs made from wide flange sections or box sections may be necessary. The behavior
of large shear lugs with deep embedments will be dependent on the stiffness of the
shear lug and the stiffness of the attachment. The simple uniform bearing pressure
model from Reference 5 may not reflect the actual distribution of load along the
embedded length of the lug. An additional design check can be made using the PCI
Design Handbook, Section 6.9 (Reference 6). The PCI Design Handbook presents a
methodology for designing embedded structural steel haunches made from such
shapes as wide flanges or tube sections. The PCI approach treats the embedded steel
section as a cantilever and gives an expression for the shear capacity of the concrete.
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4.6 Design Strength Of Cast-In Anchors
The provisions of ACI 318-02, Appendix D, are recommended for the strength design of
cast-in anchors, unless there are project-specific commitments to other codes or
standards. ACI 318 is based on strength design (also referred to as limit state design),
which covers steel anchor strength and concrete strength. Alternative allowable stress
design methods are not recommended. The following discussions outline key aspects of
the ACI 318 provisions. Unless specified otherwise, notations, definitions, and sections
referenced refer to ACI 318-02, Appendix D.
Scope (D.2)
Anchor geometry is required to meet criteria to ensure that the calculated pullout values
are acceptable. Headed studs, headed bolts, and threaded bolts with nuts must have
sufficient area at the head to preclude the bolt pulling out of the concrete prior to
concrete breakout. Headed studs meeting AWS D1.1 are acceptable. Bolts with
standard heavy hex heads/nuts meeting ANSI/ASME requirements are acceptable.
Hooked bolts with a distance from the inner surface of the shaft to the outer tip of the J-
or L-bolt greater than or equal to three times the shaft diameter are acceptable.
General Requirements (D.3)
Anchors are required to be designed for the load combinations given in Section 9.2 or
Appendix C of ACI 318. These load combinations are consistent with ASCE 7-98.
Anchors for moderate to high seismic design categories are subject to additional
requirements. First, the tensile and shear design strengths must be multiplied by a
factor of 0.75. Second, the anchor design shall be governed by the strength of a ductile
steel element (i.e., the steel material must be classified as ductile, and the overall
anchor design must be ductile/developed).
General Requirements for Strength of Anchors (D.4)
Strength design of anchors may be determined by computation or test evaluation.

Designs using test evaluation are required to meet specific statistical criteria. Design by
computation may be based on any model that agrees substantially with comprehensive
tests. ACI presents a valid model for computations in Section D.4.2.2, which states:
“For anchors with diameters not exceeding 2 in., and tensile

embedments not exceeding 25 in. in depth, the concrete breakout
strength requirements shall be considered satisfied by the design
procedures of D.5.2 and D.6.2.”
The ACI procedures of D.5 (tension) and D.6 (shear) is based upon the CCD Method,
as previously described. The limitations on anchor diameter and embedment are based
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on the range of available test data. For anchors with diameters exceeding 2 in. and/or
embedment lengths exceeding 25 in., the engineer may use an alternate procedure with
the approval of the Chief Civil/Structural Engineer. (Note: HOEU office had
conversations with the IBC 2000 code committee in which the committee indicated that
the next edition of the IBC code will refer to ACI 318-02, Appendix D, for anchor bolt
design and will extend the procedure in ACI 318-02, Appendix D, Equation D-7, to
anchor bolts with diameters greater than 2 in. and embedments greater than 25 in.) The
engineer may refer to historical editions of ACI 349 (such as Reference 8) or other
rational design models that result in strength predictions in substantial agreement with
the results of comprehensive tests.
Section D.4.4 specifies the strength reduction factor φ for anchors when using the load
combinations given in Section 9.2 of ACI 318. Section D.4.5 specifies the strength
reduction factor φ for anchors when using the load combinations of Appendix C. The
value of φ depends on the steel or concrete limit state being checked. Note that the
strength reduction factor φ for concrete breakout and edge splitting limit states depends
on the whether or not adequate supplemental reinforcing is provided. See Section 5.6,
REINFORCING, of this design guide for further discussion.
Design Requirements for Tensile Loading (D.5)
The design tensile strength of an anchor or group of anchors is φNn and is equal to the
lowest tension design strength based on consideration of various failure modes. The
types of tension failure modes for anchors are shown in Figure RD.4.1(a). The
associated design strengths are as follows:
φNs = Tension strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as controlled

by the steel element (Section D.5.1). This limit state corresponds to
fracture of the steel element.
φNcb or φNcbg = Tension strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed

by concrete breakout (Section D.5.2). This limit state corresponds to
formation of a concrete failure prism that separates from the concrete
member.
D.5.2.1 Specifies nominal concrete breakout strength Ncb or Ncbg.
D.5.2.2 Specifies basic concrete breakout strength Nb; increased

breakout strength is provided for cast-in anchors with deep
embedments, where 11 in. ≤ hef ≤ 25 in.
D.5.2.3 Limits the effective embedment depth hef that may be

considered for anchors influenced by three or more edges.
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D.5.2.4 Specifies the modification factor ψ1 for eccentric loading.
D.5.2.5 Specifies the modification factor ψ2 for edge effect.
D.5.2.6 Specifies the modification factor ψ3 for cracked concrete;

service load levels are used to determine the presence of
cracking.
D.5.2.7 Provides for the positive effect of a plate or washer provided

at the embedded anchor head.
φnNpn = Tension strength of "n" anchors as governed by pullout strength

(Section D.5.3). This limit state corresponds to crushing of concrete at
the embedded head or hooked end of the anchor.
D.5.3.1 Specifies nominal pullout strength Npn.
D.5.3.4 Specifies the pullout strength of a single headed stud or bolt

Np.
D.5.3.5 Specifies the pullout strength of a single hooked bolt Np;

limits are specified for the effective hook distance eh.
D.5.3.6 Specifies the modification factor ψ4 for cracked concrete;

service load levels are used to determine the presence of
cracking.
φNsb or φNsbg = Tension strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed

by side-face blowout (Section D.5.4). This limit state corresponds to
lateral bursting of concrete on a free edge that is close to the
embedded head or hook of the anchor.
D.5.4.1 Specifies the nominal side-face blowout strength of a single

anchor Nsb.
D.5.4.2 Specifies the nominal side-face blowout strength of multiple

closely spaced anchors Nsbg.
Several of the ACI tension design provisions warrant discussion. First, the modification
factors ψ3 and ψ4 account for anchor performance in cracked concrete. The concrete
must be checked at the service load level to determine if the tensile stress ft is greater
than the modulus of rupture fr. This situation will exist primarily when anchors are
located in the tension face of a flexural member. Such flexural cracks will decrease the
ability of the concrete to confine the anchor. Anchor bolts placed in spread footing and
mat foundations may be considered to be in uncracked concrete, unless very large uplift
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 15 OF 53
and overturning forces create flexural tension on the top concrete surface. In general,
the engineer has the option to simply and conservatively take ψ3 and ψ4 equal to 1.0
(assume cracked concrete); however, the engineer must consider the economics of
additional engineering hours to analyze for flexural cracking versus increased bolt
quantities due to longer embedded lengths.
Second, pullout strength Npn can become the controlling capacity for high strength
anchors that have only a heavy hex head or nut at the embedded end. Additional
bearing plates or washers may be provided to increase the pullout strength. The limits
on the effective perimeter of plate or washer imposed by D.5.2.7 should be followed
when computing the bearing area. In practice, multiple anchors are sometimes attached
to a single steel plate at the embedded end of the anchors; such an arrangement is
outside the scope of ACI 318 and must be evaluated to determine the effect of the
embedded plate (as a minimum, the area of the plate should be deducted from the
projected concrete failure area AN).
Finally, side-face blowout strength of multiple closely spaced anchors Nsbg applies to a
row of anchors adjacent to the free edge. Additional rows of anchors away from the free
edge will have greater strength. The side-face blowout of the group should be
conservatively calculated using the strength of the anchors closest to the edge. For
example, in the case of two anchor rows parallel to the edge, calculate the capacity of
the row closest to the edge and multiply by two to account for the second row that is
farther from the edge.
Design Requirements for Shear Loading (D.6)
The design shear strength of an anchor or group of anchors is φVn and is equal to the
lowest design strength in shear based on consideration of various failure modes. The
types of shear failure modes for anchors are shown in ACI 318, Figure RD.4.1(b). The
associated design strengths are as follows:
φVs = Shear strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as controlled by the

steel element (Section D.6.1). This limit state is fracture of the steel
element.
D.6.1.3 Specifies a reduction to the nominal anchor strength Vs where

anchors are used with built-up grout pads; for such cases Vs
shall be multiplied by 0.80.
φVcb or = Shear strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed by

φVcbg concrete breakout (Section D.6.2). This limit state constitutes formation of
a concrete failure prism.
D.6.2.1 Specifies nominal concrete breakout strength Vcb or Vcbg for

anchors loaded perpendicular and parallel to an edge; also
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specifies procedure to account for a group of anchors where the
edge distance varies.
D.6.2.2 Specifies basic concrete breakout strength Vb.
D.6.2.3 Specifies basic concrete breakout strength Vb for cast-in headed

studs and anchors that are continuously welded to steel
attachments (e.g., insert plate) having a minimum thickness of
3/8 in. or half of the anchor diameter; additional qualifications
apply. This provision will yield greater strengths than D.6.2.2.
D.6.2.4 Limits the edge distance c1 that may be used in D.6.2 for
anchors influenced by three or more edges.
D.6.2.5 Specifies the modification factor ψ5 for eccentric loading.
D.6.2.6 Specifies the modification factor ψ6 for edge effect.
D.6.2.7 Specifies the modification factor ψ7 for cracked concrete; the

magnitude of ψ7 depends on the presence of reinforcing bars
(see Section 5.6, REINFORCEMENT, of this design guide for
discussion).
φVcp = Shear strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed by

concrete pryout (Section D.6.3). This limit state is defined by formation of
a concrete spall behind a short, stiff anchor due to the base of the anchor
displacing in the opposite direction of the applied shear.
Interaction of Tensile and Shear Forces (D.7)
A trilinear interaction is specified. For factored shear Vu less than 20 percent of φVn,
there is no reduction in tension capacity. For factored tension Nu less than 20 percent of
φNn, there is no reduction in shear capacity. For the remaining combinations of shear
and tension, a linear interaction is specified.
Required Edge Distances, Spacings, and Thicknesses to Preclude Splitting

Failure (D.8)
Closely spaced anchors and anchors near an edge may be susceptible to splitting
failures. The permissible spacings and edge distances are a function of the anchor
diameter d0. Table 2 in this design guide lists minimum edge distances and spacings for
cast-in anchor bolts. The edge distances and spacing requirements of Section D.8 must
be followed, unless supplementary reinforcement is provided to control splitting. See
Section 5.6, REINFORCING, of this design guide for the discussion of supplementary
reinforcement.
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Section D.8.4 provides relief for untorqued anchors that do not meet the edge distance
or spacing requirements. Calculations may be performed by substituting for d0 a smaller
value d’0 that will meet the requirements. The anchor design strength must then be
calculated using the smaller diameter d’0.
5.0 CAST-IN ANCHORS
Cast-in anchors include headed bolts, threaded rods with nuts, hooked bolts, and
headed studs. See Table 1 for bolt materials and Table 2 for dimensions and areas. The
recommended minimum embedment depth for cast-in anchors varies from eight (8) to
twelve (12) bolt diameters (depending on which code is referenced). The design
engineer should note that minimum embedment requirements have an impact on
concrete thickness, especially in designs such as area slabs and building slabs.
Cast-in anchors have many benefits, including the following:
• They are capable of supporting very large loads.
• Drilling or cutting of reinforcement is not required for installation.
• Strength is not sensitive to installation procedures and techniques.
• Supplementary reinforcement may be easily included in the design.
Some disadvantages are as follows:
• Labor and materials are required to create templates for placement in the
formwork.
• Re-work is costly when anchors are incorrectly placed (location and elevation).
• Fabrication lead time is required to support concrete placement.
5.1 Materials
All anchor materials included in Table 1 are covered by ASTM specifications with the
exception of welded studs covered by AWS. The preferred specification for anchor
bolts is ASTM F1554, “Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and
105-ksi Yield Strength.” This specification covers straight and bent, headed and
headless anchor bolts for three strength grades. ASTM F1554 is comprehensive and
includes galvanizing requirements, recommended grade and style of nut and washer,
thread requirements, bending requirements, etc. ASTM F1554 Grade 36 is weldable,
and ASTM F1554 Grade 55 with S1 supplement is weldable.
For service at high temperatures or in corrosive environments, Materials Engineering

should be consulted to select an appropriate anchor material. Where anchors are
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subject to fatigue loading or for other applications where toughness is important, notch
toughness testing requirements may be specified for the anchors.
Where anchor details or repair procedures require welding, Materials Engineering

should be consulted if the weldability of the material cannot be readily ascertained
from the material specification.
5.2 Standard Details
Each project generally issues a drawing that contains standard anchor bolt details and
notes. In addition, some Bechtel GBU offices maintain a design standard that is used
by projects in that GBU for standard anchor bolt details and notes.
An example of a standard detail is shown in Figure 2. The example also shows a bolt
numbering legend. Generic information, such as thread lengths, number of nuts,
number and types of washers, and sleeve requirements, is shown on the standard
detail. The detailed information for a given bolt will then be provided in a table or
schedule on an anchor bolt layout drawing. Information on the layout drawing consists
of at least the bolt number/identification, bolt diameter, top-of-bolt-elevation, total bolt
length, and the standard detail to be used. Both construction and the bolt supplier will
use the standard details in conjunction with the layout drawings to furnish and install
the anchor bolts.
Figure 2. Example of a Standard Anchor Bolt Detail
5.3 Headed Bolts And Threaded Rods With Nuts
The headed bolt is generally interchangeable with the threaded rod with nut. Some
anchor materials are not produced in the form of headed bolts. Also, headed bolts may
not be readily available in the lengths required. When nuts are used at the embedded
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end of an anchor, provisions are required to secure the nut. For weldable bolt
materials only, the nut may be tack welded to the bolt. Otherwise, the threads below
the bottom nut should be interrupted/spoiled or a double jam nut provided.
5.4 Hooked Bolts
Hooked bolts will generally have a lower tension pullout strength Npn than threaded
rods with nuts and headed bolts. ACI 318 Equations D-13 and D-14 are expressions
for Np for headed and hooked bolts, respectively. Equation D-14 will yield pullout
strengths for hooks that are unable to produce developed anchors for normal strength
anchors in uncracked concrete with strength less than 5,000 psi. Hooked bolts are
generally not recommended.
5.5 Welded Studs
Welded studs, both headed and bent, are covered by AWS D1.1, which contains
requirements for mechanical properties, fabrication techniques, workmanship, and
testing. Studs shall be welded with automatically timed stud welding equipment. When
welding directly to base metal, the base metal shall be no thinner than one-third the
stud diameter.
5.6 Reinforcement
ACI 318 recognizes the effects of supplementary reinforcing in Sections D.4.2.1,

D.4.4, and D.4.5. Section D.4.2.1 permits the use of supplementary reinforcing to
restrain the concrete failure prism associated with concrete breakout failure modes.
Commentary RD.4.2.1 further states:
“…reinforcement oriented in the direction of load and proportioned to resist the

total load within the breakout prism, and fully anchored on both sides of the
breakout planes, may be provided instead of calculating breakout capacity.”
Sections D.4.4(c) and D.4.5(c) permits higher strength reduction factor φ for concrete
failure modes when Condition A applies. Condition A applies when supplementary
reinforcing is proportioned to tie the potential failure prism to the structural member.
Condition B applies when adequate supplementary reinforcement is not provided per
Condition A or when pullout or pryout limit states govern.
As a matter of practice, the engineer may design for anchor limit states associated
with concrete breakout (Ncb, Ncbg, Nsb, Nsbg, Vcb, Vcbg) by designing supplemental
reinforcing as described above. This approach should be used for the following
conditions:
a. Where concrete breakout strength is insufficient to resist the applied loads
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b. Where a developed anchor is desired and concrete breakout strength is
insufficient to develop the anchor
c. Where supplementary reinforcing is prudent to alleviate serviceability concerns

associated with cracking or splitting
Supplementary reinforcing oriented in the direction of the load will be under tensile
load. As such, strength reduction factor φ equals 0.9 for reinforcement design.
Piers, Pedestals, and Pilasters
For the majority of anchor bolts set in piers, pedestals, or pilasters, vertical reinforcing
is required to resist tensile stresses imparted by anchor bolts. In these cases, the
reinforcing may serve one or two purposes: first, it must resist any net tension on the
concrete section; second, it may restrain a potential concrete failure prism in order to
resist the applied anchor loads or produce a developed anchor. In both cases, the
reinforcing must be developed on each side of the theoretical concrete failure
prism. Often, special detailing of the reinforcing is required to develop the reinforcing
at the top of the pier, pedestal, or pilaster. See Example 1 in Appendix A of this design
guide for a discussion on reinforcing details.
There are several options for developing the reinforcing at the top of the pier:
a. The embedment depth of the anchor may be increased to extend the depth of the
failure prism.
b. The reinforcing may be detailed with standard 90-degree or 180-degree hooks, as

long as they do not cause congestion and construction difficulties.
c. Using smaller diameter bars will minimize the development length.
d. Supplemental reinforcing may be used as opposed to developing the primary

vertical reinforcing. Supplemental reinforcing may be U-shaped bent bars oriented
with the open end down and legs parallel to the primary vertical reinforcing.
e. Headed reinforcing bars may be used.
ACI 318, Section 7.10.5.6, requires that anchor bolts placed in the tops of columns or
pedestals shall be enclosed by lateral reinforcement. The lateral reinforcement must
encompass at least four vertical bars of the column or pedestal and must consist of at
least two #4 or three #3 bars placed within 5 in. of the top of the column or pedestal.
(See Figure 3)
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Figure 3. Lateral Reinforcement for Anchors at the Tops of Columns
Shear Breakout at Free Edge
First, supplementary reinforcing can serve to increase the modification factor ψ7, which
accounts for the effect of concrete cracking on the concrete breakout strength of an
anchor in shear. Section D.6.2.7 prescribes the amounts of reinforcement that
correspond to specific values of ψ7. Note that supplementary reinforcement provided
per Section D.6.2.7 need not be proportioned to restrain a concrete failure prism. The
reinforcing need only meet the amount prescribed. If the prescribed amount of
reinforcing is provided, the strength reduction factor φ will be based on Condition A for
computing φVcb or φVcbg.
Second, according to Section D.4.2.1, supplementary reinforcing may be designed to

restrain the concrete failure prism associated with concrete breakout. For this
application, the supplementary reinforcing must be developed to both sides of the
theoretical concrete failure prism. The engineer must carefully check the detailing and
geometry of the supplementary reinforcing for constructability and to ensure that bar
spacing and cover requirements are maintained. (See Figure 4.) Again, the strength
reduction factor φ equals 0.9 for reinforcement design.
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Figure 4. Supplementary Shear Reinforcing
Side-face Blowout (Lateral Bursting)
Section D.5.4 of ACI 318 specifies the concrete strength for side-face blowout for an
anchor in tension. According to Section D.5.4, the failure mode of side-face blowout
must be investigated if the edge distance is less than 40 percent of the embedment
depth hef. If the side-face blowout strength of the concrete is not sufficient to meet the
design requirements, supplemental reinforcement may be designed to restrain the
blowout load. Where there is a realistic possibility of side-face blowout, the
engineer should make all efforts to change the bolt layout or concrete
configuration to preclude blowout before committing to a solution that relies on
supplemental reinforcing.
Current design codes do not provide guidance on the magnitude of the blowout force or
on reinforcing methods. In historical editions of ACI 349, Appendix B (Reference 8), the
commentary to Section B.4.4 stated that the lateral blowout force could be
conservatively taken as one-fourth of the tensile capacity of the anchor steel. The
commentary further recommended that the engineer rely on accepted practices for
prestressing anchorages and use spiral reinforcement around the embedded portion of
the bolt. Reinforcing ties or U-shaped bars (also referred to as hairpins) are options;
however, the bars must be properly developed and placed in close proximity to the
anchor head, which can be difficult given the adjacent free edge.
Furthermore, in Reference 9, the ASCE Petrochemical Energy Committee recommends

that all high strength anchors in close proximity to a free edge should have two sets of
#3 bars spaced at 3 in. and centered on the embedded anchor head. For a pier or
pilaster application, the #3 bars could be in the form of regular transverse ties. For other
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applications, the #3 bars could be U-shaped bars (hairpins) where the open legs extend
away from the free edge.
Splitting Failures
Section D.8 of ACI 318 specifies minimum allowable spacings and edge distances
required unless supplementary reinforcement is provided to control splitting. The
minimum spacings and edge distances are on the order of four to six times the anchor
diameter (as listed in Table 2 of this design guide). Therefore, this guide recommends
that bolts that do not meet the minimum spacing and edge distances should not be
used. There are no prescriptive provisions on the appropriate amount or arrangement of
supplemental reinforcing. There are several general features that supplemental
reinforcing should possess: first, the reinforcement should be smaller diameter bars on
the order of #3 to #5 bars; second, the reinforcement should cross the potential split
plane and be developed or anchored to each side of the plane; third, the reinforcement
should be distributed uniformly along the length and width of the plane.
5.7 Considerations For Sleeves And Blockouts
Anchor sleeves serve several purposes, as discussed in Section 7.5, SLEEVES, of this
design guide. Blockouts are often provided to accept shear lugs, baseplates, or
equipment geometry. In all cases, the engineer must ensure that the sleeve or blockout
does not adversely affect the strength or performance of the associated anchors.
Concrete Breakout Strength (Primarily for Blockouts)
The concrete breakout strength may be affected if the theoretical concrete failure prism,
described in ACI 318, Section D.5.2, intersects a blockout. In such a case, the blockout
may reduce the amount of concrete that will resist breakout by essentially decreasing
the effective embedment depth hef. One approach is to reduce hef by the depth of the
blockout. If the blockout is located entirely within the failure prism, the blockout may not
affect the concrete breakout strength, provided that there is sufficient margin between
the blockout and the failure plane. For cases where the theoretical failure surface is in
close proximity to the blockout, the engineer must exercise judgment. If there is any
doubt as to the effect of the blockout, hef should be reduced by the depth of the
blockout. Grout placed within a blockout is not equivalent to the surrounding concrete
and should not be considered to contribute to the breakout strength; however, grout
within a blockout can transfer bearing loads to the concrete.
Anchor Pullout Strength (Partial Depth Sleeves and Blockouts)
The presence of a blockout or partial depth sleeve may cause the embedded head of an
anchor to pull through. See Figure 5 in Section 7.5, SLEEVES, of this design guide for
partial depth sleeve. If pull-through occurs, the anchor pullout strength addressed in ACI
318, Section D.5.3, will not be developed. Pull-through will be precluded by providing a
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minimum depth of concrete from the bottom of the blockout or partial depth sleeve to
the embedded head of the anchor. As recommended in Reference 9, the distance from
the bottom of the sleeve or blockout to the anchor head should be not less than the
larger of six (6) times the bolt diameter, or 6 in.
6.0 POST-INSTALLED ANCHORS
Post-installed anchors that rely on bond to transfer load to the concrete may be
classified as adhesive or grouted. Post-installed anchors have many benefits, including
the following:
• Savings in labor and materials on templates required for cast-in anchors
• Placement locations that may be adjusted as required to accommodate

attachments
• Flexibility in the construction schedule
Some disadvantages include:
• Performance that is highly dependent on installation procedures and techniques
• Potential for cut or damaged reinforcing bars if drilling is required for installation
• Limited load capacities
• Difficulty including supplementary reinforcing in the design
• Prohibited preloading
The two central issues for the design of adhesive and grouted anchors are evaluating
performance (i.e., testing) and ensuring proper field installation that will match the
conditions under which performance was evaluated. It is imperative for the design
engineer to understand the capabilities, limitations, and installation/inspection
requirements of an anchor system prior to specifying that product. Since ACI does not
publish a standard for adhesive or grouted anchors, the design engineer must rely on
other sources of design data and sound judgment.
6.1 Adhesive Anchors
Currently, there is no rational design procedure for adhesive anchors that can be used
by design engineers. Consequently, engineers must rely on published test data that
may or may not address the specific application that the engineer is considering. In the
United States, manufacturers of adhesive anchors have published product data
primarily based on the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) Evaluation
Service (ES) acceptance criteria AC58. The ICBO ES publishes evaluation reports for
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use under the Uniform Building Code. Although the Uniform Building Code is used
primarily in the western United States, engineers have typically accepted the ICBO ES
reports under other building codes. The ICBO ES evaluation reports publish allowable
loads for a product as well as specific service limitations, installation procedures, and
inspection requirements that must be followed. One shortcoming of the ICBO
evaluations is that they do not apply to cracked concrete.
For the near future, the ICBO ES acceptance criteria will likely serve as the primary
qualification standard for adhesive anchors. In the meantime, ASTM Subcommittee E
6.13 has begun work to develop a standard for adhesive anchors that would be a
companion to ACI 355.2, which governs post-installed mechanical anchors.
Adhesive systems rely on two basic systems for installation. One is an injection-type
system where the adhesive is usually dispensed directly into the prepared hole by a
proprietary dispensing tool. The other is an encapsulated system where a capsule is
placed into the prepared hole and the anchor rod is then driven into the hole with a
rotary drill; the rotary drill mixes the adhesive and grinds the capsule into a sort of
aggregate.
Many factors influence the strength and performance of adhesive anchors. Some of the
primary factors are as follows:
a. Product formulation – Bond strength varies greatly among manufacturers.
b. Damp holes – Installation into damp holes may result in strength reductions on
the order of 25 percent.
c. Wet holes – Installation into a wet hole (standing water or submerged) may result
in strength reductions on the order of 60 percent.
d. Unclean holes – Installation into an unclean hole (a hole that is drilled but not
cleaned to manufacturer specifications) may result in strength reductions on the
order of 30 percent. The encapsulated systems tend to fare better in unclean
holes, since the crushing/mixing of the capsule scours the inside of the hole.
e. Concrete aggregate – The coarse aggregate can significantly influence the bond
strength, which appears to be inversely proportional to the porosity of the
aggregate.
f. Elevated temperature – Elevated temperatures can significantly degrade the

bond strength, and special considerations are required for use in fire-resistive
construction.
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In summary, the design engineer must ensure that the adhesive anchor system is
appropriate for the specific application being considered and that the proper inspection
controls are in place to verify correct installation.
6.2 Grouted Anchors
Prescriptive design provisions for grouted anchors are generally outside the scope of
the design codes. Section B.12 of ACI 349 states only that grouted embedments shall
be tested to verify embedment strength, unless the engineer has sufficient test and
installation data that demonstrates the grouted embedment will function as designed.
Recommendations for the design of grouted anchors are taken primarily from Reference
9. Grouted anchors are defined by the following characteristics:
• Predrilled holes or cast-in sleeves to accept the anchor
• Hole or sleeve diameters ranging from 150–300 percent larger than the anchor
diameter (as opposed to 10–25 percent for adhesive anchors)
• Cementitious or polymer grouts used to install the anchor
• Headed anchors or unheaded, threaded anchors
The fundamental difference between cast-in and grouted anchors is the mechanism by
which tension loads are transferred from the anchor to the concrete. This section is
therefore focused on the tension capacity of grouted anchors. The provisions of ACI
318, Appendix D, are recommended for other design considerations, such as shear,
side-face blowout, etc.
Headed anchors transfer load to the grout through bearing at the embedded head.
Unheaded anchors transfer load to the grout through mechanical interlock between the
anchor threads and the grout. Headed anchors have several potential failure modes: a
bond failure at the grout/concrete interface, a bearing failure at the head, and a concrete
breakout failure consistent with cast-in anchors. Unheaded anchors also have two
potential failure modes: a bond failure at the grout/concrete interface and a bond failure
at the thread/grout interface.
Unheaded Anchors
For unheaded anchors, Reference 10 proposes the uniform bond stress model that
assumes a uniform bond stress along the embedded length of the anchor. As shown
below, two equations are required. Equation (1) is the mean tensile strength for a
steel/grout failure, and Equation (2) is the mean tensile strength for a grout/concrete
failure. If a corrugated sleeve is used as opposed to a drilled hole, the designer may be
able to rule out the grout-concrete failure, since the corrugations in the sleeve will
provide mechanical interlock.
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N bond = τ ⋅ π ⋅ d ⋅ hef (1)
N bond , do = τ o ⋅ π ⋅ d o ⋅ hef (2)
Where: N bond = mean tensile strength for a steel/grout failure, lb
N bond , do = mean tensile strength for a grout/concrete failure, lb
τ = uniform bond stress at the steel/grout interface, psi
τo = uniform bond stress at the grout/concrete interface, psi
d = diameter of the anchor, in.
do = diameter of the hole or sleeve, in.
hef = effective embedment length, in.
As discussed in Reference 10, the bond stresses τ and τ o are dependent on the
specific grout product that is used. The tests cited in Reference 9 produced mean
values of τ = 18.4 MPa (~2670 psi) and τ o = 8.3 MPa (~1200 psi). If reliable values of
τ and τ o can be established from product approval tests, two additional considerations
remain. First, Section D.4.2 of ACI 318 requires that nominal design strengths
determined by test must be based upon the 5 percent fractile. Although grouted anchors
are not within the scope of ACI 318, a rational approach such as the 5 percent fractile
should be employed to ensure that the nominal design strength bounds the test data.
Second, an appropriate strength reduction factor φ must be applied to the mean tensile
strengths given by Equations (1) and (2); the strength reduction factors of ACI 318,
Sections D.4.4 or D.4.5 are recommended.
Headed Anchors
As previously described, headed anchors may have a bond failure at the grout/concrete
interface or a concrete breakout failure consistent with cast-in anchors. The design
strength will be based on the lesser of the two possible failure modes. Equation (2)
above (under Unheaded Anchors) should be used to determine the strength of the
grout/concrete bond. The provisions of ACI 318, Appendix D, should be used to
evaluate the concrete breakout strength.
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7.0 INSTALLATION
The following items, which relate to the construction aspects of anchor bolts, should be
considered in the design.
7.1 Anchor Length
In addition to meeting strength requirements, the anchor length must accommodate, as

required, the attachment, grout pads, nuts, washers, and installation tolerances. The
projection should usually allow for a minimum of ½ in. of threaded rod to extend beyond
the top nut. Additional length may be required if hydraulic tensioners are to be used
(see Section 7.3 of this design guide). For a given facility or application, the designer
should attempt to standardize the lengths of anchors of the same diameter within
practical limits. Similarly, anchors may also be grouped in order to limit the number of
unique diameters specified.
Equipment manufacturers should specify projection requirements, since only the

manufacturer may know the attachment thickness, clearances, etc. Equipment
installations can be particularly sensitive to top-of-bolt elevations. Manufacturer-
specified tolerances can be very tight. If there is too much projection, sufficient
clearance may not exist to allow maneuvering of the equipment into place. If there is too
little projection, proper thread engagement cannot be obtained. Foundation settlement
could also be a factor for equipment anchors. Where settlement is a concern, direction
to construction should be provided on the design drawing to closely monitor settlements
in order to maintain the proper top-of-bolt elevation. It may be prudent in some cases to
include an allowance for settlement in the projected length, which is then added to the
overall length of the anchor.
Where practical, cast-in anchors set in piers and pedestals should not extend into the
base slab of the foundation. Provide supplementary reinforcement where required to
transfer the anchor loads to the base slab. Construction will be able to place the base
slab without having to first set the anchor bolts, which may have less length embedded
into the slab than projecting out of the slab.
7.2 Templates And Placing Tolerances
Although templates for placing anchor bolts are generally considered construction
means/methods, the design engineer should address the need for templates on the
design drawings or specifications. Equipment suppliers may have template
requirements as part of their design requirements that must be communicated to
construction. All templates must be supported from a sound base that will not be subject
to deformations during concrete placement. Templates shall not be supported from or
welded to reinforcing bars.
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Steel templates should be used when it is required to set the anchor bolts to accurate
tolerances. The AISC Code of Standard Practice (Reference 11) specifies placing
tolerances for anchor bolts. The AISC tolerances have been selected to be consistent
with the bolt hole sizes that are recommended for base plates in the AISC Manual of
Steel Construction (Reference 12). When tolerances less than the industry standard
practice are required, the tolerances must be specified on the design drawing. Anchor
bolts for large equipment may also require a tolerance on vertical plumbness in order to
ensure proper equipment installation. The equipment manufacturer’s specifications
must be reviewed for additional requirements.
The holes in the template should be just slightly larger than the nominal diameter of the
anchor bolt (1/32 in. to 1/16 in. oversize) and located to a very tight tolerance on the
template. This procedure will ensure that all the bolts in a group are correctly located
relative to each other.
7.3 Preloaded Anchor Bolts
In general, there are no standard criteria for preloading anchor bolts. The level of the
required preload generally depends on the specific application of the anchor bolt. The
determination of the procedure and level of preloading is left to the engineer, with the
review and approval of the Chief Civil/Structural Engineer. In general, preloaded bolts
will require a sleeve or bond breaker to permit elongation to occur along the entire
length of the bolt. Without a sleeve or bond breaker, the concrete would bond to the
shank of the bolt during construction. The bond may not be completely broken during
the preloading process. Over time, the bond may become completely broken and may
cause a significantly reduced preload in the bolt. Sleeves and bond breakers are
discussed in Sections 7.5, SLEEVES, and 7.6, BOND BREAKERS, respectively, of this
design guide.
Anchor bolts used for equipment supports should be preloaded to the equipment
manufacturer's recommendations when specified. This is especially true for bolts
anchoring rotating or vibrating equipment.
Anchor bolts of ASTM F1554 Grade 36, A307, or A36 material (i.e., regular carbon steel
bolts) should have only a nominal preload applied. It is recommended that they be
tightened to a snug tight condition. Snug tight is defined as tightness attained by a few
impacts of an impact wrench or the full effort of a man using an ordinary spud wrench.
When bolts are anchoring equipment or are subject to possible loosening during
operation, a locking device should be provided. Acceptable locking devices include
double nuts or jam nuts, interrupted threads, and tack welds (for weldable materials
only).
The three basic methods used for applying a preload to a high-strength anchor bolt—
using hydraulic tensioners, torquing to a specified level, and using turn-of-the-nut
method—are described in detail below.
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Hydraulic Tensioners
Hydraulic tensioners should be used when a precise preload on large diameter anchor
bolts is required. The tensioner applies a direct load to the bolt by threading onto the
projected end of the bolt and then jacking against the adjacent concrete surface. Once
the jacking is complete, the nut is hand-tightened down to a snug position to lock the
tension in the bolt. The anchor bolt must project a minimum of one diameter past the
end of the nut to allow for use of the tensioner. The residual preload should be
specified, as there will be a loss of pretensioning (depending on the length and diameter
of the bolt) when the tensioner is released.
Torquing to a Specified Level
Applying a specified torque to an anchor bolt is another method of obtaining a preload.

This method results in a preload that varies significantly as a function of field conditions
(cleanliness of bolt, existence of lubrication, etc.) and is no longer recognized by AISC.
Therefore, use of a predetermined torque for preloading purposes is not
recommended (with the exception of equipment manufacturer requirements).
Turn-of-the-Nut Method
This method is described in the AISC Specification for Structural Joints for ASTM A325
and A490 bolts. The specification lists the required nut rotation from the snug tight
condition for bolt lengths up to 12 diameters. Another preload method should be chosen
for bolts whose length is greater than 12 diameters. Although the specification pertains
specifically to A325 and A490 bolts, it can be used for the other high-strength bolts
listed in Table 1, as the material properties are in the same range as those of A325 and
A490.
Refer to the relevant specification for requirements for hardened washers. For example,
AISC Specification for Structural Joints describes the requirements for ASTM F436
washers for certain preload applications.
7.4 Elongation Checks For Preloaded Bolts
Where precise preloads are required, the elongation of the anchor bolts may be
checked as a verification that the proper preload has been applied. Elongation checks
are usually performed only when tensioners are used as the preloading device. Dial
gauges can be used to measure the projection of the bolt from a reference surface
before and after preloading. Where very accurate measurements are required, more
precise equipment, such as the Raymond Extensometer by Raymond Engineering Inc.,
may be used. The required elongation for a given preload can be calculated as follows:
For plain rod
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 31 OF 53
PL
δ=
Ab E
For full threaded rod
PL
δ=
At E
For partial thread rod
P Lt L s
δ= ( + )
E At Ab
where
δ = Elongation of anchor bolt, in.
P = Desired preload, kips
L = Effective length of bolt, in.

(usually taken from centers of nut to anchor nut)
Ab = Nominal cross-sectional area of bolt (area of shank), in.2
E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity, ksi
Lt = Length of thread below nut, in.
Ls = Length of shank, in.
At = Area of threaded section, in.2
The preload is generally considered acceptable if the actual elongation is within ±

5 percent of the calculated value for the given preload.
7.5 Sleeves
As shown in Figure 5, the two basic types of sleeves are partial depth and full depth
anchor bolt sleeves. Partial depth sleeves typically have a corrugated profile and are
made from high density polyethylene. Full depth sleeves are typically made from a steel
pipe section with a steel bearing plate seal welded to the embedded end. Sleeve
diameters are generally two to four times the diameter of the anchor bolt.
Sleeves serve two purposes. First, partial depth and full depth sleeves afford the
opportunity to move the top of the bolt slightly when trying to align the attachment.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 32 OF 53
However, the presence of a sleeve does not imply that an anchor bolt may be freely
bent or otherwise deformed in order to account for placement that was out of
construction tolerance. Second, a full depth sleeve may be used in conjunction with
preloaded bolts. The sleeve permits elongation along the entire length of the bolt, and
the bearing plate transfers the tension force from the anchor bolt to the concrete. It must
be emphasized that the bearing plate must be sized to ensure that the anchor does not
pull through or cause the plate to deform excessively. Also, the nut on the bottom of the
anchor plate must be held securely in place to prevent loosening during construction
activities.
Figure 5. Sleeves
In most applications, the sleeves are cut flush with the top of concrete and then filled
with nonshrink grout after the attachment has been placed and aligned. Prior to grouting
the sleeves, precautions must be taken to prevent water from freezing inside the
sleeves.
7.6 Bond Breakers
A bond breaker is an alternative to a full depth sleeve when an anchor bolt is to be

preloaded. Bond breaker is applied to a bolt prior to concrete placement. Bond breaker,
such as paper wrapped or other qualified type, ensures that bonding between concrete
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 33 OF 53
and anchor will not occur subsequent to concrete placement. The bond breaker will
allow the bolt to elongate freely over the entire bolt length during preload application.
7.7 Baseplate Leveling Systems
Figure 6 shows some of the most common methods used for leveling base plates. With
the use of shim stacks and leveling bolts, it must be emphasized that the shims and
leveling bolts should be removed before preloading the bolts. Leveling nuts may be
used only on anchor bolts where preloading is not required. Use of leveling nuts on
anchor bolts that are preloaded would result in bolt tension only in the region between
the leveling nut and the top nut.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 34 OF 53
Figure 6. Leveling Systems for Baseplates
7.8 Bending And Welding Of Anchor Bolts
Welding and minor straightening of nonheat-treated carbon steel bolts is permissible,

such as ASTM F1554 Grade 36 and Grade 55 (with S1 supplement) and ASTM A36,
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 35 OF 53
and may be performed with the approval of the Chief Civil/Structural Engineer. The bolt
may be straightened by applying a mechanical force in such a way as to not damage
the bolt or threads. Heat-treated or alloy bolts should not be bent or straightened without
consulting a Materials Engineer and without the approval of the Chief Civil/Structural
Engineer.
Where anchor details or repair procedures require welding, Materials Engineering

should be consulted if the weldability of the anchor material cannot be readily
ascertained from the material specification. The weldability of the material depends on
the steel chemistry and heat treatments applied by the fabricator. When splicing onto an
embedded bar, an approved welding procedure must be employed.
After bending or welding, the bolt shall be visually examined for evidence of any cracks
or damage. Defects, such as cracks, surface porosity, undercuts, overlaps, and lack of
fusion, shall be removed to sound metal and rewelded.
8.0 REFERENCES
1. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete ACI 318-02 and Commentary
ACI 318R-02, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2002.
2. Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete Structures ACI 349-01
and Commentary ACI 349R-01, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
Michigan, 2001.
3. International Building Code 2000, International Code Council, Inc., March 2000.
4. Fuchs, W.; Eligenhausen, R.; and Breen, J., “Concrete Capacity Design (CCD)
Approach for Fastening to Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 92, No. 1,
Jan.-Feb., 1995, pp. 73–93.
5. Column Base Plates: Steel Design Guide Series 1, American Institute of Steel
Construction, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, 1990.
6. PCI Design Handbook, 5th Edition, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute,

Chicago, Illinois, 1999.
7. Cook, R. A., “Strength Design of Anchorage to Concrete,” Portland Cement

Association, Skokie, Illinois, 1999. (Referenced in Appendix A)
8. Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete Structures ACI 349-97
and Commentary ACI 349R-97, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
Michigan, 1990.
9. Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia, 1997.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 36 OF 53
10. Cook, Ronald A.; Zamora, Noel A.; and Konz, Robert C., “Behavior of Grouted
Anchors,” Proceedings International Symposium on Connections Between Steel
and Concrete, Vol. 1, September 10–12, 2001, RILEM Publications, France, pp.
381-390.
11. Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, American Institute of
Steel Construction, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, March 7, 2000.
12. Manual of Steel Construction: Load and Resistance Factor Design, 3rd Edition,
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, 2001.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 37 OF 53
Table 1
MATERIALS FOR HOOKED, HEADED, AND THREADED ANCHORS
Grade Tensile Reduction ACI 318

Material Diameter Strength, Yield Strength, Min. Elongation, Min. of Area,
or Ductility
(Note A)
Type
(in.) Min. (ksi) Method (%) Length Min. Criterion
Comments
(ksi) (%)
Structural Welding Code – Steel, Section 7, covers welded
Welded Studs
B ½ to 1 65 51 0.2% 20 2 in. 50 Ductile headed or welded bent studs. AWS D1.1 requires studs to be
AWS D1.1 made from cold drawn bar stock conforming to ASTM A108.
36 ¼ to 4 58 36 0.2% 23 2 in. 40 Ductile ASTM F1554, Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts,
Steel, 36, 55, and 105-ksi Yield Strength is the preferred
ASTM F1554
55 ≤2* 75 55 0.2% 21 2 in. 30 *Ductile material specification for anchors.
(H, HD, T) *Diameters larger than 2 in. are available, but the reduction
105 ¼ to 3 125 105 0.2% 15 2 in. 45 Ductile of area will vary for Grade 55.
≤2-½ 125 105 0.2% 16 4D 50 Ductile

ASTM A193, Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and
ASTM A193 Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature Service:
B7 2-½ to 4 115 95 0.2% 16 4D 50 Ductile
(H, T) Grade B7 is an alloy steel for use in high-temperature service.
Over 4 to 7 100 75 0.2% 18 4D 50 Ductile
ASTM A307, Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and
ASTM A307 A ¼ to 4 60 … … 18 2 in. … Ductile
Studs, 60000 PSI Tensile Strength: ACI 318 specifies that
(Gr. A: HD) elements meeting ASTM A307 shall be considered ductile.
(Gr. C: H, T) C ¼ to 4 58 36 … 23 2 in. … Ductile Note that Grade C conforms to tensile properties for ASTM
A36.
ASTM A36, Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel:
ASTM A36
- To 10 58 36 … 23 2 in. … Ductile Since ACI 318 considers ASTM A307 to be ductile, A36 will
(H, T) also qualify since it is the basis for ASTM A307 Grade C.
ASTM A354, Standard Specification for Quenched and
B)
ASTM A354 ¼ to 2-½ 150 130 0.2% 14 2 in. 40 Ductile
Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally
BD Threaded Fasteners: This specification is for high strength
(H, HD, T) Over 2-½ 140 115 0.2% 14 2 in. 40 Ductile
applications at normal temperatures.
¼ to 1 120 92 0.2% 14 4D 35 Ductile
ASTM A449, Standard Specification for Quenched and
ASTM A449 Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs: This specification is for
1 Over 1 to 1-½ 105 81 0.2% 14 4D 35 Ductile
(H, HD, T) general high strength applications.
1-½ to 3 90 58 0.2% 14 4D 35 Ductile
Notes:
A. Anchor type availabilities are denoted as follows: H = hooked bolt, HD = headed bolt, and T = threaded bolt.
B. ASTM A354 Grade BD material has been found to be very susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. To ensure use of acceptable materials, these bolts should have: 1) a user’s test program to verify
hardness or 2) a QA requirement passed on to subtier suppliers to establish hardness requirements for bolts, which would be demonstrated by independent tests and documented before shipment.
Therefore, use of ASTM A354 material is not recommended.
Bechtel Corporation 2002. Contains confidential and/or proprietary information to Bechtel and its affiliated companies which shall not be used, disclosed, or reproduced in
any format by any non-Bechtel party without Bechtel’s prior written permission. All rights reserved.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 38 OF 53
Table 2
PROPERTIES OF BOLTS AND HEAVY HEX HEADS/NUTS
Minimum Center-to- Minimum

Net Heavy Hex Center Anchor Spacing Minimum Edge
Gross 2 Recommended
Diameter Tensile Head/Nut for Cast-in Anchors Distance for Cast-in
Area Embedment
D Area (in.) Anchors To Be
Ab 3 Length for Cast-in
(in.) 2 At Bearing Untorqued Torqued Torqued 4
(in. ) 2 Area 1 Anchors
(in. ) 2 Area Anchors Anchors (in.)
(in. ) 2 (in.)
(in. ) (in.) (in.)
1/2 0.196 0.142 0.650 0.454 2 3 3 6
5/8 0.307 0.226 1.01 0.703 2.5 3.75 3.75 7.5
3/4 0.442 0.334 1.34 0.898 3 4.5 4.5 9
7/8 0.601 0.462 1.85 1.249 3.5 5.25 5.25 10.5
1-0 0.785 0.606 2.28 1.495 4 6 6 12
1-1/8 0.994 0.763 2.76 1.766 4.5 6.75 6.75 13.5
1-1/4 1.227 0.969 3.47 2.243 5 7.5 7.5 15
1-3/8 1.485 1.16 4.06 2.575 5.5 8.25 8.25 16.5
1-1/2 1.767 1.41 4.91 3.143 6 9 9 18
1-3/4 2.405 1.90 6.06 3.655 7 10.5 10.5 21
2-0 3.142 2.50 8.54 5.398 8 12 12 24
2-1/4 3.976 3.25 10.72 6.744 9 13.5 13.5 27
2-1/2 4.909 4.00 13.15 8.241 10 15 15 30
2-3/4 5.940 4.93 15.83 9.89 11 16.5 16.5 33
3-0 7.069 5.97 18.33 11.261 12 18 18 36
1
Bearing area is calculated by subtracting the gross bolt area (Ab) from the area of the head/nut.
2
Minimum spacing is based on ACI 318, Section D.8.1: 4d0 for untorqued anchors and 6d0 for torqued anchors.
3
Minimum edge distance is based on ACI 318, Section D.8.2: 6d0 for torqued anchors. Minimum edge distance
for untorqued anchors shall be based on minimum cover requirements for reinforcement.
4
Minimum recommended embedment length for cast-in anchors is 12 times the bolt diameter (see Section 5.0 of
this design guide).
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 39 OF 53
APPENDIX A
DESIGN EXAMPLES
The purpose of this Appendix A is to provide illustrative design examples. In general, these
examples follow the design provisions of ACI 318-02. References and notations correspond to
ACI 318-02, unless otherwise noted. Examples involving subjects beyond the scope of ACI
318-02 follow the practices set forth in this design guide. Where required, steel elements such
as shear lugs are designed using the latest AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
specification.
Reference 7 is also a good source for basic example problems, and contains the following:
1. Single Tension Fastener Away From Edges
2. Group of Tension Fasteners Near an Edge
3. Single Fastener in Shear Near an Edge
4. Single Fastener in Tension and Shear Near an Edge
5. Group of Tension and Shear Fasteners Near Two Edges
6. Group of Tension Fasteners Near an Edge With Eccentricity
Note that none of the examples in Reference 7 requires the anchors to be developed (i.e.,
there is no requirement for a ductile design), and the examples do not address the topic of
supplemental reinforcing.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 40 OF 53
Example 1 – Group of Tension Anchors on a Pier with Shear Lug
Design the anchor bolts and shear lug for the steel column located atop the concrete pedestal shown in Figure A.1. Tension is
resisted by the anchor bolts, and all shear is resisted by the shear lug. This is a common situation encountered in industrial
facilities. The pedestal in this example could just as easily have been a wall or pilaster. The challenge for this application is to
design all of the elements to work properly together while making certain that the design is constructible.
Given:
Pedestal geometry shown in Figure A.1

Pedestal vertical reinforcing 16 - #8 bars (designed per ACI 318 for tension plus bending at the top of footing)
Pedestal transverse tie sets of #4 bars arranged as shown
Concrete strength f’c = 4000 psi, reinforcing strength fy = 60000 psi
W12x58 column with 16” square base plate 1-½” thick
All plate steel is A36
Use 4 anchor bolts, as shown in Figure A.1, and ASTM F 1554 Grade 55 material
Use bolts with a heavy hex nut at the embedded end
Anchor bolts are to be a ductile design
Dead Load (DL) = 200 kips

Wind Load (WL) = 230 kips uplift, 40 kips shear (acting as shown in Figure A.1)
Figure A.1
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 41 OF 53
Example 1 (Continued)
Design Loads
Load combinations are from Section 9.2 of ACI 318. Combination (9-6) will control for tension and shear on the anchor bolts.
Tension Tu = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H = 0.9 (200 kip) + 1.6 (-230 kip) = -188 kips (upward)
Shear Vu = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H = 1.6 (40 kip) = 64 kips
Bolt Design
1. Select the bolt diameter to resist the factored load using Section D.5.1 of ACI 318. Try 1-¼ in. diameter bolt.
ASTM F1554 Grade 55 is a ductile steel (Table 1 of this design guide). Therefore, φ equals 0.75 for tension and 0.65 for
shear (ACI 318, D.4.4).
φN s = φnAse f ut (ACI 318, D-3)
Ase = 0.969in 2 (Table 2 of this design guide)
f ut = 75ksi (Table 1 of this design guide)
φN s = 0.75(4)(0.969in 2 )(75ksi) = 218kip
2. Estimate the required embedded length hef. From the design guide (Table 2), the minimum embedded length is
12 diameters. Given the 7 in. bolt spacing and 30 in. pier, 12 diameters equals hef of ~15 in., which will include the entire
area of the pier in the projected failure area AN. Note from Section D.5 that the failure surface projects outward 1.5 units
per every 1 unit of depth (~35 degrees to the concrete surface).
Since the tension force in this example places the entire concrete pier section in tension, the load path must be from the
bolts to the vertical pier reinforcement. The transfer of force from bolts to reinforcement requires development of the bars
into the failure surface. The #8 vertical bars have a tension development length of approximately 48 in. For now, provide
hef such that a #6 bar with hook could be developed into the failure cone as shown in Figure A.2.
Figure A.2
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 42 OF 53
Allowing 10 in. to develop a #6 hooked bar (including the length reduction factor of 0.7 from ACI 318, 12.5.3(a)) and 2 in.
for cover at the top of pier:
hef = 10 + 2 + 7.67 = 19.67in Try 20 in.
3. Determine the concrete breakout strength using Section D.5.2 of ACI 318. Note that this check is included in this
example for illustrative purposes only, since it is apparent that the concrete breakout load will have to be resisted by
supplemental reinforcement. According to Section D.4.4 of ACI 318, the strength reduction factor φ will be 0.75 for shear
and tension since condition A applies.
AN
φN cbg = φ ψ 1ψ 2ψ 3 N b (ACI 318, D-5)
ANo
cmax = 11.5in < 1.5hef = 30in ∴ per ACI 318, D.5.2.3, limit the embedment depth used in D-6 through D-11.
hef = cmax / 1.5 = 11.5 / 1.5 = 7.67in for use in D-6 through D-11
AN = (30in) 2 = 900in 2 The projected area includes the entire pier area.
ANo = 9hef 2 (ACI 318, D-6)
ANo = 9(7.67in) 2 = 529in 2
N b = k f c′ hef 1.5 (ACI 318, D-7)
k = 24 for cast-in anchors
N b = 24 4000 (7.67)1.5 = 32243lb
ψ1 = 1 (ACI 318, D-9) Factor equals 1, since there is no eccentric load.
cmin
ψ 2 = 0.7 + 0.3 (ACI 318, D-11) Factor applies due to close proximity of edges.
1.5hef
11.5
ψ 2 = 0.7 + 0.3 = 1.0
1.5(7.67)
ψ 3 = 1.25 (ACI 318, D.5.2.6) Factor equals 1 since there is no cracking that would affect
the concrete breakout strength.
900
φN cbg = 0.75 (1)(1.0)(1.25)(32243) = 42170lb = 42.2kips
529
Clearly, the concrete tension breakout strength is not adequate to resist the factored tension load. Supplemental
reinforcing is required.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 43 OF 53
4. Determine the anchor pullout strength using Section D.5.3 of ACI 318.
φnN pn = φnψ4 N p (ACI 318, D-12)
N p = Abrg 8 f c′ (ACI 318, D-13)
Abrg = 2.243in 2 bearing area of the anchor head (Table 2 of this design guide)
ψ 4 = 1.4 (ACI 318, D.5.3.6) Factor equals 1.4, since there is no cracking that would affect
bearing at the embedded head of the anchor.
N p = (2.243)8(4000) = 71776lb = 71.8kips
φnN pn = 0.75( 4 )(1.4 )(71776 ) = 301459lb = 301.5 kips
5. Check side-face blowout using Section D.5.4 of ACI 318.
c = 11.5 in. edge distance
0.4hef = 8 in. < c = 11.5 in. ∴ tension strength is not limited by side-face blowout.
Summary of bolt strength for tension load:
Bolt steel strength = 218 kips

Concrete breakout strength = 42.2 kips
Pullout strength = 301.5 kips
Side-face blowout strength = N/A
Since concrete breakout strength controls and is less than the factored tension of 188 kips, supplemental reinforcing is
required. In addition, a ductile design is required as part of the problem statement. A ductile design requires that overall
strength be limited by the bolt steel strength, which is 218 kips.
Supplementary Reinforcement Design

1. There are many possible options for designing the supplementary reinforcing. The challenge is to make certain that the
design is constructible. Often, the design will have to be sketched to scale in order to check for congestion and
interferences. It is also advisable to coordinate with a member of the construction team.
This example requires vertical reinforcing to restrain the concrete failure prism. The reinforcing must be developed on
both sides of the failure plane. As previously discussed, the #8 vertical bars have an approximate tension development
length of 48 in. (ACI 318, Section 12.2). Since the effective embedment hef is equal to 20 in., a straight #8 bar cannot be
developed. One option, which will not be examined in this example, would be to make the bolts long enough to develop
the #8 bars; if there were an excess area of #8 bars, then the development length could be reduced in accordance with
ACI 318, Section 12.2.5. Several other options will be evaluated.
The following is the area of reinforcement required to develop the bolt capacity of 218 kips:
218kips
As = = 4.04in 2
0.9(60ksi)
#8 bars equivalent to As = 4.04/0.79 = 5.11 => 6 bars
#6 bars equivalent to As = 4.04/0.44 = 10.1 => 11 bars
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 44 OF 53
Figure A.3
Figure A.3 shows three reinforcement options. One option not considered in this example is the use of headed
reinforcing bars. A general discussion of the three options considered follows:
A. Option (A) requires a 180 degree hook at the top of each #8 bar. The development length for a standard hook on a
#8 bar is approximately 14 in. (including the length reduction factor of 0.7 from ACI 318, Section 12.5.3(a)). Since
there is an excess of #8 bars for developing the bolts (6 bars required, 16 bars in the pier), the development length
may be reduced according to ACI 318, Section 12.5.3, as follows:
As required 4.04
ldh = (14in) = (14in) = 4.47in , however, ldh shall not be less than 8db or 6 in.
As provided 16(0.79)
ldh = 8(1.0in) = 8in Since 10 in. was previously allotted for bar development, the #8 bars with hooks will work.
The “J” dimension, or width of the hook, is 8 in., which puts the hooks in close proximity to the bolts. Also, the hooks
would have to be rotated in order to avoid interfering with one another at the corners of the pier. As shown in
Figure A.1, the #8 bars are continuous into the foundation below the pier; therefore, once the #8 bars are cast into
the foundation, it will be difficult to adjust the hooks at the top in order to accommodate the anchor bolts or shear
lug blockout. For this example, Option (A) is ruled out.
B. Option (B) requires #6 U-bars (or hairpins) to be installed adjacent to the anchor bolts. Since 11 - #6 bars are
required to develop the bolts, 6 U-bars would have to be placed.
This option allows the #6 U-bars bars to be placed at the same time as the anchor bolts and shear lug blockout.
Unfortunately, the U-bars will have to compete for space with the anchor bolts, shear key blockout, and lateral tie
sets. In addition, construction will have to take additional measures to secure the U-bars. For this example,
Option (B) is ruled out.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 45 OF 53
C. Option (C) is the solution chosen for this example. This option makes use of hooked #6 bars that are lap spliced
with the #8 pier reinforcing. The required number of #6 bars is 11, but 12 bars will be provided for symmetry (3 on
each side of the pier). The hooked bars may be placed at the same time as the anchor bolts and shear key
blockout, which will permit adjustment of the hooks to avoid congestion and interferences. Also, the hooked bars
will not interfere with the interior legs of the lateral tie sets.
The lap splice for the #6 bars must be Class B, and the required lap length is approximately 37 in., according to ACI
318, Section 12.15. Therefore, the overall length of the hooked bars is 10 in. (development) plus 37 in. (lap splice),
which equals 47 in. The 4 ft-6 in. pier height is sufficient to accommodate the hooked bars.
2. ACI 318, Section 7.10.5.6, requires lateral reinforcement to encompass the anchor bolts in the top of a pier/column. As
shown in Figure A.1, 2 sets of #4 ties will be located within 5 in. of the top of the pier.
Shear Lug Design
A single cantilever shear lug is designed to transfer the entire shear load to the concrete pier. For convenience, the lug will use
the same 1-½”-thick plate used for the column base plate. The methodology used in this example is based on ACI 349,
Appendix B, and Reference 5 from this design guide.
As a matter of good practice, the shear lug should be embedded a minimum of 2 in. into the concrete pier. The 1-½ in. thick
grout pad between the base plate and top of pier is considered to be ineffective for transfer of shear. Use 2 in. of concrete
embedment, and try a length of 12 in.
Figure A.4
1. Check the lug for concrete bearing.
φPn = φ1.3 f c′ Alug bearing strength according to ACI 349, Section B.4.5.2
φPn = 0.7(1.3)(4000)(2 × 12) = 87360lb = 87.4kips > Vu = 64 kips ∴ O.K.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 46 OF 53
2. Check for shear acting towards the edge of the pier. The methodology of ACI 349, Section B.11.2, is applied. The
effective stress area is found by projecting 45-degree planes from the edges of the shear lug as shown in Figure A.4.
Aeff = (30 × 16.25) − (12 × 2) = 436.5in 2 Recall that the area of the lug must be deducted.
φVn = φ 4 f c′ Aeff
φVn = 0.85(4) 4000 (436.5) = 93863lb = 93.9kips > Vu = 64 kips ∴ O.K.
3. Check the shear lug for bending and shear. A uniform bearing pressure is assumed over the 2 in. of embedded depth.
The maximum moment will occur at the base of the lug where it attaches to the baseplate. The plate capacity is based on
the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) capacity for a plate in bending and shear.
M u = (64)(1.5 + 2 ) = 160kip ⋅ in applied factored moment at the base of the lug

2
φM n = φZFy moment capacity of the shear lug plate (AISC F1.1)
(12)(1.5) 2
φM n = (0.9) (36) = 218.7kip ⋅ in > Mu = 160 kip-in ∴ O.K.
4
φVn = φ 0.6 Ag Fy shear capacity of the shear lug plate (AISC J5.3)
φVn = 0.9(0.6)(12 × 1.5)(36) = 350kips > Vu = 64 kips ∴ O.K.
Figure A.5
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 47 OF 53
4. Design the shear lug-to-baseplate weld using E70 electrodes. The resultant forces on the welds are as shown in
Figure A.5. The shear force is shared equally between the two fillets. The moment is resisted by a force couple at the two
fillets. The vertical force couple with distance “s” is taken between the centroids of the two fillet welds. For 1-½ in. plate,
the minimum allowable fillet size is 5/16 in.
f v = (64) /(12 × 2) = 2.67kip / in shear force per in. of weld
160
ft = = 7.8kip / in tension force per in. of weld
(12)[1.5 + (2 × 1 × 5 )]
3 16
R= f v + f t = 8.24kip / in
2 2
total force per in. of weld
φFw = φ 0.6 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5 θ ) weld strength (AISC Appendix J2.4)
θ = 90 degrees since the force is perpendicular to the axis of the weld.
φ = 0.75
Solve for the required weld leg size:
8.24
a= = 0.25in < 5/16 in. ∴ use the minimum allowable size of 5/16 in.
0.75(0.6)(70)(1 + 0.5 sin1.5 (90))(0.707)
Design Summary
Anchor bolts: 1-¼ in. diameter
20 in. embedment depth (top of concrete to top of embedded head/nut)
Supplementary reinforcing: 12 - #6 bars with standard 180 hooks at the top, lap splice with #8 pier reinforcing
Shear lugs: 12 in. x 3-½ in. x 1-½ in. thick
5/16 in. fillet weld on each side to baseplate
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 48 OF 53
Example 2 – Group of Stud Anchors With Tension, Shear, and Edge Distance (Seismic)
A standard embedded plate shown in Figure A.6 supports a cantilevered pipe hanger. The cantilever applies a vertical shear
and a concentrated moment to the face of the plate. Four welded studs anchor the plate to the concrete wall. Check the stud
anchors for the applied loads. The anchorage must meet the requirements for a moderately high seismic zone.
Given:
Concrete strength f’c = 5000 psi.

Welded studs are Type B per AWS D1.1.
Moderate seismic zone (equivalent to International Building Code Seismic Design Category D)
Reinforced concrete wall is uncracked.
Factored shear force = 5 kips (includes seismic contribution)

Factored moment = 100 kip*in. (includes seismic contribution)
Figure A.6
Assumptions:
The moment will be resisted by a force couple consisting of tension in the top studs (#1 & #2) and a resultant compression
force located approximately at the location of the bottom studs (#3 & #4). Given the couple length of 8 in., the total factored
tension force in the upper studs will be 12.5 kips (100/8 = 12.5). The shear force will be resisted equally by all four studs.
Shear resistance provided by the bearing edge of the plate will be neglected.
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 49 OF 53
Anchor Tension
1. Check the tensile strength of studs #1 and #2 according to Section D.5.1 of ACI 318.
Type B welded studs qualify as ductile steel elements (Table 1 of this design guide). Therefore, φ equals 0.75 for tension
and 0.65 for shear (ACI 318, D.4.4).
φN s = φnAse f ut (ACI 318, D-3)
Ase = π (0.5) 2 = 0.196in 2

4
f ut = 65ksi (Table 1 of this design guide) f ut < 1.9 f y or 125 ksi
φN s = 0.75(2)(0.196)(65) = 19.11kip
2. Determine the concrete breakout strength using Section D.5.2 of ACI 318. According to Section D.4.4 of ACI 318, the
strength reduction factor φ will be 0.7 for shear and tension since Condition B applies (i.e., no supplemental reinforcing is
provided).
hef = 1 + 8 − 3 = 8.625in Note that the thickness of the stud head is 3/8 in.
8
AN
φN cbg = φ ψ 1ψ 2ψ 3 N b (ACI 318, D-5)
ANo
AN = (4 + 1.5hef )(8 + 2(1.5)hef ) = 574in 2 projected area as shown in Figure A.7
Figure A.7
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 50 OF 53
As shown in Figure A.7, the projected area for the tension studs actually extends into the region of concrete that will be in
compression/bearing with the embedded plate. ACI 318 does not address this issue. From a behavioral standpoint, the
failure plane that extends toward the compression zone around studs #3 and #4 would likely be arrested/confined in the
compression zone behind the embedded plate; intuitively, this effect seems benign. Given the lack of guidance from ACI
and the expected behavior, the approach will be to simply follow the code definition of projected area.
ANo = 9hef 2 = 670in 2 (ACI 318, D-6)
N b = k f c′ hef 1.5 (ACI 318, D-7)
N b = 24 5000 (8.625)1.5 = 42987lb = 43.0kips
ψ1 = 1 (ACI 318, D-9) There is no eccentric load on studs #1 and #2.
cmin
ψ 2 = 0.7 + 0.3 (ACI 318, D-11) Factor applies due to close proximity of edges.
1.5hef
4
ψ 2 = 0.7 + 0.3 = 0.79
1.5(8.625)
ψ 3 = 1.25 (ACI 318, D.5.2.6) Factor equals 1.25, since there is no cracking as
given in the problem statement.
574
φN cbg = 0.70 (1)(0.79)(1.25)(43) = 25.5kips
670
3. Determine the anchor pullout strength using Section D.5.3 of ACI 318.
φnN pn = φnψ4 N p (ACI 318, D-12)
N p = Abrg 8 f c′ (ACI 318, D-13)
π 2
Abrg = (1 − 0.52 ) = 0.59in 2 bearing area of the anchor head
4
ψ 4 = 1.4 (ACI 318, D.5.3.6) Factor equals 1.4, since there is no cracking as given
in the problem statement.
N p = (0.59)8(5) = 23.6kips
φnN pn = 0.7( 2 )(1.4 )( 23.6 ) = 46.3 kips total pullout strength for tension studs #1 and #2
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 51 OF 53
4. Check side-face blowout using Section D.5.4 of ACI 318.
c = 4 in. edge distance
0.4hef = 3.45 in. < c = 4 in. ∴ tension strength is not limited by side-face blowout.
Summary of strength for tension load:
Stud steel strength = 19.1 kips <= controls

Concrete breakout strength = 25.5 kips
Pullout strength = 46.3 kips
Side-face blowout strength = N/A
Since the ductile steel anchor strength controls, the tension anchors #1 and #2 meet the requirement of ACI 318,
Section D.3.3.4, for regions of moderate to high seismic risk. The final design tension strength requires the additional strength
reduction required by Section D.3.3.3 as follows:
0.75φN n = 0.75(19.1) = 14.4kips > 12.5 kips factored tension load OK
Anchor Shear
1. Check the steel shear strength of the four studs according to Section D.6.1 of ACI 318.
φVs = φnAse fut (ACI 318, D-17) f ut < 1.9 f y or 125 ksi
φVs = 0.65( 4)(0.196)(65) = 33.1kips

2. Check concrete breakout strength according to Section D.6.2 of ACI 318.
The concrete breakout strength of an anchor in shear is based on upon shear toward a free edge. In this example, there
is neither a free edge in the direction of the applied shear nor is there a free edge parallel to the applied shear. Therefore,
this limit state is not applicable.
3. Check shear pryout strength according to Section D.6.3 of ACI 318.
φVcp = φk cp N cb (ACI 318, D-28)
k cp = 2.0 for hef > 2.5 in.
AN
N cb = ψ 2ψ 3 N b (ACI 318, D-4)
ANo
AN = (8 + 2(1.5)hef )( 4 + 8 + 1.5hef ) = 845in 2
ANo = 9hef 2 = 670in 2 (ACI 318, D-6)
cmin
ψ 2 = 0.7 + 0.3 (ACI 318, D-11) Factor applies due to close proximity of edge.
1.5hef
12
ψ 2 = 0.7 + 0.3 = 0.98
1.5(8.625)
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 52 OF 53
ψ 3 = 1.25 (ACI 318, D.5.2.6) Factor equals 1.25, since there is no cracking.
N b = k f c′ hef 1.5 (ACI 318, D-7)
N b = 24 5000 (8.625)1.5 = 42987lb = 43.0kips
845
N cb = (0.98)(1.25)( 43) = 66.4kips
670
φVcp = 0.7(2)(66.4) = 93kips
Summary of strength for shear load:
Stud steel strength = 33.1 kips <= controls

Concrete breakout strength = N/A
Concrete pryout strength = 93 kips
Since the ductile steel anchor strength controls, the anchors meet the requirement of ACI 318, Section D.3.3.4, for regions of
moderate to high seismic risk. The final design shear strength requires the additional strength reduction required by
Section D.3.3.3 as follows:
0.75φVn = 0.75(33.1) = 24.8kips > 5 kips factored shear load O.K.
Interaction of Tensile and Shear Forces
Anchors subjected to both tension and shear must meet the requirements of Section D.7 of ACI 318. Section D.7 refers to the
tension and shear design strengths of φNn and φVn. Due to the seismic requirements in this example, Section D.3.3.3 of ACI
318 applies an additional strength reduction factor of 0.75. The additional 0.75 strength reduction factor is included here for
checking the interaction of tension and shear.
Vu = 5kips ≥ 0.2(0.75φVn ) = 4.96kips (ACI 318, D.7.1) ∴ full tension is not permitted
N u = 12.5kips ≥ 0.2(0.75φN n ) = 2.88kips (ACI 318, D.7.2) ∴ full shear is not permitted
Nu Vu 12.5kips 5kips
+ = + = 1.07 ≤ 1.2 (ACI 318, D-29) ∴ tension-shear interaction is O.K.
0.75φN n 0.75φVn 14.4kips 24.8kips
Required Edge Distances, Spacings, and Thicknesses
Section D.8 of ACI 318 gives minimum allowable dimensions required to preclude splitting failure.
1. Minimum center-to-center spacing is 4do for cast-in anchors: 4 (0.5 in.) = 2 in. < 8 in. O.K. (ACI 318, D.8.1)
2. Edge distance must meet cover requirements for reinforcement: 4 in. provided O.K. (ACI 318, D.8.2)
3DG-C13-00012, Rev. 003 PAGE 53 OF 53

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Reason for issue: Revised and issued for use

3.0 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS

4.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

5.0 CAST-IN ANCHORS

6.1 Adhesive Anchors

7.1 Anchor Length

1. Materials for Hooked, Headed, and Threaded Anchors

2. Properties of Bolts and Heavy Hex Heads/Nuts

1 Shear Lug Near a Free Edge

2 Example of a Standard Anchor Bolt Detail

3 Lateral Reinforcement for Anchors at the Tops of Columns

4 Supplementary Shear Reinforcing

6 Leveling Systems for Baseplates

• American Concrete Institute ACI 318-02 (Reference 1)

• American Concrete Institute ACI 349-01 (Reference 2)

• International Building Code IBC 2000 (Reference 3)

3.0 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS

Ductile Design and Developed Anchor – Interchangeable terms referring to an

Preloading – An anchor is subjected to a large tensile force by intentionally elongating

4.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

b. Large diameter bolts specified by machine manufacturers – Machine anchor sizes

c. Supports for architectural, mechanical, and electrical components – This case

d. Supports for structures or equipment where anchors are not required to be

Note for Nuclear Safety-Related Work

4.2 Load Types

Preloading (also referred to as pretensioning) is sometimes required for an anchorage

4.3 Load Combinations

4.4 Tension Loading

Tension may be transferred from an attachment to the anchor by a number of means.

4.5 Shear Loading

4.5.1 Anchor Shear

Shear-friction may be developed as a result of the anchors effectively clamping the

4.5.4 Shear Lugs and Pre-formed Baseplate Pockets

General Requirements (D.3)

General Requirements for Strength of Anchors (D.4)

Strength design of anchors may be determined by computation or test evaluation.

“For anchors with diameters not exceeding 2 in., and tensile

Design Requirements for Tensile Loading (D.5)

φNs = Tension strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as controlled

φNcb or φNcbg = Tension strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed

D.5.2.1 Specifies nominal concrete breakout strength Ncb or Ncbg.

D.5.2.2 Specifies basic concrete breakout strength Nb; increased

D.5.2.3 Limits the effective embedment depth hef that may be

D.5.2.5 Specifies the modification factor ψ2 for edge effect.

D.5.2.6 Specifies the modification factor ψ3 for cracked concrete;

D.5.2.7 Provides for the positive effect of a plate or washer provided

φnNpn = Tension strength of "n" anchors as governed by pullout strength

D.5.3.1 Specifies nominal pullout strength Npn.

D.5.3.4 Specifies the pullout strength of a single headed stud or bolt

D.5.3.5 Specifies the pullout strength of a single hooked bolt Np;

D.5.3.6 Specifies the modification factor ψ4 for cracked concrete;

φNsb or φNsbg = Tension strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed

D.5.4.1 Specifies the nominal side-face blowout strength of a single

D.5.4.2 Specifies the nominal side-face blowout strength of multiple

Design Requirements for Shear Loading (D.6)

φVs = Shear strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as controlled by the

D.6.1.3 Specifies a reduction to the nominal anchor strength Vs where

φVcb or = Shear strength of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed by

D.6.2.1 Specifies nominal concrete breakout strength Vcb or Vcbg for

D.6.2.2 Specifies basic concrete breakout strength Vb.

D.6.2.3 Specifies basic concrete breakout strength Vb for cast-in headed