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Reimagine mining networks for

Industry 4.0
Attaining safer, more productive and efficient mining practices

White paper

To boost productivity and profitability while attaining safety and eco-sustainability,


mining companies need to reimagine their operation paradigms and embrace new
digital innovations and technologies. Fundamental to the new paradigms is a revamped
and transformed network infrastructure that connects all operations seamlessly and
unfailingly, delivering information when and where needed without compromise. This
paper explains Nokia’s network transformation vision to reimagine mining networks for
Industry 4.0.
Contents

Mining embraces Industry 4.0 3


Automation 3
Analytics and cloud computing 3
The network is the nexus of the revolution 4
The Nokia network transformation vision 5
End-to-end WAN modernization 7
Broadband LTE radio communications 10
A unified cross-layer, cross-domain network manager 11
A revamped data center with SDN 11
SDN-powered data center fabric 11
Robust cybersecurity 13
Conclusion 14
Abbreviations 15

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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
Mining embraces Industry 4.0
Few industries operate in more volatile business and political conditions than mining companies. They
face the challenges of operating in harsh, remote and sometimes even uninhabitable regions amidst
unpredictable world political events, constantly fluctuating commodity prices and rising production
costs. In this environment, they strive to attain profitability, safety and eco-sustainability.
In response, mining companies are embracing Industry 4.01, a new industrial revolution that promises
the automation of everything through the adoption of digital technologies to automate and optimize
the whole mining operations chain, from pit to port to control center2. With digital transformation,
mining companies can boost productivity and efficiency while attaining safety and profitability.
Two innovative digital technologies are key to mining digital transformation efforts: automation plus
analytics and cloud computing.

Automation
At the forefront of mining automation is the introduction of automated systems. Whether it is tele-remote,
assisted control or fully autonomous, automation enables more consistent and efficient operations of
mining equipment while improving safety and reducing accidents.
An autonomous haulage system can load and dump ore and navigate haul roads with minimum driver
control or remote manual control. An autonomous drilling system allows the mining industry to expand
access to ore deposits in areas previously deemed too dangerous and inhospitable to drill. Automatic
stockpiles operation provides optimal storage space management. Deployment of automated systems
optimizes return on mining assets while improving productivity and safety.
Operation of autonomous systems in remote mines requires real-time monitoring of the systems’
operating conditions by a centralized control or one located on site. From high-definition video feed to
sensors to high-precision GPS coordinates, continuous gathering of critical operational metrics is pivotal
to safety and efficiency.

Analytics and cloud computing


Mining operations have become more data-driven than ever. The Internet of Things (IoT) and sensors are
deployed extensively to collect raw data to monitor and track mine operations, from machine operating
conditions to drilling to soil erosion to worker fatigue. There’s also a plethora of enterprise operations
information being collected, including data on economic and commodity trading, weather and supply
chain management.
Faced with mountains of data, mining engineers and corporate business analysts are resorting to analytics
applications to process and analyze the data for actionable insights that lead to improved planning and
operations as well as better business decisions. Real-time data and intelligent analytics applications
enable predictive maintenance that analyzes equipment conditions for just-in-time, condition-based
maintenance. The results are better asset utilization and also improved resource allocation through
optimal daily fleet and mine workforce scheduling.

1 To learn about Industry 4.0, read “Industry 4.0: The revolution is here”
2 To learn more about digital transformation for mining, read “Future X for industries: Mining”

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Reimagine mining networks for Industry 4.0
Cloud computing, also referred to as data center virtualization, is foundational to this data-intensive and
analytics-driven Industry 4.0 paradigm. Cloud computing empowers mining companies to consolidate
and virtualize all compute resources distributed in their own data centers (private cloud) and public-cloud
hosted by cloud service providers (virtual private cloud) into one seamless pool. In this way, compute
resources can be dynamically and elastically allocated and adjusted to individual mining operations locally
or globally to run different applications on demand.
As a mine goes through the typical cycle of exploration, assessment and approval, construction, operation
and closure — all in the midst of boom-bust economic cycles — analytics applications are essential tools.
They’re used for geological modeling, geographic information systems, enterprise and supply chain
planning, global economic modeling, as well as drilling and dispatch operations. A cloud-based approach
is an effective compute model to efficiently provide just-in-time compute capacity.
The advent of real-time applications such as video analytics and slope monitoring systems requires data
processing and analytics to be performed closer to data sources such as cameras and sensors. By reducing
latency, faster response and better decisions can be supported. This calls for the adoption of edge cloud
to perform data pre-processing and real-time actions.

The network is the nexus of the revolution


Digital technologies require ubiquitous broadband network infrastructure throughout the operations
chain to link machines, human resources and compute resources everywhere — from mines (open-pit
or underground) and processing facilities, throughout pit-to-port transport infrastructure and loading
terminals, to operations centers, data centers and even corporate offices.
The network needs to be resilient, QoS-enabled and secure as it carries delay-sensitive applications such
as autonomous haulage and business-critical data such as ore deposit information. When communication
stops, mining activities stop — incurring massive economic loss. The network also needs to be smart to
adapt to mining operations change and dynamic cloud reconfiguration.
However, most mining networks were born in an era when a new network was built as part of the
deployment of a new application (see Figure 1). This model was acceptable when communications
technology was primarily limited to narrowband radio such as ultra high frequency/very high frequency
(UHF/VHF) and land mobile radio (LMR) plus TDM-based transmission technology. But, with limited
bandwidth, these technologies are ill-suited to support the new bandwidth-intensive but bursty
applications being deployed.
In response, some mines have started to look at deploying a parallel Wi-Fi® mesh network to accommodate
new applications. However, with primitive Wi-Fi QoS, mine operators very often need to resort to
configuring individual service set identifiers (SSIDs) for each application.

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This application-specific network model saddles mine operators with many disparate networks and incurs
high operating costs. The solution is also ill-suited to embrace Industry 4.0 to harness the power of
automation and analytics, hampering future technology evolution. As a result, network transformation
to a high-performance converged service network infrastructure that supports digital transformation by
connecting everything and everyone has become necessary.

Figure 1. Network convergence concept

From: Disparate single-service networks To: Converged service network

Transformation

The Nokia network transformation vision


The Nokia network transformation vision comprises three major pillars to attain automation and
optimization of mining operations (see Figure 2):
• Modernizing the end-to-end WAN
• Evolving to broadband radio communications
• Revamping the data center network.
This transformation can provide end-to-end broadband connectivity to enable agile, resilient, secure and
QoS-enabled communications among mine areas, pit-to-port rail infrastructure, loading terminals, control
centers and data centers.
Figure 2 shows a network transformation blueprint that prepares mining companies for future technology
evolution and equips mining operations for up-to-the-second mine situations. The blueprint encompasses
(1) a service-centric, converged IP/MPLS WAN; (2) full broadband radio communications in pit areas and
along pit-to-port transport infrastructure; and (3) a software defined network (SDN)-powered data center.

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Figure 2. Mining network transformation blueprint

Mine On-truck Secure IP/MPLS VPNs


site command
and control 1 2 1
Sensors Control
center

Mobile Wireless Private Headend Port Headend Operations


workforce IP/MPLS LTE router terminal router center
router network

Mine Industrial
facility 1
control IP/MPLS 1 3
WAN
Corporate Data
LAN center
Packet
IP/MPLS MW/optical Data SDN
Voice gateway transport center network
gateway fabric

Implementing a successful network transformation requires harnessing the power of a wide


communications equipment portfolio, including:
• IP/MPLS service routers
• A (private) LTE system
• Packet microwave and optical transport equipment
• An SDN platform.
Nokia has an industry-leading product portfolio that has been deployed globally in many mission-critical
and service provider networks (see Figure 3).

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Figure 3. Nokia mining network transformation product portfolio

Datacenter Virtualized
SDN Services
Platform VSD VSC VRS NSG

Converged WAN management


NSP

LTE
SAR-Ax SAR-M SAR-Hc SAR-Hm 7210 SAS-Sx

SAR-18 SAR-8 SAR-A SAR-H SAR-Wx 7210 SAS-S


AirScale Active AirScale Flexi Zone LTE core
Antenna Base Station small cell 7705 Service Aggregation Routers 7210 SAS-R12

7210 SAS-D
IP/MPLS 7210 SAS-R6
WAN 7250 IXR-e 7210 SAS-K30

7250 IXR-s 7210 SAS-Mxp


7210 SAS-K12

VSR 7750 SR-a4 7750 SR-a8 7750 SR-1e 7750 SR-2e 7750 SR-3e 7250 IXR-R6 7250 IXR-6 7250 IXR-10 7210 SAS-T 7210 SAS-K5
7750 Service Routers 7250 Interconnect Router (IXR) 7210 Service Access Switches

Optics Microwave

WaveLite PSS-4 PSS-8 PSS-16 PSS-32 MSS-0/1/8 MPT series UBT series 7705 SAR
(MWA)
1830 Photonic Service Switch Wavence Packet Radio

End-to-end WAN modernization


Digital transformation touches every link of the operations chain, from mines to onsite processing facilities
to pit-to-port railways to operations and data centers. Applications, from automation to sensors to CCTV
cameras, are deployed everywhere: in mines, on board mining machines, along rail tracks and in port
terminals. The applications communicate with machines and controllers in the mine and applications
residing in the control center, the data center, and even intelligent edge compute.
Modernizing the network infrastructure with IP/MPLS technology to a converged WAN network3 can provide
expansive service reachability anywhere required using whatever transport medium is available: optical
fiber, microwave or cellular.
While a converged IP/MPLS WAN network can increase efficiencies and help achieve savings, there are
always concerns that legacy applications cannot continue to be supported, that performance and reliability
will degrade, and that network visibility and control will be lost. To ensure performance, it is also imperative
that the network architecture exhibit the crucial attributes discussed in the following sections.
Flexible multiservice VPN
An application subsystem should only be able to communicate with another subsystem of the same
application. As a result, virtual private network (VPN) service capability is necessary to carry many different
applications’ data with completely separate forwarding tables for IP, Ethernet and cross-connect for each
VPN, thereby enabling complete segregation among the applications. This requires a wide VPN portfolio
3 For more details about the attributes of a converged IP/MPLS network, read the white paper “MPLS for Mission-Critical Networks”

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capable of supporting layer 1, layer 2 and layer 3 VPNs, either in point-to-point or multipoint configuration.
Techniques such as IP route leaking can be used in conjunction with a stateful firewall to allow collaborative
inter-VPN communications.
Table 1 shows typical operational and IT applications used in mines and indicates how to leverage VPN
flexibility to provide the required connectivity.

Table 1. Multiservice VPN supporting mining applications


Application Service type Description
Automation/control VPLS or IP VPN Requires per-forwarding-class traffic to support the corresponding
QoS for each application (e.g., autonomous fleet management, CCTV)
LTE/LMR backhaul Point-to-point VLL or IP VPN Hub-and-spoke communication
Corporate telephony IP VPN or hierarchical IP VPN Voice and video call
Corporate intranet VPLS Best-effort service
Living quarters internet IP VPN or hierarchical IP VPN Best-effort service
access
Security alarm Dry contact port to SNMP alarm Translates dry contacts status to SNMP alarms

As multiple services are put on the same port in the same node, advanced service-aware hierarchical
QoS (H-QoS) is important to allocate sufficient bandwidth resources with the right priority to avoid
performance compromise.
QoS management
In a converged network carrying numerous applications, service awareness is crucial for application
performance assurance. As application traffic enters the network edge, the edge router can treat each
application’s traffic with an individually tailored QoS policy that includes its own set of traffic queues
and traffic rate to ensure that no application can send beyond the agreed rate, impacting the rest
(see Figure 4). H-QoS also renders flexibility to each service to consume its assigned bandwidth without
affecting the others.

Figure 4. Service-aware QoS ensures service-based bandwidth resource partition

CIR = 300 kb/s LTE signaling


PIR = 300 kb/s
LTE
CIR = 5 Mb/s Real-time applications backhaul
PIR = 5 Mb/s
30 Mb/s
CIR = 25 Mb/s Non-real-time applications
PIR = 30 Mb/s
CIR = 100 Mb/s Signaling
PIR = 100 Mb/s Corporate
telephony
CIR = 1 Mb/s Bearer 1.1 Mb/s Port
PIR = 100 Mb/s
CIR = 12 Mb/s CCTV
PIR = 10 Mb/s CCTV
CIR = 1 Mb/s SLA = 12 Mb/s
CCTV control
PIR = 1 Mb/s

CIR = 15 Mb/s Corporate IT


PIR = 30 Mb/s Wi-Fi internet/intranet SLA = 30 Mb/s

CIR = Committed Information Rate


PIR = Peak Information Rate

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Full integration with transport and access technologies
Whether it is an environmentally controlled office or a remote outpost, the network needs to reach all sites
for different departments. Whether it is for in-pit or pit-to-port communications, operators need flexible
transport technology. Modern IP/MPLS routers have natively integrated transport technologies such as
packet microwave, LTE and coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM).
A converged IP/MPLS router (see Figure 5) can fully integrate transport and access to efficiently bring
IP/MPLS services everywhere needed. By eliminating the need for extra equipment, the router simplifies
network design, installation and operation as well as saving power and footprint.

Figure 5. An IP/MPLS router integrated with transport technology

IP/MPLS platform
with integrated
transport/access
support
LTE modem

IP/MPLS Packet
router microwave

Optical
WDM IP/MPLS router

Enhanced resiliency and survivability


An IP/MPLS converged network attains high resiliency by design at various protocol layers. A new-
generation IP/MPLS platform has a nodal control and switching complex with hitless 1+1 protection
encompassing non-stop routing, signaling and services. The platform can be provisioned in a large terabit
router as well as a compact 2RU-high platform. A well-proven resiliency mechanism and microwave link’s
hitless 1+1 protection play complementary roles to form a highly resilient network.
Options for resiliency mechanisms include:
• MPLS fast reroute
• Border Gateway Protocol fast reroute
• Label-switched path make-before-break
• Equal cost multi-path (ECMP) and pseudowire redundancy
• Ethernet link aggregation group
• SDH/SONET.
With rapid adoption of autonomous mining systems, it is crucial that the operations center continuously
monitor the systems to ensure safety. Any breakdown will result in activity stoppage that could cause
significant economic loss. Therefore, the end-to-end network needs to withstand multi-fault failure. It is
notable that not all new packet technology, such as Carrier Ethernet, can offer this extra level of resiliency4.

4 For a more detailed discussion, read the white paper “MPLS for mission-critical microwave networks: Building a multi-fault tolerant microwave network”

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High scalability for future growth
To meet future application needs, the network must be able to scale in capacity, control plane and link
bandwidth. An IP/MPLS router family ranging from a terabit core router supporting a 400 Gb/s slot in
a central office setting to a multi-gigabit, hardened outdoor router allows operators to select a cost-
effective choice dimensioned for projected traffic growth.
Effectively utilizing fiber or microwave transport assets requires advanced techniques such as:
• Optical CWDM and dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM)
• Industry-first 200 Gb/s wavelength
• High-order microwave modulation: 2048 QAM
• MPLS-aware compression
• Link aggregation
• Cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC).
All of these techniques enable operators to scale the transport infrastructure.
Seamless TDM migration
Although TDM network equipment and carrier services are being retired, many deployed legacy
applications such as emergency communications and SCADA systems are here to stay. To migrate TDM
applications onto the network, it is imperative that low-speed interfaces such as E&M, FSX/FSO and serial
interfaces are supported so as not to disrupt current operations and to ensure that network services can
be provisioned with the acceptable range of delay and jitter.5 For a smooth migration process, network
operators also need to take into consideration certain engineering guidelines when designing the network.

Broadband LTE radio communications


Since the first commercial 4G LTE network deployment, LTE has become a prevalent wireless technology
for consumers and enterprises, with private LTE emerging as a new opportunity for large industry players.
LTE exhibits immense potential as a broadband, non-line of sight (LOS) radio technology for in-pit and pit-
to-port applications, complementing today’s LMR and Wi-Fi networks.
LTE propagates better than legacy radio technology such as Wi-Fi and proprietary VHF or private
mobile radio (PMR), particularly in the challenging topography of an open pit mine. It is well placed to
support broadband speed with QoS prioritization to facilitate in-pit, real-time, machine-to-machine
communications, high definition video surveillance and broadband radio access by mine staff from
anywhere in the pit.
When LTE is complemented with overlaid IP/MPLS services, the network becomes a converged mining
automation network (MAN)6 and can provide network slicing capability to support a multitude of
applications, including machine automation and CCTV with performance assurance and secure traffic
segregation (see Figure 6).

5 For a detailed discussion of TDM migration, read “Transformation of mission-critical communications networks: Migrating from SDH/SONET networks to IP/MPLS
networks”
6 For more information, read the white paper “The need for converged mining automation networks”

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Figure 6. A converged MAN

Asset
Voice management
CCTV Application
M2M

LTE

IP/MPLS

Transport
Microwave Optics

A unified cross-layer, cross-domain network manager


The traditional boundary of layer- and domain-specific management has made the tasks of service
provisioning, network configuration, performance monitoring, fault correlation and troubleshooting
complicated, cumbersome and error-prone. A cross-layer, cross-domain network manager that is service
aware helps operators to attain a unified view at the IP/MPLS layer and the underlying transport layer.
The network manager provides:
• An easy-to-use GUI
• Service templates
• Scripting
• An application programming interface
• A scalable collection of network and OAM statistics
• Powerful cross-layer fault correlation.
With all of this functionality, the network manager enables operators to achieve high efficiency and attain
agility to respond to changes in network and applications needs.

A revamped data center with SDN


From SDH/SONET to Frame Relay/ATM to IP/MPLS, the WAN has experienced multiple iterations of
technology change in the last 30 years. However, data center networking has not changed much since
Ethernet became the de facto enterprise technology. Today, driven by adoption of the cloud computing
paradigm, the part of the enterprise network under the most severe strain from information and
communications technology (ICT) change is the data center network fabric that connects all servers
and storage.

SDN-powered data center fabric7


The traditional model of expanding data center compute capacity to support development and
deployment of applications is to add new dedicated bare metal servers, even in a consolidated data center

7 For more information, visit the Nuage Networks Virtualized Service Platform web page.

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hosting servers for different company operators and departments. While a bare metal server is suitable
when compute resources are dedicated to a single user and application, it is inefficient and insufficient
when application workloads are becoming elastic, driven by mining cycles.
With server virtualization technology, virtual machines (VMs) can now be created and deleted as business
needs changes. Server virtualization makes compute resources dynamically consumable. New VMs can be
created to serve different users and applications on an as-needed basis, on any servers in any locations
that have the required capacity and bandwidth connectivity. In the cloud computing age, VM is a required
technology to manage compute capacity with agility and efficiency.
However, this new paradigm requires an equally agile data center network fabric. Today, while it may take
only minutes to instantiate a new VM through a cloud orchestrator, it often takes hours or even days to
configure the underlay fabric network to provide the necessary connectivity.
SDN has emerged as the de facto data center networking solution to unleash the constraints. Through
seamless coordination with a cloud orchestrator in the data center, the SDN overlay network can respond
to VM creation and movement automatically by reconfiguring itself over the existing underlying network,
which is typically an IP or Ethernet network.
Evolving the data center network to an SDN architecture removes the existing data center underlay
network constraint, automates the required network configuration change, and enables users to share and
consume compute resources more dynamically and efficiently without needing to replace the underlying
network infrastructure. This is particularly attractive to multi-tenant data centers that serve multiple
operations teams supporting mines worldwide.
An extensible DCI network8
With the data center becoming an integral component of the ICT infrastructure, operators have become
acutely aware of the vulnerability of maintaining mission- and business-critical information in a single site.
Site diversity, also called georedundancy, is crucial to their business continuity and disaster recovery strategy.
A WDM-based service platform can form a scalable data center interconnect (DCI) optical gateway to
extend the Ethernet LAN and SAN connecting compute and servers in multiple data centers (see Figure 7).

Figure 7. An optical DCI solution

Primary data center Backup data center

LAN LAN
Server farm/ Ethernet
NAS server LAN

SAN SAN
Optical WDM optical Optical
Fiber
Storage array gateway network gateway
channel

10, 40, 100 and


HPC 200 Gb/s WDM links HPC
InfiniBand
HPC

8 For a more detailed discussion of DCI technology and the Nokia DCI solution, read the white papers “Data center interconnect market trends and requirements”
and “Data center interconnect solutions for large enterprises”

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With the adoption of the cloud computing paradigm, distributed computing in the form of VMs can now
be placed anywhere unused compute capacity can be found. A distributed application, typically written
with a three-layer architecture (web-GUI, business logic and database), can reside in multiple VMs placed
in different centers. The VMS can migrate from one server in one data center to another server in another
data center to scale up or down as well as accommodate server maintenance.
As a result of the movement, the DCI network also needs to be reconfigured to instantiate new IP
connectivity across data centers. An SDN-controlled data center gateway on top of the optical gateway
can instantiate IP subnet connectivity across data centers automatically (see Figure 8).

Figure 8. An SDN-based DCI solution

Data Center 1 Data Center 2

Branch offices
Cloud service Services Cloud Cloud service
management Policy Engine orchestrator management
plane plane

Multi-protocol BGP4
Data center Data center
control
SDN IP/MPLS network SDN
control
Controller Controller
plane plane

Data center Data center


data plane data plane

Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor

Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor

Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor

Robust cybersecurity
According to EY’s 2018 Global Information Security Survey, 55 percent of energy and resource companies
have experienced a significant cybersecurity breach. Forty-eight percent of respondents believe it
is unlikely that they would be able to detect a sophisticated cyber attack, and 97 percent of mining
companies admit their current cybersecurity systems do not meet their needs.
A variety of environmentally, politically and criminally inspired hackers are trying to exploit the
vulnerabilities that asset-intensive industries are exposed to due to their reliance on ICT.
While traditional attacks such as eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks and still prevalent, new
attacks are more sophisticated, targeted and orchestrated. Examples include advanced persistent threat,
ransomware and distributed denial of service. In this escalating and evolving cyber attack landscape, it is
imperative for mine operators to identify, address and mitigate these threats. This calls for a predictive,
automated, defense-in-depth cybersecurity architecture that performs intelligent, multidimensional
analytics, reporting and management for early detection and rapid, effective response (see Figure 9).

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Figure 9. A predictive, automated, defense-in-depth cyber security architecture

Predictive, automated security architecture


Intelligent, multi-dimensional analytics, reporting and management for early detection and
automated response, improving compliance and providing holistic protection to mining infrastructure

Security event Security Security Threat


Cyber security management analytics policy response
orchestration Event correlation Machine learning Policy management Cyber threat
and response and automation Real-time analytics and orchestration defense playbook

Incident detection, Closed-loop


prevention and response automation

IP/MPLS security Optical/MW Radio Endpoint


Network and Segmentation transport and core security
endpoint Network group Layer 1 encryption LTE radio encryption Threat detection,
security Encryption IMS encryption authentication of
Firewall endpoints/IoT devices

By fusing security event management, intelligent analytics, policy orchestration and defense playbook
capability – on top of LTE and IP/MPLS-based network security – this architecture enables security
operations to streamline and accelerate security processes. The architecture also reduces costs and
proactively prevents, pinpoints and addresses security threats before they result in breaches or even
disrupt operations9. The defense-in-depth capabilities, including multilayer encryption and network
segmentation, build a robust defense perimeter, thwarting cyber attack on the infrastructure10.

Conclusion
Mining companies are at a tipping point. As they strive to boost productivity and efficiency, attain safety
and eco-sustainability, and deliver higher shareholder value, they need to reimagine their operations
paradigms and embrace new digital innovations and technologies. Fundamental to the new paradigms
is a revamped and transformed network infrastructure that connects pits, ports, operations centers,
data centers and offices seamlessly and unfailingly, delivering information when and where needed
without compromise.
A successful network transformation requires the right partner. Nokia’s broad and deep product portfolio
spans IP/MPLS, microwave and optical transmission, SDN and LTE. This robust portfolio is complemented
by full suite of professional services, including audit, design and engineering practices. With this
combination of products and services, Nokia has the unique capability and flexibility to help mining
companies transform their network infrastructure to fully embrace Industry 4.0 and harness the power
of digital transformation.
To learn more about Nokia solutions for the mining industry, visit our Mining web page.

9 For more information about security, visit the Nokia Security solutions web page
10 For a more detailed discussion of defense, read “Impregnable network defense for mission-critical networks”

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Abbreviations
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
CCTV closed circuit television
CWDM coarse wave division multiplexing
DCI data center interconnect
FSO foreign exchange office
FSX foreign exchange subscriber
GPS Global Positioning System
GUI graphical user interface
HPC high-performance computing
H-QoS hierarchical QoS
ICT information and communications technology
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IP Internet Protocol
LAN local area network
LMR land mobile radio
LOS line of sight
LTE long term evolution
M2M machine-to-machine
MAN mining automation network
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
MWA microwave aware
NAS network-attached storage
NSG Nuage Networks Network Services Gateway
NSP Nokia Network Services Platform
OAM operations, administration and maintenance
PMR private mobile radio
QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
QoS quality of service
RAN radio access network
SAN storage area network
SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition
SDH synchronous digital hierarchy

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SDN software-defined network
SLA Service Level Agreement
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SONET synchronous optical network
TDM time division multiplexing
UHF ultra high frequency
VHF very high frequency
VLL virtual leased line
VM virtual machine
VPLS virtual private LAN service
VPN virtual private network
VRS Nuage NetworksVirtual Routing and Switching
VSC Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Controller
VSD Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Directory
VSG Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Gateway
WAN wide area network
XPIC cross-polarization interference cancellation

About Nokia
We create the technology to connect the world. Powered by the research and innovation of Nokia Bell Labs, we serve communications service providers, governments, large
enterprises and consumers, with the industry’s most complete, end-to-end portfolio of products, services and licensing.

From the enabling infrastructure for 5G and the Internet of Things, to emerging applications in digital health, we are shaping the future of technology to transform the
human experience. networks.nokia.com

Nokia operates a policy of ongoing development and has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the content of this document is adequate and free of material errors
and omissions. Nokia assumes no responsibility for any inaccuracies in this document and reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication
without notice.

Nokia is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be trademarks or trade names of their respective owners.

© 2019 Nokia

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Tel. +358 (0) 10 44 88 000

Document code: SR1905034906EN (May) CID189240

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