Unit 1-Development

Questions

1. Define what is meant by egocentrism

2. Freda and Simon can do different things. Simon can put pens into
size order. Freda can work out which is the slowest and which is
the fastest if she knows that a horse can run faster than a dog and
a dog can run faster than a hedgehog. Explain which stage child is
in according to Piaget’s theory of development
3. For each child, state whether they have a fixed or growth mindset:
4. Tom does not do well at school because he does not try anything
new
5. Kani now reads better having asked her mother to help her practise
6. Fi felt she was not good at maths because that is what she was
told.
7. When marking Sanjit’s and Sue’s essays, the teacher writes
comments as well as giving marks. Her comments to Sanjit, whose
mark is low, include ‘You do not write well’. Comments to Sue, whose
mark is high, include ‘You are very good at writing essays’. Using
Dweck’s theory, explain the possible mindset of the teacher. State
one comment for Sanjit and one comment for Sue to illustrate the
opposite mindset.
8. Ria, a 5-year-old, argues with her 8-year-old brother because he
will not play her game, which requires him to describe what is on
the table for tea. She can see the tale but he cannot. Using Piaget’s
ideas, explain why her brother might not play the game and why Ria
is annoyed about this.
9. Suki, aged 4, played Snap but did not understand that there were
rules. Andi, aged 7, played too, insisting that the rules of the game
 were obeyed fully. Bee, aged 11, realised tat, if everyone agreed,
the rules of the game of Snap could be changed without negative
consequences. Describe the theory of moral development that can
explain these children’s ideas about the game of Snap. Refer to the
children in your answer
10. Bethany is in the first month of pregnancy, known as the
embryonic stage. Katherine reads a magazine article that says a
human brain will have already started to develop in this early
stage of pregnancy. What early brain development would be
expected in the first month of pregnancy?

11. Nicole’s family have two pet cats. One day, when Nicole is in the
park with her mum, she points to a dog and says ‘cat’. Why might
Nicole think that the dog is a cat?
12. Claire did not do as well as she wanted to in her biology test,
but her teacher praises her for working hard and trying her best.
Claire feels more confident about her learning and works harder
for her next test. She achieves a better mark on her second test
and her teacher praises her for excellent effort. Why did the
teacher praise Claire’s effort?
13. Sarah teaches children aged 8 years old. She is planning an
activity to help her students learn the importance of healthy
eating. Sarah has decided to create a series of food-choice
dilemmas where the students need to make choices between
healthy and unhealthy food and to explain their decisions. Her head
teacher says this is too complicated. How can two strategies
suggested by Willingham help Sarah plan an appropriate activity?
14. I learn by grasping and sucking objects, and at 4 months I
dropped a toy and I kept doing it. What stage am I in according to
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
15. After an accident, Joe is found to have damaged his
hindbrain. Explain changes in his behaviour that might occur due to
this. (3)
16. Explain two ways of applying Piaget’s theory to education. (4)
17. John is going to a posh restaurant for his first time and,
sitting down at the table, he sees lots of knives, forks and spoons
laid out next to his plate. Explain what might happen next using
Piaget’s theory. (3)
18. John is trying to improve in tennis. How can a strategy from
Willingham support John trying to improve in tennis.
Unit 2-Memory

Questions

1. Define what is meant by encoding and storage.

2. Mataius fell of his bike and bumped his head. He lost consciousness
for several minutes. When he came round, he could not remember
what had happened to him or that he had been out on his bicycle.
Explain Mataius’s brain loss
3. Ali was loading his sopping into the boot of is car when he heard
shouting and a loud bang. The next day he tried to describe the event
to his friend. Explain what Ali might have remembered about the
event. Use your knowledge of reconstructive memory in your answer.
4. Explain why two people who experienced the same event may recall
the event differently. You should refer to reconstructive memory in
your answer. (Bartlett, 1932)
5. Explain two differences between sort-term and long-term memory.
You should refer to the Multi Store Model of Memory in your answer.
6. Explain one way that Bartlett found that ‘The War of the Ghosts’
story changed when it was remembered.
7. Malik was given an owl drawing to look at. At various time intervals,
Malik was asked to redraw the original image without being allowed to
see it again. Suggest one change that might happen to the picture and
explain why you think the change would happen.
8. Elliot gives his new mobile number to his friend, Fraser. Fraser needs
to find his phone so that he can save Elliot’s number in his contacts,
so he rushes to the student common room to find it. On the way,
Fraser is stopped by a teacher and asked about a football match that
he played in the day before. When Fraser makes it to the common
room a minute later, he has completely forgotten Elliot’s new phone
number. Using your knowledge of the Peterson and Peterson study,
explain why Fraser forgot Elliot’s mobile number.
9. During a class debate on the causes of eating disorders, Portia said
that she though anorexia was a mental illness caused by a problem in
brain functioning. Reem disagreed and stated that she thought the
media was responsible as it portrayed images of slim models. Nick
agreed with both of these ideas, but added that some cultures do not
have eating disorders, so there must be something that happens in
some cultures that influences eating disorders. Explain to what
extent the students’ ideas about eating disorders are reductionist.

10. Sue and Nicole were chatting in a café when a

woman passing by fell to the floor clutching her arm. Sue said she
saw the woman trip over, but Nicole says she saw her being pushed.
How can reconstructive memory explain these different accounts?

11. Using the Multi-Store Model of Memory, how can an experience

become stored in long term memory?

12. Explain the first stage of the multi-store

model of memory.

13. Cornelius conducted laboratory experiments

to investigate how short-term memory is affected by
interference. He played loud music to his participants while they
were trying to remember a list of digits. Assess to what extent
memory research is reductionist. (9)

14. Describe what is meant by storage and

retrieval stages of memory. (4)
15. Kazim banged his head against the cupboard
and can no longer recall anything from before his injury. Which
type of amnesia is he suffering from? (1)

16. Describe the features of short-term

memory. (2)

17. Explain the difference between duration and

capacity; you must refer to STM or LTM in your answer. (4)

18. Give two weaknesses of the study by

Peterson and Peterson (1959) (4)

19. During a shopping trip, John is only able to

recall the last three items from his shopping list of 12 items.
Explain why John is only able to recall the last three items. (3)

20. During a lesson, the teacher nearly falls over

the desk; one student claims he is just clumsy, but another
student believes it was no accident and the teacher was tripped.
Using reconstructive memory, explain the difference between the
students’ accounts of what happened. (4)