Sikandar Baig Sir Geography Sa-2

10TH CBSE
SOCIAL SCIENCE
2016
SIKANDAR BAIG SIR
mirzasikandarbaig11@gmail.com
Chapter 5
Minerals and Energy Resources
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring substances that have a definite internal structure.They are
found in various forms and are used for a variety of purposes.
E.g., Diamond, limestone, fluoride, aluminium etc.
FERROUS
METALIC
NON-FERROUS
MINERALS NON-METALIC
Conventional
ENERGY
Non-conventional
Metalic “The purpose of education is not to

1. Ferrous:Iron ore,magnese,nikle etc. make a machine, but to make the
2. Non-ferrous:copper,lead,tin etc.
human being”
-Sheikh Sayed Abdul Qadir Jilani r.a.
Non-Metalic
Mica,salt,marble,limestone etc.
Energy
1. Conventional:Coal,petroleum,natural gas,electricity etc.
2. Non-conventional:Solar,wind,tidal etc.
3.
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Rocks
 They are a combination of minerals along with impurities. A rock can contain either a single
mineral or a number of minerals.
Ores
 An accumulation of any mineral mixed with elements. They are the source of minerals.
 Minerals are extracted from their ores by various processes.
Occurrence of Minerals
1.In igneous and metamorphic rocks: Cracks, crevices, faults or joints called veins or lodes.
E.g., Zinc, copper and lead.
2.In sedimentary rocks: Beds and layers as a result of deposition and accumulation.
E.g., Coal, iron, gypsum and sodium.
3.Decomposition of surface rocks: In the form of residual mass containing ores.
E.g., Bauxite.
4.In sands of valleys: As alluvial deposits called placer deposits.
E.g., Gold, silver, tin and platinum.
5.In oceans: In diffused form.
E.g., Salt, magnesium, bromine etc.
Distribution of Minerals in India

 Petroleum deposits: Gujarat and Assam
 Non-ferrous minerals: Rajasthan
 Coal, metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals: Peninsular plateau
 Mine
 It is a large area having an abundant quantity of mineral deposits that can be easily and
economically extracted.
""Oh! Dear friends, seek knowledge, learn knowledge and practice on that knowledge"-
Sheikh Sayed Data Ganj Baksh Ali hajwiri R.A.
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Ferrous Minerals
Iron Ore
1.India is rich in iron ore deposits.
2.Ores
Magnetite: 70% iron content
Hematite: 50 to 60% iron content
 Iron ore belts
1.Orissa–Jharkhand: Badampahar, Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar,Singhbhum, Noamundi and Gua
are the major mines.
2.Durg–Bastar–Chandrapur: In Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra,high quality hematite ores are
found that are exported to Japan and South Korea.
3.Bellary–Chitradurga–Chikmanglur–Tumkur: In Karnataka,Kudremukh mine is the most
important. It is a 100% export unit.
4.Maharashtra–Goa: Ratnagiri mines have rich deposits of iron ore.
Manganese
 Used in manufacturing
o Steel
o Bleaching powder
o Insecticides
o Paints
 Largest producer: Orissa
Non-Ferrous Minerals
India is not rich in non-ferrous minerals.
Copper
 India is deficient in copper.
 Malleable, ductile and a good conductor of electricity.
 Used in
o Electrical cables
o Electronics
o Chemical industries
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 Largest producer: Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce 52% of India’s copper.
 Singhbhum in Jharkhand and Khetri in Rajasthan are also important copper producing areas.
Bauxite
 An ore of aluminium.
 Found in Amarkntak plateau, Maikal hills and Katni.
 Largest producer: Orissa (45% of total bauxite production)
 Koraput in Orissa has the largest reserve of bauxite in the country.
Non-Metallic Minerals
Mica
 Made of a series of plates.
 It splits into thin sheets.
 It can be black, green, red, yellow or brown in colour.
 It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss, good insulation and resistance to high
voltage.
 Used in electric and electronics industry.
 Found in
o Koderma, Gaya and Hazaribagh (Jharkhand)
o Ajmer (Rajasthan)
o Nellore (Andhra Pradesh)
Rock Minerals
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Limestone
 Found in calcium carbonate sedimentary rocks.
 Used in
o Cement industry
o Iron smelting
 Largest producers are Andhra Pradesh, M.P. and Rajasthan.
Hazards of Mining
 Pulmonary diseases caused by dust and noxious fumes from mines.
 Inundation and fires in mines and collapsing of the mine’s roof pose a serious threat to
miners’ lives.
 Mining contaminates nearby water sources owing to dumping of waste and slurry.
 Land degradation is caused as land is dug deep for mining. This makes it unsuitable for any
further use after the mining site is abandoned.
Conservation of Minerals
 Conservation of minerals is necessary because Mineral formation is an extremely slow
process. Hence, rate of consumption should not overshoot the rate of replenishment.Only
one percent of the total mineral deposits are accessible.Minerals are a limited resource and
will get exhausted if not used judicially.
Coal
 Most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.
 Types of Coal
1.Lignite: Low grade brown coal. It is soft with high moisture content.
Found in Nevyeli in Tamil Nadu.
2.Bituminous: Most popularly used coal. Used in smelting iron in blast furnaces.
3.Anthracite: Highest quality coal.
 Found in Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand).
 Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are important coal fields.
 Coal is also found in Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh etc.
Petroleum
 Found in the rocks of tertiary age.
 63% petroleum comes from Mumbai High.
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 18% from Gujarat’s Ankleshwar oil field.
 16% from Assam’s Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moram–Hugrijan oil fields.
 Digboi (Assam) is the oldest oil field of India.
Natural Gas
 Environment friendly owing to low carbon dioxide emissions.
 Used as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) in vehicles.
 Found in
o Krishna–Godavari basin
o Gulf of Cambay
o Andaman and Nicobar Islands
o Mumbai High
 Transported through pipelines.
 Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur is the longest (1700 km) pipeline that transports gas from
Mumbai High to Bassien.
Electricity
1.Hydroelectricity: By the force of water.
Bhakra Nangal and Damodar valley projects generate hydroelectricity.
2.Thermal Electricity: By coal, petroleum or natural gas.
Nuclear Energy
 Obtained from the nuclear fission of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium.
 Uranium and thorium are found in Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Kerala.
 India has six nuclear power stations. These are
1.Rawatbhata (Rajasthan)
2.Naraura (Uttar Pradesh)
3.Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu)
4.Tarapore (Maharashtra)
5.Kaiga (Karnataka)
6.Kakrapar (Gujarat)
Solar Energy
 India is a tropical country and has enormous potential for solar power.
 Solar energy can be converted into electrical energy by using photovoltaic technology.
 Largest solar plant in India: Madhapur (Gujarat)
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 Maximum potential: Rajasthan and Gujarat
Wind Power
 India is a wind super power.
 Largest wind farm cluster: Tamil Nadu
 Nagacoil and Jaisalmer have large wind farms.
 Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala etc. have huge potential for tapping wind
energy.
Biogas
 Produced from farm waste, animal and human waste.
 Much effective than firewood, dung cakes and kerosene.
 Used mainly for domestic consumption in rural areas.
 Gobar gas plants are set up in rural areas which decompose organic waste and produce gas
as well as provide manure for agricultural fields.
Tidal Energy
 Energy of the oceanic tides is used for producing electricity.
 Gulf of Kuchchh (Gujarat) has a great potential for tidal energy.
Geo-Thermal Energy
 It is the energy produced by using internal heat of the Earth.The hot springs in India are ideal
sources for the generation of geothermal energy.
 Manikaran (H.P.) and Puga valley (Ladakh) have geo-thermal power projects.
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Chapter 7
Lifelines of National Economy
Roadways
 India has about 2.3 million km. of road network.
 Why roadways are preferred over railways?
1.Easy to build even in rough terrain.
2.Economically cheaper than railways.
3.Provides door-to-door service, thereby reducing the loading-unloading cost.
4.Construction cost is lower than railways.
5.Used as feeder to railways and airways.
6.Easily maintainable. "Education is most powerful weapon
against social evils"
Road Density -Sikandar Baig Sir
 Length of road per 100 sq. km. area is called
road density.
 Road Density in India: 75 km.
 Minimum density: Jammu and Kashmir (10 km)
 Maximum density: Kerala (375 km)
Classification of Roads
 Super Highways
1. Connect the mega cities of India.
2. Project implemented by NHAI (National Highways Authority of India).
Three components:
1. Golden Quadrilateral: Linking Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
2. North–South corridor: Linking Srinagar (J & K) with Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu).
3. East-West Corridor: Linking Silcher (Assam) with Porbandar (Gujarat).
 National Highways
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1. Connect all major cities of the country.
2. Constructed and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).
 State Highways
1. Link the state capital with various district headquarters.
2. Constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department(SPWD).
 District Roads
1. Connect the district headquarters with other places of the district.
2. Maintained by the Zila Parishad.
 Border Roads
1. Roads in the border areas of the country.
2. Constructed and maintained by the Border Roads Organization (BRO) established in
1960.
Railways
 Indian railways cover a route length of about 163000 km.
 It is used for transportation of freight and passengers.
 It is the largest public sector undertaking in India.
 First train ran from Mumbai to Thane (34 km) in 1853.
 16 railways zones in the country.
 Obstacles in laying railways tracks
o Rivers
o High mountains
o Uneven plateaus
o Sandy plains
o Swamps
o Forests
Railway Tracks
 Broad gauge: 1.676 m (Maximum route)
 Metre gauge: 1.000 m
 Narrow gauge: 0.762 m and 0.610 m
Pipelines
 Uses
o Transport water.
o Transport crude oil.
o Transport Petroleum and natural gas from oil and gas fields to refineries.
o Transport gas to households.
 Networks
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1. Assam oil field to Kanpur in U.P.
2. Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab. Its branches connect Koyali Chakshu.
3. Gas pipeline from Hazira (Gujarat) to Jagdishpur (U.P.) via Vijaipur (M.P.)
Waterways
 Cheapest means of transportation.
 Most suitable for transporting bulky cargo.
 Fuel efficient and environment friendly.
 Total length of inland navigation in India: 14500 km.
 Total length navigable by motorised boats: 3700 km.
 National Waterways of India
1. N. W. No. 1: Ganga River (Allahabad to Haldia, 1620 km.)
2. N.W. No. 2: Brahmaputra River (Sadia to Dhubri, 891 km.)
3. N. W. No. 3: West Coast Canal (Kottampurma–Komman– Udyogamandal and
Champakkara, 205 km.)
 Other inland waterways
1. East–West Canal
2. Damodar Valley Corporation Canal
3. Buckingham Canal
4. Sunderbans
 95% of India’s trade volume is transported by sea.

 Indian coastline: 7516 km.
 12 major and 181 medium and minor ports.
 Kandla (Gujarat)
1. First port developed after independence.
2. It is a tidal port.
 Mumbai (Maharashtra)
1. Biggest port of India
2. Natural port
 Marmagoa (Goa)
1. Iron exporting port.
2. Accounts for 50% of India’s iron ore export.
 New Mangalore Port (Karnataka)
1. Exports iron ore from Kudremukh mines.
 Cochin (Kerala)
1. Located at the entrance of a lagoon.
 Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu)
1. Southernmost port of India.
2. Handles trade with Sri Lanka and Maldives.
 Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
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1. Oldest artificial port.
 Vishakapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
1. Deepest land-locked port.
 Paradwip (Orissa)
Iron ore exports.
 Kolkata (West Bengal)
1. Inland riverine port.
2. Tidal port.
 Haldia (West Bengal)
1. Subsidiary to Kolkata port.
Airways
 Fastest and most comfortable means of transport.
 Most expensive.
 Air transport was nationalised in 1953.
 Indian Airlines and Air India are government carriers.
 Pawanhans helicopters provide services to ONGC.

Communication
 Indian Postal Network
o Largest in the world.
o Six mail channels to facilitate quick delivery.
 Rajdhani Channel
 Metro Channel
 Green Channel
 Business Channel
 Bulk Channel
 Periodical Channel
 Telecommunications
o Covers entire India.
o 24 hour STD facility even in remote villages.
 Mass Communication
o Radio: Akashwani (All India Radio)
o Television: Doordarshan
o Magazines
o Books
o Films: India is the largest producer of films
o Newspapers: In about 100 languages
International Trade
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 Trade between two countries.
 Carried through sea, air or land routes.
 An index of economic prosperity of a country.
 Balance of Trade: Difference between the exports and imports of a country.
 Items of Export from India
o Agriculture and allied products
o Ores and minerals
o Gems and jewellery
o Engineering goods
 Commodities Imported in India
o Petroleum products
o Pearls and precious stones
o Inorganic chemicals
o Coal and coke
o Machinery
o Fertilisers
 India is a software giant and earns through the export of information technology services to
other nations.
Tourism
 India has a large tourism industry.
 About 2.5 million foreign tourists visit India every year.
 It provides employment to about 15 million people.
 Promotes national culture and local handicrafts.

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Chapter 6
Manufacturing Industries
Importance of Manufacturing
 Helps in modernizing agriculture.
 Provides employment opportunities to millions of people.
 Increases the country’s income by exporting manufactured goods.
 Improves the country’s infrastructure.
o Share of manufacturing sector in India’s GDP: 17%
o Growth rate of manufacturing sector: 11% per annum
o Industrial Location
 Location of an industry depends on various factors such as
 Availability of raw material
 Availability of cheap labour
 Availability of power and other infrastructure
 Proximity to markets
 Availability of adequate and swift means of transportation

Agro-Based Industries
 Textile Industry
o Second largest employer after agriculture.
o Contributes about 4% to the GDP.
o Only industry that is self-reliant.
Cotton textiles:
 Produced with hand-spinning, power looms,handlooms and mills.
 Concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat
 Maximum production by power looms.
o India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles after China.
o India accounts for 1/4th of the total world trade in cotton yarn.
Jute textiles:
 India is the largest producer of raw jute.
 Second largest exporter after Bangladesh
 Located in West Bengal
 Sugar Industry
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o India is the second largest producer of sugar after Brazil.
o India is the largest producer of gur and khandsari.
o Sugar mills are located in U.P., Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,Andhra
Pradesh and Gujarat.
o Most mills are in the cooperative sector.
Mineral-Based Industries
 These industries use minerals and metals as raw materials.
 Iron and Steel Industry
o Basic Industry i.e., it is the basis for all other industries.
o Steel = Iron ore + Cooking Coal + Limestone in the ratio of 4:2:1
o India is the ninth largest steel producer.
o India is the largest producer of sponge iron.
o There are 10 primary steel plants in India.
E.g., Bokaro, Raurkela, Burnpur, Bhilai, Durgapur etc.
o SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) is the nodal marketing agency of steel
produced by public sector undertakings.
o Located mostly in the Chotanagpur Plateau region.
 Aluminium
o Light, corrosion free and good conductor of heat.
o Used in aircraft, utensils and wire industry.
o 8 aluminium smelting plants in India.
E.g., NALCO and BALCO in Orissa.
 Chemical Industries
o Contribute 3% to the GDP.
o Third largest in Asia.
o Inorganic Chemicals: Sulphuric acid, plastics, adhesive and paints.
o Organic Chemicals: Petrochemicals, dyes and drugs.
 Fertilizer Industry
o This industry manufactures nitrogenous fertilizers (Urea), phosphoric
fertilizers,ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers.
o India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.
o Located in Gujarat, U.P., Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Kerala.
 Cement Industry
o Cement is manufactured from limestone, silica, aluminium and gypsum.
o Located mainly in Gujarat.
o First cement plant: Chennai in 1904
o Exported to the Gulf countries, Africa and South Asia.
 Automobile Industry
o Manufactures cars, scooters, motorcycles, trucks, buses, three-wheelers etc.
o Located in Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow,
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o Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.
 Information Technology and Electronics Industry
"The purpose of education is not to make a machine, but to make the human being"
- Sheikh Sayed Abdul Qadir Jeelani R.A.
(king of awliya)
o Includes transistors, television, telephones, computers and radars.

o Bangalore is the electronic capital of India.
o This industry has given a boost to employment generation in India.
Industrial Pollution and

Environmental Degradation
Industries cause four types of pollution
1.Land: Land gets polluted and the quality of soil gets degraded when huge quantities of
industrial wastes are dumped, rendering the soil unfertile.
2.Air: The emission of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and other
harmful gases from industries and vehicles causes irreparable damage to the atmosphere.
The smoke emitted by factories contains small dust particles which are inhaled by human
beings and can cause various pulmonary and other diseases.
3.Water: The industrial wastes and chemical effluents discharged into water bodies
contaminate the water and make it unfit for human use.
4.Noise: The blaring horns of automobiles, noise of machinery in the factories and large
scale construction activity creates noise pollution which causes irritation and can also lead to
deafness.
 Controlling Environmental Degradation
o Minimising the use of water.
o Reusing used water by purifying it.
o Rainwater harvesting for conserving water.
o Treating industrial and chemical effluents before discharging them into rivers.
o Minimising the use of fuels that produce harmful gases and adopting clever fuels
such as biogas and natural gas.
o Establishing waste treatment and sewage treatment plants for preventing land and
water pollution.
NTPC
 National Thermal Power Corporation
 A public sector undertaking (PSU)
 Established in 1975
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 Has an ISO 14001 certification for EMS (Environment Management System)
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
BASIS CLASSIFICATION INDUSTRIES
SOURCE OF RAW AGRO-BASED Cotton, wool, jute, silk, rubber,
MATERIAL sugar, tea, coffee
MINERAL BASED Iron, steel, cement, aluminium,
petrochemicals
Role Basic industries Iron and steel, copper smelting,
aluminium smelting
Consumer industries Sugar, cosmetics, paper,
machines etc.
Capital Small scale (investment up to Rs Match-making, handicrafts,
1 crore) toys, plastic containers and
other goods
Large scale (investment above Cosmetics, drugs, electronic
Rs 1 crore) items
Ownership 1.Public sector BHEL, SAIL, NTPC
2.Private sector TISCO, BAJAJ, BPL
3.Joint sector OIL
4.Coopratives Sugar industry (Maharashtra),
coir industry(kerala)

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10TH CBSE

Minerals and Energy Resources

Metalic “The purpose of education is not to

Distribution of Minerals in India

If you find anything of importance missing from this note, email it to us at –

Lifelines of National Economy

 95% of India’s trade volume is transported by sea.

If you find anything of importance missing from this note, email it to us at –

o Includes transistors, television, telephones, computers and radars.

Industrial Pollution and

If you find anything of importance missing from this note, email it to us at –

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