CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

 Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon,

aluminum and iron.

 The materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl
combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. When these
materials are cooked at high temperature, it forms a rock-like substance called “clinker” that is
ground into the fine powder.
CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENT

 Hydraulic cement – A type of cement that is similar to a mortar that used to stop water leaks.

 Non hydraulic cement – It cannot be hardened when exposed in water.

MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT

 Quarry

 Proportioning, blending & grinding

 Preheat tower

 Kiln

 Clinker cooler

 Bagging and shipping

 The wet and dry process are essentially alike except in the wet process, the raw
materials are ground with water before being fed into the kiln.

CHARACTERISTICS

Type I cement - normal

 • It is a general-purpose cement used in concrete for making pavements, floors, reinforced

concrete buildings, bridges, tanks, pipes, etc.

Type II cement- Moderate sulfate resistance

 • It is used where precaution against moderate sulfate attack is important, as in drainage

structures, which may be subjected to a moderate sulfate concentration from ground waters

Type III cement - High early strength

 • It is chemically and physically similar to Type I cement, except that its particles have been
ground finer

Type IV cement - Low heat of hydration

 • It is used where the rate and amount of heat generated from hydration must be minimized

Type V cement - High sulfate resistance

  • It is used only in concrete exposed to severe sulfate action – principally where soils or ground
waters have a high sulfate content

Properties

 Provides strength to masonry.

 Stiffens or hardens early.

 Possesses good plasticity.

 An excellent building material.

 Easily workable.

 Good moisture-resistant.

TYPES OF CEMENT

 Ordinary Portland Cement (PPC) - the most common cement used in general concrete
construction when there is no exposure to sulphates in the soil or groundwater.

 Rapid Hardening - cement used in concrete to achieve a higher rate of early strength
development, compared to using normal cement.

 Sulphate Resisting -is a blended cement designed to improve the performance of concrete
where the risk of sulfate attack may be present. It also provides improved durability for concrete
in most aggressive environments, reducing the risk of deterioration of the structure and
structural failure.

 High Alumina Cement - it is composed of calcium aluminates, unlike Portland cement which is
composed of calcium silicates.

Special Cements

 White Portland Cement – used primarily in architectural purposes such as curtain wall and
facing panels, decorative concrete stucco and tile grout or wherever white or colored concrete
or mortar is specified

 Masonry Cement – The mortar made with this cement has good adhesion and bond

 Air entraining cement – use for resistance of severe frost

 Oil well cement – used for sealing oil well. Must be resistant to high temperature and pressure
  Waterproofed Portland Cement – produced by adding calcium or aluminum to the cement
clinker during the final grinding.

Water cement ratio

 The number of pounds of water per pound of cement.

 A low ratio means higher strengths, a high ratio means lower strengths.