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INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. RELATION – Is a rule that connects two different elements named as the input
(DOMAIN) and output (RANGE)
2. FUNCTION – Is a type of relation in which a certain input will only yield to one
output.

II. WAYS OF ILLUSTRATING RELATIONS

1. MAPPING

Mapping is an illustration of a relation with the use of two figures/shapes

connected by arrows that indicates the input – output rule of the relation.

The left figure is the DOMAIN (X) and the right figure is the RANGE (Y)

EXAMPLE

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 2. ORDERED PAIRS
Ordered Pair is a representation of a relation in which the domain and range of
it is written inside a parenthesis “( )”. The domain will be written first (left)
followed by a comma (,) then the Range (right).

EXAMPLE

(4,5) (6,2) (5,0)

3. GRAPH
Graphs are representation of a relation in lines and curves given the set of
values of axes called X and Y. The horizontal axis is called X – AXIS in which all
the domains were lying while the vertical axis is called Y – AXIS in which all
ranges were lying.

EXAMPLE

4. EQUATIONS
Equation is more of mathematical representation of relations. It is the most
used representation because it is solvable and can be manipulated. The domain
and range are simply denoted as X and Y and their behavior is ruled using
mathematical concepts and operations.

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 EXAMPLE
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5

III. HOW TO DISTINGUISH A FUNCTION FROM RELATION

1. MAPPING
If the Relation is mapped, it is said to be a Function if
• No two or more arrows “COMING FROM” X.

EXAMPLE

FUNCTION MERE RELATION

2. ORDERED PAIRS

If a Relation is in ordered pairs, it is said to be a Function if

• No “X” is repeated

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 EXAMPLE

FUNCTION MERE RELATION

(3,2) (4,1) (2,4) (3,2) (3,1) (3,3)

3. GRAPHS

If a Relation is in graphical form, it is said to be a Function if

• You pass through a vertical line on any point of the graph, it will only
pass through one and only one POINT. (VERTICAL LINE TEST)

EXAMPLE

FUNCTION MERE RELATION

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 4. EQUATIONS

If a Relation is on the form of equation, it is said to be a Function if

• The maximum exponent of “Y” is 1

EXAMPLE
FUNCTION MERE RELATION

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 5

IV. DOMAIN AND RANGE OF RELATIONS/FUNCTIONS

DOMAIN – are the inputs of the function or simply the X – Values.

RANGE – are the outputs of the function or simply the Y – Values.

With mapping and ordered pairs we can easily identify the domain and range. Just
remember that left numbers are DOMAIN and right numbers are RANGE.

The problem is with the graph and equations. You cannot easily distinguish the
domain and range of these representations because you need some sort of principles
and understanding.

DOMAIN AND RANGE ON GRAPHS.

It is already stated above, that the vertical axis of CARTESIAN PLANE is where Y lies and
the horizontal axis is where X lies.

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By these, we can simply infer that the DOMAIN of the graph depends on the x – axis
while the RANGE depends on the y – axis.

EXAMPLE

NOTES:

• Arrow heads means infinity

• To get domain and range, find all possible values that the graph
covered. (natapatan, nadaanan)
• DOMAIN – START FROM THE LEFT
• RANGE – START BELOW
•
DOMAIN
By looking at the graph given above, the graph started as Arrow head. This means
that the graph continues indefinitely. (never ending)

So, our domain will start at −∞. (negative infinity – because the arrow head is on
left side of the graph.).

Then follow the graph

And look for where it stops, ends

or cutted.

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Since our given graph has no cuts and continued up until to the arrow head on the
right side.

Then it ends at + ∞.
Then we write the domain as
(−∞, +∞).
It is read as “negative infinity
up to positive infinity”
NOTE:
WE USE PARENTHESIS IF WE
USE INFINITY AS DOMAIN OR
THERE IS CUT ON THE GRAPH
IN WHICH IT IS NOT INCLUDED
ON THE GRAPH. (table included
after the discussion)

RANGE

For RANGE, we should start locating it from the bottom. Find the lowermost part of the
graph that covers the y – axis.
From our given graph, the encircled is the lowermost part of the graph

Since it covers − 1, that is where the range will start.

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And then, follow the graph until It reaches its highest point, which is an arrow head,

again this means infinity, + ∞.

So, this means that the range of the graph is [ −1, ∞)

[
Note WE USED IF THE GIVEN RANGE IS INCLUDED, ON THE GRAPH (THE LINE
IS NOT BROKEN OR DOESN’T HAVE HOLLOW POINTS).

SYMBOLS USED FOR DOMAIN AND RANGE NOTATION

SYMBOL DEFINITION
[ ] Used if the given element is included on
the graph.
( ) Used if the given element is not included
on the graph or an infinity
U Union sign – it is used if there’s a stop or
break on the graph and it continues on a
different portion of the cartesian plane.

DOMAIN AND RANGE ON EQUATIONS.

Getting domain and range on equations is simpler than on graph.

RULES FOR GETTING THE DOMAIN

EQUATION FORM RULE

𝟏 DOMAIN: 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙

𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 DOMAIN: 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
Linear ALL REAL NUMBERS
Quadratic ALL REAL NUMBER
Others Will be discussed on next lessons

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Example
Get the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2
Since the given is linear then the Domain of it is just
“ALL REAL NUMBERS”
3
Get the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−9

This given is on the form of fraction, then the domain must be

𝑥−9 ≠0
Simplify to obtain the domain
𝑥 ≠9

NOTE this answer is already acceptable as domain. Other schools recommend notation
form. To convert it just follow (−∞, 𝑐)𝑈 (𝑐, ∞).
Then the answer must be (−∞, 9)𝑈(9, ∞).

GETTING THE RANGE

Range doesn’t have any specific rules to consider. Some schools taught their
students that in order to get the range a thorough analysis must be done. But most of
mathematicians prefer to integrate the INVERSE OF THE FUNCTIONS to obtain the
range.

INVERSE FUNCTION – a function has an inverse if it is one to one. Inverse function is

the reflection of the given function. It is denoted as 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

Relations has 4 different types,

One to One; Many to One; One to Many, Many to Many.
How do we identify it?
One to One means ➔ one x results one y
Many to One means ➔ many x results to only one y
One to Many ➔ one x results to many y
Many to Many ➔ many x results to many y

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So, the only relation that has inverse is the first type which is one to one
Here’s how inverse function looks like along with its original function.

HOW TO OBTAIN INVERSE OF A FUNCTION?

EXAMPLE 1,
Find the inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 3

Solution
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 3 change 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦

𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 3 change all 𝑦 to 𝑥 and vice – versa

𝑥 + 3 = 4𝑦 solve for 𝑦 and simplify

4𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
𝑥+3
𝑦= 4
change 𝑦 to 𝑓 −1
𝑥+3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 4
 Answer

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EXAMPLE 2,
4𝑥−5
Find the inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥−2

Solution,
4𝑥−5
𝑦 = change 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦
3𝑥−2
4𝑦−5
𝑥= interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦
3𝑦−2

𝑥(3𝑦 − 2) = 4𝑦 − 5 solve for 𝑦, Cross – Multiply

3𝑦𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 5 distribute 𝑥
3𝑦𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5 let all 𝑦 on one side of equal and transpose all terms
to the other side
𝑦 (3𝑥 − 4) = 2𝑥 − 5 Factor out 𝑦
2𝑥−5
𝑦= simplify, (divide the expression on the parenthesis to
3𝑥−4
cancel).

2𝑥−5
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =  Answer
3𝑥−4

INVERSE FUNCTION FOR GETTING RANGE

RULE:
“If two functions are inverse of each, then the DOMAIN of the original
function is the RANGE of the inverse; and the RANGE of the original function is
the DOMAIN of the inverse.”

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This only means that in order to get the RANGE of a FUNCTION, just get the DOMAIN
of the INVERSE.

EXAMPLE,

2
Find the range of the function 𝑦=
𝑥−1

Solution,
1. Get the inverse first.

2
𝑦=
𝑥−1
2
𝑥=
𝑦−1
𝑥(𝑦 − 1) = 2
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑦 = 2 + 𝑥
2+𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥

2. Get the domain of the inverse.

2+𝑥
Since 𝑦=
𝑥

𝑥 ≠0

3. Set the Range by replacing the DOMAIN of the INVERSE as y

Therefore, the range of the given is
𝑦≠0 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, 0)𝑈(0, ∞)

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V. EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS

Evaluation is process of getting a certain result(output) of a function from a given

input. Remember that input of a function depends only on what the Domain is.
Therefore, you cannot input any number outside from the given Domain as your x or
input.

HOW TO EVALUATE A FUNCTION

“JUST SUBSTITUTE THE GIVEN DOMAIN OR INPUT TO ITS CORRESPONDING
VARIABLE”

EXAMPLE
1. EVALUATE the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 5

Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 Given
𝑓(5) = 3(5) − 2 Substitute x
𝑓(5) = 15 − 2 Simplify
𝑓(5) = 13 Answer

NOTE: you should be able to follow the GEMDAS on solving Evaluation.

VI. PIECE – WISE FUNCTION

PIECE – WISE FUNCTION is a function that is made up of parts (pieces) of different

functions.

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Example of a piece – wise function:

𝑥−2 𝑥>4
𝑓(𝑥) = { 3𝑥 + 5 −5≤ 𝑥 <4
4𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 4 𝑥 < −5
As you can see there’s a specific expression in every given condition. That’s the reason
why it is called Piece – wise.

Graph of a piece wise function looks like this

EVALUATING PIECE – WISE FUNCTIONS

Example 1.
3𝑥 − 1 𝑥>4
𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
𝑥 +1 𝑥 ≤4
Find
a. f(7) b. f(0)

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Solution
a. f(7)
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1 choose an expression in which the input fits from
the given condition.
NOTE: we will choose 3𝑥 − 1 from the piece – wise function since 7 fits on the
condition x > 4. (condition: use 3x – 1 if x > 4).

𝑓(7) = 3(7) − 1 Substitute the input

𝑓(7) = 21 − 1 Simplify
𝑓(7) = 20 Answer

b. f(0)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 choose an expression in which the input fits from
the given condition.
Again, we used 𝑥 + 1 as our expression because the input 0 fits on the
2

condition 𝑥 ≤ 4.

𝑓(0) = 02 + 1 Substitute the input

𝑓(0) = 0 + 1 Simplify
𝑓(0) = 1 Answer

GRAPHING PIECE – WISE FUNCTION

EXAMPLE: GRAPH THE PIECEWISE FUNCTION

𝑥−5 𝑥>3
𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
𝑥 𝑥≤3

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STEPS ON GRAPHING.

1. CONSTRUCT TABLE OF VALUE FOR EACH EXPRESSION

NOTE: PAY ATTENTION TO THE COLOR-CODED ANSWERS.

a. For 𝑥 − 5, if 𝑥 > 3
x y Point
3 -2 (3,-2)
4 -1 (4, -1)
Put a value on “x”, any number and must include critical number and must
follow the condition given.
(in this case, 3 is the critical value) (we use 4 because it is indicated in the
condition that we have to get numbers greater than 3)

For x = 3 For x = 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5
𝑓(3) = 3 − 5 𝑓(4) = 4 − 5
𝑓(3) = −2 𝑓(4) = −1

b. For 𝑥 2 , if 𝑥 ≤ 3
x y Point
3 9 (3,9)
0 0 (0,0)

For x = 3 For x = 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
𝑓(3) = 32 𝑓(0) = 02
𝑓(3) = 9 𝑓(0) = 0

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 2. After table of values, plot the points made on the graph.

NOTE: Curve must be used if the exponent of x is greater than or

equal to 2.

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VII. OPERATIONS ON FUNCTION

A. ADDITION/SUBTRACTION
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
Example
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8

ADD: (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)

Solution.
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8) Substitute the given
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 Combine ALL SIMILAR TERMS

NOTE: FOR SUBTRACTION, ALWAYS DISTRIBUTE THE NEGATIVE SIGN TO THE 2ND
FUNCTION
B. MULTIPLICATION
𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥)
Example
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4
Multiply: (𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥)

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4) Substitute the given
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 8 USE FOIL (FIRST INNER OUTER LAST)
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 Simplify and combine similar terms

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 C. DIVISION
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
Example,

1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8
𝑔
divide: (𝑓 ) (𝑥)

Solution:

𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+8
= Substitute the given
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥−2

(𝑥−2)(𝑥+4)
Factor if possible
(𝑥−2)

(𝑥−2)(𝑥+4)
Cancel common factor
(𝑥−2)

𝑥+4 Answer

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VIII. COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

Composite functions are functions inside a function. These are functions

that were seen under the rule of another function.

EXAMPLE

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1

Find the expression for 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) this is called “Composite”

because g(x) is inside f(x).

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 given

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 3(2𝑥 − 1) + 5 put the whole g(x) inside the “X” of

f(x)

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 6𝑥 − 3 + 5 Distribute 3

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 6𝑥 + 2 Simplify

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 2. Using the same given above, find 𝑓(𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)))

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 Given

For solving this problem, you must start at the innermost functions
𝑓(𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))) get this highlighted function first

𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 2(3𝑥 + 5) − 1 again, insert the inner function to

the x of the outer one.

𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 6𝑥 + 10 − 1 Distribute 2
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 6𝑥 + 9 Simplify

Now use the solved expression to move on the next outside function,
𝒇(𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) the outside function is the f
𝑓(𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 3(6𝑥 + 9) + 5 input the answer above to the x of
f(x)

𝑓 (𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))) = 18𝑥 + 27 + 5 distribute 3

𝑓(𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 18𝑥 + 32 Simplify

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IX. ACTIVITIES

A. Identify if the following given is a function or relation. Write F if it is a Function

and R. (if your answer is a relation, please include a 1 – sentence explanation why
it is not considered as a function).

1. (1, −3); (4, −3); (6, −3); (8, −3) 7. 9𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 9

2. 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 8. (1, 0); (0,1); (8,1); (𝐴, 𝐵)

3. 9𝑥 = 𝑦 3 − 1 9.

4.

5.

10.

6.

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 B. Find the Domain and Range of the following.

1
1. (1, −3); (4, −3); (6, −3); (8, −3) 6. 𝑦=
√𝑥−1

1
2. 𝑦 = 7. 𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 1
2𝑥+5

1
3. 3𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 8. 𝑥2 − 4

4. 𝑦 = √4𝑥 − 12 9. 𝑦 = 𝑥 999

5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 10. 𝑦 = 1

C. Find the Domain and Range of the following.

1.

4.

2.

5.

3.

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 D. Find the Inverse of the following functions
2𝑥 − 1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 − 16 6. 𝑦 =
3𝑥−5

5𝑥−3
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1 7. 𝑦 =
2𝑥−7

2𝑥−1 𝑥−6
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = √ 5
8. 𝑦 =
𝑥−5

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 10 9. 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 10
1
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 10. 𝑦 = √𝑥
3𝑥 − 1

E. Evaluate the following functions

1. 𝑓(−2); 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5

2. 𝑓(−6); 𝑓(𝑥) = √3𝑥 − 5

8𝑥 − 1
3. 𝑓(4); 𝑓(𝑥) =
3

7𝑥 − 5; 𝑥>5
4. 𝑓(−1); 𝑓(𝑥) = { 3𝑥 − 2; −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑥2 𝑥 < −5

6𝑥 − 2; 𝑥>0
5. 𝑓(0); 𝑓(𝑥) = {
3𝑥 − 2; 𝑥≤0

F. Graph the following piece wise function

𝑥 − 1; 𝑥>3
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = { √𝑥 + 1; −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑥2 𝑥 < −1

6𝑥 − 2; 𝑥>0
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
3𝑥 − 2; 𝑥≤0

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 G. Perform the indicated Operations

𝒙−𝟏
Given: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟒

Find:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) 4. 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(ℎ(𝑥))

2. 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

3. 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) 5. 𝑔(5) + 𝑔(𝑓(ℎ(0)))

Given: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟓

Find:

ℎ(𝑥)
1. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) 3.
𝑔(𝑥)

ℎ(𝑥)
2. 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) 4.
𝑓(𝑥)

H. Solve the following problem

1. In a research done by Asia – Pacific Economic Forum (APEC), Philippine economy tend

to increase by a function of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.5𝑥 + 1 percent every year in which x is the fraction

of time. How much growth will the Philippines have in continuing economic growth for

8 years?

2. A bookstore charges 60 php for membership. The first book is free and any book after

the 1st will cost 70 php including the tax.

a. How much money (m) does a student spend after buying books (b)? (construct

your own function)

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 b. How much will a student will pay if he bought 8 books and became a member of

the bookstore?

3. A resort offers different prices for every group that will visit them. If your members

were 5 people below, the price is 1,600 php; if your members were above 5 but less

than 10, the price is 30 times no. of members (n) + 2,000 php. If your members were

above 10, the package price is 3,300 php.

a. Construct a function about the problem

b. How much greater that a group of 10 will pay than the group of 11?

I. Essay

Answer the following questions or give a brief explanation about the following

(at least 5 sentences)

1. How Function is applied in real – life situations?

2. Do you think Functions are related with your future field of work? Why or Why not?

MADE BY: SIR JOHN JAPHET GACIAS DO NOT REPRODUCE 27