Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Prepared by,
Ms.J.S.Princes Thangam,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
SRM Easwari Engineering College,
Chennai -89
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CE 6505-Design of RC Elements
2 MARKS
2) Why Corner reinforcements are provided in a two way slab? (April/ May 2015)
Corner reinforcements are provided in a two way slab in terms of torsional
reinforcement at any corner where the slab is simply supported on both edges meeting at that
corner and is prevented from lifting, unless the consequences of cracking are negligible.
Plane section normal to the axis of the number remain plane after bending.
Strain distribution is linear.
Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
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8) “The working stress method is unrealistic in many ways” – Justify with any two points.
(Nov/Dec 2013)
This method deals only with the elastic behaviour of the member.
It neither gives the real strength nor the true FOS of the structure against failure.
Modular ratio is itself an imaginary quantity because of creep and non-linear stress-
strain relationship of concrete does not have a definite modulus of elasticity.
9) Enlist the different factors that are influencing the durability of concrete as per BIS.
(May/June 2013)
11) What is the expression recommended by the IS 456-2000 for modulus of elasticity?
(Nov/Dec 2012)
Es
𝑚=
Ec
12) How are the safety margins assigned in elastic method and ultimate load method?
(May/June 2012)
13) How does Limit State method of design differ from Working Stress method of design?
(Nov/Dec 2010)
Limit state method advances over the working stress method of design.
Limit state method of design considers safety at ultimate loads and
serviceability at working loads while the WSM deals only with serviceability
such as deflection, crack, etc.
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14) What do you understand by characteristic strength of material? (April/ May 2010)
Characteristic strength of concrete is defined as the value of the strength below which
not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fail. The compressive strength of the
concrete is given in terms of characteristic strength of 150mm size cubes tested at 28 days
(fck).
(or)
Characteristic strength of a material (ie, steel or concrete) which has been established
by testing and standard body, a defined percentage of material samples, when tested exhibit
strength at (or) above the characteristic value.
15) Write down the partial safety factor for (a) concrete (b) steel. (Nov/Dec 2007)
16) What are the Codal provisions for minimum reinforcement to be provided as main
reinforcement and secondary reinforcement in slab and their maximum spacing? (Nov/Dec 2007)
17) What are the different methods used in design of reinforced concrete members?
18) Why is the prescribed value of modular ratio ‘m’ of any grade of concrete much greater
than those obtained by formula?
19) What are the different types of loads that have to be considered in the design of a building?
Dead loads
Imposed loads\ live loads
Wind and snow loads
Seismic loads
Combination of the above loads
20) State the important factors to be considered while designing structural elements.
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21) Draw the stress- strain curve for various grades of steel.
Stress- strain curve for mild steel Stress- strain curve for cold- worked deformed bars
22) Why is a greater factor of safety adopted for concrete than for steel in Working Stress
Method?
Lever arm is defined as the distance between the compressive force and the tensile
force. It is denoted by ‘j’. n
j = 1-3
Merits
It has the advantage of simplicity both in concept as well as in application.
Design usually result in relatively large sections of structural members.
Structures designed by WSM gives better serviceability performance.
Demerits
Methods deal only with the elastic behaviour of the member.
It neither gives the real strength nor the true FOS of the structure against failure.
Modular ratio is itself an imaginary quantity because of creep and non-linear
stress- strain relationship of concrete does not have a definite modulus of
elasticity.
25) Define Factor of safety. What is the FOS for concrete & Steel?
Factor of safety is defined as the ratio of ultimate load a member can carry to the
working load on the member.
(or)
It is defined as the ratio of strength of the material to the permissible stresses in it.
Factor of safety for concrete is 3
Factor of safety for steel is 1.8
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UNIT-II – LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
2 MARKS
2) What is the advantage of two way slabs over one way slab?
(Nov/Dec 2014, May/June 2014)
When a slab is supported on any two opposite supports, it is said to be one way
slab and if supported on all four sides it is said to be two-way slabs. One way slabs are
normally used when the length to breadth ratio of the room is greater than 2 and the short
span does not exceed 3.5 m.
In two way slabs the load is divided on all the supports and the slabs has a
tendency to bend into the shape of a dish. Such slabs can be preferred for spans more than
3.5 m upto 7.5 m. Here the bending moments on both the directions are considered whereas
in one way slabs bending in longitudinal direction is neglected.
3) Draw yield line pattern for a one way slab with simply supported edge conditions.
(Nov/Dec 2013)
4) Sketch the edge & middle strip of one way slab.( May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2012)
In this method the structure shall be designed to withstand the safety all loads liable to
act on it throughout its life.
The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not
become unfit for the use for which it is indented that is, that will be not reaching a limit
state.
The structure will be designed for safe against durability and serviceability
requirements.
Limit state method is the combination of working stress and ultimate load methods.
In this method partial safety factor is considered on both loads and material stresses.
This method is advance over other two methods, since safety and serviceability are
considered.
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6) Distinguish between under reinforced and over reinforced sections.(Nov/Dec 2012)
7) List out the factors that influence the moments developed in two-way rectangular
slabs. (May/June 2012)
Moments developed in the slab are influenced by the following factors:
(i) Short span length (Lx) and Long span length (Ly)
(ii) Type of surrounding edges such as free, fixed, continuous etc.,
(iii) Type of load such as concentrated, uniformly distributed, etc.,
(iv) Magnitude of the load
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11) Define the term: Under reinforced Section.
Quantity of steel provided is less when compared to that of balanced section. (or)
A beam reaches its permissible stress in steel under the working moment before
concrete reaches its stress. (or)
Actual neutral axis is less the critical neutral axis.
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs
is called a ‘limit state’. The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure
will not become unfit for the use for which it is intended, that is, that it will not reach a limit
state.
The concrete in the slabs, which is on the compression side of the beam (in the middle
portions of continuous beams), can be made to resist the compression forces, and the steel
in the tension side of the beam can carry the tension. These combined beam and slab units
are called Flanged beams.
Since the one way slab bends in one direction and also in shorter direction, so it is
necessary to provide transvers reinforcement in one way slabs. These slabs adopted when
availability of two supports in one direction.
(OR)
In one way slab lateral stresses give rise to secondary moments in the transverse direction.
Hence one way slab will need secondary reinforcements in the transverse direction to resist
these secondary moments. Furthermore, bending moments in the transverse direction are
generated locally when the slab is subjected to concentrated loads. Also, shrinkage and
temperature effects introduce secondary stresses which requires transverse reinforcement.
16) Write down the basic values of span to effective depth ratios for different types of
beam.
The basic ratios of span to effective depth of beams for span up to 10 m as (Clause
23.2.1)
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
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For spans above 10 m, the above values may be multiplied with 10/span in meters,
except for cantilevers where the deflection calculations should be made. Further, these
ratios are to be multiplied with the modification factor depending on reinforcement
percentage and type.
17) Draw the stress-strain curve for concrete in the limit state design for flexure.
(Nov/Dec 2007)
18) Sketch the Stress & Strain distribution diagram of RC beam in Limit State Method.
19) Write down the formulae for calculating effective width of flange in flanged beam
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20) What is the advantage of using under reinforced sections than over reinforced
sections?
It is advisable to design R.C. sections as balanced or under reinforced since there will
be clear warning of impending failure of the member in the form of larger deflections and
well distributed cracks with smaller quantities of reinforcement. Over reinforced sections
are not preferred since they require large quantities of reinforcement and the members
under over loads fail suddenly with explosive failures and with negligible deflections and
very few cracks.
22) State the basic assumptions used in theory of bending as applied to limit state design
of RC Structures.(Nov/Dec 2010)
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23) Mention any two advantages of introducing compression steel in reinforced concrete
beams. (May/June 2012)
We introduce compression reinforcement for carry over the additional moments in the
beams.
The safety against failure of beam due to additional bending moment the compression
reinforcement is provided.
24) Under what circumstances are doubly reinforced beams used in practice?
(Nov/Dec 2010, April/May 2010)
The depth of the beams may be restricted for architectural and/or functional
requirements. Doubly reinforced beams are designed if such beams of restricted depth are
required to resist moment more than its Mu, lim.
25) Sketch the edge and middle strip of a two way slab. (May/June 2009)
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UNIT – 3 – LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR BOND, ANCHORAGE, SHEAR &
TORSION
PART A
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6) List down the types of shear failures observed in reinforced concrete member.
(April/May
2015)
The first type is that which is required to maintain basic static equilibrium and
the second is the one required to maintain and compatibility condition between members.
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In general that torsion in statically determinate structure is of the equilibrium type and
torsion in statically-indeterminate structures may be of either of equilibrium or the
compatibility type. In statically determinate structures, loads are distributed in more than
one path, hence torsional effect is minor. But in structures where the major load is applied
unsymmetrically torsion has to be considered carefully.
12) What are the types of reinforcements used to resist shear force and write down the
expression for shear resistance offered by each type?(Nov/Dec 2007, April/May 2010)
a) Vertical stirrups
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2. For single bar or single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same cross-
section
13) Compute the development length of 28mm diameter steel rods in tension zone.
(Nov/Dec 2007)
Development length, Ld = φσs
4τbd
Nominal diameter of bar, ɸ = 28mm
Stress in bar at the section considered at design load = 0.87fy
From Clause no.26.2.1.1, IS 456:2000,
For M20 concrete, design bond stress, τc = 1.2 N/mm2
For Fe 415 steel, τbd increased by 60%,
Development length, Ld = 28x361.05 =1316.33mm 1320mm
4x1.2x1.6
15) What is the IS code provision for maximum spacing of vertical stirrups in RC
beams? (May/June 2008)
Spacing between stirrups in RC beams in a minimum of following 4 cases
i) Spacing, Sv =0.87fyAsvd
Vus
ii) Sv=2.175fyAsv
b
iii) Sv= 0.75d
iv) Sv= 450mm
where, Strength of shear reinforcements, Vus= Vu- τcbd
Asv – cross sectional area of one stirrup
b- Width of beam
d – Effective depth of beam
Sv- Stirrups spacing
fy- characteristics strength of stirrups
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16) Distinguish between flexural bond and development bond. (May/June 2008)
Flexural bond
The bond stress developed along the length of the bar in order to let the cross
section of the bar act together is termed as flexural bond
τb = V
Ɛojd
Ɛo – total perimeter of the bar
j- lever arm factor
d –effective depth
τb – shear stress
Anchorage or development bond
It arises over the length of anchorage provided for a bar or near to the end of the
reinforcing bar.
19) Name the locations in beam where the development lengths of tension bars should
be checked?
At beams, the development lengths should be checked at the sections where,
Maximum bending moment occurs
Point of curtailment
Point of inflation.
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22) Why is the shear strength of concrete (τc) in a beam related to the percentage of
tension steel?
Formation of inclined cracks in beam occurs when principal tensile stress
reaches the tensile stress of the concrete. It is also influenced by other parameter such
as the ‘a/d’ ratio and percentage of tension steel. Hence shear stress of concrete, τc has
taken based on percentage of tension steel.
Where, a - Distance between point of action of load and centre of support
d - Effective depth of the beam
24) What are the important factors affecting the shear resistance of a RC member
without shear reinforcement?
The important factors affecting the shear resistance of a RC member without
shear reinforcement are
(i) Characteristic Strength of concrete
(ii) Percentage of Longitudinal Steel
(iii) Shear span to depth ratio
(iv) Axial Compressive/Tensile Force
(v) Effect of Cross Section
(vi) Effect of two way section
25) Shear reinforcements are not required for R.C. solid slab. Why?
Generally solid slabs subjected to normal distributed load, actual shear stress
(τv) is less than allowable shear stress (kτc) and hence do not need shear reinforcements.
Thickness of slab controlled by limiting deflection criteria is usually adequate in terms
of shear capacity.
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UNIT – 4 – LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS
2 MARKS
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Column with lengths that are between the short and long column is defined
as intermediate column. Intermediate columns fail both by yielding and buckling.
Hence, in situations where yielding and buckling are predominate, the column should
be designed as an intermediate column.
5) Write any two support conditions of columns. (May/June 2014)
Effective length of a column (Lo) is the height of the column which is
dependent on the bracing and end or support conditions. Seven types of end or
support conditions may be visualized. Two of the support conditions are given
below:
(i) Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation in both ends.
Theoretical value of effective length = 0.50 Lo
(ii) Effectively held in position at both ends, restrained against rotation at one
end. Theoretical value of effective length = 0.70 Lo
6) On what conditions long column is more suitable? (May/June 2014)
If the ratio of the effective length to the least lateral dimension of the
column is more than 12, the column is known as long column. For long columns
failure load is characterized by buckling or instability.
Hence, in situations where buckling is predominate, the column should be
designed as long column.
7) What is the formula used in the Bresler’s Load Contour method of approach
for short columns subjected to axial load and biaxial bending? ( Nov/Dec 2013)
This method is based on the concept of a failure surface which is the envelope
of a number of interaction curves for different axes of bending of a column.
The design interaction equation is expressed as:
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8) What is pedestal? (May/June 2013)
A column is a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds
three times the least lateral dimension. The term pedestal is used to describe the
vertical compression member whose effective length is less than three times its least
lateral dimension.
9) Write down the expression for minimum eccentricity for design of columns.
(May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2010)
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13) Distinguish between unsupported length and effective length of columns.
(Nov/Dec 2014)
Effective length is defined as the distance between the points of inflection in
the buckled configuration of the column in that plane. It depends on the unsupported
length l and the effective length ratio, k, which depends on the end condition. That
is Le = kl
Unsupported length is the clear distance between the floor and the shallower
beam framing into the columns in each direction at the next higher floor level.
14) What is meant by short and long columns? (April/May 2010, May/June 2007)
Long Column:
A column is considered as a long column when the slenderness ratio (i.e.,)
effective length to the least lateral dimensions is greater than 12.
Long Column fails by buckling.
Short Column:
A column is considered as a short column when the slenderness ratio (i.e.,)
effective length to the least lateral dimensions is less than or equal to 12.
Short column fails by crushing or compression.
15) What are the functions of lateral ties in columns?
(April/May 2010, May/June2008)
Lateral ties are provided to do the following foundations:
(i) To prevent the buckling of individual bars.
(ii) To confine the concrete.
(iii) To keep the main bars in position while concreting.
16) Draw a typical column interaction diagram showing the salient points.
(Nov/Dec 2007)
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17) According to I.S. Code “All columns should be designed for minimum
eccentricity” – Justify the statement. (Nov/Dec 2007)
IS 456-2000, Clause No: 25.4 specifies that all columns should be designed
for minimum eccentricity, emin due to the following reasons:
(i) Lateral loads such as wind and seismic loads are not considered in
design.
(ii) Misalignment in construction
(iii) Slenderness effects not considered in design.
(iv) Accidental lateral or eccentric loads.
18) What is eccentrically loaded column?
An eccentrically loaded column transmits the compressive force with an
explicit design requirement to carry lateral loads or end moments.
(OR)
When the line of action of load passes away from the centre of gravity of
column, it is called as eccentrically loaded.
19) What is uniaxial bending? (May/June 2007)
A column is subjected to eccentric load along one axis only. Such a column
is said to be under uniaxial bending.
(OR)
The moment due to load transferred from one direction of column is called
as uniaxial bending.
20) What is biaxial bending? (May/June 2007)
A column is subjected to eccentric load along both X and Y axes. Such a
column is said to be under biaxial bending.
(OR)
The moment due to load transferred from both direction of column is called
as biaxial bending.
21) What are the specifications for pitch of lateral ties in columns? (Nov/Dec 2008)
As per clause 26.5.3.2, IS 456:2000, pitch of helical reinforcement shall not
be more than the least of the following values.
(i) Spacing (or) Pitch should not be greater than 75 mm
(ii) Spacing should not be greater than one sixth of the diameter of core.
(iii) Spacing should not be less than 25mm.
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(iv) Spacing should not be less than 3 times the diameter of helical
reinforcement.
(v)
22) Define slenderness ratio. How columns are classified based on this ratio?
Slenderness ratio is a geometrical property of a compression member which
is related to the ratio of its effective length to its least lateral dimension.
The columns according to the slenderness ratio (l/D) are as follows:
(a) (l/D) ratio is less than 12 is said to be short
(b) (l/D) ratio is greater than 12 is said to be long
23) Under which condition a column is designed with axial load and biaxial
bending?
A column with axial load and biaxial bending is commonly found in
structures, because of two major reasons.
(i) Axial load may have natural eccentricities, through small, with
respect to both the axes.
(ii) Corner columns of a building may be subjected to bending moments
in both the directions along with axial load.
The diameter shall not be less than
(a) One fourth of the largest longitudinal bar
(b) 6 mm.
24) Write down the Codal provisions for minimum and maximum percentage of
reinforcement provided in columns?
The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than
0.8% not more than 6% of the cross sectional area of the column.
25) Write down the formula for ultimate load carrying capacity of a short axially
loaded column.
From Clause 39.3, IS 456:2000, Pu = 0.4fckAc + 0.67 fyAsc
Where, Pu = Factored axial load
Ac = Area of Concrete
Asc = Area of Steel
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UNIT 5 – LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING
2 MARKS
Wall footings carry a continuous wall such that the load distribution is uniform
and load intensity is low on the supporting soil. In such footings for design purposes the
load per unit length is taken. Load intensity is given in force per unit length is taken.
These footings are also named as strip footing when (L/B) ratio is greater than 5.
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5. Give the general steps involved in the design of combined footing. (Nov/Dec2013)
Following are the step by step procedure for the design of combined rectangular
footing:
(i) Find the total column loads which are to be positioned in the footings
and determine the line of action of the resultant.
(ii) Obtain the soil pressure distribution (stress per unit length of the
footing).
(iii) Find the width, B of the footing
(iv) Draw the shear force diagram along the length of the footing.
(v) Draw the bending moment diagram along the length of the footing.
(vi) Draw the footing as a continuous beam to withstand the shear and
bending moment.
(vii) Design the footings for transverse bending also in the same manners
for spread footing.
6. Name any four loads you would consider in the design of masonry walls. (Nov/Dec
2013)
Design load is decided based on the following considerations:
(i) Dead Load + Live Load
(ii) Dead Load + Appropriate Live Load + Seismic Load ( with higher
permissible stress)
(iii) Dead Load + Appropriate Live Load + Wind Load ( with higher
permissible stress)
(iv) Dead Load + Seismic Load
Where D = Minimum depth below the soil surface of the soffit of the footing.
q = Safe Bearing Capacity of soil.
γ = Unit weight of soil.
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8. When is the combined footing provided? (May/June 2013, Apr/May 2010, Nov/Dec
2008)
Combined footings are provided due to any one of the following reasons.
(i) The columns are spaced too closely
When two columns are close together, causing overlap of
adjacent isolated footings.
(ii) Foundation on boundary or property line
If isolated footing is provided on boundary or property line, the
footing has to be extended beyond the property line. In such cases, two or
more columns can be supported on a single rectangular foundations.
(iii) Differential settlement under two columns
9. What is punching shear in RCC footing? (Nov/Dec 2012, May/June 2009)
Punching shear is a type of shear failure occurs in reinforced concrete footings
due to axial load from the column and upward soil thrust from the ground.
10. What is one way and two way shear in footing? (Nov/Dec 2012, Nov/Dec 2010 )
11. How is the main steel distributed in wall footings and two-way rectangular
footings? (May/June 2012)
The main steel is distributed as given below:
(a) In one-way reinforced footings, as in wall footings, the main steel is
distributed uniformly over the full width of the footing.
(b) In two-way reinforced footings, as in rectangular footings, the main
steel in the long direction is distributed uniformly across the full
width of the footing.
12. Sketch one way shear and two way shear in footing. (Apr/May 2010,Nov/Dec 2007)
(a) One way shear
One way shear is critical at section ‘d’ from face of the column or masonry
wall as shown in figure:
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(b) Two way shear
Two way or punching shear is critical at ‘d/2’ from face of the column
13. What are the governing factors to decide the depth of R.C. footing? (Nov/Dec 2007)
The depth of foundation below ground level is determined by Rankine’s
formula as:
q 1−sin ∅
D = γ (1+sin ∅)2
16. What is meant by eccentric loading on a footing and under what circumstances
does this occur?
In eccentric loading, resultant of the acting forces does not coincide with the
centroid of the footing which creates non uniform bearing pressure. Eccentricity may be
caused by a moment at the column base or by an unsymmetrical footing base.
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17. Write down the formula for calculating bending moment in design of rectangular
footings?
18. What is the major role of foundations? How the foundation is classified?
The foundation is a very important part of a structure, which is located below
the ground level. The foundation transfer and spread the loads from column or wall into
the ground soil evenly. It is otherwise called as sub structures.
Depending on the dimensions such as depth & width and load transfer,
foundations can be broadly classified into two types:
Wide base slab is provided continuously under load bearing masonry walls of
the building is called as spread or strip footing.
21. What is mat foundation? Under what circumstances mat footing is required?
(1) Structures like chimneys, silos, cooling towers, building basements where continuous
water proofing is needed.
(2) For foundations where differential settlement can be a major problem.
(3) Construction site contains soft or weak soil strata such as silt, black cotton soil,
shrinkable or expansible clay etc.
(4) In situations where individual footings may touch or overlap each other.
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22. What is shallow foundation? List out the types of shallow foundation.
23. What is deep foundation? List out the types of deep foundation.
The maximum and minimum value of soil pressure at extreme edges of base
are,
P M
Soil pressure, p = A ± in KN/m2
Z
P M
Pmax = A + Z
P M
Pmin = -
A Z
where, P= axial load from the column including self-weight of footing and overburden
soil in KN.
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3. It resists uplift forces due to ground water.
4. It provides good support for walls and columns.
5. To stable in sliding and overturning for retaining wall foundations.
6. It should not settle in the downward direction due to loads and soil condition.
7. To prevent differential settlement of building.
8. To provide a plane surface for the convenience of construction.
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