CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Synchronous Machine:

With the development of the technology and the way in which human labour is getting
minimised and the comforts increasing tremendously the use of electrical energy ever
increasing. Basically electric power is the main source of energy for carrying out many
functions, as it is a clean and efficient energy source, which can be easily transmitted
over long distances. With the availability of transformer for changing the voltage levels
to very high value(of say 132KV to 400KV) the use of AC power as increased rapidly
and the DC power is used only at remote places where AC power cannot be supplied
through power lines or cables or for few social purposes for this purpose synchronous
machines are used.

Definition:

A Synchronous machine is an electrical machine whose rotating speed is proportional

to the frequency of the supply and independent of the load.

In otherwords, synchronous machines are doubly excited energyconversion devices,

because the armature winding either exports ac power (synchronous generator) or
imports ac power(synchronous motor) .whereas field winding is also energised from dc
source.

A synchronous machine is just anelectromechanical transducer which converts

mechanical into electrical energy and vice versa.,

1
 Fig: 1.1

Synchronous Motor:

It was first developed by Michael Faraday(1791-1867) in 1821 and the invention of

synchronous motor by Nikola Tesla(1856-1943).

A Synchronous motor is a type of ac motor it contains multiple phases. The stator

consistsof electromagnets and it creates magnetic field. The synchronous motor works
on mutual inductance and the mutual inductance is created between stator and rotor.
Synchronous motor is also used as in alternator or an AC generator.

2
 Fig: 1.2

Types of synchronous motor:

There are two major types of synchronous motor according to excitation which are as
follows:

1) Non excited synchronous motor

2) Direct current excited motor

Synchronous Generator:

A Synchronous generator is an electrical machine producing alternating EMF (electro

motive force or voltage) of constant frequency. In our country the standard
commercial frequency of AC supply is 50HZ. In USA and a few other countries the
frequency is 60HZ. A Synchronous generators are the primary source of the electrical

3
power. For the heavy power generation, the stator of the synchronous generator
designed for voltage ratings between 6.6KV to 33KV.

The AC voltages generated may be single phase or three phase depending on the
power supplied.

1) For low power applications single phase generators are preferable.

2) For high power applications three phase generators are preferable.

Fig: 1.3

4
CHAPTER 2

Working principle of synchronous machines:

The fundamental phenomenon or law which makesthese conversions possible are

known as the law of electromagnetic induction and lawofinteraction.

1) Law of electromagnetic induction:

This law is also called as Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction. This law
relates to the production of EMF. i.e.,EMF is induced in a conductor whenever itcuts
across the magnetic field as shown below

Fig: 2.1

5
2) Law of interaction:

This law relates to production of force or torque. i.e., whenever a current

carryingconductor placed in the magnetic field producedby the current carrying
conductor and the mainfield force is exerted on the conductor producingtorque the
figure is shown below.

Fig: 2.2

6
CHAPTER 3

CONSTRUCTION:

Synchronous generator or synchronous motor consist of namely consists of two parts

namely the stator and the rotor.

1) STATOR

The stator is the stationary part of themachine it carries armature winding in which
thevoltage is generated. It includes various parts like stator frame Stator core, stator
windings and cooling arrangement are explained below.

a) Stator frame:

It is the outer body of the machine made of cast iron and protects the inner part of the
machine.

b) Stator core:

Stator core is made up of silicon steel material its function is to provide an easy path
forthe magnetic lines of force and accommodate thestator winding.

c) Stator winding:

Slots are cut on the innerperiphery of the stator core in which threephase or one phase
winding is placed enamelled copper is used as winding material .windingis generally
star winding. The winding of eachphase is distributed over several slots. When
thecurrent flows in a distributed winding it producesan essentially sinusoidal space
distributing of EMF.

7
 Fig: 3.1

2) ROTOR:

The rotating part of machine is calledRotor. There are two types of rotor construction
namely salient pole type &cylindrical pole type (or) non-salient pole type (or) round
rotor.

I. Salient pole rotor:

The term salient means projecting.Thus, a salient pole rotor consists of pole
projectingout from the surface of the rotor core the end view of typical 6 pole.Salient
pole rotor is shown below in the figure since the rotor is Subjected to change
inmagneticfields.,it is made up of steellamination to reduce eddy current losses.Poles
of identical dimension are assembleby stacking lamination to the required length.

A salient pole synchronous machine has no uniform air gap. The air gap is minimized
under the pole centres and it is maximum in between the poles. They are constructed
for the medium and low speeds as they have largenumber of poles. A salient pole
generator haslargediameter.The salient pole rotor has thefollowing important parts.

8
a)Spider:

It is made of cast iron . To provide aneasy part for the magnetic flux. It is keyed tothe
shaft and at the outer surface pole core andpole shoe are keyed to it.

b)Pole core and pole shoe:

It is made up of laminated sheet steel material pole core Provides least reluctance path
for the magneticfield and pole shoe distributes the field over the whole periphery
uniformly to produce a sinusoidal wave.

c)Field winding or Exciting winding:

It is wound on the former and then placed around the pole core. Dc supply is given to
it through slip rings. when direct current flows through the field winding, it produces
the required magnetic field.

d)Damper winding:

At the outer most periphery, holes are provided in which copper bars are inserted and
short circuited at both the sides by the rings forming damper winding.

Fig: 3.2 Two pole salient pole rotor

9
II. Non-salient pole rotor or Cylindrical rotor

In this type of rotor, there are no projected poles, but the poles are formed by the current
flowing through the rotor exciting winding. Cylindrical rotors are made from solid
forgings of high grade nickel chrome molybdenum steel. It has a comparatively small
diameter and long axial length.

They are useful in high speed machines. The cylindrical rotor type alternator as two or
four poles on the rotor. Such a construction provides a greater mechanical strength and
permits more accurate dynamic balancing. The smooth rotor of the machine makes less
windage losses and the operation is less noisy because of the uniform air gap.

The figure below shows the end view of the two pole and four pole Cylindrical Rotors.

Fig; 3.3 Two pole Non salient(cylindrical) rotor

10
They are driven by stem or gas turbines. Cylindrical synchronous rotor are called turbo
alternators and turbo generators. The machines are built in a number of ratings from
10MVA to over 1500MVA. The biggest size used in India has a rating of 500MVA
installed in the super thermal power plant.

Non-salient pole type rotors have the following parts.

Following parts of Non salient pole rotor are mentioned in the below are :

a) Rotor Core:

The rotor core is made of silicon steel stampings. It is placed on the shaft. At the outer
periphery, slots are cut in which exciting coils are placed.

b) Rotor Winding or Exciting Winding:

It is placed on the rotor slots, and current is passed through the winding in such a way
that the poles are formed according to the requiremen

c) Slip rings:

Slip rings provide dc supply to the rotor windings.

d) Miscellaneous Parts (Different parts):

The miscellaneous parts are given below:

i)Brushes:

Brushes are made of carbon, and they slip over the slip rings. A DC supply is given to
the brushes. Current flows from the brushes to the slip rings and then to the exciting
windings.

ii)Bearings:

Bearings are provided between the shaft and the outer stationary body to reduce

the friction. They are made of high carbon steel.

11
iii)Shaft:

The shaft is made of mild steel. Mechanical power is taken or given to the machine
through the shaft.

12
CHAPTER 4:

DESIGN OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

Output Equation:

The output equation for poly phase ac machines as been derived below. The purpose
of the section is to try to relate the ratings of rotating machines to their main
dimensions. A few equations are developed which are applicable to all types of
rotating machines, i.e., dc induction and synchronous machines are

𝑉𝑝ℎ = phase voltage; 𝐼𝑝ℎ =phase current;

𝑍𝑝ℎ =no. of conductors/phase; 𝑇𝑝ℎ =no.of turns/phase;

𝑁𝑠 =synchronous speed in rpm; 𝑛𝑠 =synchronous speed in rps;

P=no. of poles; ac=specific electric loading;

φ=air gap flux/pole; 𝐵𝑎𝑣 =Average flux density;

𝐾𝑤 =winding factor; D=Diameter of the stator;

L= gross core length;

𝐶𝑜 =output coefficient;

Output of 3-phase synchronous generator is given by

Output of the machine 𝑄 = 3𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝑝ℎ × 10−3 KVA

13
Assuming induced EMF 𝐸𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝑝ℎ

Output of the machine 𝑄 = 3𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝑝ℎ × 10−3 𝐾𝑉𝐴

Induced EMF 𝐸𝑝ℎ = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤

= 2.22𝑓∅𝑍𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤

𝑃𝑁𝑠
Frequency of generated EMF 𝑓 = = 𝑃𝑛𝑠 /2
120

= 𝑃∅ = 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝜋𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝐼𝑝ℎ 𝑍𝑝ℎ /𝜋𝐷

= 𝑄 = 3 × 2.22 × 𝑃𝑛𝑠 /2 × ∅𝑍𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 𝐼𝑝ℎ × 10−3 𝐾𝑉𝐴

Output to motor = (1.11 × 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝜋𝐷𝐿 × 𝜋𝐷𝑎𝑐 × 𝑛𝑠 𝐾𝑤 )

𝑄= (1.11 π2𝐵𝑎𝑣 ac 𝐾𝑤 10-3) D2 L 𝑛𝑠 KVA

𝑄 =(11 𝐵𝑎𝑣 ac 𝐾𝑤 10-3)D2 L ns KVA

Therefore output Q= D2 L ns KVA

Where 𝐶𝑜 =(11 𝐵𝑎𝑣 ac 𝐾𝑤 10-3)= output coefficient

Choice of specific loading:

From the output equation it is seen that choice of higher value of specific magnetic
and electric loading leads to reduced cost and size of the machine.

1) Specific magnetic loading:

Following are the factors which influences the performance of the machine.

14
a) Iron loss:

A high value of flux density in the air gap leads to higher value of flux in the iron
parts of the machine which results in increased iron losses and reduced efficiency.

b) Voltage:

When the machine is designed for higher voltage space occupied by the insulation
becomes more thus making the teeth smaller and hence lower value of gap density
should be used.

c) Transient short circuit current:

A high value of the gap density results in decrease in leakage reactance and hence
increased value of armature current under short circuit conditions.

d) Stability:

The maximum power output of a machine under steady state condition is inversely
proportional to synchronous reactance. If higher value of flux density is used it leads

to smaller number of turns/phase in armature winding. This results in reduced value of

leakage reactance andhence increased value of power and hence increased steady
state stability.

e) Parallel operations:

The satisfactory parallel operations of synchronous generators depends on the

synchronizing power. Higher the synchronizing power higher will be the ability of the
machine to operate in synchronism. The synchronizing power is inversely
proportional to synchronous reactance and hence the machine’s design with higher
value air gap flux density will have better ability to operate in parallel with other
machines.

Following are usual 𝐵𝑎𝑣 assumed

Cylindrical rotor machine: 0.55 to 0.65wb/m2

15
Salient pole machine: 0.50 to 0.65wb/m2

2) Specific electrical loading:

Following are the some factors which influence the choice of specific electric
loadings.

a) Copper loss:

Higher the value of ‘ac’ larger will be the number of armature conductors which
results in higher copper loss. This will result in higher temperature rise and reduction
efficiency.

b) Voltage:

A higher value of ‘AC’, larger can be used for low voltage machines. Since the space
required for the insulation will be smaller.

c) Synchronous reactance:

High value of ’ac’ leads to higher value of leakage reactance and armature reaction
and hence higher value of synchronous reactance. Such machines will have poor
voltage regulation, lower value of current under short circuit condition and low value
of steady state stability limit and small value of synchronizing power.

d) Stray load losses:

With increased value of ’ac’ stray load losses will increase.

The usual values of ‘ac’

Turbo machines: 50,000 to 10,000 amp-conductor/m

Salient pole machines: 20,000 to 50,000 amp-conductor/m

16
Salient pole machine:

In case of salient pole machines either round or rectangular pole construction is

employed. In these types of machines the diameter of the machine will be quite larger
than the axial length.

Round poles:

The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch may be assumed varying between 0.6 to 0.7 and
pole arc may be taken as approximately equal to axial length of stator core. Hence,

Axial length of the core/pole pitch=L/𝜏𝑝 =0.6 to 0.7

Rectangular poles:

The ratio of axial length to pole pitch may be assumed varying between 0.8 to 3 and a
suitable value may be assumed based on the design specifications.

Axial length of the core/pole pitch=L/𝜏𝑝 =0.8 to 3

Using the above relations D and L can be separated. However once these values are
obtained diameter of the machine must satisfy the limiting value of peripheral speed
so that the rotor can withstand centrifugal forces produced.

Limiting values of peripheral speeds are as follows:

Bolted pole construction =50m/s

Dove tail pole construction =80m/s

Normal design =30m/s

Turbo alternators:

These alternators will have larger speed of the order of 3000 rpm. Hence the diameter
of the machine will be smaller than the axial length. As such the diameter of the rotor
is limited from the consideration of permissible peripheral speed limit. Hence the

17
internal diameter of the stator is normally calculated based on peripheral speed.
Peripheral speed for these alternators must be below 175m/s.

Short Circuit Ratio

It is defined as the ratio of field current required to produce rated voltage on open
circuit to the field current required to circulate rated current on short circuit

Fig:4.1

18
The figure shows the open circuit and short circuit characteristics of an alternator.

According to definition

SCR=OA/OE

Triangles OAB and OED are similar

Since ˂OAB = <OED

<OBA = <ODE

<AOB = <EOD

Now, OA/OE = AB/ED = OB/OD

That is SCR = AB/ED

= AB/AC = 1/(AC/AB) = 1/open circuit voltage/short circuit current

=1/synchronous impedance

=1/Zs = 1/Xs = neglecting Ra

Effect of SCRon machine performance

Short Circuit Ratio is an important factor of the synchronous machine. It affects the
operating characteristics, physical size and cost of the machine. The large variation in
the terminals of synchronous machine are :

1) Voltage regulation
2) Stability
3) Parallel operation
4) Short circuit current

19
1) Voltage regulation:

A high value of SCR means that the synchronous reactance has a low value resulting
in to good voltage regulation.

2) Stability:

A machine with high value SCR. i.e., lower value of 𝑋𝑑 , will lead to high
synchronizing power and thus giving a higherstability limit.

3) Parallel operation:

A machine with low value of SCR means a large value of 𝑋𝑑 giving a small value of
synchronizing power. such a machine have problem during parallel operation.

4) Short circuit current:

A small value of SCR means a large value of 𝑋𝑑 Which will limit the short circuit
current during fault conditions.

For salient pole machines SCR value varies from 0.9 to 1.3

5) Length of the air gap:

Length of the air gap is a very important parameter as it greatly affects the
performance of the machine. Air gap in synchronous machine For turbo alternators
SCR value varies from 0.7 to 1.1

Effects the value of SCR and hence it influences many other parameters. Hence,
choice of air gap length is very critical in case of synchronous machine.

The approximate value of air gap length can be expressed in terms of pole pitch.

For salient pole armature: 𝐼𝑔 = (0.012 to 0.016) x pole pitch

For turbo alternators: 𝐼𝑔 = (0.02 to 0.026) x pole pitch

Synchronous machines are generally designed with a large air gap length compared to
that of induction motors.

20
Estimation of length of air gap:

Length of the air gap is usually estimated based on the ampere/turns required for the
air gap.

Armature ampere turns per pole required

𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 1.35𝐼𝑝ℎ 𝑇𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 /P

Where 𝑇𝑝ℎ = Turns per phase; 𝐼𝑝ℎ =phase current.

No load field ampere turns per pole

𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑜 = SCR × Armature ampere turns per pole

𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑜 = SCR × 𝐴𝑇𝑎

Ampere turns required for the air gap will required for the air gap will be
approximately equal to 80% of the no load field ampere turns per pole.

0.8ATfo = 800000 𝐵𝑔 𝐾𝑔 𝐼𝑔

𝐼𝑔 = 0.8 𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑜 /800000𝐵𝑔 𝐾𝑔

Selection of number of slots:

Following factors are considered for selection of number of slots.

1) Balanced winding: The number of slots are so selected that a balanced 3-phase
winding is obtained. Unbalanced winding will leads to generation of space harmonics
and overheating.

2) Tooth flux density: Selection of large number of slots will leads to narrower teeth
resulting in to increased tooth flux density beyond permissible limits.

3) Leakage reactance: With less number of slots, the conductors are nearer leading to
increased leakage flux and thereby increased leakage reactance.

21
4) Tooth ripples: With large number of slots tooth ripples therefore pulsation loss
decreases.

5) Temperature rise and cost: Selection of too small a numberof slots will leads to
crowding of conductors, disturbance in air circulation and hence developing high
internal temperature.

Also, smaller number of slots results in saving in labor because of less number of coils
to wind, insulate, place into slots and conductor.

Considering all the above points number of slots per pole phase for salient pole
machines may be taken 3 to 4 and for turbo alternators it’s may be selected as 7 to 9
slots per pole per phase.

Slot pitch must be in the following limitations :

I. Low voltage machines ≤ 2.5cm

II. Medium voltage machines up to 6kv ≤4.0cm
III. High voltage machines up to 15kv ≤ 6.0cm

Turns per phase:

Turns per phase can be calculated from EMF equation of the alternator Hence turn per
phase𝑇𝑝ℎ = 𝐸𝑝ℎ /4.44fφKw

Eph = Induced EMF per phase

𝑍𝑝ℎ = number of conductors/phase in stator

𝐾𝑤 = winding factor may assumed as 0.955

Conductor section:

Current per phase = (KVA × 1000)/3×Eph

22
The conductor current 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ , When all the turns per phase are connected in series.

But 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ /A if there are ‘A’ number of parallel paths per phase.

Sectional area of the stator conductor as =Is /δs

Where δs is the current density in stator windings and 𝐼𝑠 is stator current per phase. A
suitable value of current density has to be assumed considering the advantages and
disadvantages.

Advantages of higher value of current density:

I. Reduction in cross section

II. Reduction in weight
III. Reduction in cost

Disadvantages of higher value of current density:

I. Increase in resistance
II. Increase in cu loss
III. Increase in temperature rise
IV. Reduction in efficiency

Hence higher value is assumed for low voltage machines and small machines. Usual
value of current density for stator windings is 3 to 5 amps/mm2

Stator slot dimensions:

Because parallel sided slots are used the teeth are tapered having minimum width at
the gap surface. The flux density in teeth at the air gap surface at no load does not
exceed about 1.7 to 1.8 Weber/m2.

Where ∅=ratio of pole arc to pole pitch

The depth of the slot 𝑑𝑠 is now determined by space requirement for copper and
insulation. The depth of slot is normally about 3 types the width.

23
The length of mean turn:

𝑙𝑚𝑡 =2L + 2.5 𝜏𝑝 + 0.06kv + 0.2m

Design of field system – Salient pole rotor

Salient pole rotor consists of large number of projected poles mounted on a magnetic
wheel and their dimensions are.

Dimension of the pole:

1) Axial length of the pole:

Axial length of the pole may be assumed 1 to 1.5 cm less than that of stator core.

2) Width of the pole:

Leakage factor for the pole is assumed varying between1.1 to 1.15.

Thus the flux in the pole body = 1.1 to 1.15∅

Area of the pole = Flux in the pole body/ Flux density in the body.

Flux density in the pole body is assumed between1.4 to 1.6 Weber/m2.

Area of the pole =width of the pole × net axial length of the pole.

Net axial length of the pole = gross length × stacking factor

Stacking factor may be assumed as 0.93 to 0.95.

Hence width of the pole = Area of the pole/ net axial length of the pole.

3) Height of the pole:

Height of the pole is decided based on the MMF to be provided on the pole by the
field winding at full load. Hence it is required to find out MMF to be provided on the
pole at full load before finding the height of the pole. Full load field ampere turns
required for the pole can be calculated based on the armature ampere turns per pole.

Hence full load field ampere turn.

24
Armature ampere turns per pole 𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 1.35 𝐼𝑝ℎ 𝑇𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 /p

And per pole can be assumed 1.7 to 2.0 times the armature ampere turns per pole

𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑙 = (1.7 to 2.0) 𝐴𝑇𝑎

Height of the pole is calculated based on the height the field coil required and the
insulation.

Height of the field coil:

If = current in the field coil;

𝑎𝑓 = area of the field conductor;

𝑇𝑓 = number of turns in the field coil;

𝑅𝑓 = resistance of the field coil

𝑙𝑚𝑡 = length of the mean turn of the field coil , hf = height of the field

𝑠𝑓 = copper space factor

𝑑𝑓 = depth of the field coil

Pf = permissible loss per m2 of the cooling surface of the field coil

𝑞𝑓 = heat generated per unit volume

Watts radiated from the field coil = External surface in cm2 × watts/cm2

= External periphery of the field coil × Height of

the field coil × watts/cm2

Total loss in the coil (𝐼𝑓2 × 𝑅𝑓 )= (𝐼𝑓2 × 𝜌 × 𝑙𝑚𝑡 × 𝑇𝑓 /𝑎𝑓 )

25
Total copper area in the field coil = 𝑎𝑓 × 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑠𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑𝑓
Thus watts lost per coil = (𝐼𝑓2 × 𝜌 × 𝑙𝑚𝑡 × 𝑇𝑓 )𝑇𝑓 /𝑠𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑𝑓

= (𝐼𝑓 𝑇𝑓 )2 × 𝑙𝑚𝑡 /𝑠𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑𝑓

Loss dissipated from the field coil = 𝑞𝑓 × cooling surface of the field coil

Normally inner and outer surface of the coils are effective in dissipating the heat. The
heat dissipated from the top and bottom surface are negligible.

Cooling surface of the field coil = 2×𝑙𝑚𝑡 × ℎ𝑓

Hence loss dissipated from the field coil = 2×𝑙𝑚𝑡 ×ℎ𝑓 × 𝑞𝑓

Hence ℎ𝑓 = (𝐼𝑓 𝑇𝑓 )/[104×√(𝑠𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑𝑓 )]

= ATfl×10-4/(𝑠𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑𝑓 )

Depth of the field coil is assumed from 3 to 5 cm,

Copper space factor may be assumed as 0.6 to 0.8,

Loss per m2 may be assumed as700 to 750 Wb/m2

Hence the height of the pole = ℎ𝑓 + height ofthe pole shoe + height taken by insulation

Design of field winding:

1) Generally the exciter voltage will be in the range of 110 volts to 440 volts. 15 -
20% of voltage is kept as drop across the field controller.

Hence voltage per coil 𝑉𝑐 = (0.8 – 0.85) exciter voltage/ number of field coils.

2) Assume suitable value for the depth of field coil.

26
3) Mean length of the turn in field coil is estimated from the dimensions of the pole
and the depth of the field windings. Mean length of the turn = 2(𝐼𝑝 + 𝑏𝑝 )) +π(𝑑𝑓 +
2 𝑡𝑖 ) where 𝑡𝑖 is the thickness of insulation on the pole.
4) Sectional area of the conductor can be calculated as follows

Resistance of the field coil 𝑅𝑓 = ρ×𝑙𝑚𝑡 × 𝑇𝑓 /𝑎𝑓 =voltage across the coil/field coil.

𝑉𝑐 𝑇𝑓
= 𝜌 × 𝑙𝑚𝑡 ×
𝐼𝑓 𝑎𝑓
𝑇𝑓
Hence 𝑎𝑓 = 𝜌 × 𝑙𝑚𝑡 ×
𝑣𝑐

5) Field current can be estimated by assuming a suitable value of current density in the
field winding. Generally the value of current density may be taken as 3.5 to 4 amp/
mm2.

Hence 𝐼𝑓 = 𝛿𝑓 × 𝑎𝑓

6) Number of turns in the field winding

𝑇𝑓 = Full load field ampere turns/field current
= 𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑙 /𝐼𝑓
10−4
7) Height of the field winding ℎ𝑓 = 𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑙 ×
√𝑠𝑓 𝑑𝑓 ℎ𝑓
𝑇𝑓
8) Resistance of the field winding 𝑅𝑓 = 𝜌 × 𝑙𝑚𝑡 ×
𝑎𝑓

9) Copper loss in the field winding= 𝐼𝑓2 × 𝑅𝑓

27
Design of field system: Non salient pole Alternator:

Non salient pole are cylindrical in shape having parallel slots on it to place rotor
windings and are used in high speed electrical machines, usually 1500RPM to
3000RPM.

In case of turbo alternators, the rotor windings or the field windings are distributed in
the rotor slots

Fig: 4.2 Design of field system

Normally 70% of the rotor is slotted and remaining portion is unslotted in order to
form the pole.

The design of the field can be explained as follows:

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 1) Selection of rotor slots :

Total number of rotor slots may be assumed as 50-70% 0f stator slots pitch. However
the rotor slots must satisfy the following conditions in order to avoid the undesirable
effects of harmonics in the flux density waveforms are.

a) There should be no common factor between the number of rotor slot pitches and
number of stator slot pitches.
b) Number of rotor slots should be divisible by 4 for a 2 pole synchronous machine.
That means the number of rotor slots must be multiple of 4.
c) Width of the rotor slot is limited by stresses developed at the rotor teeth and end
rings.

2) Design of rotor winding:

a) Full load field MMF can be taken as twice the armature MMF .

𝑘𝑊
𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑙 = 2 × 𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 2 × 1.35 × 𝐼𝑝ℎ × 𝑇𝑝ℎ ×
𝑝

b) Standard exciter voltage of 110-220 volts may be taken. With 15-20% of thismay
(0.8 𝑡𝑜 0.85)𝑣
be reversed for field control. Hence voltage across each field coil𝑉𝑓 =
𝑝

c) Length of the mean turn 𝑙𝑚𝑡 = 2𝐿 + 1.8𝜏𝑃 + 0.25 𝑚

𝐼𝑓 ×𝑇𝑓
d) Sectional area of each conductor 𝑎𝑓 = 𝜌 × 𝑙𝑚𝑡 × .
𝑣𝑓

e) Assume suitable value of current density in the rotor winding. 2.5-3.0amp/mm2 for
conventionally cooled machines and 8-12 amp/mm2 for large and special cooled
machines.
𝐼𝑓 ×𝑇𝑓
f) Find area of all the rotor conductors per pole= 2 ×
𝛿𝑓

𝐼𝑓 ×𝑇𝑓
g) Find the number of rotor conductors per pole= 2 ×
𝛿𝑓 ×𝑎𝑓

h) Number of field conductors per slot= 2 × (𝐼𝑓 × 𝑇𝑓 )/(𝛿𝑓 × 𝑎𝑓 × 𝑠𝑟 ),

Where 𝑠𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠

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 𝑇𝑓
i) Resistance of each field coil 𝑅𝑓 = 𝜌 × 𝑙𝑚𝑡 ×
𝑎𝑓

𝑣𝑓
j) Calculate the current in the field coil 𝐼𝑓 =
𝑅𝑓

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CHAPTER 5

Applications of synchronous Motor:

Synchronous Motor:

The motor which runs at synchronous speed is known as the synchronous motor. The
synchronous motor is used for converting the electrical energy into mechanical
energy.

1) In the electrical systems, we use either in industries, power stations or domestic

needs, motors are become a common thing.
2) With the demand for high energy efficient and less power consuming systems,
the invention of new models of these electrical devices is seen.
3) Usually, synchronous motors are used for applications where precise and
constant speed is required.
4) Low power applications of these motors will include positioning machines.
5) These are also applied in robot actuators.
6) Ball mills, clocks, record player turntables also make use of synchronous
motors.
7) Besides these motors are also used as servomotors and timing machines.
8) These motors are available in a fractional horseshoe size range to high power
industrial size range.
9) An efficient means of converting AC energy in to mechanical energy and other
is the power factor correction.

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Applications of Synchronous Generators:

Synchronous Generator:

An alternator is defined as a machine which converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy in the form of alternating current(at specific voltage and frequency).
Alternators are also known as synchronous generators.

1) Synchronous generator are commonly used for variable speed wind-turbine

applications, due to low rotational synchronous speeds that produce the voltage
at grid frequency, using an AVR for the excitation of the field voltage the
output voltage of the synchronous generator can be controlled.
2) Electrical utility generators- speed is easily controlled and therefore the
frequency.
3) Automotive alternator- in the past, a simple DC generator was used to charge
the battery and operate the vehicle. The silicon diode rectifier made the
application of a three phase synchronous alternator practical.
4) Wind-turbines – some home applications utilize a multi phase synchronous
generator to produce AC current which is rectified to DC to charge batteries.
The DC current is usually inverted to 60 or 50(North America or Europe) hertz
AC for use in the home.

Backup or standby generators- Because modern standby generators mimic the power
produced by the electric utility, they supply electric power during an outage to homes,
businesses, industry and institution

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Conclusion and future scope of work

Synchronous motors:

They have unique ability to run at different power factors. As load on the motor
increases, the armature(stator) current increases regardless of excitation. For under and
over excited motor, the power factor tends to approach unity with increase in load .This
report deals with both the motors

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References:

1) ‘ELECTRICAL MACHINERY’ from KHANNA PUBLISHERS by Dr. P.S.

BHIMRA
2) ‘THEORY AND PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES’ from S.
K. KATARIA & sons publishers by J. B. Gupta.
3) ‘ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN’ from DHANPAT RAI & co.ltd
publishers by A. K. SAWHNEY

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