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THE MAGAZINE OF THE DEEP FOUNDATIONS INSTITUTE SEPT/OCT 2019
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2019 OPA Winner

Driven Concrete Piles for Large Diameter
Marc Basnight Bridge Open End Piles
Micropiles in
Tension
Working Platform
Concerns
Vibrating Wire
Sensors
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• Slurry Wall Installation
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CONTENTS FEATURES
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COVER STORY – 2019 OPA WINNER
DFI ST
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14 Marc Basnight Bridge
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Mike Batten, P.E., R. Dominick Amico, P.E., Domenic Coletti, P.E., and Elizabeth C. Howey, LG, P.E.
® Since 1963, the Herbert C. Bonner Bridge on North Carolina Highway 12 has provided
a critical link across the Oregon Inlet but suffered from severe scour and deterioration in
the harsh marine environment, resulting in nearly continual maintenance, repair and
Executive Director retrofit. The replacement bridge, named in honor of State Senator Marc Basnight, is
Theresa Engler designed to provide a 100-year service life, resist unprecedented scour depths and
tengler@dfi.org
minimize environmental impacts.
Executive Editor
Dr. Antonio Marinucci, M.B.A., P.E.
mageditor@dfi.org
Managing Editor and
Advertising Manager
Karol Paltsios
magads@dfi.org
Graphic Design
Faye Klein
DFI Executive Committee

President
Matthew Janes, P.Eng.
Vice President
Michael H. Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E.
Secretary
James O. Johnson
Treasurer
Gianfranco Di Cicco
Past President
Dan Brown, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE
Other Trustees
Conrad W. Felice, Ph.D., P.E.
Frank Haehnig
Gerry Houlahan, P.E. 75 Member Profile: Maurice Bottiau —
Mike Kelley
K.S. Rama Krishna, Ph.D.
DFI Europe Founder, a Valuable Link
Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., P.E.
J. Erik Loehr, Ph.D., P.E.
Dan MacLean, P.E.
Matthew E. Meyer, P.E. 81 Large Diameter Open End Piles for
Morgan NeSmith, P.E.
David Paul, P.E. Rigolets Pass Bridge in Louisiana
Howard Perko, Ph.D., P.E. Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Ph.D., P.E., Md. Nafiul Haque,
Thomas D. Richards, P.E., D.GE Ph.D., and Chris Nickel, P.E.
Lori Simpson, P.E., G.E. This article presents the results from a pile load testing
Martin G. Taube , P.E., P.G. program of three spun-cast post tensioned open-end
Stefano Valagussa cylinder piles and a square prestressed concrete pile at
four different locations along the bridge construction
site. Dynamic load tests and CAPWAP analyses were
performed on each of the test piles at different waiting
periods after pile installation. Static load testing and
Statnamic load testing were also conducted.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS • SEPT/OCT 2019 • 3

CONTENTS FEATURES
Departments 89 A New Approach for the Design of Micropiles in Tension

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
Sebastian Lobo-Guerrero Ph.D., P.E., and Todd DeMico, P.E.
Innovation: Share It Early and Openly . . . 7 The authors present a summary of the
findings from a project that incorporated
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR UPDATE
tension load testing on micropiles
Forward Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
without a continuous center reinforcing
DFI ACTIVITIES bar. The micropiles were designed using
Welcome to the Annual Conference; DFI’s 2014 AASHTO LRFD methodology,
2019 Distinguished Service Award Winner; which considered only geotechnical
a recap of S3: Slope – Support – Stabilization; resistance from the side resistance within
DFI India 9th Annual Conference on Deep the bond zone. The results indicate that
Foundations Technologies for Infrastructure
the tensile resistance of traditional
Development; upcoming 2020 events; and
micropiles (with a central bar) is typically
more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
underestimated in design.
REGIONAL REPORT
DFI Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
EDUCATIONAL TRUST REPORT 95 Working Platforms
New trustee, Pennsylvania and New Jersey Jill Harris
golf outings fundraisers, scholarship
winners, professional grants announced, Inadequate working platforms result in accidents, stability problems and near
2019 Trust events and recent donors . . 67 misses by construction equipment, which could have been prevented had the
working platform been designed
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES UPDATE properly and adequately
Lunch and Learn Workshop; AASHTO maintained. Currently, in the
update; new FHWA Drilled Shaft U.S., there are no established
Geotechnical Engineering Circulars; and
guidelines or regulations for the
DFI of India, DFI and Chennai Metro . . 71
design, construction and
GUEST EDITORIAL maintenance of safe working
Motivations, Versatility and Aspirations platforms. The author presents
of Professional Development Grant insights into the problem via
Winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 discussions with industry experts.
LEGALLY SPEAKING
For Safety, the Law Makes You Your
Brother’s Keeper: Understanding the
Multi-Employer Worksite Doctrine . . 113 103 The Role of Vibrating Wire
DFI PEOPLE AND COMPANIES Sensors in Geotechnical and
News about people, companies and
products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Structural Monitoring Projects
Tony Simmonds
CALENDAR & AD INDEX . . . . . . . . 122
A vibrating wire sensor utilizes the
electromagnetic excitation of a calibrated
internal wire to provide a measurement of
a given parameter being measured (e.g.,
DEEP FOUNDATIONS strain, pressure and or temperature). As
The Magazine of the Deep the wire is excited, the period and
Foundations Institute (DFI) is frequency are determined. The parameter
published bimonthly by DFI. is defined using a proportionality
326 Lafayette Avenue relationship and the square of the
Hawthorne, NJ 07506 USA frequency. The author presents a wide
T: (973) 423-4030 | F: (973) 423-4031 range of applications where vibrating wire
Email: staff@dfi.org
sensors were used successfully.
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PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
Innovation: Share It Early and Openly

nnovation is at its best when it is shared applications of theory, technology
Ireach
openly. Often, ideas or initiatives cannot
fruition in the hands of the innovator.
and innovation across borders
and professions. When someone
Matthew Janes, M.B.A., P.Eng.
President
matthew@isherwood.to
They require learned and interested in Australia or Eastern Europe, for
colleagues to interpret, rethink, remold instance, develops something or
and massage the ideas in their tumble of has some regionally unique way
unique experiences or practices to become of doing something (may not be As important as innovations
fully and more accurately applied in new but it is novel outside that and developments – is when one
industry. Just as sharp and broken rocks region), the development, of our colleagues heralds
become smoothed and refined in the river when shared, leads to and supports one of DFI’s
or on the beach, they do so not alone but by innovation elsewhere. The As important as initiatives. Recently, the
rubbing against one another. innovation is typically then Geo-Institute published
To achieve its goal, the innovation must accompanied by reinven- innovations and an article by a renowned
be revealed and shared in its early stages. tion or further progression geotechnical engineer, Dr.
Through sharing, those with unique in its new environment, as developments – is Harr y Poulos, senior
expertise and experience become inter- it mixes with new skills and consultant at Coffey and
ested and assist to further develop the idea. experience or an alternate when one of our retired professor from the
In addition, the potential users and interpretation of the value School of Civil Engi-
beneficiaries of the technology can voice of the original innovation. colleagues heralds neering at the University
their support or demand for such an Therefore, when someone of Sydney, who recognised
outcome, regardless of whether the in a sister organisation, be it and supports one DFI for its incubatory
technology is ready. Importantly, the ASCE Geo-Institute or initiative with big data and
market confirms and stokes development PDCA, generates some of DFI’s initiatives. the DFI Project Informa-
or voices the technology is not quite on novel thought or process, tion Management Systems
target. All are of great value. we need to hear about it at Technical Committee, in
DFI was dreamed up and developed by DFI and, more importantly, publicize it particular. We do not know where this
its founders for this very purpose. They saw within our ranks and publications so the initiative is going right now, or how it will
the benefit to all industry members and to news spreads and meets that next clever benefit our industry. However, there are
the general public of assembling innovator or user who can enhance or interested DFI members who believe there
multidisciplined members of the industry complete the development or application will be value to our members and are
to openly discuss and share practical process. willing to invest their valuable time and
energy to get together and discuss how to
make that happen, who to support and
what to communicate to the world to gain
Project Information Management Systems White Paper traction and users for their ideas. That is
good enough for DFI.
Published in 2018, the Project Information Management Systems (PIMS) in the Every one of our current 28 committees
Deep Foundations Industry white paper provides an introduction to the was, at one point, just a silly idea kicked
concepts and applications of PIMS to the geotechnical foundations industry. around by a few of our interested members.
While geotechnical projects have always generated data and created related If history repeats itself, again, we can
visualizations and analyses, the industry has seen an increase in specifications expect from this committee great, un-
and owner requirements for formal data management and associated project known and valuable additions to our
submissions. At the same time, new and adapted technologies are emerging arsenal of tools to improve the world of
that allow increased automation and greater digitalization and generation of deep foundations. Thank you, new Project
data in increasing volumes. This document, written by the DFI Project Information Management Systems
Information Management Systems Committee to provide some nontechnical Committee members.
guidance to the industry on these concepts, can be downloaded from the “There’s no limit to how much you’ll know,
‘Publications’ page at www.dfi.org. depending how far beyond zebra you go.”
Dr. Suess

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EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR UPDATE
Forward Thinking
eptember and October are interesting the opportunity to learn about
S months for us at DFI. We ramp up legendary contributors to our Theresa Engler
Executive Director
preparations for the upcoming annual industry and what made them tengler@dfi.org
conference, this year in Chicago from successful as well as have the time
October 15-18, and we begin planning for to ask questions of the Legends –
the 2020 conference in National Harbor, the ultimate mentors. In addition,
Maryland. It’s an exciting time! there will be a panel discussion
The organizing committee for DFI’s 44th presented by DFI’s Project
Annual Conference on Deep Foundations, Information Management Systems (PIMS) and Service Providers Committee on the
led by Dhooli Raj, P.E., and the technical committee on the importance of collecting, latest and upcoming innovative products
program committee, co-chaired by Ray organizing, assembling, analyzing, pre- and services available. In addition, there
Franz, P.E., D.GE and Cassie Rutherford, senting, sharing, preserving, interpreting will be a wealth of information to be
Ph.D., P.E., began about a year ago, where and archiving data for future use. The dis- discovered in the exhibit hall from the
the 45th Annual Conference organizing cussion will communicate the immediate more than 150 vendors.
committee is beginning now: formulating The closing plenary — The Digital
the topics to solicit the call for abstracts and Future — will leave everyone with much to
brainstorming a theme.
The DFI44 theme is consider when planning and executing
DFI44’s theme is >Future>Forward> future projects, such as the use of drones,
and the committee is asking that all
>Future>Forward> and the holograms, virtual reality, automation and
attendees arrive at the Hilton Chicago with data recording machinery. It will also get
a forward-thinking attitude, open to the
committee is asking that all your interest peaked in what the next
possibilities of what the future of geotech- attendees arrive at the Hilton organizing committee, chaired by
nical engineering and construction may Sebastian Lobo-Guerrero, Ph.D., P.E., with
bring. The goal is to promote discussion Chicago with a forward- program co-chairs Jennifer Nicks, Ph.D.,
and debate during the sessions. So, we P.E., and Gregg Piazza, P.E., has in store for
encourage you to prepare by accessing the thinking attitude, open to the the 45th Annual Conference in National
online proceedings in advance to read the Harbor, Maryland, on October 13-16,
papers being presented. A link will be sent possibilities of what the 2020 (see page 51). No doubt, the 45th
to all registrants a couple of weeks before Annual Conference will incorporate the
the conference. future of geotechnical amazing amount of rebuilding and
Though the conference begins with a revitalization in the local area. With this
session that includes the word “history,” the engineering and construction group’s enthusiasm and love for their
point of looking back is to see what we’ve profession, the possibilities are endless.
learned that will influence how founda- may bring. So, don’t miss #DFI44 — there is still
tions are designed and built in the future. time to register for this conference by
The opening day will also explore the benefits of increased project quality and risk visiting www.dfi.org/Annual2019 where
mentor/mentee relationship and how it is reduction as well as the future possibilities you can read the published papers that will
an investment in the future of our industry of advancing technology. be presented once registered. While you’re
and in the success of the future geopro- Throughout most of the conference, at it, mark your calendars now for the 2020
fessional community. That idea will be there will be three concurrent sessions from Annual Conference and plan to submit an
continued later in the conference schedule which to choose various thought- abstract ... the future is now.
during the Legends Awards Program, when provoking topics, including a track
young professionals in attendance will have provided by our Manufacturers, Suppliers

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COVER STORY
2019 OPA WINNER
Marc Basnight Bridge
Widely acknowledged as the most dangerous channel on the Atlantic size, shape and location of the natural channel day to day and
Coast, the Oregon Inlet routinely experiences treacherous currents, sometimes from hour to hour. To maintain navigation under the
constantly shifting bathymetry and violent storms. However, it is also single navigation span of the old Bonner Bridge, the U.S. Army
surrounded by North Carolina's Outer Banks, known for their scenic Corps of Engineers (USACE) was compelled to dredge a navigable
beauty, pristine beaches and great fishing. Opened in 1963, the channel virtually nonstop, year-round. Further, since the site is on
Herbert C. Bonner Bridge on North Carolina Highway 12 provided a the Atlantic Ocean, any structure in Oregon Inlet is subjected to a
critical link across the inlet for decades, but it suffered from severe constant barrage of salt-spray wetting and drying cycles, leading to
scour and deterioration in the harsh marine environment, resulting significant potential for corrosion and structural deterioration.
in nearly continual maintenance, repair and retrofitting by the North These conditions contributed to unprecedented design criteria
Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT). for the bridge. The foundations were to be designed and
The $252 million replacement bridge, named in honor of State constructed to experience anywhere from 0 to 84 ft (0 to 25.6 m) of
Senator Marc Basnight, is designed to provide a 100-year service scour in some regions, combined with flow velocities of up to
life, resist unprecedented scour depths and minimize 12.4 ft/s (3.8 m/s), wind velocities of up to 105 mph (169 kmh),
environmental impacts while offering a reliable, safe passageway measured as “fastest mile of wind,” and vessel impact forces of up to
for residents, visitors and tourists. The design and installation of 2,151 kips (9.57 MN). Due to the constantly shifting location of the
large diameter concrete piles to support the new bridge represented natural channel, the USACE and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
the most challenging marine foundations project in North requested that the bridge be designed to accommodate a
Carolina's history. Groundbreaking for the new bridge took place in “Navigation Zone” with a minimum width of 2,400 ft (731.5 m).
March 2016, and it was opened to traffic on February 25, 2019. All spans within this zone were to provide a minimum of 70 ft
(21.3 m) of vertical and 200 ft (61.0 m) of horizontal navigation
Challenges clearance so that the marked navigation channel could be easily
Oregon Inlet is not a site conducive to the construction and relocated to minimize the need for dredging. In addition, NCDOT
maintenance of large infrastructure. Often cited as one of the most specified numerous prescriptive durability criteria associated with
dangerous inlets on the Atlantic Coast, Oregon Inlet is subject to a general theme of achieving a 100-year service life.
frequent and heavy hurricane and Nor'easter storm activity. The inlet Construction was similarly constrained and challenged. High
itself is extremely dynamic; the bathymetry is constantly changing as winds, rapid tidal flows and frequent storms hampered
tides and storm action move the loosely deposited sand and shift the construction, particularly in late fall, winter and early spring. In
AUTHORS Mike Batten, P.E., R. Dominick Amico, P.E., Domenic Coletti, P.E., and Elizabeth C. Howey, LG, P.E., HDR, Inc.
14 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • SEPT/OCT 2019

addition, nearly the entire project site is considered environmentally Substructure Design of North/South Approach Spans
sensitive in one manner or another. The south end of the bridge The north and south approach spans represent approximately half
lands within the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, operated by the of the total bridge length and have design 100-year return period
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USF&WS). The construction scour elevations from El. -22 ft to El. -34 ft (El. -6.7 to El. -10.4 m).
easement within the refuge is extremely narrow. Meanwhile, the Foundations in this region are precast concrete pile bents, with
remaining length of the project site to the north is within the Cape three or four vertical 54 in (1,372 mm) diameter cylinder piles for
Hatteras National Seashore, also with a tightly-constrained each bent. Typical cylinder piles are approximately 135 ft (41.1 m)
easement. Exacerbating the challenges of limited work area was the long, and the total length of these cylinder piles on the project is
proximity of the existing bridge, which was required to remain in over 3.4 mi (5.5 km). The piles are made with 8.0 ksi (55.2 MPa)
service until completion of the new bridge. Much of this area is also concrete and have 6 in (152 mm) thick walls, with a minimum
designated as submerged aquatic vegetation habitat; in those areas concrete cover of 2.5 in (63.5 mm). Prestressing was applied with
neither dredging nor causeways are permitted, forcing the use of a 32 Gr. 270 strands, each having a dimeter of 0.6 in (15 mm). The
temporary work trestle. The project site is also fairly remote, without piles were cast monolithically, not spun cast in segments as is
easy access to a concrete batch plant and with only the two-lane NC sometimes selected with cylinder piles. The use of spun cast piles
12 highway available for overland material deliveries. would have required a greater wall thickness necessary for the post-
tensioning duct and strand, which was not desirable due to the
Deep Pile Foundation Design considerable weight of these piles. Additionally, corrosion in the
The bridge foundation design was key to project success, but it also saltwater of the Oregon Inlet was a concern for segmental pile joints.
posed the greatest challenges. Drilled shaft foundations could
provide the required strength, but they posed constructability
issues and difficulties for containing spoils and delivering material
to the remote site. Steel piles were prohibited due to the highly-
corrosive saltwater environment. Driven, prestressed concrete piles
would provide strength and durability, but the team faced the
question of how to install large displacement piles to the depths
needed through dense sand to provide adequate lateral resistance
with the significant depths of design scour. To address this
challenge, the team developed an innovative pile verification
method incorporating jetting and then driven installation methods
for the displacement concrete piles. In total, there are 690 piles
measuring more than 15 mi (24 km) in length. In addition, the
need to optimize the design led to the extensive use of refined soil-
structure interaction analyses using FB-MultiPier software.
Setup and installation of precast prestressed concrete
cylinder piles
Typical section view of the north approach spans (south

approach spans similar)
The cylinder piles are connected directly to innovative precast

bent caps via reinforced cast-in-place (CIP) concrete infills. The
infills extend 30 ft (9.1 m) to provide stiffness in cases of severe
scour and transfer both moment and axial loads to each pile. The
infills also provide strength locally to prevent damage to the pile wall
from a vessel strike. Using precast bent caps greatly increased the
quality and durability of the substructure. The bent caps were
designed with voids to reduce shipping weight and include nominal
prestressing to address transportation and handling stresses. The
voids were filled with CIP concrete when connecting the caps to the
cylinder piles. Following connection of the caps, CIP pedestals were
used to meet final plan bearing elevations and to support the precast
superstructure girders. In accordance with project requirements,
stainless steel reinforcement was used in all CIP concrete.
Navigation Unit
The 11-span navigation unit extends 3,550 ft (1,082 m) and
includes 12 substructure bents, with design 100-year return period
scour elevations from El. -71 ft to El. -84 ft (El. -21.6 to El. -25.6 m).
Foundations in this region include 18 to 30 square precast concrete
piles, each 36 in (914 mm) wide, with a CIP waterline pile cap
constructed using 4.5 ksi (31.0 MPa) concrete. All piles are
battered on a 2:12 slope for greater stability, especially in cases of
extreme scour. On top of the pile cap, precast post-tensioned
hollow box columns support a rectangular precast column cap.
The foundations in the navigation unit are similar to those in
the transition spans, but with more piles and larger pile caps. The
single columns are 16 ft by 11 ft (4.9 m by 3.4 m), with heavily
reinforced CIP concrete column bases extending about 17 ft
(5.2 m) above mean water level. Above this CIP concrete base, 12 ft
(3.7 m) wide (typical) hollow precast box column segments were
assembled together and then topped by a rectangular precast
column cap. These precast sections were constructed using 8.0 ksi
(55.2 MPa) concrete and were match-cast and post-tensioned
Setting of first precast concrete bent cap on 54 in (1,372 mm)
together using 2.5 in (64 mm) diameter Gr. 150 post-tensioning
diameter precast concrete cylinder piles in north approach spans bars, with the bars ending at various segments based on the design
moment demand. The column segment walls are 18 in (457 mm)
thick. Like the transition columns, stainless steel bars were used for
North/South Transition Spans all post-tensioning below the splash zone.
The north and south transition spans represent approximately one
quarter of the total bridge length and have design 100-year return
period scour elevations from El. -71 ft to El. -84 ft (El. -21.6 to El. -
25.6 m). Foundations in this region include 6 to 16 each, 36 in
(914 mm) square precast concrete piles, with a 4.5 ksi (31.0 MPa)
CIP concrete waterline pile cap. All piles were battered on a 2:12
slope for greater stability, especially in cases of extreme scour. The
remainder of the substructure was completely precast, using post-
tensioned two-column bents supporting a precast pier cap. Some of
these pier caps included voids to reduce trucking weight, but most
were solid precast concrete, and were delivered by barge.
Totaling more than 12 mi (19 km) of installed piling, square
piles 36 in (914 mm) wide by 130 ft (39.6 m) long were used on the
project. These piles were fabricated using 8.0 ksi (55.2 MPa)
concrete, a minimum cover to the reinforcement of 2.5 in
(63.5 mm) and a central 21 in (533 mm) circular void away from
the ends of the pile to reduce weight for handling. Prestressing was
applied using 36 Gr. 270 strands, each having a dimeter of 0.6 in
(15 mm). The piles are embedded 4 ft (1.2 m) into the CIP concrete
pile caps to develop a full moment connection at the pile head.
Pile layouts and batter configurations were optimized to resist
bent-specific transverse and longitudinal loadings. To control the
constructed geometry of the battered piles, PCL Construction
(PCL) used a sophisticated pile template system, which included
oversized steel casings installed up to 60 ft (18.3 m) deep; a
vibratory hammer was used that facilitated precise control of the
location and orientation of the casings. The 36 in (914 mm) square
piles were then tripped into the casings and guided by timber Typical section view of north transition spans (south transition
guides inside the casing during jetting and driving to depths up to spans similar)
130 ft (39.6 m).

Typical section view of navigation spans Construction of navigation spans showing installation of 36 in
(914 mm) precast concrete square piles and balanced cantilever
construction of precast concrete segmental box girder
Deep Pile Foundation Construction and Verification superstructure
For the transition spans and the high-level navigation spans amid
the deep, choppy waters in the middle of the inlet, PCL used an the specified minimum tip elevation due to group densification
innovative pile template system to install the battered 36 in during pile driving or location in an area where jetting could not be
(914 mm) wide precast concrete square piles. First, 60 in used to facilitate installation. In such cases, the FB-MultiPier design
(1,524 mm) diameter by 60 ft (18.3 m) long temporary steel model could be revised to reflect the as-built pile geometry to
casings were vibrated into position; the soil within the casings were evaluate if the bent was still stable under lateral loading or to
then excavated using an airlift. Next, the piles were tripped into the ascertain if the pile caps were subject to increased loads, requiring
casings and jetted to a depth approximately 10 to 20 ft (3.0 m to modifications to the reinforcement layout. At all pile locations, the
6.1 m) from the final tip elevation, after which the piles were driven as-built geometry of the piles was determined to be acceptable and,
with a Pileco D-180 diesel impact hammer to their required in general, only minor modifications were required to the pile cap
minimum depth and resistance. reinforcement layouts.
This sophisticated pile installation approach resulted in good To verify how scour would affect each pile's required axial
control of the constructed pile position and orientation without the resistance, the HDR team developed a first-of-its-kind method for
need of a complicated two-stage pile template. This approach led to calculating predicted scour loss. This new method is based on
a fast, economical installation without compromising resistance or back-calculating an effective stress beta coefficient from the unit
overstressing during the driving of the piles. In the overland and skin friction distribution from the CAPWAP signal matching
shallow water regions of the approach spans, PCL similarly analysis from each PDA tested pile, which is assumed to remain
installed and excavated 66 in (1,676 mm) diameter steel casings constant before and after the scour event. The change in vertical
before impact driving the 54 in (1,372 mm) cylinder piles; effective stress in the soil due to the loss of soil from the scour event
excavation spoils were redeposited inside the cylinder pile voids or is used to calculate the change in unit skin friction along each pile,
were hauled away. which is added to the required nominal driving resistance. Based
Modeling every bent in FB-MultiPier during the design phase on the actual PDA-measured side friction of the pile, rather than a
proved to be invaluable during construction. Given the large conservative theoretical value, this method helped avoid the risk of
diameter of the piles and the challenging marine conditions, it was being over-conservative and driving the pile to a much higher
occasionally difficult to achieve the specified position and resistance, which would take more time, require longer piles and
alignment of a pile. Additionally, some piles could not be driven to increase the risk of damaging the piles during installation.
Conclusion
More than two decades in the making, the
new 2.8 mi (4.5 km) long Marc Basnight
Bridge is a remarkable achievement. Using
first-of-their-kind design and construction
methods, the new bridge conquers the
Oregon Inlet, offers a lifeline to Hatteras
Island and was built with minimal
environmental impacts in a sensitive
ecosystem. The bridge is capable of
resisting wind, wave and vessel collision
forces from the worst storms the Atlantic
Ocean offers, all while subject to
unprecedented scour depths.
Pile template system to install the

Mike Batten, P.E., is a professional associate in Domenic Coletti, P.E., is a principal professional battered 36 in (914 mm) wide precast
concrete square piles
HDR's Raleigh, North Carolina office. He was a associate in HDR's Raleigh, North Carolina office.
senior geotechnical engineer for this project. He was the design manager and engineer of record
for this project.
R. Dominick Amico, P.E., is a professional associate
in HDR's Charlotte, North Carolina office. He Elizabeth Howey, P.E., P.G., is a professional
provided construction services support for this associate in HDR's Raleigh, North Carolina office.
project. She was this project's lead geotechnical engineer.
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DFI ACTIVITIES
Welcome From the Chicago Organizing Committee
#DFI44: >Future>Forward> is also about the next generation of

engineers and contractors, and we are excited to have former
professor and current contractor, Rick Deschamps, Ph.D., P.E.,
Nicholson Construction, presenting on the intricacies of the
mentor/mentee relationship and where you may fall in the spectrum.
The plenary ends with a session on DFI and Technology. This
Conference Chair, Dhooli Raj, P.E., project manager at Collins session includes presentations from technology leaders currently
Engineers; Technical Program Co-Chairs, Ray Franz, P.E., D.GE, working in our geotechnical community, including a presentation
vice president of Hayward Baker, and Cassandra J. Rutherford,
Ph.D., P.E., assistant professor in the department of civil, con- from the DFI Project Information Management Systems (PIMS)
struction and environmental engineering at Iowa State University Committee.
We invite you to be a part of the DFI 44th Annual Conference on

Deep Foundations, #DFI44: >Future>Forward>, being held
October 15-18 at the Hilton Chicago. This conference is a call to
Download the Mobile App
action to develop forward-thinking plans in geotechnical If you are attending this year’s
engineering through technical presentations and panel Annual Conference, we encourage
discussions. The 2019 Annual Conference provides an you to download our mobile app
international forum for a wide range of geoprofessionals to present, to access the most up-to-date
discuss and debate all aspects of how we build on our current information and stay connected
success to create and maintain a better tomorrow for us and future with fellow attendees. Simply go to
generations. All of this will be happening across the street from the App Store on your Apple or
iconic Grant Park and Lake Michigan. Android device and search for
The Wednesday sessions kick-off with The Chicago Legacy, “DFI Annual Conference” to
which includes local celebrity Geoffrey Baer, a beloved Chicago download the app.
historian, entertainer and tour guide. He is presenting his
The app delivers:
impressions of the history, culture and people that have shaped the
• The most up-to-date conference program
Chicago River corridor. Baer will set the stage for our panel of
geotechnical experts who will discuss the Observational Method, • Technical Committee and Working Group schedule
deep foundations and earth retention, which are integral to the • Personalized schedule – that you can link with your
magnificent high-rise structures of the Chicago skyline. There will be calendar
a question-and-answer session with our renowned panel that • Information on speakers, exhibitors, sponsors,
includes Rich Finno, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, Northwestern University; cooperating organizations and media partners
Tony Kiefer, P.E., Missouri University of Science and Technology; • New this year! Play the DFI Exhibitor Photo Scavenger
Steve Scherer, Malcolm Drilling; Bob Schock, former president, Case game for a chance to win various prizes!
Foundation Company; Bill Walton, P.E., S.E., F.ASCE, GEI • Notifications and reminders
Consultants; and Mike Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E., Thatcher Foundations. • Interactive maps and local attractions

We are grateful for the interest from the community, which was Foundations Committee Networking Reception. Also, plan to
demonstrated by the number of abstracts we received to participate attend the Poster Presentations and Welcome Reception on
in the conference. We have numerous presentations in our parallel Wednesday night, October 16.
sessions on traditional topics of alternate foundations, drilled #DFI44 is hosting students, the leaders of tomorrow, with a
shafts, driven piles, earth retention systems, and exploration and formal program to keep them engaged in the deep foundations
testing. We are also hosting the MSSP Trade Expo in the Exhibit industry. Industry professionals will be able to network with these
Hall, featuring presentations by DFI manufacturers, suppliers and students at our career fair and socialize with them at the
service providers. The conference will close with our theme of networking events. Last but not least, don’t forget to participate in
>Future>Forward> during plenary sessions on Safety in Geo- the DFI Educational Trust 5K Fun Run & Walk on Wednesday
Construction and The Digital Future. morning, October 16, so you can indulge in all the culinary
treasures Chicago has in store for your week.
Beyond the Technical Content You can organize your schedule using DFI’s 44th Annual
Beyond the exciting technical program, this year’s conference Conference Mobile App. We look to you to spread the word on
continues to offer plenty of opportunity for networking, technical social media with #DFI44. Finally, with more than 140 exhibitors,
participation and skill development workshops. Join us on Tuesday, you’ll enjoy the latest and greatest products in the Exhibit Hall.
October 15, for DFI’s Technical Committee meetings and the Lunch There is still time to register at www.dfi.org/Annual2019 — or
and Learn Workshop, and that evening for the Women in Deep you can register onsite.
Looking forward to seeing you in the City of Big Shoulders!
DFI44 Sponsors, Cooperating Organizations and Media Partners* *As of August 29, 2019
Diamond Lanyards Pen

Magnum Piering Rocscience Inc. BAUER Equipment America
Platinum Beer Koozies - Welcome Reception Hal Hunt Patron Sponsor
TEI ROCK DRILLS Matrix Construction Products Langan
Gold Beer Koozies - Banquet 5K Gold Sponsor
Leica Geosystems Schnabel Foundation Company United Rentals Trench Safety
Soilmec North America, Inc.
General 5K Silver Sponsor
Silver DuroTerra Isherwood Geostructrual Engineers
Kelly Tractor Co ICE® - International Construction 5K Bronze Sponsor
Liebherr USA, Co. Equipment, Inc.
Consolidated Pipe & Supply Company, Inc
Bronze GRL Engineers, Inc.
Keller
Junttan USA, Inc MAIT USA
Thatcher Foundations, Inc.
Kiewit Foundations Co. Pengo Corporation
Terracon Consultants
Rocscience Inc. Pile Dynamics, Inc.
Pittsburgh Pipe Foundations, Inc. 5K On-the-Run Breakfast
Schnabel Foundation Company
QUANTA SUBSURFACE ICE® - International Construction
Williams Form Engineering Corp. Equipment, Inc.
Thatcher Foundations, Inc.
Charging Lounge Cooperating Organizations
Triad Metals International
ICE® - International Construction Academy of Geo-Professionals
Equipment, Inc Women in Deep Foundations
Networking Reception ADSC-International Association of
Room Key Foundation Drilling
BERKEL
APE/J&M Geo-Institute of ASCE
ICE® - International Construction
Conference Welcome Reception Equipment, Inc. International Society for Micropiles
Photo Booth Langan Pile Driving Contractors Association
BAUER Equipment America Lehigh Hanson Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniería
Awards Reception and Banquet Pile Dynamics, Inc./GRL Engineers Geotécnica
ECA ROC Equipment LLC U.S. Federal Highway Administration
Langan Strata Earth Services, LLC Media Partners
Pile Dynamics, Inc./GRL Engineers TEI ROCK DRILLS PileBuck
Shoreline Steel, Inc. Thatcher Foundations, Inc. Piling Canada
Tunnel Business Magazine
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DSA Awarded to Thomas D. Richards, Jr., P.E., D.GE
Thomas D. Richards, Jr., P.E., D.GE, former Geotechnical Engineering, Emeritus
chief engineer for Nicholson Construction designation, in 2010, and being inducted as
Company, is this year’s recipient of DFI’s a member of The Moles in 2013.
highest award bestowed to an individual, the Richards is married to his wife, Carrie,
Distinguished Service Award (DSA). With a and has two sons, Russell and Wesley. He
distinguished career spanning more than 30 seemingly effortlessly intertwines the
years, he is widely known and highly different aspects of his life, family, work, play
respected for his steadfast professionalism, and volunteering. As an example of how he
character and integrity. Anyone who has embraces enjoyment and volunteerism, he
known and worked with and/or alongside has been a ski patrolman for 30 years, which
Richards knows that he truly embodies the has allowed him to express his passion for
essence of the DSA — “Consideration is skiing as well as provide a needed service to
given to duration of career in industry, that community.
industr y leadership, technological “Tom is a consummate volunteer,”
leadership, technological innovation, strength of curriculum vitae, extolls Theresa Engler, executive director of DFI. “He has generously
character, DFI contributions and accomplishments, and lent his expertise to advance the deep foundations industry and
contributions to the advancement of the deep foundations industry.” dedicated his time and efforts to the education of future generations
Soon after graduating from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985 of civil engineers and the improvement of guidelines and standards
with a B.S. degree in civil engineering, Richards began his career at for quality in deep foundation construction. On behalf of DFI, I am
GAI Consultants. In 1988, he joined Nicholson Construction pleased to see Tom receive this honor.”
Company, and had been with Nicholson ever since, ultimately The Distinguished Service Award is being presented at the
retiring as chief engineer. He is widely recognized as a subject Awards Banquet on the evening of Thursday, October 17, during
matter expert in micropiling, ground anchors, load testing and DFI’s 44th Annual Conference on Deep Foundations in Chicago,
various grouting methods. He participated in the design, October 14-18, 2019.
construction and testing of hundreds of technically challenging
and innovative geotechnical projects throughout the U.S.,
including multiple projects for the recovery and reconstruction of
the World Trade Center, the Capitol Visitor Center, Mandalay Bay
Hotel and Casino, and large dams like Gilboa Dam and Lake Lynn
Dam. He is a licensed Professional Engineer in the states of
Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and the District of Columbia.
Through his involvement with various professional
organizations, including DFI, ADSC and Post Tensioning Institute
(PTI), he generously lent his expertise to the improvement of
guidelines and standards for quality in deep foundation
construction and to a wide variety of important industry research
projects conducted by DFI, ADSC and FHWA (Federal Highway
Administration). In addition, Richards has published numerous
technical papers and has been a frequent presenter at industry
seminars and conferences and technical workshops.
He has been an active member in DFI for many years, currently
serving on the DFI Board of Trustees and is a past chair of DFI’s
Micropile Committee and the Anchored Earth Retention Committee.
He is a past chair of the ADSC Advancement Fund Task Force for
Micropiles and its Geo-Support Committee and served on PTI’s Rock
and Anchor Committee and the ASCE Grouting Committee.
Richards’s extensive list of engagement in industry affairs
provides irrefutable testimony as to how his commitment to
advancing the state of the deep foundation’s industry is defined. As
an acknowledgement of Richards’ contributions, he has been
bestowed various industry accolades, including receiving the
ASCE/Geo-Institute’s Academy of Geo-Professionals Diplomate of

EGENDS Tribute to the DFI Legends
Every four years, DFI and the DFI Educational Trust honor three have made a broad impact on the industry with contributions that are
practitioners — an engineer, contractor and manufacturer/supplier — pivotal today. The 2019 recipients are being honored at the DFI 44thAnnual
who have shown steadfast professionalism, character and integrity, and Conference on Deep Foundations in Chicago on Thursday, October 17.
Contractor Legend Manufacturer/Supplier Legend Engineering Legend

Thomas J. Wysockey (1931–2019) Prof. Thomas Bauer, Dr-Ing. E.h. Dipl.-Kfm Bengt Fellenius, Dr.Tech., P.Eng.
As chairman of Prof. Thomas Bauer Engineers in the

Thatcher Foun- is a genuine entre- deep foundations
dations, Tom was preneur and a res- industry will recog-
well known for his pected leader in the nize Bengt Fellenius
integrity, ingenuity, special foundations as a true living
commitment to industry. He joined legend because of
safety and great BAUER in 1982, as his over 60 year
sense of humor. He the seventh-gener- long and extraor-
was a DFI trustee and two annual DFI ation family member to do so. In 1986, he dinary career dealing with deep founda-
scholarships are awarded in his name. became the company’s sole managing tions of all types.
Regrettably, Tom is not here to receive the director, and was the major driver for the The Fellenius name is familiar to all
Legends Award, but I’m certain he will be group’s internationalization and trans- geotechnical engineers from Bengt’s
here in spirit. formed it from a mid-size Bavarian grandfather, thanks to his development of
I had the good fortune to work with Tom company to an international construction the “slip circle” method of analysis for slope
for 25+ years on several projects. Most and equipment manufacturing group. stability problems. After serving in the
notably, the Soldier Field renovation project, When he assumed the managing director Army in his native Sweden, Bengt followed
where he convinced code officials to raise role, there were just four drilling rigs in the footsteps of his famous grandfather
the steel bearing stresses by 150 percent, available: UBW, BG 7 and BG 11, and the and father into geotechnical engineering
which benefitted the whole industry. first cutter system. Since, the equipment including serving a time at the Swedish
I valued my time with Tom at meetings program has been expanded considerably Geotechnical Institute (SGI) as a research
of the Chicago Committee on High Rise with many variations of drill rigs, cutter engineer before moving to Canada in 1972.
Buildings. His skillful play with words was systems, duty-cycle cranes, etc. available. Bengt was a professor at the University of
magical; he could influence code officials, Prof. Bauer has been very active in Ottawa from 1979 through 2002 and has
general contractors, architects and engi- numerous industry associations, including continued to practice as a consultant on
neers to complete hundreds of successful as president of the Confederation of the deep foundation works worldwide. He is
projects. German Construction Industry (2011- best known for his work in understanding
Tom was also kind in quiet ways. When 2016) and as current vice president and fundamentals of pile behavior from his
my wife was recovering from surgery, Tom future president of the European keen understandings and observations of
and his wife, Simonne, insisted that we Construction Industry Federation. In instrumented load tests, dynamic testing,
spend a day at their home while they gave November 2018, after 32 years at the helm pile driving problems and downdrag forces
my wife some TLC. This included some of of the BAUER Group, he retired as on deep foundations.
Tom’s worst jokes because he said laughter chairman of the management board of On a personal note, I always make it a
is the best medicine. BAUER AG. point to engage Bengt in a conversation
Tom lived big. His work includes many This award is a testament to his lasting whenever the opportunity arises because I
recognizable structures. He was generous legacy in the special foundations industry. always learn something from his vast
to others and gave back to our foundation His impact has truly been significant across wealth of experience and insight. He has
community. He truly was one of the great the entire sector through his relentless made a difference in our profession.
ones. desire to innovate and set the highest By Dan Brown, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE,
By Bill Walton, P.E., S.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, standard in foundation drilling equipment. president, Dan Brown Associates
senior vice president and former director at By John Theos, regional director, Americas
GEI Consultants for BAUER Spezialtiefbau

Is knowing a local expert is available with
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Chicago!
Honoring Professor Thomas Bauer: A Brief History of Bauer AG

Bauer AG currently employs about 12,000 people in over 110 subsidiaries, in more
than 70 countries around the world. However, it started out as a humble coppersmith
almost 230 years ago, in Bavaria. From Germany, to Australia, to Africa, and all the way
to BEA here in North America, its independent subsidiaries have spread across the
globe, providing assistance in the form of premium foundation construction equipment
and expert service.
Prof. Thomas Bauer and his predecessors nourished the growth of Bauer AG from the ground up,
encouraging employees to innovate and flourish. Under their guidance a vibrant legacy was created,
fueled by the creativity and commitment to excellence that is shared by all members of Bauer AG.
Congratulations on receiving DFI’s Legacy Award, Professor Bauer!
Thank you for your years of leadership and inspiration.
BAUER Equipment America 680 Conroe Park W Dr., Conroe, TX 77303 (713) 691-3000
info@bauer-equipment.com
DFI’s S3: Slope – Support – Stabilization Conference
Panel discussion on the use of software for slope stabilization
Eight DFI Technical Committees — effective application of deep foundations, and Derrick Dasenbrock, P.E., D.GE,
Landslides and Slope Stabilization, ground improvement and soil mixing for F.ASCE, geomechanics/LRFD engineer in
Tiebacks and Soil Nailing, Ground stabilization of slopes and excavation the geotechnical engineering section of the
Improvement, Slurry Walls, Soil Mixing, support in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Minnesota Department of Transportation
Subsurface Characterization, Drilled August 6-8. Twenty-seven exhibitors office of materials and road research,
Shafts, and Testing and Evaluation — displayed cutting edge services and presented on “Land Instability and
presented an expanded conference on the products for earth stabilization and Landslide Impacts on Minnesota’s Roads
retention to more than 150 attendees. and Bridges.” Nine other presentations
On day one, the conference kicked off highlighted specific case histories on
Keynote lecturers Derrick Dasenbrock with two keynote lectures. Stephen Wright, stabilization with tiebacks and micropiles,
and Stephen Wright
Ph.D., P.E., emeritus professor at the and excavation support. A networking
University of Texas at Austin, delivered a reception and exhibition concluded the
lecture on “Slope Stability Calculations,” day one activities.
Conference Co-chairs Jeff Segar, P.E., S.E., Braun Intertec; Christopher Ramsey, P.E.,
Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions; Edward Laczynski, P.E., GA & FC
Wagman; and Program Chair Johanna Simon, P.E., Schnabel Engineering

WiDF night at the ballpark
Day two featured 10 presentations

highlighting case histories on excavation
support and stabilization with tiebacks and
ground improvement. The morning session
concluded with a panel discussion on the
use of software for slope stabilization.
Providers of commonly used software
packages (e.g., UTexas by Ensoft, FLAC by
Itasca, Slide by Rocscience and Plaxis by
Bentley) analyzed and presented solutions
for the same real-world slope stabilization
problem, and then discussed how their soft-
ware was used to prepare various solutions,
and provided tips on using packages to
produce and validate solutions. The dis-
cussion was also broadcast to 88 attendees
as a live webinar and will be posted on DFI’s
You Tube Channel soon.
On Tuesday evening prior to the start of Technical presentations were well attended
the conference, attendees participated in
the DFI Women in Deep Foundations Call for Abstracts
Committee Baseball Game Fundraiser. The call for abstracts is open for DFI’s 2020 The deadline for abstracts is Friday,
They relaxed, networked, and rooted on the S3: Slopes, Slides and Stabilization January 17, 2020. Visit www.dfi.org/S3-
Minnesota Twins vs. Atlanta Braves at Target Conference, being held August 4-6, 2020, 2020 for submission information.
Field on a beautiful summer evening. at the Hotel Kabuki in San Francisco.

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DFI-India 2019: November 14-16, 2019
N
U
DFI
ST
EP FO
9th Conference on Deep Foundation

ITUTE
DE
Technologies for Infrastructure

Development in India www.dfi.org/india2019
National Academy of Construction (NAC), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
DFI-India Annual Conference: Just a Month Away

Join us for the 9th Annual Conference on and Applications of Continuous Flight
Keynote Speakers
Deep Foundations Technologies for Infra- Auger (CFA) Piles in India. The workshop
The conference features invited international
structure Development in India, November sessions focus on the following topics:
keynote speakers including the following:
15-16, at the National Academy of Construc-
• History of continuous flight auger pile
tion (NAC), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. “Reliability Based Design (RBD) of Foun-
The two-day conference includes four • Methodology of CFA pile construction dations” — Dr. Prasad Yenumula, principal
sessions highlighting the latest geo- • Geotechnical design of CFA piles: engineer, Duke Energy, and adjunct professor,
technologies, contract and project manage- geotechnical site characterization, Gonzaga University, Washington, USA
ment procedures, work methods, equip- design parameters, design procedures “Port of Miami Tunnel” — Rafael Pina, P.E.,
ment/tools and the skill development and Matthew Meyer, P.E., D.GE, Langan
programs needed in India. Topics include: • Structural design: concrete/mix design,
reinforcement design and detailing Engineering and Environmental Services, USA
• Improving current practices with case
• Drilling, concreting and reinforcement “Smart Infrastructure” — Kumar Allady,
studies
lowering P.E., CEO, RADISE International, Smart
• Developments in safe and efficient geo- Structures, AFT, USA and India
construction • CFA piling equipment and accessories
“Stone Columns Applications, Construc-
• Advances in deep foundations, earth re- • QA/QC related to CFA piling tion and Quality Control” — Vito Cheung,
tention systems and ground improvement • Instrumentation and load testing area manager - Asia Pacific at Betterground
• Urban development/redevelopment (HK), Hong Kong
• Soil conditions for CFA piling and CFA
pile application in India “Overcoming Geotechnical Challenges in
Preconference Workshop Infrastructure Projects Using Optimal
The conference is being preceded by a one- • CFA pile trials carried out by DFI of Foundation Solutions” — Deepak Raj,
day Preconference Workshop on Novem- India at Hisar, Haryana managing director, Keller ASEAN, Singapore
ber 14, on the topic, Design, Construction
Exhibit Area
CFA pile trials carried out by DFI of India In addition to the robust technical
at Hisar, Haryana
program, the exhibitor area features the
latest products and services of equipment,
material, instrumentation and testing
technology providers as well as contractors
and other interested parties. The
conference schedule includes dedicated
time for attendees to visit the exhibit and
network with manufacturers, technology
providers and others.
www.dfi.org/India2019

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• Stone columns • Slurry / cut-off wall
• Non-vibratory stone columns
(proprietary method)
• Soil mixing
• Vibro compaction
With four decades of deep foundations experience, Kiewit delivers cost-efficient solutions through diverse methodologies,
a modern equipment fleet loaded with digital data acquisitions systems, and the management resources of one of the most
well-respected construction and engineering firms in North America.
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Technical Topics
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Registration Opens in November • Testing of foundations

• Developments and innovations in construction equipment,
Registration opens in November for the 2nd DFI-PFSF Piling & methods and materials
Ground Improvement Conference taking place March 23-25,
• Potential environmental and structural impact of piling work
2020, at International Convention Centre (ICC) Sydney. This
on adjacent structures
conference is intended to promote all aspects of the deep
foundations, earth retention and ground improvement works. • Infrastructure works projects from PPPs, government
authorities, builders, consultants and contractors
• Case studies with lessons learned
ICC Sydney is Australia’s first fully-integrated harborside
convention, exhibition and entertainment venue. The spectacular
location offers convenient access to Australia’s most cosmopolitan
city. Boasting 56 international flight connections, 85 museums, 65
cinemas and 140 art galleries, Sydney offers much more than
stunning beaches, great food and wine, and the world’s finest harbor.
Situated in the city’s epicenter, ICC Sydney is within walking
distance of multiple transport links, more than 7,000 hotel rooms
and Barangaroo — the city’s new
www.dfi.org/PFSF2020
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Plans Underway for SuperPile ’20
DFI, in partnership with ADSC, is hosting Presentations will highlight the following: • Instrumentation, load testing,
the 13th annual SuperPile Conference. monitoring
• Innovations and advancements in
SuperPile’20 is taking place at the Hilton
deep foundation design and • Alternative procurement methods and
St. Louis, Missouri, at the Ballpark. This
installation early contractor involvement
three-day event includes presentations on
the latest developments in augered cast-in- • Designing and constructing safely and • Designing for resiliency under
place/drilled displacement piles, drilled effectively in urban environments extreme or unexpected loading
shafts, driven piles, helical piles and conditions (inclement weather,
• Foundations in karst and erodible
tiebacks, marine foundations, micropiles, flooding, scour, seismic, liquefaction,
sedimentary bedrock
seismic and lateral loads, and testing and lateral spreading)
evaluation of foundation systems. • Corrosion of buried structures
• Re-use of foundations and other
sustainable design approaches
• Piles and secant walls for access to
deep tunnels
• Foundation optimization through risk
management (geotechnical,
contractual, communication risks)
• Working platforms
Conference highlights include DFI Tech-
nical Committee meetings; the Osterberg
Memorial Lecture; presentation of the Ben
C. Gerwick Award for Innovation in the
Design and Construction of Marine
Foundations; exhibits with more than 75
manufacturers, suppliers and service
providers; and the Women in Deep
Foundations networking reception.
www.dfi.org/SuperPile20

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Deep Mixing 2020 – Best Practice and Legacy
Registration is open for Deep Mixing 2020 — Best Practice and Neptune Fountain
Legacy, June 15-18, 2020, in Gdańsk, Poland. The event, the 7th
conference in a series on deep mixing, is being hosted by DFI in
conjunction with leaders in the international deep mixing
community.
The conference is aimed at defining the future of deep mixing
and transferring the charge of advancing the industry to the next
generation of practitioners. The technical program includes
presentations on all aspects of current deep mixing technology and
research, and will provide a forum for discussion with
stakeholders, including contractors, engineers, researchers,
equipment and material suppliers, and owners.
Conference Highlights
• Internationally Renowned Keynote Speakers
• Presentations on 150+ Reviewed Papers from 30+ Countries
• Case Study on Major Deep Mixing Project in Hong Kong The beauty of the city can be admired as you stroll along the
• Exhibit of Innovative Equipment and Technology Royal Route from the Golden Gate along Długa Street and the Long
Market, with its Fountain of Neptune, to the Green Gate, touring
• Networking and Social Events
the interiors of the Main Town Hall and Artus Court. Along
Mariacka Street is St. Mary’s Basilica, the world’s largest brick
Join Us in the City of Freedom church, with an 80-m tower offering a view of Gdańsk and the bay.
Gdańsk, a port city on the Baltic coast of Poland, has a rich and
The city is also where World War II began, and it is here that the
interesting history documented since 997.
Museum of the Second World War was built to memorialize this fact.
The legendary Gdańsk Shipyard was the
St. Mary’s Basilica along Mariacka Street
site of strikes led by the charismatic
electrician, the Nobel Peace Prize winning
former President of Poland, Lech Wałesa.
The strikes, which led to the creation of the
Solidarity independent trade union,
marked the beginning of the end of
Communism in this part of Europe. The
European Solidarity Centre that was opened
in 2014 is devoted to this part of the history.
Gdańsk is also a center for the world’s
amber trade; boutiques throughout the city
sell the ossified resin. It’s also worth check-
ing out the Amber Museum, the only one of
its kind in the world.
www.dfi.org/DM2020

Call for Abstracts: S3 2020
Presentation proposals are being accepted on the following topics:
• Design
• Case studies
• Risk-based design
• Safe working platforms
The Call for Abstracts is open for DFI’s S3: Slopes, Slides and • Project access challenges
Stabilization Conference, being held August 4-6, 2020, at the Hotel
• Quality control and inspection
Kabuki in San Francisco. The 2.5-day conference, organized by
nine DFI Technical Committees, focuses on effective application of • Groundwater effects and impacts
deep foundations, ground improvement, and soil mixing for • Long-term maintenance
stabilization of slopes and excavation support.
• Corrosion protection
The goal of the event is to provide presentations and panel
discussions on current technologies, design concepts, research, • Innovative applications and techniques
and case histories for challenging slope and landslide repairs, • Lateral spreading
excavation support and slope stabilization projects using deep
foundation and ground improvement methods. Presentations • Monitoring and inspection
highlighting seismic loading conditions and analysis, and The deadline for abstracts is Friday, January 17. Visit the
applications with significant groundwater control aspects are conference website for submission
www.dfi.org/S3-2020
encouraged. information.
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Registration is Open
Register now for the 4th International Symposium on Frontiers in Results of the prediction events will be collated and
Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG) being held at the University of (anonymously) presented at ISFOG 2020. We anticipate the
Texas at Austin, August 16-19, 2020. DFI and Geo-Institute of events will open in October 2019 and run until early 2020. More
ASCE are co-managing the event under the auspices of ISSMGE details are available on the conference website.
Technical Committee 309 on Offshore Geotechnics. The
symposium provides a specialist forum for practitioners and Student Grants
academics to share solutions and new ideas that address the The Society for Underwater Technology in the U.S. (SUT-US) and
dynamic challenges of working in offshore design and installation. the International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics
ISFOG 2020 will highlight emerging technologies related to data (ISFOG) are excited to announce the call for scholarships to a
science and emphasizes the recent surges in offshore renewables $5,000 fund for student travel grants to participate in ISFOG 2020.
development in the U.S. and globally. SUT-US ISFOG will offer 10 travel grants worth $500 each to
undergraduate and graduate students enrolled full-time at national
Prediction Events and international institutions. The completed application, including
The symposium is featuring two prediction events — Data Science application form, recommendation letter and official transcript,
Prediction and Cyclic Loading Prediction. must be emailed to communications@sut-us.org by December 13,
ISFOG 2020 Cyclic Loading Prediction Event: Predicting 2019. Recipients of the grants will be notified by January 25, 2020.
the behaviour of offshore foundations subject to cyclic loading Details and application forms
www.dfi.org/ISFOG2020
remains a key challenge facing geotechnical engineers. To stimulate are on the conference website.
discussion on this topic at ISFOG 2020, the conference organizers
are hosting a prediction event – in which participants will be Hywind Scotland first turbine mated
provided details of a model foundation (tested in a centrifuge) that (Photo: Roar Lindefjeld/Woldcam/Statoil)
is subjected to cyclic loading, along with soil parameters that would
typically be available to a designer, and will be asked to predict how
the foundation performed.
ISFOG 2020 Data Science Prediction Event: Data science
techniques are rapidly transforming businesses in a broad range of
sectors. While marketing and social applications have received
most attention to date, geotechnical engineering can also benefit
from data science tools that are now readily available. In the context
of the ISFOG2020 conference, a prediction event is being held that
invites geotechnical engineers to share knowledge and gain hands-
on experience with machine learning models. The data science
prediction event formulates pile driving predictions as a machine
learning problem.

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Save the Dates – DFI 45th Annual Conference in Maryland
Next year’s DFI 45th Annual Conference on published in scientific journals, geotechnical committees. Nicks is a member of DFI’s
Deep Foundations (#DFI45) is taking place magazines, and conference proceeding Driven Piles and Women in Deep Founda-
at the Gaylord National Resort & worldwide. He is also a co-author (and tions Committees. She earned her B.S., M.S.
Convention Center, in National Harbor, implementation instructor) of the State of and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering at
Maryland, from October 13-16, 2020. Delaware LRFD Bridge Design Manual. He is a Texas A&M University.
The organizing committee, led by former chair of the Pittsburgh ASCE Geo-
Conference Chair Sebastian Lobo- Institute, and a former director of the ASCE
Guerrero, Ph.D., P.E., and Program Co- Pittsburgh Section. Lobo-Guerrero is a
Chairs Jennifer Nicks, Ph.D., P.E., and member of the DFI Anchored Earth
Gregg Piazza, P.E., met for the first time in Retention Committee.
August to start planning what is anticipated
to be an exciting event considering the
diverse geotechnical conditions of the area
and many firms that support the local deep
foundation construction industry.
Gregg V. Piazza, P.E., is a foundation

engineer at GeoStructures, in Purcellville,
Virginia. He has more than 25 years of
experience in geo-structural engineering,
specializing in problem solving and design
Jennifer Nicks, Ph.D., P.E., is a research solutions for an array of geotechnical and
geotechnical engineer with the Federal marine foundation projects. He is a member
Highway Administration (FHWA) at the of the DFI Marine Foundations Committee
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center and has been a presenter at numerous DFI
in McLean, Virginia. She manages a and industry events. Piazza is licensed in
Sebastian Lobo-Guerrero, Ph.D., P.E., is geotechnical research program focused on Washington D.C., Maryland, Virginia and
a geotechnical project manager/AAP the design and construction of transpor- New Jersey. Piazza earned his B.S. in applied
laboratory manager at American tation infrastructure related to bridge math from the University of Vermont, and
Geotechnical & Environmental Services foundations, retaining walls, slopes and his M. Eng. in civil engineering from Stevens
(A.G.E.S.) in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania embankments, and led the development of Institute of Technology.
headquarters. He has more than 18 years of an updated FHWA Deep Foundation Load DFI is excited to have these members
experience in geotechnical engineering, Test Database. Nicks is currently serving as onboard leading the DFI45 planning
specializing in the design of deep/shallow chair of the Transportation Research Board’s committee. We hope to see you all in
foundations, earth retaining structures and Geosynthetics committee and vice chair of Maryland!
landslide stabilization. Lobo-Guerrero has the Geo-Institute’s International Activities
www.dfi.org/Annual2020
authored more than 60 technical papers Council and Geotechnics of Soil Erosion
The next two webinars are taking place on Wednesday, December 4,
2019, and Wednesday, February 5, 2020, from 11:00 a.m.–12:30
p.m. EST. Presentations for Wednesday, December 4 include:
• Dynamic and Rapid Pile Loading Test Program at Terminal 5,
Port of Seattle: Brice Exley, Hart Crowser
• Performance of Various Pile Types in Sections of Brooklyn, New
Save the Dates for ITS Money York-based on Load Test Results: Tasos Papathanasio, P.E.,
Langan Engineering and Environmental Services
• Foundation Engineering Revisited to Reduce Bridge
DFI and the DFI Testing and Evaluation Committee are launching Construction Risk: Paul Axtell, P.E., D.GE, Dan Brown and
ITS (Increased Testing Saves) Money Webinars Series this fall. Associates
The webinars will demonstrate how foundation testing
conducted during the design phase can provide data that optimizes Presentations for Wednesday, February 5 include:
foundation designs and construction procedures, thereby saving • Cost Benefits of Bi-directional Load Testing: Van Komurka, P.E.,
money while increasing the quality of the constructed foundation. D.GE, F.ASCE, GRL Engineers
The first webinar took place on Wednesday, October 2, and
• Pre-Bid Load Testing for the Mobile River Bridge and Bayway
featured the following presentations.
Public Private Partnership (P3) Project: Sam Sternberg, P.E.,
• Savings from Testing the Driven-Pile Foundation for a High- D.GE, Dan Brown and Associates
Rise Building: Van Komurka, P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, GRL
• California High Speed Rail Drilled Shaft Load Testing: Kevin
Engineers
Burlingham, Amec Foster Wheeler
• Using Load Testing to Save Money and Time on the I-35W
Registration is necessary and free for members. Nonmembers fee is
Bridge Project: Matthew Glisson, P.E., Braun Intertec
nominal and includes DFI individual membership through the end
• Cost Benefits of Drilled Shaft Load Testing: John Turner, Ph.D., of 2020.
www.dfi.org/ITSMoney2019
P.E., D.GE, Dan Brown and Associates

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Levee Safety Coalition
Susan Gilson, NAFSMA; Theresa Engler, DFI; Lori Spragens, ASDSO; Natalie Mamerow, ASCE; Del Shannon, (Barnard Construction)
rep. USSD; Scott Raschke (Schnabel Engineering) rep. USSD; and Emily Feenstra, ASCE
On June 26, U.S. Levee Safety Coalition representatives met with funding can reasonably be utilized within its resource capacity, both
both House and Senate appropriators. The House meeting was to internal and external via the AEC community, in FY20. That meeting
express the group’s thanks for the increased funding for the was held on August 12 at the USACE Headquarters building in
National Levee Safety Program and reinforce the importance of Washington, D.C., and may be reported on at a later date.
completing the inventory of federal and non-federal levees while As background, the National Levee Safety Program was
the Senate meeting was to “ask” that the Appropriations authorized in the Water Resources Reform and Development Act
Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and (WRRDA) of 2014 (PL 113 – 121 Sec. 3016) to promote consistent
Subcommittee on Homeland Security provide the program with safety standards, create levee safety guidelines, and provide
funding that meets the full $79 million authorization. funding assistance to states and regional districts for establishing
The coalition is a group that has joined together to support and participating levee safety programs. America’s Water Infrastructure
advance levee safety in the USA. DFI, along with ACEC, ASCE, Act of 2018 reauthorized the program through FY23 (PL 115 – 270
ASDSO, NAFSMA and USSD, make up the coalition membership. Sec. 1144). To date, USACE has been able to inventory 13,700
All member organizations were represented at these meetings, with miles of levees under its authority and another 15,400 miles of
the exception of ACEC, who contributed to the planning in advance. levees maintained by other federal, state or local agencies in the
The time spent with the House and Senate was successful and National Levee Database (NLD), however there is much work to be
worthwhile in that the appropriations staffers indicated their done in inventorying and determining the location and condition
understanding of the program and through their questioning of all the levees outside of USACE’s authority. As levees play a
showed their interest in the need for the funding. Also, the timing of critical life safety role, we impressed upon the appropriators at
the meetings was optimal in that it was soon after the massive these meetings that fully appropriating the program at $79 million
flooding in the Midwest U.S. in May and June, where much flooding would play a crucial role in protecting people, communities,
was caused by levee failures. The coalition’s representatives came critical infrastructure systems and trillions of dollars of property.
back with the action item of meeting with the Army Corps of To learn more about the U.S. Levee Safety Coalition, visit
Engineers (USACE) to get a better understanding of how much https://damsafety.org/levee-safety.

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DFI Journal: Volume 13, Issue 1 Available
The most recent edition of the DFI Journal, Annual Conference and the DFI 2018 • “Lateral Forces on Pile Due to Soil Slope
Volume 13, Issue 1, is now available. Student and Young Professor Paper Creep,” by David E. Albus, G.E., and
This issue includes the following Competitions: Bidjan Ghahreman, Ph.D., G.E., Albus-
papers that were presented at DFI's 43rd • “Performance Assessment of Wave Keefe & Associates
Equation Analysis for Driven Steel H-
• “Modified Strong Rock P-Y Curves for
Piles in IGM,” by Pramila Adhikari and
Rock-Socketed Pile Shafts,” by Arash
Yrgalem Z. Gebreslasie, University of
Khosravifar Ph.D., P.E., Portland State
Wyoming, 2018 Student Paper
University
Competition, Honorable Mention
An online subscription to the DFI Journal is
• “Torsional Resistance of Drilled Shaft
included with DFI membership, and issues
Foundations: A State of The Art,” by
can be accessed by signing in to the member
Victor Hugo Aguilar Vidal, Auburn
portal — MyDFI. Members and non-
University
members can order printed copies of the
• “Estimating Capacity and Reliability of 2007-2013 volumes of the Journal from the
Existing Foundations for Evaluation of ‘Publications’ page of www.dfi.org;
Reuse,” by Andrew Boeckmann, P.E., members at preferential rates. DFI is
University of Missouri, 2018 DFI accepting orders for printed copies of the
Young Professor Paper Competition, 2020 Journal volumes through March 1,
Runner up 2020.Contact staff@dfi.org for information
about DFI Journal subscriptions.
Book the 2019-2020 Traveling Lecturer

DFI Traveling Lecturer, Willie M. NeSmith, DEEP FOUNDATIONS INSTITUTE Application of Cast-in-Place Piles in
P.E., former chief geotechnical engineer for Intermediate Geomaterials: The dev-
Berkel & Company Contractors, is elopment of more powerful and robust
available to present a series of lectures to installation platforms has made it feasible
university students, professional groups to install cast-in-place piles into materials
and industry associations. The lecture once considered too resistant for the
series runs through August 31, 2020. To request the DFI Traveling system. This lecture reviews current installation platforms and
Lecturer to speak at your event, contact events@dfi.org or visit tooling, and presents case histories for installation in soft
www.dfi.org/awardslectures.asp?traveling. limestone, partially weathered rock, shale and glacial till.
Following are the 2019-2020 lecture series topics: Design Methodologies for Cast-in-Place Piles: This lecture is an
Fundamentals of Cast-in-Place Piles: This lecture examines the in-depth treatment of current design methodologies for cast-in-
development and evolution of cast-in-place piles in the United place piles. Conventional continuous flight auger (CFA) and drilled
States and Europe and describes current industry equipment and displacement piles are addressed.
installation practice. Conventional continuous flight auger (CFA) The Application of Drilled Displacement Elements for Lique-
and drilled displacement piles are addressed. fication Mitigation and Foundation Improvement: When drilled
Drilled Displacement Pile Performance at a Site with Coastal displacement piles are installed in materials that exhibit granular
Plain Overlying Residual Soil: This lecture is a case history of a behavior, there is a significant increase in density in the vicinity of
project in Aiken, South Carolina, where both Coastal Plain soils the piles. The increase is most pronounced in loose to medium dense
and residual soils were encountered within the pile depths. Because materials and can be utilized to mitigate liquefication and increase
of the difference in working grade across the site, the length of pile the foundation response stiffness of the mass of the material pene-
in each of the formation varied. After an extensive testing program, trated. Case histories are presented wherein ground improvement
the installation process was modified to accommodate the variable elements were installed using drilled displacement pile processes to
response to displacement of the Coastal Plain and residual soils. mitigate liquefaction and increase allowable foundation loading.
WWW.DFI.ORG DID YOU KNOW?
Where to Find the Call for Papers

?
Did you know that you can find an up-to-
date listing of Call for Papers for upcoming
DFI events and events of interest to the
deep foundations community at
www.dfi.org?
Simply select ‘Events’ from the menu
and then select ‘Call for Papers’ to see a list
of current events that are seeking paper or
presentation submissions. Each listing
includes details and the deadline for
submissions.
If you are involved in an event that has
issued a call for papers, you can submit the
details using an online form on this page to
be included on the DFI website. Listings are
subject to approval by DFI.

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REGIONAL REPORT
DFI Europe
While I am writing this regional report, it is specific, detailed and up-to-date infor-
still unclear how, when and if Great Britain mation and input with their professional Frank Haehnig
will leave the European Union. The new background and experience. President DFI Europe
Prime Minister is not yet specific on the Frank.Haehnig@bauer.de
Brexit terms. So, the consequences (positive New Board Member
or negative) are yet to be seen. In the mean- As a direct result from our call for
time, however, the megaproject High Speed owners/major clients to become involved
2 (HS2) in the U.K. is progressing and some with DFI Europe, we welcome Egbert van
preparatory works were ordered and have der Wal, manager of the engineering
been started. The general economy in department at the Port of Rotterdam, as a Support Fluids Guide
Europe is also influenced by the worldwide new corresponding member of DFI As announced in our previous report, the
economic downturn and the slowing down Europe’s Board. The Port of Rotterdam is an 1st edition of the Guide to Support Fluids
of the private sector within our industry. international organization and plays a for Deep Foundations has been published
Governments have been trying to get pioneering role in research and standard- and is available via download from the DFI
infrastructure projects through the design ization in the field of foundation and and EFFC websites free of charge. This
and approval phases but have needed far geotechnical engineering. He is also guide is intended to serve as a practical
too much time to do so or the projects have member of the Board of PIANC (Inter- addition to existing standards and will
failed to materialize for some reason. national Navigation Association) in the assist all parties
In Italy, large construction companies Netherlands, member of ASCE COPRI involved in the pro-
are struggling with their liquidity, and it Ports and Harbours Committee, vice chair curement, design
seems that one construction group is of the CROW (technology platform for and construction of
integrating the suffering companies and transport, infrastructure and public space) deep foundations.
becoming one of the big players in the Committee on marine and geotechnical In collaboration
market. France, the Netherlands, Spain structures and Ambassador of Smart-Port with academic part-
and Portugal are increasing their construc- on Futureproof Port Infrastructure. ners, a field research
tion market outputs, whereas Eastern study is ongoing to
Europe is still slow. The European collect various data
organisation of construction contractors from many active construction sites and
(FIEC), soon to be headed by our “DFI will develop nonstandard test methods and
Legend” Professor Thomas Bauer, Dr-Ing. recommendations for acceptance criteria
E.h. Dipl.-Kfm, is strongly looking into the for support fluids.
impact of digitalisation on our industry and
is working on solutions, standards and Student Chapter
regulations for all pertinent stakeholders. The first European Student Chapter has
Another key topic is the sustainable been formed at the Sapienza University of
future of the construction industry, and Rome. The chapter president is Simone
DFI Europe is working on answers and Avallone, who is supported by faculty
solutions. The BIM/Digitalisation Commit- advisor, Prof. Paolo Marzano. It is a very
tee developed a soon-to-be published active chapter, providing students with
position paper on sustainability, which many opportunities to be engaged. The
provides a contribution to and from the first chapter activity was a seminar on
deep foundations industry. My sincerest If you are a major client with a technical existing, innovative and ongoing research
thanks and appreciation to each of our background and are interested in joining techniques and materials for ground
members who volunteered much of their the DFI Europe Board as corresponding improvement using the soil mixing
spare time and provided a great deal of member, please contact Monika De Vos, technique. Prof. Correia of the University
effort addressing this very important topic. secretary of DFI Europe, at office@dfi- of Coimbra in Portugal discussed the
Our members, especially through their europe.org. benefits and advantages of using multiwall
generous volunteerism, create valuable, nanotubes in soil mixing stabilizations. In

addition, the students visited several active
construction sites where soil mixing was
being performed. At each location, the site
visit was preceded by a meeting to
introduce the students to the project and to
provide an opportunity for the students
from different universities to get to know
each other and to share common interests
and experiences.
Two of the site visits were in Rome and
one was in Terracina. For the Metro C
construction project visit, students from
Auburn University in Alabama, USA, were
invited to join with the students from
Sapienza University. The group visited the
TBM shaft, located nearby the Aurelian
walls and the Basilica of San Giovanni in
Laterno, and went to the bottom of the The Student Chapter at the Sapienza University of Rome on site visits
excavation. The other site visit in Rome was
a soil mixing construction project located performed to enhance the mechanical overall slope stability. The students were
in close proximity to the Vatican City walls, properties of the soils and to be able to able to see the problems and the solutions
where deep soil mixing was being allow new surcharge loading and increase associated with the ground improvement
works and deep foundation works in
highly urbanized areas and in difficult
topographical conditions. The third site
was in Terracina, where soil mixing works
were being performed to improve the soft
ground to support the construction of a fire
station. Special attention was given to the
execution parameters and procedures as
Deep Mixing 2020 – Best Practice and Legacy well as QC/QA procedures. DFI Europe
intends to provide future support to this
Baltic Philharmonic’s Music and Congress Centre, Ołowianka Isle
Student Chapter.
Upcoming Events
Deep Mixing 2020, the 7th conference in a
series on deep mixing, takes place on June
15-18, 2020, at the beautiful Baltic
Philharmonic’s Music and Congress Centre
in Gdańsk, Poland. This conference is
aimed at defining the future of deep mixing
and provides a forum for discussion with
all stakeholders. Registration for the event
opens in October. Read the article on page
45 and visit www.dfi.org/DM2020 for
more information.
Baltic Philharmonic Music and Congress Centre

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EDUCATIONAL TRUST
New Trustee In addition, the following

Jonathan Huff, P.E., of Goettle, has recently direct contributions were made Tracy Brettmann, P.E., D.GE, Chair
by donors to the following funds: tracy.brettmann@ahbeck.com
been elected to the DFI Educational Trust
Board of Trustees. His term runs from • University of Pittsburgh:
August 1, 2019-December 31, 2020. Huff is $8,762.50
a design engineer/project manager and • Penn State: $9,912.50
estimator for Goettle, where his res- • Carnegie Mellon University: pursuing their academic studies
ponsibilities include engineering design, $3,875.00 in deep foundations, architecture,
estimating, project management and Thank you to all the donors for your con- engineering and construction.
relationship building. His areas of expertise tinued support: Thank you to the sponsors:
include augered Supporting Donors Platinum Sponsors
cast-in-place piles, Equipment Corporation of America (ECA) Component Assembly Systems
drilled displacement Menard Group USA Forest Electric Corp
piles, micropiles, Star Iron Works, Inc. Langan Engineering & Environmental
caissons and tied Other Contributions Service
back earth retention Brayman Construction Corporation Rockefeller Group
systems. He ob- Clearwater Construction Saltus, LLC
tained his B.S. and Favor Steel and Fabricating Silman
M.S. degrees in civil engineering from the KB International LLC Banner
University of Kentucky, while pitching for Nucor Skyline Gilbane Building Company
the university’s D1 baseball team. A member UBC Pile Drivers and Divers Golf Cart Underwriter
of DFI, ADSC and PDCA, Huff is chair of the Rob Douglass Galdi Mechanical Corp.
DFI Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Committee David Hyland Grant Engineering & Construction
and a former chair of the Cincinnati Section Mary Ellen Large Group, LLC
of the ASCE Geotechnical Group. David Pinyot International Masonry Institute
Tom Richards Resource New Jersey Commercial
Pennsylvania Golf Outing Dan Uranowski Flooring
The 14th Annual DFI Educational Trust Turner Construction Company
Pennsylvania Golf Outing took place on New Jersey Golf Outing USA Architects
July 29 at Montour Heights Country Club The Annual DFI Educational Trust /ACE Beverage Cart
in Pittsburgh. The event, chaired by Roy Mentor Program of New Jersey Golf Outing Edward Leske Co.
Kern, CEO of Equipment Corporation of Fundraiser was held on August 15 at Royce Grant Engineering and Construction
America (ECA), had more than 50 golfers Brook Golf Club in Hillsborough. It was the Group, LLC
and raised more than $4,000 for student most successful year for the event — 99 Macedos Construction, LLC
scholarship funds at Penn State University golfers hit the links to raise more than PGA Instruction
and University of Pittsburgh. $30,000 to fund scholarships for students Glenwood Mason Supply Company, Inc.
Networking Lunch
F&G Mechanical Corporation
Networking Reception
Binsky Mechanical
Gensler
At-Large Scholarship Winners

In July, the Trust awarded the 2019 At-Large
Scholarships, which are available to
undergraduate and graduate civil and
geotechnical engineering students attending
any accredited college or university in the
U.S. The funding for the 2019 General
Scholarships came from the Charles J.
Camaraderie at the Pennsylvania Golf Outing Berkel Memorial Scholarship Fund.

In addition, the Thomas Wysockey
Civil Engineering Scholarship, John
O’Malley Civil Engineering Scholarship,
Francis Gularte Scholarship and the
inaugural Fred H. Kulhawy Memorial
Scholarship Fund were awarded. The 22
At-Large Scholarships totaled $55,000.
DFI Educational Trust General
Scholarship ($2,500 each)
• Timothy Keefe, senior, University of
Rhode Island
• Nicholas Riesterer, senior, University of
Michigan
($2,000 each)
• Emily Adelsohn, graduate student,
University of Pittsburgh Top row: Timothy Keefe, Nicholas Riesterer, Emily Adelsohn, Nice Kaneza
Bottom row: John McDavid, Anh Tran, Dominick Prudente, Milad Souri
• David Blake, graduate student,
Brigham Young University • Hunter VanSchoubroek, freshman,
• Johnathan Blanchard, graduate Texas A&M University
student, University of Arkansas John O’Malley Civil Engineering
• Mindy Castle, senior, South Dakota Scholarship ($5,000)
School of Mines and Technology • Prakash Ghimire, graduate student,
Virginia Tech
• Stephen Crawford, graduate student,
First Francis Gularte Scholarship ($2,500)
University of Florida
• Gaby Vasquez, graduate student, Texas Tyler Kleinsasse, Hunter VanSchoubroek,
• Manish Dulal, graduate student, Nicolet Chovancak (below)
Tech University
Virginia Tech
First Kulhawy Scholarship Awarded H. Kulhawy’s contri-
• Hwanik Ju, graduate student, Virginia Tech The first scholarship from the Fred H. Kul- bution to the deep
• Nice Kaneza, graduate student, The hawy Memorial Scholarship Fund, in the foundations industry.
University of Texas at Arlington amount of $2,500, was awarded to Nicolet Kulhawy was professor
Chovancak, a graduate student, University emeritus of civil and geo-
• Jesus Magdaleno, senior, Oregon State of South Carolina. The scholarship fund was technical engineering
University established in 2018 to honor Professor Fred at Cornell University.
• Kimberly Martin, graduate student,
Arizona State University
• John McDavid, freshman, Texas A&M 2019 Upcoming Trust Fundraisers
University
• Dominick Prudente, graduate student, Women in Deep Foundations Networking Reception at the
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute DFI Annual Conference: October 15, 2019
• Milad Souri, graduate student, Portland Chicago, Illinois
State University DFI Educational Trust 5K Fun Run & Walk at the
• Tat Shing Thum, graduate student, DFI Annual Conference: October 16, 2019
Virginia Tech Chicago, Illinois
• Anh Tran, graduate student, University DFI Educational Trust California
of Arkansas Golf Outing: October 21, 2019
Thomas J. Wysockey Civil Engineering Castlewood Country Club, Pleasanton, California
Scholarship ($5,000 each) DFI Educational Trust 14th Annual Gala
• Tyler Kleinsasser, graduate student,
Fundraising Dinner: November 7, 2019
South Dakota School of Mines and
Terrace On The Park, Corona, NewYork
Technology

Condon Scholarship
Erin Nebel, a graduate student at the University of Colorado -
Boulder, is the recipient of the 2019 Michael L. Condon Civil
Engineering Scholarship in the amount of $5,000. The Condon
Fund was established in 2015 with an initial donation by Condon-
Johnson and Associates, in memory of Michael L. Condon, a leader
in the deep foundations industry. Scholarships benefit civil
engineering students attending the following schools: Cal Poly San
Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Pomona, San Diego State University, Santa Top Row: Tugee
Base, Sayantani
Clara University, University of California-Davis, Oregon State Ghosh, Amanda
University, Washington State University, Montana Tech, University Parry
of Colorado-Boulder and Virginia Tech. Bottom row:
Sherry Pirzadeh
and Adeleine
Professional Grants Announced Tran
The Trust has awarded five Women in Deep Foundations (WiDF)
Professional Development Grants to women working in the deep
foundations industry. Each person receives a free full registration to
• Sherry Pirzadeh, P.E., design engineer, Menard Group USA
attend DFI’s 44th Annual Conference in Chicago and a grant of
$1,750 for associated expenses. The winners of the 2019 grants are: • Adeleine Tran, P.E., geotechnical engineer, Jacobs Engineering
• Tugce Baser, Ph.D., assistant professor, University of Illinois at Group
Urbana-Champaign
Read an interview of the recipients (page 109) who will be
• Sayantani Ghosh, EIT, senior staff engineer, Langan recognized during DFI44 at the WiDF 5th Annual Networking
Engineering and Environmental Services Reception on Tuesday, October 15, from 6:30-8:00 p.m. To register
for the reception or to sponsor the event, visit www.dfi.org/
• Amanda Parry, geotechnical engineer, GEI Consultants (former
Annual2019.
Educational Trust Scholarship recipient)
Recent Donors
Carnegie Mellon University Civil Engineering
Scholarship Fund
Menard Group USA
Fred H. Kulhawy Memorial Scholarship Fund
Paul and Karen Mayne
Penn State University Civil Engineering
Scholarship Fund
Equipment Corporation of America
Menard Group USA
Star Iron Works, Inc.
University of Pittsburgh Civil Engineering
Scholarship Fund
Menard Group USA
Star Iron Works, Inc.
Thomas J. Wysockey Civil Engineering Scholarship
Fund
GMS Piling Products, LLC
James McHugh Construction Co.
John Keno & Company, Inc.
Power Construction Company
Shoreline Steel South

TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
Lunch and Learn Workshop

We are continuing with our lunchtime workshop series during the Mary Ellen Bruce Large, P.E., D.GE
Director of Technical Activities
DFI 44 th Annual Conference on Deep Foundations with a melarge@dfi.org
conversation about effective communication. Employers cite
communication skills as one of the most valued attributes when
seeking and having employees interact with clients and coworkers.
A group of DFI committee members will present effective
communication skills, and we will discuss ways to cultivate them.
Please join us on Tuesday, October 15, during the committee
meeting lunch for the next installment of this light and fun individual design engineer. AASHTO representatives noted that too
workshop. much flexibility in site characterization program formulation can
create administrative problems.
AASHTO Update Kathryn Petek, Ph.D., P.E., of Shannon and Wilson, also
Submitted by Peggy Hagerty Duffy, P.E., D.GE, Hagerty Engineering presented the results of a multi-phase study, where she led an
and technical director of ADSC exploration of large diameter open-end pipe (LDOEP) piles and the
The 2019 American Association of State Highway and effects of plugging and other factors. Based on the findings, Silas
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Committee on Bridges and Nichols, P.E., of FHWA, stated that FHWA would be expending
Structures was held June 24-27 in Montgomery, Alabama. The effort to study large diameter foundation elements, particularly as
committee includes a number of subcommittees, most notably the they are used for construction-phase load testing.
T-15 Subcommittee on Substructures and Retaining Walls. Scour was also discussed at the meeting and has been the
AASHTO provides specifications and guidance to all of the state subject of several internal meetings within AASHTO and FHWA.
departments of transportation within the U.S., and AASHTO Attempts have been made to clarify that scour is not just a
specifications often affect the content of commercial specifications, hydraulics/hydrology issue but also a geotechnical problem.
as well. AASHTO receives guidance and support from the Federal AASHTO and FHWA will both continue to address this problem in
Highway Administration (FHWA). an effort to quantify the effects of scour better and provide better
Hagerty Duffy attended the meeting and participated in follow guidance on design to prevent scour.
up discussions from the 2018 meeting concerning the
development of a construction specification for soil nail walls. The New Geotechnical Engineering Circulars
ADSC-DFI joint committee on Anchored Earth Retention (AER) Paul Axtell, P.E., Drilled Shaft Committee Chair
had provided feedback in 2018 on a proposed specification. In May 2019, FHWA released two new
Hagerty Duffy and Ed Laczynski, P.E., of Wagman Heavy Civil publications related to deep foundations,
Construction and co-chair of the AER Committee, participated in a as part of the series of geotechnical
day-long meeting with subcommittee representatives in October engineering guidelines called Geotechnical
2018 to hash through specific issues with the specification. The Engineering Circulars (GEC). The doc-
lack of inclusion of Grade 100 bar in the specification was uments are available for download from
addressed but was found to be complicated by conflicts in the the FHWA website on the Bridges &
design specification for soil nail walls. This issue was restated Structures — Geotechnical page at
during the meeting in Montgomery, and Hagerty Duffy agreed to www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech.
inform the AER committee of the testing likely required to satisfy all Printed copies of the publication are available for purchase from
of the requirements needed to bring the bar grade into both the National Highway Institute at www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov.
design and the construction specification. It was noted that some GEC 10 – Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design
state departments of transportation, including Ohio, do already Methods (FHWA-NHI-18-024) replaces the previous GEC-10
recognize and accept the Grade 100 bar. reference manual published in May 2010. This updated document
Erik Loehr, Ph.D., P.E., of the University of Missouri, presented provides recommended guidance for the selection, design,
the results of his research on site characterization as it affects construction and acceptance of drilled shaft foundations for
reliability. Loehr and his staff studied several code and design transportation structures. The updated document includes photos
guidance procedures, including AASHTO, Eurocode, GEC-5 and the and figures that better illustrate recent developments in equipment
Missouri Department of Transportation method. Loehr concluded and techniques for construction and testing, and revisions to
that to produce more accurate and practical design, some procedures design guidance and quality assurance procedures that better
should be slightly more complex. On the other hand, highly reflect evolution in construction procedures and changes in
prescriptive methods were found to detract from the judgment of the AASHTO specifications. The version that is currently posted online

DFI Technical Committee Chairs
DFI-ADSC Anchored Earth Retention Helical Piles and Tiebacks Soil Mixing
Co-Chair: Ed Laczynski, P.E. Chair: Gary Seider, P.E. Chair: David Miller, P.E.
Wagman Hubbell Power Systems/Chance ADM Consulting
erlaczynski@wagman.com glseider@hubbell.com amiller527@aol.com
Co-Chair: Jeff Segar, P.E., S.E.
Braun Intertec International Grouting Sustainability
jsegar@braunintertec.com Chair: Paolo Gazzarrini, P.Eng. Currently Unchaired
Sea to Sky Geotech Inc.
Augered Cast-in-Place paolo@paologaz.com
Subsurface Characterization for
Chair: Jonathan Huff, P.E. Deep Foundations
Richard Goettle Manufacturers, Suppliers and
jhuff@goettle.com Chair: Victor Donald, P.E.
Service Providers Terracon
Chair: Mark Bryant, EIT vrdonald@terracon.com
BIM/ Digitalisation (DFI Europe) MacLean Power Systems Civil Division
Chair: Jason Boddy, C.Eng MICE mbryant@macleanpower.com
Testing and Evaluation
Arup
jason.boddy@arup.com Chair: Gerald Verbeek
Marine Foundations Allnamics Pile Testing Experts
Chair: Rick Ellman, P.E. verbeek@allnamics-usa.com
Codes and Standards Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers
Chair: Daniel Stevenson, P.E. rellman@mrce.com
Tunneling and Underground
Berkel and Company Contractors
dstevenson@berkelandcompany.com Co-Chair: David Klug
DFI-ADSC Micropile David R. Klug & Associates
Co-Chair: Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., P.Eng. dklug@drklug.com
Deep Foundations for Landslides Quanta Subsurface Co-Chair: James Morrison, P.E.
and Slope Stabilization sdavidow@quantasubsurface.com COWI North America
Chair: Chris Ramsey, P.E. Co-Chair: Terence P. Holman, Ph.D., P.E. jsmn@cowi.com
Wood Environment & Turner Construction Company
Infrastructure Solutions tholman@tcco.com
chris.ramsey@woodplc.com Women in Deep Foundations
Chair: Maysill Pascal, P.E.
Project Information USW, a Menard Group USA Company
Drilled Shaft Management Systems mpascal@menardgroupusa.com
Chair: Paul Axtell, P.E., D.GE Chair: Massimo Mucci
Dan Brown and Associates Bencor Global
paxtell@dba.world massimo.mucci@bencorinc.com
Driven Pile Risk and Contracts

Chair: Pollyanna Cunningham, M.B.A. Join a Committee
Chair: Alexander Filotti, M.B.A., P.E.
ICE® Inc. alexander.filotti@hofstra.edu As a member of DFI you can
pcunningham@iceusa.com participate in one of our many
Seepage Control technical committees and collaborate
Electric Power Systems Foundations Chair: Michael Kynett, P.E. with your peers, influence the
Co-Chair: Peter Kandaris, P.E. MBK Engineers
DiGioia Gray and Associates profession, build consensus, develop
kynett@mbkengineers.com leadership skills and extend your
pkandaris@digioiagray.com
Co-Chair: Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., P.Eng. network. If you are interested in
Quanta Subsurface Seismic and Lateral Loads
Chair: Kwabena Ofori-Awuah, P.E., ENV SP. joining a committee, please email a
sdavidow@quantasubsurface.com letter on your company letterhead to
Koforia Inc.
koforia@outlook.com staff@dfi.org, indicating which
Energy Foundations
Chair: Tony Amis committee you want to join, why you
GI Energy Slurry Wall want to join the committee and
tamis@gienergyus.com Chair: Giovanni Bonita, Ph.D., P.E., P.G.
GEI Consultants describe your involvement in that
gbonita@geiconsultants.com technology/discipline.
Ground Improvement
Chair: Tanner Blackburn, Ph.D., P.E.
Hayward Baker
jtblackburn@haywardbaker.com

is not in a searchable PDF format. The final
formatted version is expected by Novem-
ber 2019. Please address questions on this
document to FHWA representatives Justice
Maswoswe (justice.maswoswe@dot.gov)
and Silas Nichols (silas.nichols@dot.gov).
GEC 9 – Design, Analysis, and Testing of
Laterally Loaded Deep Foundations that
Support Transportation Facilities (FHWA-
NHI-18-031) is a single reference source
for the state of the practice for recom-
mended methodologies and guidance for
typical applications encountered in
highway construction. This document DFI of India, DFI and Chennai Metro
applies to driven piles, drilled shafts, Members of the DFI working group and Jack Mulvoy, P.E., of DSI Under-
micropiles and continuous flight auger supporting DFI of India and Chennai ground, attended two days of meetings
(CFA) piles that are commonly used to Metro Rail Ltd (CMRL) traveled to Chennai with representatives from CMRL for
resist lateral loads, often in combination in June 2019 to discuss the next phase of planning meetings aimed at assessing
with axial loads in support of trans- design and construction of the 120 km constructability and mitigating risk. The
portation structures. Please direct (74.6 mi) long Chennai Metro expansion working group is helping to foster safety,
questions on this document to FHWA project. David Paul, P.E., of Paul GeoTek quality and performance of all the geo-
representatives Khalid Mohamed Engineering; Seth Vaidya, P.E., of Langan foundation technologies on the project.
(khalid.mohamed@dot.gov) and Silas Engineering and Environmental Services;
Nichols (silas.nichols@dot.gov).

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MEMBER PROFILE
Maurice Bottiau: DFI Europe Founder, a Valuable Link

Bottiau’s technical expertise was on
Opportunities Offered,
display when he served as a keynote speaker
at DFI’s 2006 Amsterdam Conference in Opportunities Taken
addition to those held in London in 2010, He credits Dr. Alain Holeyman, professor at
Stockholm in 2014 and at the 2018 DFI- ULB, as the person who helped pique his
EFFC gathering in Rome. In Rome, he interest in deep foundations. Bottiau notes,
served as the conference’s technical co-chair. Dr. Holeyman “places a premium on
In 2016, Bottiau was the co-editor of the creative problem solving rather than rigid
Proceedings of the International Sym- rules and the benefits of versatility.” He
posium of ETC3: Design of Piles in Europe – credits his relationship with Dr. Holeyman
How did Eurocode 7 Change Daily Practice? with exposing him to the relationship
Busy? You Bet! between academic research in ground
engineering, specifically soil dynamics,
A Career Based on Solid and industry. He liked the fact that, “feeling
and experience plays a major role in how
Underpinnings projects are designed and executed.”
There is an old saying, “If you want Bottiau’s early education focused on Latin
Bottiau was also influenced by meeting
something done, ask a busy person.” In the and mathematics forming a solid base for
world renowned geotechnical engineer Dr.
case of Maurice Bottiau, Franki Foun- advanced studies. In what seems to be a
Van Impe, long-time president of the
dations, Belgium, the saying could not be repeating theme in many of the DFI
ISSMGE. They have remained close. He also
more spot-on. He serves as Franki Belgium’s members that we have profiled, Bottiau
mentions that David Sherwood, director of
deputy general manager and is a member of initially thought that he would study
Bachy Soletanche in the U.K., invited him to
the firm’s board of directors. He is architecture, but he ultimately decided to
become a member of EFFC, of which he
responsible for global commercial and pursue civil engineering instead. His
later became president. He points out that
technology strategy. He is also a director of i n t e r e s t s g r a v i t a t e d t o w a rd d e e p
the many organizations in which he has
the French, Dutch and U.K. branches. Being foundations, which he found to offer a
participated, including DFI, have provided
fluent in French, Dutch and English creative approach toward solving civil
him with opportunities to meet wonderful
languages is not only a plus but also a engineering challenges. (A bit of the
people from whom he feels he has learned
requirement to operate effectively across architect coming through?)
so much.
multiple national borders. He received his M.S. degree with
Bottiau’s tells us that, “ having exposure
DFI members know Bottiau from the greatest distinction in civil engineering at
to a broad spectrum of practices in Europe
many important volunteer positions he has the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB). He
and in the U.S. as it relates to design, codes,
held in the organization. He is a past trustee later studied business administration at the
contracting and risk, offers a wonderful
of DFI and a founder and member of the University of Antwerp from which he
opportunity to learn from each other.” He
board of DFI Europe. His European earned an advanced degree. He feels that
goes on, “However, it is important to
industry leadership includes serving as the this work prepared him for his business-
recognize the importance of local
current president of the Belgian Society for related career that began in 1986 at Franki.
knowledge. Reflect globally, but think and
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineer- In 1988, he joined SOCOFUNDA and was
act locally, and always challenge your
ing. He is the chair of the European with the firm from 1988 to 2010,
thoughts.” He points out that this subject
Technical Committee of ETC3 of the advancing from project engineer to
was explored in detail at the Bored Piles
ISSMGE (International Society for Soil commercial director and ultimately to
presentation at a workshop during the DFI
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering) managing director. He rejoined Franki in
Annual Conference in Atlanta in 2014. The
on Pile Foundations. He is the past 2002 as group commercial director.
session addressed differences in European
president of the Belgian Federation of Through this process, Bottiau gained a
and U.S. practices. Technical papers from
Foundations Contractors, as well as the past good deal of valuable operational and
that session can be found in the DFI
president of the European Federation of corporate leadership experience.
Journal, 2016, Volume 10, Issue 2.
Foundations Contractors (EFFC).
AUTHOR S. Scot Litke, Hon. D.GE

Bottiau credits Bill Loftus, past president
of DFI, with encouraging him to become
involved with the organization in mid-
1990. He feels that, “DFI is a unique
organization because it gathers individuals
working in the same field but in different
areas, including contracting, engineering,
research, and products and services. The
emphasis is on the word ’individuals,’ as this
is the only marker that makes the difference
irrespective of the level in the industry, or
the importance of the company. As a young
engineer at the time I became involved; DFI
helped me in my career in so many ways.”
In describing his industry contribu-
tions, Dan Brown, president of Dan Brown
and Associates and past president of DFI,
tells us, “I have known Maurice for 20 years Bottiau (right) at jobsite in Lanaye, Belgium (general contractor BESIX)
“(Maurice) genuinely works to make the world It’s Not All Work and No Play
In addition to his diverse career achievements and his passion for
a better place. He has served as an important creativity, Bottiau is able to balance out his very busy professional
life by spending time with his family, traveling, attending theater
bridge between our DFI colleagues in Europe productions and enjoying the melodious music emanating from his
daughter’s piano playing, a skill she is working to master. Like her
and North America.” dad, she will no doubt excel at her new-found passion.
since visiting him at Franki in Belgium where he extolled the virtues

of drilled displacement piles and Belgian chocolates. He always has a
smile and a willingness to share his knowledge and experience. He
genuinely works to make the world a better place. He has served as
an important bridge between our DFI colleagues in Europe and
North America. He is one of those people you can point to when you
say that DFI makes a difference. Maurice is one of those reasons.”
Where to From Here

When asked how he views the future of the deep foundations
industry, Bottiau responded that, “On the technical aspects, high-
tech monitoring, documentation and instrumentation will be the
main issues in our industry, but I am concerned about two main
trends, which I feel can have a negative influence and of which we
need to be aware.” He offers the following insight: “Codes are gaining
more and more importance, which is ok as long as they don’t inhibit
creativity, experience and technical knowledge. We need to preserve
the importance of innovation and flexibility. Contract terms and
regulations are driving our industry in opposition to technical
considerations. Decisions are being made on the basis of ’what’s good
for the parties to the contract’ and not for the project.”
Regarding his advice to young engineers he states, “Do, do, do!
We have the chance to work on many projects, big and small. We
should be aware of everything that is going on in our industry,
buildings, infrastructure, testing, even the nature of contracts.
Pursue every chance to learn new things. Become involved in organi-
zations in our industry. DFI offers many opportunities — take them.”

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FEATURE ARTICLE
0.4 to 1.0 (Tomlinson, 1970). The effective

stress method (β-method) relates friction
resistance to the effective overburden
pressure (σ'v) and was first proposed by
Old Bridge New Bridge Burland (1973): β=fs /σ'v , where β =
effective stress coefficient. Many re-
Prestressed Conc. Test Pile-1 Steel Reinforcement LDOE Test Pile
searchers (e.g., Clausen, 2005; Fellenius,
2015) reported the backcalculated values
of β, which range from 0.15 to 0.35 for
clays and from 0.30 to 0.90 for sands
(Fellenius, 2015).
The specific objectives of this study
were to (a) instrument the test pile with
strain gauges to measure the side and tip
resistances separately during load testing,
Project site, test piles, instrumentation and Statnamic testing (b) perform the laboratory and in-situ
testing to characterize the subsurface soil
condition, (c) conduct load tests (i.e., static
load testing [SLT], dynamic load testing
Large Diameter Open End Piles for [DLT] and Statnamic load testing [SNLT])
to measure the amount of setup with time,
Rigolets Pass Bridge in Louisiana (d) calculate the rate of increase in pile
resistance or setup, and (e) back-calculate
the design parameters (α and β) for
Open-end (OE) cylinder piles are widely full-scale field studies were conducted and
individual soil layers along the pile length.
used for bridge foundations construction, reported on LDOE cylinder piles to
as they provide superior moment resis- examine their behavior during driving,
tance and high axial capacity. Small load testing, soil setup process and
Project Description and Soil
diameter (14 in [356 mm] or less) OE piles predicting the axial capacity by total stress Conditions
are generally observed to plug early in the and effective stress methods. The project consisted of the construction of
driving process and are thought to behave Test piles (TPs) are usually instru- the new Rigolets Pass Bridge located in
similar to closed-end piles. At larger mented with strain gauges to evaluate the Orleans Parish along Route U.S. 90 in
diameters, however, OE piles usually “cut” load distribution along the pile length. Chalmette, Louisiana, which is located
through the soil instead of plugging, Design parameters, such as the total stress northeast of New Orleans. The old bridge
resulting in a column of soil within the pile adhesion factor (α) and the effective stress was damaged by Hurricane Katrina in
whose height approaches the pile embed- factor (β), are typically used to estimate the August 2005 and required major repairs.
ment depth. This transition to large side resistance of the pile and can be back To safely improve roadway and waterway
diameter OE piles from prestressed calculated from the measured load traffic flow, a new two-lane high-rise
concrete (PSC) and small diameter closed- distribution of the instrumented pile. Not structure was built west of the existing
end piles have brought to focus some of the enough studies have been conducted to structure. Four test piles were driven along
gaps or inadequacies in current pile design recommend α and β values for LDOE piles the bridge to perform the load tests and
procedures by the American Association of as the costs for the instrumentation and verify the design methodology.
State Highway and Transportation officials performing the load test are expensive. The Subsurface Geotechnical Conditions:
(AASHTO) and American Petroleum adhesion factor is related to the undrained Laboratory and in-situ testing programs
Institute (API). shear strength (Su) of clayey soils and can were performed to characterize the
Available research on large diameter be calculated from the method proposed by subsurface soil conditions at the locations
OE (LDOE) cylinder piles mainly focuses Tomlinson (1957): α=fs/Su , where fs = unit of the test piles (TPs). Boreholes were
on “plugging” and predicting pile capacity side resistance and Su = undrained shear drilled at the four TP locations and high-
from CPT methods. However, very few strength. For cohesive soils, α ranges from quality 3 in (7.6 cm) diameter Shelby tube
Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Ph.D., P.E., Louisiana State University; Md. Nafiul Haque, Ph.D., Ardaman and Associates; and
AUTHORS Chris Nickel, P.E., Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development

Pile width Total Penetration Pairs of Strain Gauge
Pile Pile Pile
/ diameter length length Strain Depth, below ground
ID Type Hammer
in (mm) ft. (m) ft (m) Gauges ft (m)
0, 13.5, 24, 34, 44.5
TP-1 PSC 30 (762) 57 (17.4) 41.5 (12.6) Conmaco 300 E5 5
(0, 4.1, 7.3, 10.4, 13.6)
0, 56, 88.5
TP-2 SCPTC 66 (1676) 153 (46.6) 119.8 (36.5) Bruce SGH-3013 hyd. 3 (0, 17.1, 27.0)
0, 51, 82.5, 114, 147, 173.5
TP-3 SCPTC 66 (1676) 183 (55.8) 174.9 (53.3) Bruce SGH-3013 hyd. 6 (0, 15.5, 25.1, 34.7, 44.8, 52.9)
0, 3, 51.5, 84, 116, 148
TP-4 SCPTC 66 (1676) 176 (53.6) 164.3 (50.1) Bruce SGH-3013 hyd. 5 (0, 0.9, 15.7, 25.6, 35.4, 45.1)
Test pile (TP) information Note: PSC = prestressed concrete pile; SCPTC = spun cast post-tensioned cylindrical pile (LDOE)
samples were extracted at different depths

for comprehensive laboratory testing. The
laboratory testing program included
moisture content, Atterberg limits and
unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial
tests. The in-situ testing program included
performing cone penetration tests (CPT)
and standard penetration tests (SPT) near
the TP locations. The CPT provided
measurements of cone tip resistance (qc)
and sleeve friction (fs). The profile of CPT
tests was used to classify the soil using the
Zhang and Tumay (1999) probabilistic
region estimation method. The subsurface
soil stratigraphy at each of the TP locations
primarily consisted of clay with inter-
mittent sand layers.
Pile Instrumentation and Installation: Soil profile, CPT profile and classification at TP-2
The TPs were instrumented with 3 to 6
strain gauge pairs to evaluate the load
distribution along the length of the piles
and to determine the side and tip resis-
tances, separately. TP-1 was driven with a
Conmaco 300 E5 pile driving hammer. The
LDOE cylinder piles (i.e., TP-2, TP-3 and
TP-4) were driven using a Bruce SGH-3013
hydraulic hammer. The SGH-3013 has a
rated hammer energy of 282.1 kip-ft with a
ram weight of 66 kips (294 kN) and a
maximum stroke height of 4.3 ft (1.3 m).
Plugging was not measured in this project
due to the construction constraints.
Load Testing Program

The load testing program was designed to
confirm the pile resistance, study the pile
setup behavior and assess drivability. An
extensive load testing program was carried
out after pile installation using a SLT, DLTs,
and SNLTs at this construction site. The
SLT was performed only on the PSC TP
(i.e., TP-1). It was decided that multiple
restrikes and one SNLT would be used to
Driving resistance and CAPWAP analyses of test piles

study the setup behavior of the OE piles
(i.e., TP-2, TP-3 and TP-4).
Dynamic Load Tests (DLTs): Restrike
events were performed using the Pile
Driving Analyzer (PDA) including two
accelerometers and two transducers for the
PSC piles attached to the pile top. Four
accelerometers and four strain transducers
were used for the OE piles. PDA was
employed to monitor the driving stresses.
DLTs were performed in accordance with
ASTM D4945. The Case Pile Wave Analysis
Program (CAPWAP) analyses of the
measured stress and velocity data were
performed on the selected end of driving
(EOD) pile strikes to determine the initial
pile resistance, side resistance distribution
along the length of the pile and the tip
resistance. The first high energy blow of
each restrike event was also analyzed with
CAPWAP to determine the load distri-
butions for restrike resistances. The results
from the CAPWAP analyses showed that
the tip resistance (Rtip) was almost constant
during the restrikes except for TP-2. The
side resistance (Rs) increased significantly
for all the TPs except for TP-2, which
contributed to the setup process that will Load-movement
be discussed later. plots from static
and Statnamic
load tests
Load test results for test piles
Side Resistance Tip Resistance Total Resistance

Rs Rtip Rt Blow Permanent
Pile
Events Time Count Set
ID Value Ratio Value Ratio Value Ratio
(blow/ft) in (mm)
kips (kN) (Rs/Rso) kips (kN) (Rtip/Rtipo) kips (kN) (Rt/Rto)
EOD - 52 (231) 1.0 712 (3167) 1.0 764 (3398) 1.0 32 0.38 (9.7)
1st DLT 23 min 220 (979) 4.2 714 (3176) 1.0 934 (4155) 1.2 27 0.44 (11.2)
2nd DLT 60 min 274 (1219) 5.3 712 (3167) 1.0 986 (4386) 1.3 27 0.44 (11.2)
TP-1 3rd DLT 22 hr 438 (1948) 8.4 714 (3176) 1.0 1152 (5124) 1.5 36 0.33 (8.4)
4th DLT 15 day 430 (1913) 8.3 630 (2802) 0.9 1060 (4715) 1.4 58 0.21 (5.3)
SLT 14 day 694 (3087) 13.3 486 (2162) 0.7 1180 (5249) 1.5 --- ---
SNLT 21 day 550 (2446) 10.6 884 (3932) 1.2 1434 (6378) 1.9 --- ---
EOD - 737 (3278) 1.0 975 (4337) 1.0 1712 (7615) 1.0 98 0.12 (3.0)
TP-2 1st DLT 36 hr 720 (3203) 1.0 525 (2335) 0.5 1245 (5538) 0.7 80 0.15 (3.8)
SNLT 21 day 1655 (7361) 2.2 1311(5831) 1.3 2966 (13192) 1.7 --- ---
EOD - 591 (2629) 1.0 109 (485) 1.0 700 (3114) 1.0 19 0.63 (16.0)
TP-3 1st DLT 24 hr 1921 (8545) 3.3 109 (485) 1.0 2030 (9030) 2.9 69 0.17 (4.3)
SNLT 22 day 2909 (12939) 4.9 168 (747) 1.5 3077 (13686) 4.4 --- ---
EOD - 588 (2615) 1.0 118 (525) 1.0 706 (3140) 1.0 31 0.39 (9.9)
TP-4 1st DLT 48 hr 1991 (8856) 3.4 125 (556) 1.1 2116 (9412) 3.0 125 0.10 (2.5)
SNLT 30 day 2760 (12276) 4.7 555 (2469) 4.7 3315 (14745) 4.7 --- ---
Note: EOD = end of driving, DLT = dynamic load test, SLT = static load test, and SNLT = Statnamic load test

Results and Analyses
The values of α and β were calculated using
the average peak unit side resistances
obtained from the average strains at each
gauge level (Equations 1 and 2). The value of
Su derived from UU was used to calculate the
values of α, which varied from 0.41 to 0.86
between the soil layers. The average value of
α for all soil layers and all TPs range from
0.47 to 0.75, with an average of about 0.61.
Since the unit side resistances (fs) were
calculated from the load tests and the load
tests were performed 14 to 30 days after
EOD, the values of α might be affected by
setup process. The α and β value is lower
for TP-2 compared to the other TPs. The
damage at the bottom 33 ft (10 m), which
was measured by PDA, may contribute to
this lower value. Meanwhile, the calculated
β-coefficients ranged from 0.13 to 0.29,
which matched very well with reported
values in the literature (e.g., Clausen, 2005;
Fellenius, 2015). The average value of β-
coefficients for all soil layers and all TPs is
Load-distribution plots about 0.22. Note, these values were plotted
at the midpoint between the strain gauge
Statnamic Load Tests (SNLTs): SNLTs The strains recorded at the gauge level near levels since fs , Su and σ'v were also
were conducted on all the TPs. The the pile tip comprise both the side and tip calculated in between the two-gauge levels.
Statnamic device, consisting of a cylinder resistances of the bottom pile segments. To The unit side resistance increased some-
that supports reaction weights, was placed separate the side and tip resistances, the side what linearly with depth.
on top of the pile head. The device and resistance was extrapolated from the One of the main objectives of this study
reaction weights were initially supported segment immediately above the bottom was to estimate the amount and rate of
by a reaction frame constructed around the segment to the tip elevation of the pile, setup for OE piles so that the setup could
TP. In this project, a SNLT was accom- which was then deducted from the be incorporated into the design of
plished using a 4,500-ton (40 MN) measured load to calculate the tip resistance. production piles. All the TPs were tested
Statnamic device equipped with a gravel
catching system. This device used a Backcalculated design (α and β) and setup parameters (A) for test piles
controlled burn of fuel to generate Design parameters Setup parameter “A”
pressure, which was transferred to the test Pile Segment Length Total Side
shaft through a load cell. Load, acceleration ID ft (m) α β Resistance Rt Resistance Rs
and strain were monitored to obtain the 0 – 13.5 (0 – 4.1) 0.62 0.14
foundation response during SNLTs. 13.5 – 24.0 (4.1 – 7.3) 0.66 0.22
TP-1 0.10 0.28
The strain gauge readings obtained 24.0 – 33.5 (7.3 – 10.2) 0.51 0.19
during the load tests were used to estimate 33.5 – 44.0 (10.2 – 13.4) Sand 0.28
the distribution of load transfer along the 0 – 56.0 (0 – 17.1) 0.41 0.19
TP-2 0.14 0.13
piles. To calculate the axial load distribution 56.0 – 88.5 (17.1 – 27) 0.54 0.23
during load testing, the modulus of the 0 – 51.0 (0 – 15.5) Casing
concrete was backcalculated for each load 51.0 – 83.0 (15.5 – 25.3) 0.49 0.24
TP-3 83.0 – 114.0 (25.3 – 34.7) 0.66 0.29 0.23 0.24
test using the strain data measured by the
114.0 – 147.0 (34.7 – 44.8) Sand 0.27
strain gauges that were installed at the
147.0 – 173.0 (44.8 – 52.7) Sand 0.23
ground level. A constant modulus of 3.0 – 51.0 (0.9 – 15.5) Sand 0.21
concrete was used for strain gauge data 51.0 – 84.0 (15.5 – 25.6) 0.86 0.13
analysis in each load test. This constant TP-4 0.23 0.23
84.0 – 116.0 (25.6 – 35.4) 0.56 0.18
modulus was determined using the strain 116.0 – 148.0 (35.4 – 45.1) 0.83 0.26
data measured at the first load increment. Average 0.61 0.22 0.18 0.22

using DLTs at EOD and several restrikes However, for the other TPs, any change 2. The unit side resistances of most soil
after that and one SNLT or SLT at the end in the Rt was mainly due to Rs setup, which layers, which were determined using
was performed to quantify the increase of is consistent with the findings in the differentiation of loads between strain
resistance (or setup) with time. The total literature (e.g., McVay et al, 1999; Ng et al, gauge levels, mostly exhibited strain
pile resistance (Rt) was estimated using a 2013), where the findings from the load softening behavior, which ensured that
PDA and CAPWAP from the DLTs and the tests showed that Rs mainly contributes to the side resistance was fully mobilized.
resistances measured by the SLT and SNLT. the setup process and Rtip stays constant 3. The distribution of unit side resistance
The setup ratio for side (Rs /Rs0 ), tip over time during the load tests. The load and design parameters (α and β) showed
(Rtip /Rtip0 ) and total (Rt /Rt0 ) resistances test results also showed that for the four that the unit side resistance and α and β
were also calculated for each TP. The results TPs, Rtip was always overestimated during increased almost linearly with depth.
of test program showed that each of the TPs the SNLT compared to Rtip computed by
exhibited significant amounts of setup. the restrikes, which lead us to conclude 4. All the TPs (i.e., both open and close-
Several methods (e.g., Skov and that the derived Rtip from SNLTs are end piles) exhibited significant amount
Denver, 1988; Bullock et al, 2005; Ng et al, consistently greater those from DLT. of setup, which was mainly due to the
2013) were developed to predict pile setup Though both TP-3 and TP-4 were increase in side resistance. The tip
with time after EOD. Among the developed driven to two different locations, it is resistance was almost constant for the
models, the relationship developed by interesting to observe that both TPs had four TPs during the restrikes, except for
Skov and Denver (1988) is considered to similar setup ratios (Rt/Rt0 = 4.4 to 4.7) and TP-2. The lower tip resistance for TP-2
be the most popular method due to its rate of setup (A = 0.23 to 0.24). TP-2 had can be attributed to the damage caused
simplicity and accuracy in estimating pile different amount and rate of setup during driving.
setup. They proposed the following compared to the other two OE piles (i.e., 5. The load test results showed that for all
equation: TP-3 and TP-4). We suspect the difference the TPs, the inferred Rtip from SNLTs
is due to the damage at bottom 33 ft (10 m) were consistently greater than those de-
where Rt = pile resistance at time, t; Rt0 = pile of TP-2. Since the setup of the PSC pile termined from DLTs in this particular site.
resistance at initial time, t0; t = time elapsed (TP-1) is mainly due to outside friction and
6. The logarithmic setup parameter (A)
since end of initial pile driving; t0 = reference the setup rate for Rs of the PSC piles and OE
for the four TPs were backcalculated for
initial time after which the resistance cylinder piles (TP-3 and TP-4) are close
both Rt and Rs. The results revealed that
increases with logarithmic increase in time; (i.e., APSC=0.28 and AOE=0.23 to 0.24),
for the LDOE cylinder piles, A for Rs
and A = rate of pile resistance (Rt/Rt0) one can postulate that no significant
was about 0.23 and for the PSC pile was
increase per log cycle of time (t/t0 ). amount of setup was observed due to
about 0.28. The difference was mainly
In this study, t0 was selected as one day. inside friction for the OE cylinder piles.
due to size and shape of the piles used
The total (Rt) and side (Rs) resistances were
in the study.
best fitted to a linear logarithmic time scale, Conclusions
which suggests a linear logarithmic time Based on this study, the following
relationship similar to the models conclusions can be drawn: Murad Y Abu-Farsakh, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, is a re-
search professor in the civil and environmental engi-
proposed by Skov and Denver (1988) and 1. The adhesion factor (α) calculated from neering department at Louisiana State University.
others does exist for this load testing the Statnamic load tests ranged from
program. The tip resistance (Rtip) did not 0.47 to 0.75, with an average value of Md Nafiul Haque, Ph.D., EIT, is an assistant project
change significantly during all the restrikes 0.61. The β-coefficient ranged from engineer at Ardaman and Associates in the Baton
for all the TPs with the exception of TP-2. 0.20 to 0.26, with an average value of
Rouge, Louisiana, office.
As mentioned earlier, damage was noticed 0.22 for all soil layers in this study.
at the bottom 33 ft (10 m) of TP-2, which Chris Nickel, P.E., is a pavement and geotechnical
These values are comparable to results engineer administrator at Louisiana Department of
contributed to the lower Rtip during the from previous studies published in Transportation and Development.
restrike for TP-2. literature.
An extended version of this article, “A Load Testing Program on Large-Diameter Open-Ended Instrumented Test Piles to Evaluate the
Design Parameters and Pile Setup” was submitted for Session 320: Design, Testing, and Analysis of Pile Foundations of the 97th
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting (2018).

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FEATURE ARTICLE
Tension testing setup on a micropile
A New Approach for the Design of Micropiles in Tension

As micropiles have become more widely tension load testing on micropiles with and steel cased zone and the tensile strength of
accepted for public and private projects, without this continuous bar. The results the lower uncased zone. For the uncased
new test data has provided a greater indicate that the tensile resistance of portion, the tensile resistance is provided
understanding of their capabilities as an traditional micropiles is typically under- only by the reinforcing bar. For the cased
alternate to other types of deep foundations estimated in design. portion, both the casing and reinforcing
(e.g., driven and drilled piles). Design bar provide tensile resistance. Therefore,
manuals, such as the 7th edition of the Standard Design Procedures most designs are controlled by only the
American Association of State Highway and A review of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge resistance of the central reinforcing bar.
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Design Specifications suggests that tensile Although the design equation for the
Bridge Design Specifications published in force in micropiles be checked against the upper, cased zone incorporates cross-
2014, allow micropiles to be used to resist available geotechnical and structural sectional areas for both the steel casing and
tension (uplift) forces as well as to resist resistances (i.e., limit state design). The the reinforcing bar, AASHTO does not
axial compression and lateral loading. geotechnical resistance of the micropile explicitly indicate that a reinforcing bar
Standard design practices generally depends on the grout-to-ground and/or the must extend into the pile cap for tension
recommend that a central reinforcing bar grout-to-steel bar shear/bond strength(s) of forces. Instead, the design specifications
extend from the bond zone and be installed the bond zone, which is independent of the indicate that the grout-to-steel bond may
into the pile cap to accommodate the direction of the applied loading (e.g., axial govern micropile design at the overlap
applied loading. American Geotechnical compression or uplift force). interface of the reinforcing bar and the
and Environmental Services (A.G.E.S.) was The structural resistance of the pile is casing in the upper zone (i.e., the
recently involved in a project incorporating based on the tensile strength of the upper development length of the reinforcing bar
AUTHORS Sebastian Lobo-Guerrero Ph.D., P.E., and Todd DeMico, P.E., A.G.E.S., Inc.

within the grout). AASHTO indicates that LRFD methodology considering only
the development length of the reinforcing geotechnical resistance from the side
Pile Cap
bar must be checked to ensure adequate resistance (friction) within the bond zone,
resistance is provided. as the end bearing resistance was neglected
The requirements in the AASHTO in the design. The micropiles had an
Steel cased zone
specifications suggest that a reinforcing bar from ground
outside diameter of 7 in (178 mm), and the
does not need to extend into the pile cap to surface to top of steel casing in the upper portion of the
Unbonded
resist tensile forces, although this is not zone bond zone micropile consisted of 80 ksi (552 MPa)
explicitly indicated within the document. steel with a wall thickness of 0.453 in
Reinforcement
Based on this information, it can be bar extending
(11.5 mm). The uncased length of the
concluded that the tension loading can be into pile cap micropile consisted of a grouted zone that
taken by micropiles without the reinforcing was 7-3/4 in (197 mm) in diameter (i.e., the
bar extending to the surface. The tension uncased zone was slightly larger in
loading can be resisted via load transfer Competent diameter than the cased zone due to the
rock bond
from the upper casing to the lower material Grout bond zone micropile casing). The reinforcement in the
reinforcement bar within the bond zone. uncased length was a No. 20 (2-1/2 in or
The load transfer is provided by the grout 64 mm), Gr. 75 ksi (517 MPa) all-thread
within the development length zone. central steel reinforcing bar. The resistance
For the transfer of the tension load to be Micropile with reinforcing bar extending of the micropile was based on an 11 ft (3.4 m)
into the pile cap for tensile resistance
accounted for in design, the shear strength (traditional design) long bond zone in limestone. The grout
of the grout and the bond strength between used in the micropile satisfied the 28-day
the reinforcing bar and the grout must be minimum compressive strength of 4,000
considered to calculate the minimum psi (27.6 MPa).
required development length. The AASHTO Pile Cap Based on the 2014 AASHTO LRFD
specifications provide typical bond values Bridge Design Specifications and the applied
between steel and grout. loading on the micropile, a minimum
The Micropile Design and Construction Steel cased zone development length of about 30 in
from ground
Reference Manual published by the Federal (762 mm) was required for adequate load
Unbonded surface to top of
Highway Administration (FHWA) in 2005 zone bond zone transfer between the grout and central
provides reference to tensile loading from reinforcing bar. This development length
the casing throughout the document; Reinforcement was computed considering a resistance
however, as with the AASHTO speci- bar development factor of 0.8 and an ultimate bond strength
fications, the FHWA manual does not length for tensile between the bar and the grout of 0.3 ksi
force transfer
explicitly indicate that the tensile (all-thread bar). Conservatively, the bar
Competent
resistance from the casing alone is rock bond
was extended about 5 ft (1.5 m) into the
permissible. The FHWA manual provides material casing based on traditional practice for
Grout bond zone
examples of typical design schematics for compression-type micropiles.
the connection from the micropile to the The evaluation program included
pile cap. In those schematics, the tension testing micropiles with and with-
Micropile with development length of
micropiles were designed for tension central reinforcing bar providing
out central reinforcement that extended
loading and include a central reinforcing adequate load transfer for tensile into the pile cap. The micropiles without
bar extending into the pile cap. However, a resistance the central reinforcement bar extending
statement in the manual also indicates that into the pile cap were only used in areas of
steel casing located within a corrosive a central reinforcing bar extending into the the project were the maximum factored
environment shall not be relied upon in pile cap. Based on the lack of adequate uplift force was approximately 29 kips
the design to resist tensile loading. direction, most designers typically specify (129 kN). For these micropiles, the testing
However, this statement suggests that the that tensile forces in micropiles shall be was performed to 1.75 times the maximum
steel casing could be designed to resist resisted by the central reinforcing bar. factored load. The maximum test load was
some degree of tensile loading in non- approximately 51 kips (227 kN). Since the
corrosive environments. Case Study reinforcing bar did not extend to the
In summary, the design manual and A.G.E.S. was recently involved in a project ground surface, a plate was welded to the
specifications do not provide sufficient that incorporated the concept of tensile micropile steel casing. The welded con-
documentation to justify that micropiles micropiles without a continuous center nection was designed to exceed the
utilized in tension can be designed without bar. The micropiles were designed using strength of the steel casing.

designers and contractors work together to
test this approach, more data (and testing
to higher loads) will become available to
better optimize the design of micropiles in
tension.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our sincere
appreciation to Rick Deschamps, Ph.D.,
P.E., vice president of engineering at
Nicholson Construction, and Ed Laczynski,
P.E., vice president of geotechnical
construction at Wagman Heavy Civil
Construction, for their invaluable discus-
sions and input regarding this topic.
Sebastian Lobo-Guerrero Ph.D., P.E., is a

geotechnical project manager/AAP laboratory
manager at American Geotechnical and
Environmental Services (A.G.E.S.) at the Pittsburgh
headquarters. He has more than 17 years of
Micropile casing welded to steel plate for the tension testing (there was no central
reinforcement bar within the casing) experience in geotechnical engineering, specializing
in the design of deep/shallow foundations, earth
The results of the tension test per- omitted, simple calculations for the retaining structures and landslide stabilization. He
formed on the micropile without the central development length of the reinforcement is a member of the DFI Anchored Earth Retention
Committee.
reinforcement bar extending into the pile bar can be performed to justify the design,
Todd DeMico, P.E., is a geotechnical project
cap successfully satisfied the acceptance as discussed and outlined in the 2014 engineer at A.G.E.S. in Pittsburgh. He has more
criteria. There were three components of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. than 7 years of geotechnical experience in the design
the established acceptance criteria: The case study presented in this article of bridge foundations, earth retaining structures
validated this design. As more owners, and soil/rock slide stabilization.
1. Movement of no more than 0.04 in
(2.5 mm) within the time span of 1 and
10 minutes under a sustained maxi-
mum test load
2. Movement (plastic deformation) of no
more than 0.3 in (7.6 mm), which was
the maximum allowable deflection
3. No pullout failure at the maximum test
load
During the tension test, the maximum total
elongation (i.e., plastic and elastic) was
0.23 in (5.8 mm).
Conclusion
The results presented in this article provide
insight into the potential of the tensile
resistance of micropiles without a con-
tinuous central reinforcing bar, something
often overlooked in the design of micropile
foundations. Although the design criteria
outlined in the design manuals and
specifications are not explicit whether the
continuous central reinforcing bar can be Tensile load test on micropile

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Toppled drill rig due to unstable working platform
Working Platforms FEATURE ARTICLE
Concerns and the requirement for an industry-wide effort to implement

meaningful change when it comes to higher standards of safety
Every year in the United States, dedicated adverse loading conditions, this can cause The requirement for safe working plat-
pile driving rigs, drilling rigs and cranes tip stability issues due to either deformation or forms has experienced growing attention in
over or experience near misses due to issues even failure of the underlying subgrade the U.S. market. The ANSI A10.23 drilled
involving inadequate working platforms. material,” wrote Paul A. Gildea, P.E., a shaft safety standard has been updated
These preventable incidents often involve senior director of Langan International and recently to include more robust language
serious injuries or fatalities to operators and co-chair of the Working Platforms Industry- regarding working platforms and will be
ground crews, and extensive damage to Wide Working Group (the “Working published in 2019.
equipment. Despite the importance of Group”), in the Spring 2019 edition of the “Part of [the increased attention] has to
stable working platforms and the con- ASCE News. “Even something as relatively do with the great outreach that the different
sequences that can result in their absence, small as a 1.0 sq m (10.8 sq ft) soft spot can organizations have been doing regarding
there are currently no specific guidelines or be sufficient to unbalance working platforms,” said Martin Taube,
regulations in the U.S. for the design, a rig/crane and cause it to P.E., P.G., vice president of business devel-
construction and ongoing maintenance of topple over.” opment with Menard USA. “It’s certainly
safe working platforms.
Exacerbating the issue, due to
increasing demand for bigger structures
that require more intricate, deeper and
larger-diameter foundations, deep foun-
dation construction equipment has be-
come larger, heavier and more complex to
be able to deliver challenging require-
ments. Additionally, less desirable sites
with very poor soils are now commonly
being developed.
“Although this type of rig is typically
stable when tracking over a firm, dry
surface, if the underlying subgrade has
insufficient bearing capacity, under certain
Problematic working platform poses myriad safety hazards on a project site
AUTHOR Jill Harris, Lester Publications, LLC

not that it’s more of an issue now; it’s just “The platform must safely support any Engineering and Environmental Services,
that it’s being discussed more. [Working type of tracked equipment — whether it be assisted DFI in creating the survey
platforms] have been an issue for a very a crawler crane, a piling rig or whatever it questions and presented the results during
long time.” may be — under all loading conditions,” DFI’s SuperPile ’17 Conference. “You can
In 2018, the ADSC-The International noted Gildea. “And the way we look at this see that it’s a huge issue.”
Association of Foundation Drilling is under extreme loading conditions; we’re Inadequate working platforms have
(ADSC), DFI and Pile Driving Contractors looking at the worst case here because the myriad issues that result in safety concerns.
Association (PDCA) came together and platform needs to be fully stable under all “The most common hazard is soft soil that
published a deep foundation industry potential loading conditions for these rigs is too weak to support the construction
consensus position on working platforms so that there is no possibility that it can equipment,” added Timothy Siegel, P.E.,
for foundation construction and related collapse and the rig topple over.” G.E., D.GE, senior principal engineer with
equipment in the U.S. In the document, the Dan Brown and Associates.
organizations outline that they will support The Concerns In addition to soft soil, steep slopes can
the general guidelines used in the U.K., In 2017, DFI conducted a survey of its result in failure, as can inadequately con-
spearheaded in the early 2000s by the membership about experiences with structed ramps, or platforms that do not
Federation of Piling Specialists (FPS), the working platforms. The results highlighted have enough coverage over a site. Uneven
piling association in the U.K. the significance of the problem: 88% of terrain, ineffectively backfilled utility
respondents to the survey indicated that trenches and poor site drainage can also be
What Are Working Platforms? inadequate working surfaces caused safety causes for concern.
Essentially, the working platform is the part issues for their company, and 98% specified The size of the working platform can be
of the construction site above the natural that the working surfaces caused opera- a potential problem, too. “Sometimes, the
subgrade on which a rig is placed and that tional issues for their company. Even more working surface isn’t large enough,”
holds the rig level to start its foundation alarmingly, 68% admitted that their com- declared Taube. “You might not have a
construction activity. The working plat- pany had tipped a large piece of equipment working platform in the laydown area or
form is what prevents these large pieces of due to inadequate working surfaces. access roads to the site. And then, within
machinery from tipping over and causing “These results weren’t surprising,” the site, the working platform may be laid
catastrophic damage. The scope of the commented Taube, who along with out only to encompass the installation
consensus position statement from the Matthew Meyer, P.E., principal at Langan point locations, not considering that some
ADSC, DFI and PDCA is focused on of the equipment may need to traverse out
ground-supported working platforms and beyond the actual perimeter of the
includes not only the platform itself, but installation area.”
also its associated ramps/roads and access And, in some cases, there is no working
points. Anywhere that a rig is tramming/ platform to speak of. “Another issue is that
driving or working from must be able to a platform isn’t provided at all,” added
support safely the weight of the equipment Taube. “Either contractually it’s not
and any bearing pressures during con- required, or it’s an oversight. There are still
struction activity. contractors that will go out and work
without a working platform.”
An example of a well-constructed and
maintained working platform Examples of tipped over drill rigs due to unstable working platforms

“We’re almost taking the moral high “I was a piling contractor in Ireland and At the same time, a group of specialists
ground to get platforms in, and there will be the U.K. for many years; I owned my own was assembled by the Building Research
other people who come and say, ‘I can do it piling company,” added Gildea. “I was Establishment (BRE) at the direction of FPS
for cheaper,’” opined James Finbow, HSEQ, involved in the early initiatives back in the to create a unified approach to working
manager at Bauer Foundations Canada. U.K. when we started [discussing working platform construction and design that
There are no official guidelines in the platforms.]…[The industry] had a lot of defined the health and safety requirements
U.S. for the design and construction of safe accidents and quite a few fatalities. The FPS for safe platforms. BRE published a
working platforms, and so there is no got together and challenged, ’What can we document in 2004 titled “Working
official procedure to mitigate these do about it?’ And that’s how it started.” Platforms for Tracked Plant: Good Practice
potentially catastrophic risks. Obviously, To ensure proper working platforms on Guide to the Design, Installation, Main-
the consequences that can result from an construction sites, members of the FPS tenance and Repair of Ground-supported
inadequate platform are immense, and the created a simple form for general Working Platforms,” also known by the
risks are high. “The greatest risk is toppling contractors to sign that indicates there is an title BR 470.
or overturning equipment, and that’s a adequate platform built to a proper design
catastrophic event,” warned Taube. “It’s and specification and that it will be Working Platforms Industry-Wide
going to certainly lead to extensive maintained by the general contractor Working Group
equipment damage, and quite likely lead to throughout construction activities. The Working Group was initially created in
injury or loss of life.” “We call it the Working Platform 2017 to start gathering information, such
While injury or loss of life, along with Certificate,” articulated Egan during his as the existing documents and guidance
equipment damage, are the most critical 2018 webinar. “It summarizes what the from the industry experience in the U.K., to
consequences, there are also problems project is, what part of the project [the provide to the deep foundation construc-
such as project delays, being removed from specialty contractor] is working on [and] tion industry.
the project and incurring a negative safety under what load the working platform is There are key takeaways from the
record, which can affect a specialty designed to operate. It names the designer, protocol that the U.K. industry followed
contractor’s ability to bid on future the designer’s organization and any testing that the Working Group believes would be
projects, and quality concerns. required. And then the principal contractor of benefit in the U.S. market. “The biggest
Site control (e.g., access, drainage) may not be issues that can be addressed in advance
has to sign to confirm the platform has been five or six piling companies [in the U.K. at
Learning From Protocol in the U.K. correctly designed, correctly installed and that time] were the first ones to say, ’We
“If we go back to the early 2000s, it was will be correctly maintained before the want to take the lead on this,’” declared
recognized that the incidents of piling rigs piling contractor goes to the site.” Gildea. “If you look at the $1.5-billion
falling over because of poor platforms was Egan explained that an early version of market in the U.S., if you take the top 10
too high,” recalled Derek Egan, B.Eng., the Working Platform Certificate was contractors, they probably have about 70%
Ph.D., C.Eng., FICE, with Remedy created in 2004, and that the initial of that market. And through ADSC, DFI
Geotechnics in the U.K., in a webinar reaction from principal contractors was less and PDCA, all of them are represented. If
called “U.K. Working Platform Initiative than positive. It was through FPS members you can get the bigger companies on board
and Calculation of Rig Bearing Pressure,” collectively insisting on the form’s use and to start off, it starts to filter down.”
presented live from DFI’s SuperPile ’18 refusing to enter sites without one that it
Conference. “That’s why FPS launched its became standard practice for both FPS
working platform initiative.” members and nonmembers alike.
In recent years,
the topic of safe
working
platforms has
experienced
increased atten-
tion in the U.S.
It’s Complicated
Taube outlined a prospective bidding “Let’s say the borings are collected in often work that way. “In reality, the very
process that demonstrates the complexity summer when the groundwater is lower, important consideration of the working
of the working platform conversation. but the work is done in the springtime platform can get obscured in the bidding
“Imagine a scenario where a general when the groundwater is higher and closer process as multiple parties try to shed the
contractor has ground improvement to the surface,” imparted Taube. “Also, liability using their contracts.”
within his scope, and let’s say the ground what if the work is being done in the winter As a project cost, the working platform
improvement is either design-build or the and we know there’s going to be a lot of can become a so-called bargaining chip in
ground improvement allows for several snow? If you are working in wet weather or the bidding process. According to Taube,
alternates,” he opined. “The GC is getting dry weather, there could be significantly because working platforms are not well
multiple bids, and different contractors different working platform design and defined, general contractors and bidding
might be approaching the job using maintenance requirements. Significant parties are not in a position to put a lot of
different techniques, and each specialty grading or cut and fill could take place extra money or allowances for them.
subcontractor would have different between the time the project is put out to “Unfortunately, the working platform can
equipment that they’re proposing to use on bid and the time the work is performed. become part of the currency of the bid,” he
the job for these different techniques.” “It’s not a simple issue at all.” answered. “In other words, sometimes we
“So now”, added Taube, “the general will say that we require a certain thickness
contractor is in a position where they have Outlining the Responsible Party of working platform and we might hear,
the contractual responsibility to provide a “One of the problems we’re grappling with ’Your competitor only needs 1 ft (305 mm)
safe working platform. However, there will at the moment is who takes responsibility instead of 2 ft (610 mm). Can you do it
not be enough time prior to the bid to figure for not just designing the platform, but also with a 1 ft (305 mm) thick working
out what the working platform is, and so the for the long-term maintenance of the platform?’…It puts the subcontractor in a
GC will typically make some allowances. platform,” replied Gildea. position of possibly accepting a less
Further complicating matters, added “Identification of the responsible entity substantial quality or even no working
Taube, is that the site will change. Even if a is the crux of this issue and it must be part platform.”
specialty contractor has bid documents and of the solution,” expressed Siegel. He says The consensus of the Working Group is
borings, conditions change between the that as the party with the overall site that the responsibility for providing a safe
time those borings are taken to the time that control, the owner should bear the working platform needs to be acknow-
the work is performed, which can affect the responsibility for a proper working ledged by controlling entities and con-
design of the working platform.” platform, but that in practice, it doesn’t sidered an integral cost for every project. “If

the responsibility, or at least some of the “It’s got very good, practical recom- To join the Working Platforms
responsibility, was shifted to the owner, I mendations for the construction and Industry-Wide Working Group, send an
believe that we would see better working maintenance of platforms, and also good email to staff@dfi.org.
platforms,” declared Taube. guidelines on designing platforms,” said
Gildea. “If you apply the general recom- An extended version of this article was
How to Start Improving mendations in there, you’re taking a step originally published in Issue 3 2019 of
Since there are no regulations or guidance up from where you would be otherwise.” PileDriver magazine. Photos used in this
specific to the U.S. market at this time, “Another good tool would be the article were provided by Paul Gildea and Dr.
piling contractors must rely on other [Working Group],” pronounced Taube. Derek Egan.
sources to dictate best practices when it The Working Group is looking to improve
comes to safer working platforms. For safety across the construction industry, and
contractors interested in learning how believes that, collectively, specialty Jill Harris is the publisher at Lester Publica-
they can improve today, members of the contractors can make a difference by tions, and has had an active communications
Working Group recommend reviewing insisting on proper working platforms and role in the deep foundation construction
the BR 470 document as a crucial first step. refusing to compromise on safety. industry for more than eight years.
Due to copyright, BR 470 is not available “Be bold. Stand up for what’s right and
through ADSC, DFI or PDCA, but a digital what you know is right and needed to
copy can be purchased from BRE by protect your workers,” exclaimed Taube.
visiting www.brebookshop.com and “Don’t sacrifice your standards in order to
searching “BR 470.” for £45 ( US$60). win work.”

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Vibrating wire sensors attached FEATURE ARTICLE
to rebar cage for a drilled shaft
The Role of Vibrating Wire Sensors in

Geotechnical and Structural Monitoring Projects
The construction of a facility in or on completed structure will perform during its performance can be compared with
s o i l o r ro c k m u s t c o n s i d e r m a n y lifetime. Further compounding these predicted or expected performance, and
uncertainties because the properties of uncertainties is the potential for unex- differences can indicate uncertainties in
these materials can change drastically over pected performance of the facility that may design and be evaluated to determine what
a very short distance. These changes may be caused by neighboring structures, they might bode for future performance. If
be due to natural geologic variations (e.g., utilities and people. Such occurrences of monitoring indicates or predicts that future
sedimentary deposition cycles, faulting) or unexpected performance may delay the performance may be unacceptable,
be man-made as a result of construction project, increase cost and/or lead to lengthy changes or modifications can be imple-
activities. Consideration should also be and expensive litigation. mented as a corrective measure.
given to any changes in loading as a result Monitoring the construction and Many projects fail to realize the full
of extreme events (e.g., weather, earth- adjacent structures can provide quan- benefit of instrumentation because there is
quakes, etc.), which can contribute to titative information with respect to actual little or no provision for long-term
cause substantial uncertainty in how the performance, where the measured monitoring. Much of the value from
AUTHORS Tony Simmonds, Geokon

the main factors affecting automated
Vibrating Wire Sensors
vibrating wire measurements.
A vibrating wire sensor comprises three
The advantage of vibrating wire
essential elements:
sensors, over more conventional types, lies
• A mechanical assembly (i.e., a mainly in the frequency output, which can
tensioned steel wire permanently be transmitted over lengthy cables without
mounted inside the sensor body) appreciable degradation of the signal
• A means of electromagnetic excitation brought about by variations in cable
to vibrate the wire resistance, arising from water penetration,
temperature fluctuations, contact resis-
• A measurement system to measure the
tance or from leakage to ground. This
frequency of the wire vibration
feature, coupled with rugged designs and
In use, the vibrating wire is set into excellent long-term stability, makes
transverse vibration by a short pulse of vibrating wire sensors ideally suited for
current, which is generated within the long-term measurements in construction
measurement instrument, that passes environments.
through the electromagnetic excitation (i.e., The vibrating wire method can be used
coil) located near the midpoint of the wire. to manufacture a variety of sensor types for
Cast-in-place pile instrumented with The current sets the wire vibrating at its use in structural and geotechnical
sister bars, jack-out pressure cells, resonant frequency. As the wire oscillates in
piezometers and inclinometers
monitoring applications. Most sensors are
the magnetic field of the electromagnetic constructed from stainless steel (or other
instrumentation can come from long-term coil (i.e., the same coil used to excite the corrosion resistant alloys and materials)
readings, and not from getting information sensor), the oscillating wire creates a small and are waterproof with all internal
in a short space of time, which does not alternating current, which travels at the components sealed using O-rings. In its
allow trends to be detected. Long-term sensor (i.e., vibrating wire) frequency via a simplest form, the vibrating wire can be
measurements are made over decades cable to the measurement system.
(e.g., 10, 20, 30 or more years) and some- In the measurement system, a pulse
times even over the lifetime of a facility. counter measures the time for a given
Long-term measurement systems track number of cycles (i.e., zero crossings) and a
changes in the mechanical state of the microprocessor converts the period (i.e., the
structure, often using sensors that are time for one cycle) into a corresponding
permanently installed at inaccessible frequency. The square of this frequency is
locations where they cannot be replaced (or proportional to the parameter being
recalibrated). As such, it is critical that the measured (i.e., strain, pressure, temper-
sensors used be reliable and do not drift, ature, etc.). Recent developments in
that there is no inherent tendency for the vibrating wire measurements now include
value returned by a repeated measurement the ability to measure frequencies using
to vary systematically over time when there spectral analysis techniques rather than
is no real variation in the parameter being using time-based methods. Spectral analysis Installation of multilevel vibrating wire
measured. In this respect, despite advances techniques are able to easily discriminate the piezometers
in modern sensor technology, well- dominant, resonant vibrating wire fre- used to construct a strain gage in which the
constructed vibrating wire sensors are quency component from any accompanying wire is clamped between two end blocks. A
particularly well suited. sources of electrical noise, which is one of displacement transducer can be fashioned
by connecting the vibrating wire in series
with a tension spring. By fixing the
vibrating wire onto the backside of a
diaphragm with the other end clamped to a
stable point of fixture at a point opposite, a
pressure transducer can be constructed, as
used in piezometers and pressure cells.
Other designs allow for the creation of
t i l t m e t e r s , f o rc e t r a n s d u c e r s a n d
temperature sensors.
Vibrating wire load cells to measure anchor loads on wind turbine foundation

In 1969, Gage Technique, in England, systems and tunnels; mine openings;
A Little History
began commercially offering vibrating wire embankments and slopes; various shallow
The relationship between the frequency
strain gages that had been designed by the and deep foundations; cantilevered, braced
(i.e., pitch) and tension of a vibrating string
British Transport & Road Research Labor- and tied back earth retaining wall systems;
(i.e., wire) goes back to antiquity and forms
atory. Development of vibrating wire sensors underground powerhouses; bridges and
the operating principle of all musical string
in the U.S. followed in the mid-1970s by culverts; pipelines; slurry wall excavations;
instruments. The recognition that this
Irad Gage and Geokon. In 1978, Encardi- nuclear waste repositories; and ground-
principle could be used in devices as a
orite in India, began making vibrating wire water remediation schemes. In the author’s
means of measuring changes in weight,
sensors. In subsequent years, many other experience, the following examples serve
position, stress and strain can be traced back
companies around the world, seeing the to illustrate some of the more demanding
to the late 19th century (1888) in Italy, by
rapid spread of vibrating wire technology, applications.
Pietro Cardani (1858-1924), a professor at
decided that they too would begin manu-
the University of Palermo. It is reported that
he plucked the wire manually using a small
facture. Among them are Ace Instruments Monitoring for 30 to 50 Years
and Geovan in Korea, Sisgeo in Italy, Ofiteco Between 2009 and 2010, more than
pair of tweezers and determined the
in Spain, Soil Instruments and Geosense in 28,000 sensors were installed across an
frequency using a Stampfer Disc strobo-
England and numerous others in China. area more than 100,000 sq m (1,076,391 sq ft)
scope. Using this technique, he was able to
in footprint to monitor vertical displace-
measure deformations with an accuracy of
approximately 0.003 mm (1/10,000 in).
Applications ments and geogrid deformation that could
Vibrating wire instruments are used be brought about by subsidence when a
The next documented account is found
primarily for monitoring the safety and new motorway was constructed in an area
in U.S. Patent No. 633,471, dated Septem-
stability of civil and mining structures, of near surface, poorly mapped, aban-
ber 10, 1899, where Edward McGarvey of
such as earth and concrete dams; subway doned mine workings near Krakow,
Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, patented a
Weight and Pressure Indicator in which the
weight of coal carts could be determined
using the resonant frequency of a support
cable and a fulcrum, coupled to a
secondary, shorter wire and fulcrum that
vibrated in unison. However, it was not
until the late 1920s and early 1930s that
the vibrating wire sensor began to be
produced commercially. Early pioneering
in the development took place in 1928 in
Russia by Davidenkoff and in 1931 in
France when Andre Coyne patented a
vibrating wire strain gage and then, in
1932, installed 36 vibrating wire strain
gages in the thin-arch Bromme Dam.
In 1947, Coyne along with J. Bellier
went on to establish the company Telemac Radio telemetry system for vibrating wire piezometers and in-place inclinometers
to promote the use of vibrating wire sensors
in civil engineering applications. Around
the same time, in Germany, the company
Maihak was incorporated. These two
companies enjoyed a virtual monopoly in
Europe until 1957 when the Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI) established
Geonor and marketed a line of high-quality
vibrating wire piezometers and load cells.
NGI did a significant amount of research on
vibrating wire sensors and proved what
was claimed by Telemac and Maihak – that
the long-term stability of the vibrating wire
sensor was outstanding.
Mesh of geogrid deformation transducers

over 212 F) and will rise to more than 150C
(302 F) as the mine expands and deepens.
It is essential that the piezometers used for
monitoring at this site can withstand not
only the elevated temperatures but also the
highly saline conditions. The vibrating
wire sensors provided employ an all
welded construction, high temperature
coils and cables encased inside stainless
steel tubing, and with calibrations per-
formed at 25C, 60C, 100C, 140C, 180C
and 220C (77 F, 140 F, 212 F, 284 F, 356 F
and 428 F) for maximum accuracy.
In 1993, the LNG storage facility at
Roda Sten Rock Laboratory at Chalmers
University in Gothenburg, Sweden, was
Close up of geogrid deformation sensor (protective cover removed) instrumented with a variety of vibrating
wire sensors designed to measure
Poland. Vibrating wire instruments were
temperature, displacement and stress
selected, as the monitoring is required to be
changes in the rock mass due to cooling of
undertaken for more than 30 years. The
the cavern. The instruments installed were
instrumentation consists of more than
required to withstand ice growth and
2,500 horizontal extensometers, each
operate at temperatures between -196 C
equipped with vibrating wire displacement
and +7 C (-321 F and +45 F). The sensors
transducers, 12,500 vibrating wire geogrid
used special O-ring seals and cables and
deformation transducers, 25 vibrating wire
were checked in liquid nitrogen for correct
settlement sensors and 30 vibrating wire
function before shipping. The results
instrumented rebar.
indicated a radial deformation of 1 mm up
At the Underground Hard Rock
to 4 m (0.04 in to 13.1 ft) into the rock mass
Laboratory at Äspö, Sweden, tests are
and joint openings as a result of the cooling.
underway to assess the behavior of
bentonite seals that surround nuclear waste Monitoring Deep Shafts & Sockets
contained within their repository. Given the
Although it attracted frequent protests
aggressive nature of the environment (i.e.,
from environmentalists during drilling of
saline groundwater) and the required
Shaft No. 1, the Nuclear Waste repository
operating life (more than 50 years) of the
at Gorleben, in Saxony, Germany, started in
monitoring instrumentation, vibrating wire Wireless data acquisition system 1986. In 1996, the punch line between
sensors were selected with the additional for vibrating wire piezometers
Shafts No. 1 and No. 2 was realized at a
proviso that they be manufactured from
depth of 840 m (2,756 ft). Shaft No. 1 has a
titanium. As a result, a number of all-
diameter of 7.5 m (24.6 ft) and was sunk
titanium vibrating wire piezometers and available sensor types. Similarly, by using freezing, drilling and explosives. At a
pressure cells, with cables inside titanium carefully selecting materials and using depth of about 230 m (754.6 ft),
tubing, were constructed and supplied to techniques that are both generally available inhomogeneous stresses in the Tertiary
monitor the swelling pressures as the and proprietary, vibrating wire sensors can Clay formation required that the precast
bentonite seals hydrate. also be constructed that are highly concrete block lining be supplemented
corrosion resistant and capable of long- with welded steel ring segments. At seven
Monitoring at Temperature term use in highly aggressive environments. levels, the rings were instrumented with
Extremes To monitor the effectiveness of dewa- vibrating wire strain gages installed in
Because there are no electronics other than tering operations at the Minifie open pit clusters of four at six locations around the
the electromagnetic coil used to excite the gold mine on Lihir Island, Papau New periphery to determine the tangential
wire, vibrating wire sensors more easily Guinea, it was critical to measure ground- stresses in the lining. To ensure the
lend themselves to modification for use in water pressures. As Minifie lies within an instrumentation would function during
environments subject to temperature active geothermal system, the temperatures construction and operation, the gages were
extremes than do other commercially range from 50 C to over 100 C (122 F to required to be waterproof to a pressure of

Transporting the retrievable extensometer for installation into a concrete socket
2.5 MPa (363 psi), have a range of 7,000 6 m (19.7 ft) in diameter. Five sockets were
Summary
microstrain and to operate within a instrumented with vibrating wire pressure
While a comprehensive monitoring pro-
temperature range between -35 C and cells and extensometers with vibrating wire
gram will include sensors based on a variety
+180 C (-31 F and +356 F). All gages were displacement transducers. The pressure
of different technologies, including the latest
connected, via multiconductor trunk cells were installed equidistant from each
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
cables, to a data acquisition system at the other at 90 quadrants, and clearly showed
and fibre-optic offerings (and perhaps even
surface, to provide near real-time contour the development of the active and passive
remote sensing methods), it will often be
plots showing the stress distributions on earth pressures as the sockets started to
required that certain measurements be
the inner and outer flanges at each level. become effective in providing resistance to
made in adverse environments at locations
The A2 Highway in Austria is located the moving slope. In addition, the sensors
that are inaccessible after construction, and
on an unstable slope near Degendamm. In indicated the onset of the excavations of
over extended periods of time. In this
1985, the slope was stabilized with 66 adjacent sockets. The extensometers
respect, well-made vibrating wire sensors
concrete beams and more than 40 each (retrievable types) were installed to detect
remain the sensors of choice.
50 m (164 ft) long tiebacks. Despite these deformation of the sockets around any slip
measures, sliding continued. A secondary plane that might develop, in which case the
means of slope stabilization was con- extensometers would be removed, the Tony Simmonds is a director at Geokon, a manu-
structed using the New Austrian tunneling anchor spacings adjusted, and then the facturer of structural and geotechnical instru-
mentation. He has over 40 years of instrumentation
method (NATM) at the toe of the slope, extensometers reinstalled to provide
experience at project sites all over the world and is a
which consisted of installing 15 each 55 m optimum deformation measurements in member of ASCE, DFI, TRB AFS20 (Committee on
(181 ft) deep concrete sockets that were the zones of interest. Geotechnical Instrumentation and Modeling), USSD
and ISSMGE.

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GUEST EDITORIAL
Motivations, Versatility and Aspirations of

Professional Development Grant Winners
“Every meaningful element of human The grant awardees were selected from a
progress has happened only because large and diverse group of applicants from
humans have shared ideas with each other across the U.S. and abroad. Every applicant
and then collaborated to turn those ideas completed a personal essay describing her Arpana Sabu, geotechnical engineer at
into reality” – Chris Anderson, head of TED interests, experience and future profes- WSP, and Lucky Nagarajan, general
Conferences (TED). What started as an sional development plans. The vast pool of manager of engineering and business
idea has now evolved into an established applicants highlighted not only the large development at Giken
annual program to support young to interest in attending the conference, but also
seasoned engineers in the industry. For five the growing number of women in deep direction of bridging that gap by including
years now, the DFI Educational Trust and foundations and how our continued efforts individuals of various backgrounds and
the DFI Women in Deep Foundations as an industry and organization to retain levels of experience. Another way the WiDF
Committee (WiDF) have been providing women has been fruitful. It is important to group exemplifies this mission is by its
annual professional development grant remember that we are all contributing to this “buddy program” at DFI conferences,
opportunities to women involved in design trend one way or another, as this group where a seasoned WiDF Committee
and construction of deep foundations. The effort is fueled by the drive of individuals in member is paired with an attendee to help
goal of the WiDF Committee is to enhance our industry pushing for progress. So, we maneuver the conference successfully. The
networking opportunities and improve each often ask ourselves what we, not only support provided by WiDF members has
retention of female professionals in the as an organization but also as individuals, encouraged women to become more
deep foundations industry. can do to achieve our goals. While the answer passionate about our industry and even
This summer, winners of the 2019 DFI to that question is endless, we can all start with start their own initiatives. Tran disclosed, “I
WiDF Professional Development Grants something simple: motivating and encour- was excited to learn WiDF’s mission of
were announced (see DFI Educational Trust aging the women we work with every day. fostering and retaining professional
Report page 67). The program awarded Many of our winners this year were successes for women in the deep founda-
grants to five exceptional women in the motivated to apply for the grant by their tions industry, the area of work that I love.
deep foundations industry, each of $1,750 colleagues, peers and mentors who saw My application for the grant was a first step
to cover travel related expenses as well as a exceptionalism in them. Baser said, “My for me to get involved with the WiDF
full registration to attend the DFI 44thAnnual mentor, Youssef Hashash, professor in the Committee.” Ghosh expressed, “As the co-
Conference on Deep Foundations from department of CEE at UIUC, highly founder of WiDF NYC Metro Section, I
October 14-18 in Chicago. The recipients motivated me to apply. In addition, Mary have organized events within New York
are being honored at the conference during Ellen Bruce Large and Theresa Engler of City, helping me build my network within
the WiDF Committee Reception and again DFI played a significant role in my the industry and my company.”
during the Awards Banquet. This grant is decision.” Tran declared, “My decision to The DFI Annual Conference is a great
one of the many ways the WiDF Committee apply for the grant was largely influenced platform to learn about industry advance-
promotes the retention of women in the by women leaders in my professional ment, innovative technologies and ongoing
deep foundations industry. organizations who have been my source of research in different deep foundation
Join us in congratulating our 2019 encouragement to continuously advance markets via the technical sessions. Tech-
grant recipients: Tugce Baser, Ph.D., my career and take on new opportunities.” nical presentations provide tools for
assistant professor at University of Illinois Ghosh expressed, “The mentors at WiDF engineers from every level to learn new
at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC); Sayantani have constantly motivated me and helped skills that can be implemented on their
Ghosh, EIT, senior staff engineer at Langan me in different aspects of my career ranging projects. Baser disclosed, “I hope to learn
Engineering and Environmental Services; from leadership skills, public speaking and about advancements, new trends and tools
Amanda Parry, geotechnical engineer at technical proficiency.” in our profession, and to network with
GEI Consultants; Sherry Pirzadeh, P.E., One of the pillars of the WiDF group is trendsetters and my peers.” Pirzadeh
design engineer at Menard Group USA; and inclusivity and diversity. Younger and new expressed, “I’m looking forward to
Adeleine Tran, P.E., geotechnical engineer women attendees are often hard to find at attending the technical sessions and
at Jacobs Engineering Group. conferences, such as the DFI Annual learning about the recent research done in
Conference. This grant is a small step in the the field of deep foundations.”

The DFI Annual Conference also serves as an excellent
professional connection building tool, providing attendees with
vast networking opportunities, which can help establish and
nurture long-term relationships, provide a larger support system
needed to sculpt our path and introduce mentors and advisors from
different parts of the industry. Tran offered, “I know this
opportunity will greatly aid my career progression by giving me the
exposure not only to the WiDF network but also to other
connections in my field. I believe it is often not what you know or
who you know, but who knows you. You can never guess how a
new connection can help you in the future!” Pirzadeh said, meeting
the WiDF committee members is the highlight of the conference.
She added, “As a female engineer, I’m always eager and excited to
meet successful women who work in engineering and construction
fields and hear about their work.”
Women are brilliant, versatile and visionaries, contributing not
only to our industry but to society in invaluable ways. Fostering
their passion in deep foundations as well as all aspects of life pushes
us all towards progress and equality.
Our winners this year are passionate about more than just deep
foundations! Ghosh revealed a lofty ambition, “The dream is to
travel to every city of all 195 countries in the world!” Baser excitedly
states, “I am a big sports fan, especially basketball (go Nuggets!).”
Tran added, “I am a food lover and travel enthusiast!” Pirzadeh
revealed, “In contrast to the tough nature of my career in the
construction world, I enjoy reading novels, yoga, and cooking. You
don’t have to be one way or another!”

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L E G A L LY SPEAKING
UNDERSTANDING THE MULTI-EMPLOYER WORKSITE DOCTRINE
For Safety, the Law Makes You Your Brother’s Keeper

Many contractors and subcontractors are
Multi-employer Classifications
aware that their failure to identify and
Controlling Employer: The controlling
correct safety hazards can subject not only
employer is one who has general super-
themselves, but also other contractors and
visory authority and/or control over the
subcontractors on site, to citations by the
worksite, including the power to correct
Occupational Safety and Health
safety and health violations. Control can be
Administration (OSHA). What many may
established via contract (e.g., subcontracts)
not consider, however, is how the same
or, in the absence of contractual provisions, Jeanne Harrison, Associate, and
basis for that liability, OSHA’s multi- Brian S. Wood, Partner, at Smith,
by the practical exercise of control. When
employer worksite doctrine and associated Currie and Hancock
evaluating whether a controlling employer
regulations, may expose contractors or
has exercised reasonable care in discovering
subcontractors to liability even when they
violations, OSHA considers whether the
did not create the hazard, they are not the Cir. 2019). The court held that a home
employer:
contractor or subcontractor performing builder was properly cited under multi-
the work, and/or their employees are not • Conducted periodic inspections with employer worksite regulations for
exposed to the hazard. appropriate frequency. electrocution injuries to a subcontractor’s
• Implemented an effective system for employees, despite the fact that the builder
OSHA’s Process for Issuing promptly correcting hazards. was not directly supervising the work and
Citations • Enforced the other employers’ com-
had policies in place meant to prevent the
OSHA applies a two-step process to deter- type of hazard causing the injuries. The
pliance with safety/health requirements
mine whether a particular employer should court found that the builder knew or had
with an effective, graduated system of
be cited under the multi-employer work- reason to know of the hazard because the
enforcement and follow-up inspections.
site doctrine. These steps are as follows: builder’s superintendent had earlier
Courts had long questioned whether a observed the condition and did not correct
1. OSHA determines whether the contractor could properly be cited for it or direct its remediation.
employer falls into the definition of a hazards that an employer controlled, but Creating Employer: This is perhaps an
“creating, exposing, correcting or did not create, and which did not threaten obvious category with respect to citations.
controlling employer.” If the employer the employer’s employees. In November The creating employer is one who creates
falls into one of these classifications, 2018, a federal circuit court of appeals or causes a hazardous condition that
OSHA considers whether the employer answered that question. In Acosta v. Hensel violates an OSHA standard. An employer
fulfilled its safety obligations. Because Phelps Constr. Co., 909 F.3d 723 (5th Cir. may be cited even if the only employees
ensuring safety is a multifaceted 2018), the Court of Appeals for the Fifth exposed are those of other employers at the
obligation, it is common for employers Circuit held that OSHA could cite a site. For example, a general contractor may
to have multiple roles on a project. c o n t ro l l i n g e m p l o y e r w h o s e o w n be cited for creating a hazardous condition
2. OSHA determines whether the employees were not exposed to the that results in the injury of a subcontractor’s
employer’s actions are sufficient to violative hazard. The court, citing an employees. Alternatively, a subcontractor
fulfill its obligations. The extent of the administrative law judge, reasoned that an may be cited for creating a hazardous
employer’s obligations varies based employer “could reasonably be expected to condition, which results in the injury to
upon its classification(s). Note, the prevent or detect and abate the violations other subcontractors or even the general
extent of the measures that a general due to its supervisory authority and control contractor’s employees.
contractor must take as a “controlling over the worksite.” Utilizing frequent inspections to
employer” is less than the steps that a On June 4, 2019, the Court of Appeals identify and prevent hazards not only
subcontractor must take to protect its for the D.C. Circuit followed the same improves the chances that an employer will
own employees. reasoning in Century Communities, Inc. v. become a creating employer, but it can also
Secretary of Labor, 771 Fed.Appx. 14 (D.C. limit or prevent the creating employer’s

liability for OSHA citations. If the creating Correcting Employer: The correcting • The extent to which the correcting/
employer does not have control over the employer is one who engages in a common controlling employer knows about the
hazard or otherwise lacks the authority to undertaking on the same worksite as the safety history and safety practices of the
fix the hazardous condition, as can be the exposing employer and is responsible for controlled employer
case with subcontractors, then the creating correcting the hazard. This usually occurs
OSHA expects employers to perform more
employer should take immediate steps to when an employer is given the responsi-
frequent inspections if the controlled
keeps all employees on site away from the bility of installing and/or maintaining
employer has a history of noncompliance
hazard and notify the controlling employer. particular safety/health devices and
or OSHA citations.
Exposing Employer: The exposing equipment.
employer is one who allows its own
Conclusion
employees to be exposed to the hazard. In Frequency of Inspections Contractors and subcontractors need to
those instances, where the violation is Correcting and controlling employers are
consider whether they are a controlling,
created by another employer, the exposing required to exercise reasonable care to
creating, exposing or correcting employer
employer may be cited if it (1) either knew prevent and discover violations. OSHA
for every worksite. Failure to properly
of the hazardous condition or failed to considers the following factors in deter-
identify and implement their obligations
exercise reasonable diligence to discover mining whether the correcting/controlling
under the multi-employer policy may
the condition, and (2) failed to take steps to employer exercised reasonable care:
expose them and their general contractor to
protect its employees. If the exposing
• The size and difficulty of the project multiple levels of OSHA citations.
employer created the hazard, then it is also
liable for the violation as a creating • The nature of the work, including
employer. In extreme circumstances, an whether the number of types of hazards
exposing employer may be cited for failing changes as the work progresses
to remove its employees from the project to
avoid the hazard.

PEOPLE & COMPANIES
Joseph A. Caliendo died unexpectedly at 74 on August 15. He Consultants and professor at Georgia
was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and grew up near Detroit, Institute of Technology, who presented his
Michigan. He served in the U.S. Navy as a diver (Seabees) doing 2018 Terzaghi Lecture “Geotechnical
underwater construction. Caliendo earned degrees in Stability of Waste Fills – Lessons Learned
oceanography and civil engineering, including a Ph.D. in civil and Continuing Challenges.” Fugro again
engineering, from Utah State University (USU). After working as is sponsoring the Buchanan Lecture, which
the state geotechnical engineer for the Florida Department of Transportation in is being held on October 18, 2019.
Tallahassee, Florida, “Doctor Joe” returned to USU, where he worked as a professor
of engineering from 1993 until the time of his passing. He was beloved by students During its 2019 Summer Meeting, ADSC
and took a genuine interest in their development. He is survived by his wife, Joyce, congratulated all of its Safety Award Win-
5 children and 13 grandchildren. ners, including the following DFI members:
• Moretrench was awarded The Dave
Dr. Sherif Wissa Agaiby passed away after his battle with cancer.
White Memorial Award for the most
He was the director of the geotechnical and heavy civil
improved safety program by
engineering department at Dar Al-Handasah Consultants (Shair
demonstrating obvious changes in safety
and Partners). Agaiby earned B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Cairo Lobo-Guerrero, Gerressen,
practices during the most recent 3Miller
years.
University, and his Ph.D. from Cornell University. He taught and
conducted research in most fields of geotechnical engineering as a • ECA Canada Company and Hardman
university faculty member (Cairo University; 1983-2004). At Dar Al-Handasah, Construction for achieving 5
Agaiby was actively involved in consulting and participated in the planning, consecutive years of zero lost time
analyzing and designing for major engineering projects worldwide. He was injuries.
involved in many national and international scientific activities including: chair of • Blackhawk Foundation Company,
the ISSMGE Professional Image Committee; board member, Council of ECA Canada Company, Dywidag
Foundation of ITA-CET, Foundation for Education and Training on Tunneling and Systems International Canada, TEI
Underground Space Use; member of the Egyptian Code of Practice for Rock Drills and The Ougan Group for
Geotechnical Engineering and Foundations on Rock Committee and the Site achieving an incidence rate below the
Investigation Committee; member of the Egyptian Code of Practice committee for specialty contractors’ industry average
the Design and Construction of Tunnels and Underground Structures. Agaiby was (less than 50,000 – 100,000 man hours
a DFI individual member from 1990-1995 and then from 2011 until his passing. worked) in 2018.
• Bauer Foundations Canada, Crux
Subsurface, DBM Contractors, Equip-
into the correct position with a special ment Corporation of America, Hard-
spreader beam and slings. After the cage has man Construction, Pacific Founda-
been lowered and has sunk down to its tion, Soletanche Bachy Canada and
depth of refusal, due to its self-weight, the Texas Shafts for achieving an incidence
machine can be easily lowered on top of the rate below the specialty contractors’
rebar cage. Subsequently, the self-adjusting industry average (100, 000 – 300,000
patented clamp system grips the cage man hours worked) in 2018.
without damage, which then drives the
rebar cage into the wet concrete using the • Cajun Industries, Case Foundation
attached Dawson CSV vibro hammer. Company, HJ Foundation, More-
trench, Richard Goettle and Trevi-
The 2019 Buchanan Lecturer, presented by icos Corporation for achieving an
the Zachry Department of Civil incidence rate below the specialty
Engineering at Texas A&M University, is contractors’ industry average (300, 000
Professor Greg Baecher, Ph.D., P.E., NAE, – 500,000 man hours worked) in 2018.
University of Maryland, who is delivering a • Nicholson Construction Company
Dawson Construction Plant has designed lecture entitled “Putting Numbers on for achieving an incidence rate below
a specific product for driving rebar cages Geotechnical Judgement.” The 27th annual the specialty contractors’ industry
into wet concrete called Cage Vibro. It event also features Professor Rudy average (500, 000 – 750,000 man
avoids the high-risk actions of conventional Bonaparte, Ph.D., P.E., NAE, chairman hours worked) in 2018.
installation and makes it safe to lift the cage and senior principal at Geosyntec
• Aldridge Electric, GeoStabilization controlled low pressures, roughly 26,000 cu
International, GFL Infrastructure yds (19,880 cu m) of grout, which prevents
Group, Keller Foundations, Malcolm additional damage to structures and infra-
Drilling Co. and McKinney Drilling structure while reducing the hazards asso-
Company for achieving an incidence ciated with mine subsidence to nearby com-
rate below the specialty contractors’ munities. Nicholson’s portion of this project
industry average (over 750,000 man also helped the state and engineers to
hours worked) in 2018. explore the depths and extent of rubbliza-
• ECA Canada Company for ZeroTRC tion and void spaces associated with historic
and DART Combined Rates (less than underground coal mining for future void-fill
50,000 man hours worked) and have grouting projects.
demonstrated a proactive approach to
safety using recognized safety practices. Effective January 1, 2020, North America
Keller companies Bencor, Case Atlantic,
• Blackhawk Foundation Company, Case Foundation, Hayward Baker, HJ Foun- Cooperative Highway Research Program
Dywidag Systems International dation, Keller Canada, McKinney Drilling (NCHRP). The JEC Innovation Awards
Canada, Drilling Service Company, and Moretrench will join together and identify, promote and reward the most
and The Ougan Group for ZeroTRC rebrand to Keller. Operating as one com- innovative composite projects worldwide
and DART Combined Rates (50,000 – pany in each local market, offering all pro- and celebrates the cooperation between the
100,000 man hours worked) and have ducts and services, the company expects to different segments of the Composite Supply
demonstrated a proactive approach to be easier to understand and engage with. Chain. CEO Sonja Blanc (right) accepted
safety using recognized safety practices. According to Keller, clients can be confident the award for the company’s “bendable
• Bauer Foundations Canada, Equip- they’re getting the best, most competitive thermoplastic composite reinforcements for
ment Corporation of America, Hard-
man Construction and Texas Shafts
for ZeroTRC and DART Combined
Rates (100,000 – 300,000 man hours
worked) and have demonstrated a
proactive approach to safety using
recognized safety practices.
solutions, especially when involving multi- concrete,” rewarded for its characteristics in
• Cajun Industries for ZeroTRC and ple techniques. This integration will further “revolutionizing the durability of construc-
DART Combined Rates (300,000 – differentiate Keller as a leading geotechnical tion.” This award recognizes the innovation
500,000 man hours worked) and have specialist contractor in North America. in the development and manufacture of
demonstrated a proactive approach to glass fiber composite reinforcement bars
safety using recognized safety practices. At the JEC Innovation Award 2019 (rebar) as well as cables for prestressed
The western region of Nicholson Con- ceremony, Sireg Geotech received first prize concrete applications, made with thermo-
struction Company was recently awarded in the “Construction & Infrastructures” plastic resin. These kinds of composite
its fourth contract for the mitigation of category in partnership with Arkema, the products do not rust or corrode and can be
underground mine work in Wyoming by University of Miami, and the National reheated and easily shaped or bent.
the State’s Abandoned Mine Lands Division.
The current contract is for exploratory
drilling in Kemmerer and several other
locations outside of Evanston. Nicholson
will be drilling up to 91 exploratory points
in the counties of Uinta and Lincoln near
Almy, Kemmerer and Cumberland mining
districts. The upfront work will allow the
state’s engineers to log and examine the data
to establish maps for future programs in the
area. The lands, waters and watersheds that
surround former mine lands where
extraction processing has occurred can pose
serious threats to the health of both humans
and the environment. In just the past three
Nicholson in Wyoming
projects, Nicholson has injected, under
Specrete is expanding its support for deep rpm, 41,000 lbs (182.4 kN) of effective
f o u n d a t i o n s c o n t r a c t o r s t h ro u g h main winch line pull, and 45,000 lbs (200.2
distribution of two key material groups kN) of crowd force with an operating
throughout the U.S. – Baroid’s Industrial weight of 110,000 lbs (49,895 kg). Training
Drilling Products and Eqiom’s Spinor line and service support are provided by CZM
of Microfine Cements. That means and equipment is available for rental, direct
Specrete is a single source for Baroid’s sale or rental/purchase options.
bentonite and polymer products; the
Specrete sales team is backed by the Hubbell Incorporated
technical support and expertise of Baroid’s appointed Allan Con-
group of field representatives. Eqiom’s nolly as group president,
Spinor line of microfine cements products Hubbell Power Systems
are used in soil and rock grouting and are contractors to drill under 20 ft (6.1 m) (HPS). As group presi-
composed of a slag-based binder and are overhead obstructions, up to a depth of 55 dent, Connolly will lead all
manufactured with optimized grain size ft (16.8 m) and a diameter of 10 ft (3.05 m). business units within the HPS Group. He
distribution. They range from fine to ultra- This makes it an ideal machine for drilling previously served as president of Aclara,
fine and are 100% passing in each grain under transmission lines. With a torque of coming to Hubbell as part of the acquisition
size classification. 167,350 ft-lbs (226.9 kN-m), it can drill of Aclara by HPS in February 2018. He was
through very hard soil layers and rock. The instrumental in executing the company’s
Meever USA has announced the hiring of EK160USM is mounted on a Caterpillar strategic plan that positioned the brand for
new territory managers, and new product 330F L Tier IV Final, with extendable growth. Connolly previously served as
lines and services. Sarah Honeyman and crawlers for 360-degree stability. With an COO of Culligan International, a world
Dawn Kieffer, who bring over 31 years of operation weight of 103,500 lbs (46,950 leader in the water treatment industry, and
experience to Meever USA, will lead the kg) and a transport weight of 83,000 lbs prior to that, he was a general manager for
expanded Southeast USA sales force as (37,650 kg), it is a very transport friendly systems engineering with GE Energy. He
Southeast territory sales manager and piece of equipment. The machine is earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical
Southeast territory rental manager, equipped with a self-erecting counter- engineering from the University of
respectively. Roderick Olds and Paul weight – by means of hydraulic cylinders Wollongong in Australia. He also holds a
Jaquillard were appointed as Midwest installed in the back, the operator can pick doctorate in control systems engineering
territory sales manager and West Coast up the counterweight from ground level from the Australian National University.
territory sales manager, respectively. A and install it in place eliminating the need
Southeast USA service facility in the for a crane or forklift to set up the machine Hubbell Power Systems (HPS) released
Jacksonville area will be opened to stock at the jobsite. The LR machines will serve HeliCAP® Helical Capacity Design Soft-
and support rentals and sales of new and applications such as sound bearing walls, ware, version 3, a proprietary engineering
used steel sheet pile, including transmission lines and utilities, drilling on a software for confident helical engineering.
reconditioning and fabrication. In steep slope, and difficult to reach holes. It performs powerful calculations on site
addition, Meever USA announced its These machines will be offered on soil parameters to aid engineers designing
association with Steel Piling USA, which is Caterpillar and John Deere bases. The LR65 foundations, tiebacks, soil nails and heavy
a new facility in Erie, Michigan, dedicated will be mounted on a CAT330 (or guyed loads. The software gives prompts to
to manufacturing domestic steel sheet pile, equivalent) and the LR125 and LR160 will maintain control over essential criteria to
domestic spiral weld pipe and heavy wide be offered on a CAT 336 (or equivalent). affect the same process HPS application
flange beams. Steel Piling USA is a joint The machines also have a special designed engineers employ daily to analyze
venture between American, Chinese and boom with 2 lift cylinders that allows for a problems and specify solutions. HeliCAP
European specialists in the global deep higher torque and crowd force to be applied version 3 is cloud-based and can be
foundation industry. In addition, Meever to the tool, which aligned with locking instantly accessed from any web-
USA has developed and is distributing a interlock Kelly bars makes it efficient on connected device. Improvements from
new and unique "bracing system" that can rock and hard soil drilling. Round Friction previous versions include:
be custom designed, providing safe, bars are also available for high production • Allowing collaborators to view or edit
efficient, economical solutions for all size on softer soils. All these models will have shared jobs
trenching and cofferdam projects. extendable and longer undercarriages. This
makes a big difference on the stability and • Ability to create up to 10 soil profiles in
CZM Foundation Equipment introduced performance of the machine. The largest a single job
an ultra-short mast (USM) option to its model, the EK160, will have a torque of • Better correlation between blow count
popular EK160 and a long reach (LR) 155,000 ft-lbs (210.2 kN-m), max. drilling and soil profile
option to its fleet. The EK160USM allows speed of 32 rpm, max. spin-off rate of 120

Local distributors of CHANCE® helical
piles are available to assist engineers and
installers with helical pile projects through
their knowledge of local soil profiles,
technical and engineering support, and
reduced lead times with local, ready-to-
ship inventory. The software is available to
u s e i n s t a n t l y a t n o c h a rg e . Vi s i t
https://www.hpsapps.com/helicap to
create an account.

(ECA) promoted Gordian Ulrich to the
position of director of
BAUER Product Sales &
Service. In his new role, currently focused on three categories of tenance, reduced air requirements and lower
Ulrich will be responsible training, all of which focus on BAUER and overall cost per foot. With deep experience
for all BAUER product KLEMM equipment: certified technical in rock drilling, Numa purposely designed
related sales, service and training, certified operator training and its HDD hammers to drill longer in difficult
training, and he will also lead the new NCCCO exam. rock conditions. Furthermore, a single bore
BAUER service team, which is focused on design allows for a maximum bore diameter
improving the overall quality of service and Numa has released a range of HDD Drilling in conjunction with providing optimum life
technical support. A geotechnical engineer Systems designed for productive and against abrasion. The full line of Numa’s
with a degree from the University of efficient drilling in hard rock and fractured HDD Drilling Systems is made up of several
Karlsruhe in Germany, Ulrich started his ground formations. Numa’s HDD Drilling models. Full descriptions are available on the
career at BAUER Maschinen in Germany in Systems consist of a variety of HDD product page at www.numahammers.com.
the method development department in components including hammers, bits, side
2007. He spent almost 8 years starting up load sonde housings,
and running jobs or training customers on bent subs and adaptors
projects using BAUER equipment. He that are capable of
joined ECA Canada in 2014, where he was drilling holes 4 to 7-1/2
the BAUER applications engineering in (102 to 191 mm) in
manager, primarily focused on introducing diameter. Some of the
new drilling techniques, tools and rigs to many benefits Numa
the North American market. In 2016, touts for the HDD
Ulrich joined ECA in Philadelphia, where hammer line include
he uses his unique global technical improved steerability,
expertise to consult, support and train fast penetration rate,
specialty foundation contractors. simplified field main-

(ECA) has taken its leadership role in drill
rig operator training to a new level with the
establishment of the ECA Training Center
in Jacksonville, Florida. The facility will
offer a host of training types and exams
related to its BAUER and KLEMM lines of
equipment. The company has even
adopted the slogan, “The Cornerstone of
Your Training Foundation,” to draw
attention to its increased focus on training.
The ECA Training Center is dedicated to
practical use, NCCCO examinations, live
demonstrations, and it also has a dedicated
spot for classroom training. ECA is ECA Training Center

The Underground Division of McMillen Champion Equipment Sales was named
Jacobs Associates an- by Marini QG as the exclusive distributor The Gavin Foundation
n o u n c e d t h a t Vi c t o r for the Western U.S. Marini designs and
Romero, P.E., C.P.Eng, manufactures pneumatic/hydraulic
was appointed executive drilling units, including masts, drifters, Tony Barila, Hub Foundation, has
vice president and that rotary heads, light weight portable units asked to share his own personal
Isabelle Lamb, LG, was and limited access crawlers. Marini tragedy in hopes that others can
appointed managing equipment is used for civil engineering learn from his loss. Barila’s son, Jeff,
director of the Australia/ work addressing reinforcement, was only 12 years old when he
New Zealand region, anchorage, slope stabilization, and developed an onset of Obsessive-
based in the Auckland installation of rock & avalanche barriers. Compulsive Disorder (OCD). He
office. In his new position, Marini’s MR line of products includes managed to "fight" his horrible
Romero will assist Dan pneumatic/hydraulic light/portable affliction and graduated from Roger
Adams, president, in management of the drilling units made for acrobatic drilling Williams University in Rhode Island
Underground Division, which has grown work, slope consolidation, anchors, in 2005, becoming a successful real
to 300 people in 18 offices. Romero has nailing, and barring. Marini’s MR-A line of estate broker in the Boston area.
been with McMillen Jacobs for 28 years, products include pneumatic/hydraulic About 10 years ago, Jeff became a
providing underground engineering in the excavator/spider drilling mast attachments heavy drinker and very quickly
water, wastewater, highway and rail transit suitable for a wide range of self-moving became a severe alcoholic. Two days
sectors. For the past 8 years he has served equipment and excavators. Marini’s MR-C before his 37th birthday, Jeff died of
as managing director of the Australia/New line of products includes limited access an apparent accidental overdose of
Zealand Region. Lamb, a native Kiwi, has a drilling units and crawler drilling units fentanyl.
geological/geotechnical background and suitable for various specialized operations About four months before Jeff
has worked on infrastructure and in civil engineering. Marini supplies a wide died, he met with two therapists
underground projects throughout the range of drifters/top hammers and rotary from the Gavin Foundation in
Australia/New Zealand region. She has heads suitable for Marini machines. South Boston, an organization that
over 25 years of experience in the design assists members of society
and management of design teams for the overcome substance abuse. He
construction of tunnels, underground thought that they had the right
structures and associated surface facilities approach and was very interested in
for transit, water/wastewater conveyance following their program. Tony
and roadway projects. Most recently, Lamb believes that if only Jeff had been a
served as tunnel design lead, project part of the Gavin Foundation years
manager and design manager for Sound or even months earlier, he would
Transit’s University Link Extension, have been strong enough to
Northgate Link Extension, and East Link continue with his fight to sobriety.
Extension E360 projects in Seattle. Recently, the national mindset
DFI is a cooperating partner in the Pile and discussion about substance
Nicholson Construction Driving Contractors Association (PDCA) abuse has shifted from being the
announced the addition of 20th Annual Design and Installation of result of a character flaw to one
Doug Hardin, P.E., senior Cost-Efficient Piles (DICEP) Conference whose basis is a disease. Removing
design engineer, to the scheduled for November 5–6, 2019, in this traditional social stigma reflects
engineering team. Hardin Cleveland, Ohio. Held each fall since 2000, a positive step in improving
comes to Nicholson with this exclusive PDCA program presents diagnosis and treatment, however,
close to 20 years of experience. He started modern approaches to maximize and significant work remains. The fight
his geotechnical career with the St. Louis, promote the increased use of driven piles is too real and personal to be
Missouri office of URS and then spent the through a series of engineering-focused unaffected; this epidemic has fallen
last 15 years with Schnabel Foundation presentations. The theme of this year’s DICEP on all of us.
Company, where he held the position of conference is “Deep Foundations, Earth To learn more about the Gavin
senior design and construction manager. Retention and the Benefits of the Driven Foundation please visit
Hardin received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Pile.” Don’t miss this opportunity to connect www.gavinfoundation.org or
civil engineering from the University of with your peers, collaborate on industry contact Tony at tbarila@gmail.com
Illinois. He is a licensed professional research and strengthen your commitment to or (508) 958-3563.
engineer in Iowa, Missouri, Virginia and the driven pile profession. More details are
Connecticut. available at www.pdca-dicep.com.

Panamerican 2019
Cancún Mx.
www.panamerican2019mexico.com
info@panamerican2019mexico.com
XVI PANAMERICAN CONFERENCE November 17th - 20th 2019
ON SOIL MECHANICS AND Venue

Hotel IBEROSTAR, Cancún Mx
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Registration
www.ecodsa.com.mx/BookingPanamericano.html
Technical topics
Topic1. Laboratory and in situ testing Topic 11. Embankments and tailings dams
Topic 2. Analytical and physical modelling in geotechnics Topic 12. Soils dynamics and earthquake engineering
Topic 3. Numerical modelling in geotechnics Topic 13. Ground improvement
Topic 4. Unsaturated soils Topic 14. Sustainability and geoenvironment
Topic 5. Soft soils Topic 15. Preservation of historic sites
Topic 6. Foundations and retaining structures Topic 16. Forensics engineering
Topic 7. Excavations and tunnels Topic 17. Rock mechanics
Topic 8. Offshore Geotechnics Topic 18. Education
Topic 9. Transportation in geotechnics Topic 19. Energy geotechnics
Topic 10. Natural hazards
International Society for Soil Mechanics Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniería Geotécnica
and Geotechnical Engineering Mexican Society of Geotechnical Engineering
Preconference courses
PC1 Anchors design, construction and testing
PC2 RCC Dams
PC3 Energy geotechnics: from the basics to the practice
PC4 Flexible pavement design, mechanistic empirical approach
PC5 In situ testing
PC6 Advanced micropile design and construction
PC7 New seismic design criteria for foundations and embankments in Mexico
PC8 Numerical modelling in geotechnics
PC9 Risk analysis and reliability in geotechnics
PC10 Rock excavations
PC11 Soil stabilization with lime
Registration fees
ISSMGE Members ISSMGE Non members
Until March 15th, 2019 $500 Until March 15th, 2019 $550
From March 16th to October 15th, 2019 $550 From March 16th to October 15th, 2019 $605
From October 16 to the PANAMERICAN 2019

th
$600 From October 16 to the PANAMERICAN 2019
th
$660
Preconference courses $200
Gala dinner $100
Notes
Fees include taxes

Fees are per person
Fees in USD
Conversion to mexican currency (MXN) will be made at the exchange rate of the pay date
Cooperating Organizations
AD INDEX CALENDAR
American Piledriving Equipment Inc. . . . . . . 4

BAUER Equipment America. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Berkel & Company Contractors Inc. . . . . . . 13
Berminghammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 DFI Events
BSP International Foundations Limited . . . 92
Casagrande USA Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Center Rock Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 October 2019
Chem Grout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
COMACCHIO S.R.L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
14-18 44th Annual Conference on Deep Foundations
Consolidated Pipe & Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Hilton Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Con-Tech Systems Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Crux Subsurface, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
CZM Foundation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
November 2019
Donald B. Murphy Contractors Inc. . . . . . . 69 14-16 DFI-India 2019: 9th International Conference on Deep
DRILLTOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Foundation Technologies for Infrastructure Development
DuroTerra, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
DYWIDAG-Systems International, USA, Inc. . . 26 in India
Eiffel Trading, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 National Academy of Construction, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
Equipment Corporation of America . . . 60,61
Foundation Technologies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . 33 25 DFI Middle East Geotechnical Engineering in Challenging
Fugro Loadtest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Applications at The Big 5 Heavy
Gannett Fleming, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Dubai World Trade Centre, UAE
Geokon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
GFA International, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Goettle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 December 2019
Great Lakes Environmental & Infrastructure . . 2
GRL Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4 ITS Money Webinar
Grout Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Hammer and Steel, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Hardman Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
February 2020
Helical Anchors Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5 ITS Money Webinar
Hubbell Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
ICE®-International Construction
Equipment, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 March 2020
IDEAL Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Ischebeck USA Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 23-25 DFI-PFSF Piling & Ground Improvement Conference
JD Fields Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 ICC Sydney, Australia
Jeffrey Machine Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Keller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Kelly Tractor Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 June 2020
Keystone Drill Services, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Kiewit Foundations Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3-5 SuperPile ’20
Langan Engineering & Hilton St. Louis at the Ballpark, St. Louis, Missouri
Environmental Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
L.B. Foster Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 15-18 Deep Mixing 2020
L.G. Barcus and Sons, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Baltic Philharmonic’s Music and Congress Centre, Gdańsk, Poland
Liebherr-Werk Nenzing GmbH . . . . . . . . . . 27
Magnum Piering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,50
Mait SPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 August 2020
Matrix Construction Products . . . . . . . . . . . 58
MEEVER USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4-6 S3: Slopes, Slides and Stabilization
Michels Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Hotel Kabuki, San Francisco, California
Mueser Rutledge Consulting 16-19 International Symposium for Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG)
Engineers (MRCE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Nucor Skyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 AT&T Conference Center – University of Texas at Austin, Texas
Nucor Tubular Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Odin Construction Solutions, Inc. . . . . . . . . 10
Ougan Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
October 2020
Olin Engineering Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 13-16 45th Annual Conference on Deep Foundations
Pieresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,101 Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center, National Harbor, Maryland
Pile Dynamics, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
QSP Packers LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Reed Concrete Pumps &
Shotcrete Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Rocscience Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
SAMBO C.M.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Slabjack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Soilmec North America, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Specrete-IP Incorporated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Star Iron Works, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Sunbelt Rentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Tectonic Engineering &
Surveying Consultants P.C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
TEI Rock Drills Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DFI Events: Go to www.dfi.org/dfievents.asp for up-to-date information
TREVIICOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Watson Drill Rigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Industry Events: See a complete list at www.dfi.org/industryevents.asp
Williams Form Engineering Corp. . . . . . . . 88

DA
TIONS
I
Deep Foundations
N
Institute
N
U
DFI ST
EP FO
326 Lafayette Avenue
ITUTE
Hawthorne, NJ 07506 USA
DE
Phone: (973) 423-4030

® Fax: (973) 423-4031
New Marc Basnight Bridge and old H.C. Bonner Bridge crossing the
Oregon Inlet on North Carolina's Outer Banks
in partnership with
Piling Design & Construction Conference
Saint Louis, Missouri
The International Association of Foundation Drilling
June 3-5, 2020 | Hilton St. Louis at the Ballpark
This three-day event will include presentations*

on the latest developments in:
n Augered Cast-in-Place and n Innovations and advancements in pile n Designing for resiliency under extreme
Drilled Displacement Piles design and installation or unexpected loading conditions
n Drilled Shafts n Designing and constructing safely and (inclement weather, flooding, scour,
effectively in urban environments seismic, liquefaction, lateral spreading)
n Driven Piles
n Deep foundations in expansive and n Alternative procurement methods and
n Helical Piles and Tiebacks
frost-susceptible soils early contractor involvement
n Marine Foundations
n Foundations in karst and erodible n Re-use of foundations and other
n Micropiles sustainable design approaches
sedimentary bedrock
n Seismic and Lateral Loads n Foundation optimization through risk
n Corrosion of buried structures
n Testing and Evaluation management (geotechnical, contractual,
n Instrumentation, load testing,
n Working platforms communication risks)
monitoring
Conference Highlights*
n DFI Technical Committee Meetings n Osterberg Memorial Lecture
n WiDF Networking Reception n Presentation of the Ben C. Gerwick Award for
n Exhibit Hall with over 75 Manufacturers, Innovation in the Design and Construction of
Suppliers and Service Providers Marine Foundation
*Program subject to change.
www.dfi.org/SuperPile20

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THE MAGAZINE OF THE DEEP FOUNDATIONS INSTITUTE SEPT/OCT 2019

2019 OPA Winner

COVER STORY – 2019 OPA WINNER

DFI Executive Committee

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • SEPT/OCT 2019 • 3

Departments 89 A New Approach for the Design of Micropiles in Tension

Innovation: Share It Early and Openly

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • SEPT/OCT 2019 • 7

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Typical section view of the north approach spans (south

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Welcome From the Chicago Organizing Committee

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We invite you to be a part of the DFI 44th Annual Conference on

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • SEPT/OCT 2019 • 23

Looking forward to seeing you in the City of Big Shoulders!

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DEEP FOUNDATIONS • SEPT/OCT 2019 • 29

Contractor Legend Manufacturer/Supplier Legend Engineering Legend

As chairman of Prof. Thomas Bauer Engineers in the

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • SEPT/OCT 2019 • 31

CHANCE HELICAL PILES ARE SUPPLIED THROUGH THE

Honoring Professor Thomas Bauer: A Brief History of Bauer AG

Panel discussion on the use of software for slope stabilization

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Day two featured 10 presentations

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