Chemistry deals with the study of matter and the Chemical property – can observe this property we must

changes it undergoes. carry out a chemical change and when a new substance
is produced. Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity and
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass. oxidize.
The particles of matter Intensive property - does not depend on how much
Atoms - the basic unit of an element that can enter into matter is being considered. Texture, color, odor,
chemical combination. It is made up of the different hardness and density.
subatomic particles such as electron, proton, and Extensive property - depends on how much matter is
neutron. being considered. Volume, mass, length and area.
Ions - atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive Classification of matter
or negative charge. Cation - an ion with a net positive
charge due to loss of electron. Anion - an ion whose net Matter can be classified into substance and mixture.
charge is negative due to an increase in the number of
Substance - is a form of matter that has a definite
electrons.
(constant) composition and distinct properties.
Molecules - an aggregate of at least two atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical forces Element - is a substance that cannot be
(also called chemical bonds). A molecule may contain separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
atoms of the same element or atoms of two or more (other useful information about the elements)
elements joined in a fixed ratio.
- 94 elements occur naturally and 24 are
The States of Matter man-made
- Entire universe almost filled with hydrogen
Solid Liquid Gas
Volume and Definite Definite Indefinite - Most common element on earth is oxygen
shape volume; volume volume - 8 elements make up the earth’s crust;
definite and takes and oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium,
shape the shape indefinite potassium, magnesium and sodium
of the shape
container Examples of metals, non-metals and metalloids
Density high High but Low and their uses.
lower than
solid Metals
Compressibility small Small large
greater - Hard, ductile, malleable, conductor
than solid - Aluminum – most common metallic
Thermal Very small small moderate element in the earth’s crust – for aluminium
Expansion foil, door knobs, kitchen utensils and
airplanes.
Properties of Matter - Copper – cheap metal – electrical wirings
- Silver and gold – coins, coinage metals,
Physical property - can be measured and observed jewelry making
without changing the composition or identity of a - Zinc – galvanized sheets of iron, steel
substance. Color, odor, taste, volume, hardness, making
density, boiling point, texture, electrical conductivity, - Calcium – steel and glass, roads, bones and
solubility, malleability and tensile strength. teeth
- Cobalt – vitamin B12 (anemia)
 - Iron – red pigment of blood
Non- metals
- Easily break, cannot be hammered and
molded without breaking, insulators,
- Oxygen – most abundant element,
important to living things, welding,
converting iron to steel, medicine.
- Sulfur – yellow color, exist in pure form
- Nitrogen – in the form of proteins, fertilizers
Metalloids
- Have physical appearance of metals and
chemical behaviour like non-metals
- Silicon – second most abundant on earth, in
the form of silica and sand, in making
cement and glass, microchips and
computers
Compound - a substance composed of atoms of
two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions
(other important info about the compounds)
Covalent compounds – atoms are bonded by
sharing of electrons
Ionic compounds – two or more ions are held
next to each other by electrostatic compound- the bond
is a result of transfer of electrons from metal into a non-
metal
Mixture - is a combination of two or more substances in
which the substances retain their distinct identities.
Homogeneous mixture - the composition of the
mixture is the same throughout.
Heterogeneous mixture - the composition is
not uniform.
Suspensions – contain large particles
that tend to settle on standing.
Colloids – particles larger than ions or
molecules but smaller than the particles forming
suspensions.
Method of Separating Mixtures
Filtration – process of separating insoluble solid
(precipitate) from a mixture.
Distillation – process whereby a liquid is converted into
vapour by boiling and the vapour is condensed back to
liquid by cooling.
Crystallization – separate soluble solid from its solution
based from different solubility of solids in water at 25
degree Celsius.
Decantation – process of separating solid from a liquid,
by pouring off the liquid, after allowing the solid to
settle in the liquid.
Dissolution – another method in which a mixture of
soluble in insoluble solid substances can be separated
by using an appropriate solvent.
Chromatography – it lets the mixture flow over a
material that retains some components more so
different components flow over the material at
different speeds.
Sublimation – process of changing solid to the gaseous
form without passing through the liquid state.
Measurement – the comparison of an unknown
quantity with a standard.
Accuracy - the closeness of a measurement to the true
value of the quantity of being measured.
Precision - the closeness of agreement of two or more
measurements of the same quantity.
Significant figures in calculations
1. All nonzero digits are significant
2. Zeroes between nonzero digits are significant
3. Leading zero to the left of the first nonzero
digits are not significant
4. Trailing zeros that are also to the right of a
decimal point in a number are significant
5. When a number ends in zeroes that are not to
the right of a decimal point, the zeroes are not
necessarily significant.