International Journal of Ambient Energy

ISSN: 0143-0750 (Print) 2162-8246 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taen20

Improving photovoltaic panel performance via an

autonomous air cooling system – Experimental
and numerical simulations

Djamila Nebbali, Rezki Nebbali & Ahmed Ouibrahim

To cite this article: Djamila Nebbali, Rezki Nebbali & Ahmed Ouibrahim (2018):
Improving photovoltaic panel performance via an autonomous air cooling system –
Experimental and numerical simulations, International Journal of Ambient Energy, DOI:
10.1080/01430750.2018.1517670

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1517670

Accepted author version posted online: 29

Aug 2018.

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Improving photovoltaic panel performance via an autonomous air
cooling system – Experimental and numerical simulations

Djamila NEBBALI, Rezki NEBBALI*, Ahmed OUIBRAHIM

Laboratoire d'Energétique, Mécanique et Matériaux - LEMM, Université Mouloud

Mammeri Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria.

*
. nebbali.publication@gmail.com

1
Improving photovoltaic panel performance via an autonomous air
cooling system – Experimental and numerical simulations

The temperature rise of a PV panel during its functioning is known to

induce losses of its performances. We propose to minimize these losses via
a simple and autonomous air cooling system composed by a fan activated
by the electricity produced by the panel. This fan blows ambient air on the
rear face of the panel. Experimental measurements of the current intensity
as well as voltage delivered by the panel and its front face temperature
ensure the validation of the numerical code. Numerical and experimental
results are in good agreement. As the main results of this autonomous
cooling, when compared to the uncooled panel situation, the efficiency for
harsh climatic condition increases of 29.52% while the panel temperature
lowered of 39.29°C. Such results achieved with this quite simple
autonomous cooling system on the improvement of the PV panel
efficiency suggest interesting economic and commercial arguments.

Keywords : Air cooling, CFD, efficiency, fan, photovoltaic.

1. Introduction

Among the major objectives of renewable energy resources, there are the contribution

towards a better protection of the environment and the reduction of the impact on earth

warming. Besides these environmental concerns, there are also the concern of better

performance, lower running cost, greater reliability and continuity of electric power

supply to end users.Then, it is necessary to ensure that their development requires

comparable costs, so that they can adequately replace the currently dominant fossil fuels

in a state of exhaustion.

2
Several approaches are being explored, including the search of suitable materials as well

as technical of solutions that contribute to improve the efficiencies of systems operating

with renewable energy resources.

As regard suitable materials making up the photovoltaic (PV) panels, silicon is

mostly used in the solar cell industry [1], at different forms (amorphous, polycrystalline

and monocrystalline) to enhance the panel efficiency [2, 3] up to 20%. Other semi-

conductors such as cadmium/tellurium (CdTe), with acceptable manufacturing costs,

offers an efficiency of 16.5%, while the efficiency of copper/indium/selenium (CIS),

copper/indium/gallium/selenium (CIGS), and

copper/indium/gallium/diselenide/disulfides (CIGSS) offer better efficiencies but with

higher manufacturing costs, and even excessively high in the case of Gallium arsenide

(Ga-As), but with an efficiency as high as 40% [4].

Other investigations are focused on cooling solar PV panels to reduce the rise of

their temperature known to affect strongly their efficiency [5]. Indeed, the combined

effect of solar radiation with high air temperatures, such as in the Saharan climate, can

strongly increase the temperature of solar panels which then significantly reduces their

longevity and affects their performances [6–8]. As a matter of fact, PV panels used for

28 years in the harsh Saharan climate, showed a fill factor (FF) degradation rate of

0.57% per year [8]. To solve this problem, several studies were conducted to propose

methods minimising the temperature rise and the efficiency loss. A review of cooling

techniques presents a wide range of different methods used and their impact on the

economic cost of the whole installation [9].

Among these methods, there are the hybrid PV/T requiring pump [10-13] that

ensure the circulation of coolant; hybrid system that uses the wind speed to operate a

turbine and also to cool the solar PV panel [14]. Investigations proposed the use of

3
water of bypass from the water irrigation to cool the PV panel by flowing under gravity

on the front face of the panel then collected at the lower edge and connected to the same

irrigation stream [15]. To cool the panel with low power consumption of the water

pump, an optimised water jet on the front face of the panel was proposed [16],

experimented and numerically investigated [17]. Other complex systems include

evaporative cooling [18] or water spray cooling [19]. A way to cool the panel by an

evaporative chimney was proposed [20], but a heavy method for just 7.6% efficiency

improvement. Finally, using a water cooling system to improve the photovoltaic

efficiency, the conducted investigation [21] concluded however that the realization of

such a system requires a source of water that can have an impact on the installation cost.

Although interesting, most of the cited methods require nevertheless either an

additional electrical energy to operate their cooling system, or they need a constant

supply of water, or finally the proposed cooling systems are complex, even heavy, and

impact the installation cost.

To overcome such complex cooling systems, it is naturally suggested that the

free convection of ambient air through the PV panel provides an easier alternative

solution, although with low cooling effect [22]. The overview of studies on the

improvement of the performance of cooled PV panel show that there are different

methods. However, they require further research for their large-scale use and an

economic evaluation [23, 24].

This investigation fits into this context. Its main objective is to provide a more

practical solution that allows an efficient cooling of the PV panels while minimizing the

loss of their performances under harsh climatic conditions characterised here by a solar

radiation of 1000Wm-2, no wind and a high ambient air temperature (50°C). The

4
solution involves injection of ambient air on the rear face of the panel by mean of fan,

consumed power of which is supplied by the PV panel.

2. Methodology

Since the supplied power by the PV panel to the fan is proportional to the mass

flow rate of air, it is necessary to determine the optimum operating point of the cooled

PV panel. For this purpose an experimental device was realized to measure the current

and voltage intensities delivered by the PV panel at its equilibrium temperature

resulting from the prevailing climatic conditions (solar radiation, wind speed and

ambient air temperature). Using a genetic algorithm, these measurements were then

compared with those obtained from the one-diode electrical model in order to determine

the associated parameters. Then, the current, voltage, and power output of the solar

panel for all values of the solar radiation and the equilibrium temperature of the PV

were evaluated. Furthermore, the heat balances of the PV panel were performed to

determine its equilibrium temperature depending on climatic conditions. For the

uncooled PV panel, the heat balance only involves a single energy equation that can be

solved numerically by successive iterations to obtain this equilibrium temperature then

used together with an electrical model, to determine the PV panel power and therefore

its efficiency. However, in the case of the cooled PV panel, by the fan and under the

same climatic conditions, the determination of the equilibrium temperature requires a

system of coupled equations of motion and energy that needs then a CFD tool (Fluent)

to be solved.

Thus, the numerical simulation were carried out after validating of the code and

the method by means of measured data (front face temperature, current and voltage in

two situations, uncooled and cooled). As a previous step, the heat balance was

conducted on each face of the panel. As a matter of fact, a part of solar radiation

5
absorbed by the panel, at the glass and silicon layers, is transferred from the front face

by long wave radiation and free convection, while the rear face transmits the heat by

forced convection to the air blown by the fan. Then, we can determine, under extreme

climatic conditions, the influence on the equilibrium temperature of the air mass flow

rate blown by the fan. Finally, we also considered that glass and silicon are internal heat

sources resulting from the heat balance of short and long wave radiations. The electric

power delivered by the PV panel was then calculated using the electrical model, and

taking into account the power part consumed by the fan, we deduced the net power

output of the whole installation. By comparison to the uncooled panel, we evaluated

therefore the efficiency improvement of such a cooling system.

3. Experimental
3.1. PV panel characteristics and operating climate conditions

Measurements were conducted on a monocristalline PV panel (Figure 1) exposed

horizontally to the climatic conditions prevailing at Tizi-Ouzou (North of Algeria,

36.70° latitude and 4.06° longitude). The characteristics of the investigated PV panel are

specified in Table 1. The PV panel consists of five different layers of glass, silicon,

ARC, EVA, and Tedlar. The layers characteristics are summarized in Table 2.

The same PV panel was used in two situations: i).The uncooled PV panel, each of its

side was naturally cooled by the ambient air (Figure 2-a) ii). The cooled PV panel by

mean of a fan blowing ambient air only on its rear face while its front face naturally

cooled by the ambient air (Figure 2-b).

3.2. Description of the proposed cooling system

6
It is here proposed to cool the PV panel by using a fan that blows ambient air on its rear

face. This PV panel delivers the required electrical power to the fan. Figure. 3 shows the

details of the installation.

The fan of 0.08m diameter is settled on a plywood centred on the backside of the

PV panel (Figure 2-b). The air is blown on the rear face of the PV panel and is then

convected into the cavity between the plywood and the cooled panel surface. The

warmed air is evacuated at the end of the cavity from two opened sides (0.02m ×

0.18m).

3.3. Measurements

The fan flow rate, the temperature of the PV panel front face, climatic conditions (solar

radiation, wind speed and air temperature), current and voltage were measured. A hot

wire anemometer (PCE-423), a K-type surface thermocouple, a solarimetre (SPM72),

and two multimetres (DVM601-Velleman) were used for this purpose (Table 3).

As a first step, it was necessary to characterize the fan. To do this, we used an

AC-DC transformer which ensures 3 to 12V output for adjusting the fan power

concomitant to the airflow rate. For each value of the voltage applied to the fan (Figure

4-a) we measured the current intensity which allowed us to calculate the electrical

power o
P fa n consumed by the fan at the prevailing ambient air temperature T aoir . At the

same time, using the hot wire anemometer, we measured the air velocity at three

positions of the outflow surface of the duct as indicated in Figure 4-b. Therefore, the air

flow rate was evaluated by the following relationship:

Q  
3
W S
(1)
i i
i  1

where W1, W2 and W3 are the air velocity at the corresponding sections S1, S2 and S3 in

Figure 4-b

7
Thus, we obtained the characteristic curve (power vs. air flow rate, Figure 5) of the fan

at the measured ambient temperature. This obtained characteristic curve leads to define

the relationship (2) between the air volume flow rate and the power consumed by the

fan at 25°C air temperature ( T aoir  2 5 C ), with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0,91:

o
P fa n  1 .8 8 1 0  4 Q 3 (2)

The experiment was carried out ten times in order to evaluate the standard

deviation.

Moreover, according to the law of similitude, the power Pfan consumed by the fan for a

temperature Ta of ambient air is then:

P fa n  P fa n
o
T o
a ir / T a ir  (3)

Taking into account the relation (2) together with (3), we obtain the following equation:

P fa n  1 .8 8 1 0
4
T o
a ir / T a ir Q 3 (4)

Moreover, knowing that:

Q  q /  a ir and  a ir   a ir
o
T o
a ir / Ta ir  (5)

It is then easy to obtain the following relation allowing to determine Pfan at given flow

rate q and air temperature Tair, that is to say:

P fa n  1 .8 8 1 0  4  T a ir / T aoir
2
 q /  o
a ir 
3
(6)

The flow rate q is determined from the relation (7) below, where Pfan is obtained by

measurements of the voltage and current intensities absorbed by the fan during the

experiment:
1/ 3
2
 4 
q   a ir
o


P fa n T o
a ir / T a ir  / 1 .8 8 1 0

 (7)

8
 In the second step, we proceed to experiments on the PV panel. The PV panel

was exposed to the prevailing climatic conditions twenty minutes prior to measurements

in order to reach its equilibrium temperature. Then, the experiment was performed for

10 minutes during which all environmental parameters can be considered to be at a

steady state. The front face temperature of the PV panel and climatic parameters were

measured (Tp, RG, wind speed W, Tair), which were followed by the measurements of

electric current and voltage provided by the PV panel for each value of the rheostat

resistance (Figure 6). Both electric current and voltage involving the fan were also

measured in the cooled PV panel situation.

Moreover, the front face temperature of the uncooled panel, considered

homogeneous, was measured at the center while for the cooled PV panel, the

temperature was measured on eight points at the median line (Figure 1).

4. Mathematical modelling and numerical simulations

We adopt a one-diode electrical model in order to calculate the current and voltage

delivered by the PV panel. For the uncooled panel, the homogeneous temperature

equilibrium of the PV panel was determined by solving the energy equation resulting

from the heat balance. For the cooled one, the temperature distribution was determined

by using the CFD code Fluent, which solved the coupled turbulent equations of motion

in fluid medium and energy equation in both solid (glass and silicon) and fluid domains.

4.1. One-diode electrical model

In the literature, there are several mathematical models that describe the operation and

behaviour of a PV generator [25, 26]. The most widely used and classical is the one-

diode electrical model, which involves five parameters : photo-current IL, saturation

current Is, series resistance Rs, shunt resistance Rsh, and ideality factor parameter a [27–

9
29]. Considering that the value of the shunt resistance is infinite [30], the analytical

formulation of this model is expressed as follows:

  V  I.R s  
I  I L  I s  ex p    1 (8)
  a  

These parameters are highly related to the intensity of solar radiation and the

temperature of the solar panel. There are obtained indirectly by measuring the current

and voltage at reference conditions (incident radiation of 1000 W/m2 and a solar cell

temperature of 25°C). Under other conditions, the following correlations are used to

evaluate them:

a  a ref  Tc Tc,ref  (9)

I L  RG R G ,r e f  I L ,r e f   I ,s c ( T c  T c , r e f )  (10)

(11)
3
I s  I s,re f  T c T c ,re f  e x p  E g s N s a re f 1  T c ,re f Tc  
 

It is well known that the power delivered by the PV panel is highly conditioned by the

supplied voltage [31] and that there is an optimum point of the couple current-voltage

corresponding to the values (Iopt, Vopt) for which a PV panel delivers a maximum power

[32].

We use the relation (12) below giving the power generated by the solar cell

PIV (12)

together with the relation (8) allowing to deduce the voltage V, then it is easy to

determine the optimum value Iopt from the following relation :

dP dI I  I opt
0 (13)

Therefore, the maximum electrical power (Pm) delivered by the PV panel is given by:

Pm  V opt I opt (14)

10
4.2. Simulation of the uncooled panel

In this section, the numerical modelling of the uncooled PV panel exposed to solar

radiation (RG) under ambient air temperature Tair is developed. We considered the heat

exchange by convection between the two faces of the PV panel and the ambient air

while the radiation heat exchange was occurred just from the front face toward the sky

and the surrounding walls. The hypothesis of a single-layer PV panel [33–35] with

average absorptivity was employed.

4.2.1. Governing equations

A fraction of the solar radiation absorbed (α RG S) by the PV panel generates an

electrical current, while the rest was transferred via long wave radiation (Φ r ) and

convective flux (Φ C ) to the ambient air. Assuming a homogeneous temperature

distribution on the different solid media of the PV panel, the heat balance at the surface

panel (S) can be written, for the case of an open circuit, as follows:

  RG S   Φ C  Φ r  0 (15)

where α is linked to the optical parameters (Table 4) as follows :

α= αPVg + αg

The convective heat flux Φ is expressed by the Newton's law:

C

Φ C  h S  T P  T a ir  (16)

The heat transfer coefficient was correlated by the Nusselt number, for the case of a

horizontal flat plate under conditions of free convection, by the following relationship

[36]:

N u  0 .5 4 R a1 / 4 for 104<Ra<106 (17)

N u  0 .1 5 R a1 / 3 for 106<Ra<1011 (18)

11
where:

R a  G r Pr

while for the forced convection, we used the correlation reported by Sánchez Barroso et

al. [37].

N u  0 .8 6 R e1/ 2 P r1/ 3
(19)

The net radiation of long wave radiations exchanged between the surface of the PV

panel and the sky is given by:

Φ r   g σ S F P V  sky (T P 4  T sk y 4 )+  g σ S F P V  w a ll (T P 4  T w a ll 4 ) (20)

with g=0.91 [37], g=0.94 [38], g=0.86 [39], g=0.90 [40].

The temperature of the sky was evaluated by the following relation [41]:

T s k y  0 .0 5 5 2 T a1i .5
r
(21)

However, the site of the experiment, where the panel is settled, was not completely

open; it was surrounded by walls that reduced the solid angle toward the sky. Thus, we

neglected the view factor FPV-sky and we assumed that the radiative exchange of the PV

panel occurred just with the surrounding walls. Moreover, as adopted in previous works

[13, 35, 39], the walls temperature was assumed equal to the ambient temperature in all

this presented study.

4.2.2. Efficiency of the uncooled PV panel

Considering the maximum power delivered by the PV panel, the energy efficiency of

the uncooled PV panel, which quantifies the share of solar energy converted into

electricity, is given by the following expression:

η ou n co o led  1 0 0 Pmu n co o led R G

S  (22)

12
4.2.3. Numerical procedure

The temperature Tp of the panel was obtained by successive iterations. The steps

followed in the algorithm are shown in Figure 7. For the given dimensions of the panel,

the intensity of solar radiation and air temperature, we initialised the temperature of the

solar panel to an arbitrary value TP0 that was greater than the air temperature. Then, we

evaluated the dimensionless Grashof, Reynolds, Prandtl, and Rayleigh numbers, which

allow the calculation of the Nusselt number given by the relations (17–19), and thus, the

convective heat exchange coefficient (h) was obtained. The temperature of the sky was

then calculated by using the relation (21). Considering the relations (15), (16), and (20),

a new value of the panel temperature (TP1) was calculated by the following expression:

TP1  αR G
S - r
 /(h S )  T air
(23)

which was then compared to the initial temperature. The procedure was repeated until

the convergence was achieved with a difference less than 0.01, between two successive

values.

4.3. Simulation of the cooled PV panel

4.3.1. PV panel characteristics considered.

The PV panel characteristics are already summarized in Table 2. Furthermore, for our

simulations we consider that the EVA and ARC layers are transparent, while the Tedlar

layer is opaque. Thus, radiative heat balance concerns only glass and silicon layers.

4.3.2. Governing equations

The air blown by the fan causes a turbulent flow that promotes heat exchange with the

PV panel. The temperature distribution and velocity fields were determined by solving

the equations of continuity, momentum, turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate and

energy given in Table 5.

13
a- Fluid media

The PV panel exchanges heat between its front face and the external surrounding by

free convection and radiation. However, the heat flux exchanged at the rear of the PV

panel, was determined by solving coupling equations of energy in each solid media and

fluid motion. The complexity of these equations required the use of the CFD code

Fluent. More details regarding the algorithms and methods can be found in the user

guide of Fluent [43].

This code solves the 3D conservation equations for the physical quantities of

momentum, turbulence, and energy transported in the flow coupled to the energy

equation in the solid media. These equations are summarized as follows:

 P    

u k .    .   S (24)
xk  xi  xi   xi 

Each parameter of the relation (24) is explained in detail in Table 5. These governing

equations are discretised in the domain of interest and are transformed into a linear

equations system by using the finite volumes method. The system of linear equations

together with the boundary conditions, are solved using the SIMPLE algorithm:

pressure and velocity components are first determined with a prediction-correction

method followed by the determination of the temperature field.

b- Solid media (Glass and Silicon)

The temperature fields in the glass and silicon layers were determined by performing

energy balances in solid media (Table 2). Poisson's equation was used as the governing

equation of the phenomenon in steady state, it is given by:

ΔT   λ  0 (25)

14
where  is the Laplace operator, and  is a source term that corresponds to the net

radiative heat flux of long and short waves, expressed as follows:

α g R G  ε g σ (T g4  T w4a ll )
  , for the glass layer. (26)
eg

 P V  g RG
  , for the silicon layer. (27)
es

4.3.3. Grid generation and boundary conditions

The computational domain was meshed with 4692681 cubic and tetrahedral volumes

(Figure 8).

By neglecting the thermal resistance effect of the ARC,we meshed each solid layer

(glass, silicon, EVA, tedlar) of the PV panel into 144670 cubic elements with heights

equal to their respective thicknesses. The cavity through which air flows was meshed

into 3978918 tetrahedral elements. Furthermore, the box of electric wires

(0.05m×0.04m×0.012m) was meshed into 135083 tetrahedral elements where buoyancy

effects induce fluid motion.

The convective heat transfer coefficient, deduced from the relations (17–19), was

introduced as an user-defined function for the front face of the PV panel, while at the

rear face, near the air-tedlar interface, convective heat flux was determined by solving

the equations of energy, momentum including buoyancy effects and turbulence.

However, the air-tedlar interface, on which the box of electrical wires was fixed with a

silicone glue, whose high thermal resistance, was considered as an insulating wall.

The air inlet was materialised by a "mass-flow-inlet" type boundary condition that sets

the temperature and the flow rate of the air blown by the fan. The outlet surfaces, where

the blown air was pulled outside, were assimilated to the "outflow" type boundary

condition for which all normal gradients of pressure, temperature and velocity are

15
neglected. The other boundaries of the domain were considered as insulated walls with

no slip conditions. Moreover, the air was assimilated to an incompressible ideal gas.

4.3.4. Efficiency of the cooled PV panel

The net efficiency η of the cooled PV panel, which considers the part of the energy

consumed by the fan, is defined as follows:

η  100  P cooled - P fan  R S 

  (28)
 m   G 

where Pfan and Pm are determined by the relations (6) and (14).

5. Results and discussion

5.1. Identification of the model parameters

Assuming the value of the shunt resistance Rsh as infinity, the model parameters were

determined using the experimental data. The genetic algorithm [46, 47] minimises the

error between the current evaluated using expression (8) and that measured for the same

voltage.

The objective function is given by:

m
exp
ζ  (1 / m)  1 0 0 I e x p  I(V ) / Ii 
i  1
 i i
 (29)

Where Iiexp is the measured current at the Vi voltage, I(Vi) is the predicted current given

by the one diode electrical model and m is the number of the measurement points.

The identified parameters, listed in Table 6, were obtained under the following

conditions RG=400W/m2, Tair=27.5°C and TP=50°C. As shown in Figure 9, the

measured and calculated values are in good agreement.

Considering the relations (9–11), the values of the parameters at reference conditions

are listed in Table 7.

16
5.2. Model accuracy

Prior to the numerical simulations, measurements of currents, voltages and the front

face temperature involved by the PV panel were carried out during three days. These

measurements where used to validate the CFD code and the electrical model.

Table 8 gives, for three periods of time, the experimental and numerical values

of the front face temperatures of the uncooled PV panel. It can be noticed that there is a

good agreement between the measured and simulated values. Their differences do not

exceeds 6.3%.

By using the one diode electrical model with all parameters determined

previously corresponding to the relation (8), we obtain the characteristic curves of the

uncooled PV panel at different climate conditions. Indeed, Figure 10 indicates that these

curves are in agreement with the experimental curves obtained from measurements.

Most of the measurements were performed at largest values of voltages where current

versus voltage varies significantly. In the case of the cooled PV panel (Figure 11), we

observe similar variations of the current versus voltage and we note the agreement

between the calculated curves using relation (8) and the experimental ones.

In order to find out the effect of the blown air by the fan on the temperature

distribution along the PV panel, temperature simulations were performed for the whole

panel. The computed temperature distribution along the central axis of the PV panel are

compared to the experimental measurements done along this axis. Figs 12–13 show a

good agreement between these two numerical and experimental distributions along the

central axis, especially Figure 14, allowing then to validate the CFD code simulations.

After the validation of these numerical models, we use them to determine next

the optimum operating point of the cooled PV panel.

17
5.3. Model application
5.3.1. The optimum functioning point

In order to determine the optimum functioning point, we compare the efficiency of the

uncooled and cooled PV panel under the same climatic conditions (RG=1000 Wm-2,

Tair=50°C in situation of no wind).

While the temperature of the uncooled PV panel was 105.70°C with an efficiency

o
u n c o o le d
 4 .6 3 % , the cooled PV panel showed that the mass flow rate of air affects

significantly the temperature field. Indeed, increasing the mass flow rate of air from 1 to

20g.s-1 decreases the PV panel mean temperature of approximately 25°C, as shown in

Figure 15.

However, the efficiency given by the relation (28) increases with the mass flow

rate of air up to a maximum value of 6.00% (Figure 15), beyond which it begins to

decrease. In fact, the power consumed by the fan after this point is an important factor.

This maximum efficiency corresponds to an optimum air mass flow rate of 8 g.s-1 and a

temperature of 66.41°C of the PV panel.

Nevertheless, the comparison of the efficiencies of such systems was done

through the relative efficiency defined as follows:

η r  1 0 0  η  η u n co o led
o
 η u n co o led
o
(30)

To grasp the interest of this method of cooling the PV panel to enhance its

performances, we give, in Table 9, the main powers to be known and then deduce by

comparison the improvement achieved.

Definitely, we notice a net improvement of 29.52 % of the power produced by

the cooled PV panel after the power supplied to the fan (Figure 15).

18
5.3.2. Distribution of the blown air velocity and temperature fields

Using the CFD code, we determined the temperature distribution on the solar panel

(Figure 16). We observed that the silicon region, whose high absorptivity value, was the

warmest with high temperatures at the corners, where the air is poorly renewed.

We also noticed that the box of electric wires disturbs the temperature

distribution on the PV panel (Figure 16). Indeed, the silicone glue, with high thermal

resistance, impedes the heat flux dissipation toward the air confined in the box of

electric wires and raises the local temperature of the silicon layer to 68.5°C.

Furthermore, because the box was shifted from the center, the cooling was more

efficient on one side of the box where the PV panel was exposed to the blown air flow,

while at the other side the air flow was disturbed.

Moreover, as shown in Figure 17, the air blown by the fan was split into two

opposite directions and cooled the PV panel before leaving the cavity through the two

side openings (Figure 18).

6. Extension of the proposed solution for a PV panel of small size to a

commercial PV panel of large size

We demonstrate below that the simple and autonomous way to cool a PV panel

constitutes a solution for improving the efficiency of commercial PV Panel with

standard size whose characteristics are given in Table 10. The selected fan for such a

commercial PV panel must be of course large enough to blow the ambient air on the

entire bottom surface of the panel. The characteristics as well as the view of the

considered fan are given in Table 11. In our case we have considered a fan having 14

inches size (with a power of 80W and a flow rate of 3230 m3/h).

The associated scheme to this PV panel with the cooling system is similar to that

given in Figure 3. Then using the relation (2), it is easy for the above selected fan of 14

19
inches to determine its characteristics curve, at Tairo=20°C of air temperature, which is

expressed by the following relationship :

o*
 1 .1 0 8 1 0  7 Q 3
P
fa n (31)

Similarly to the relation (3), the power consumed by the fan of large size for a

temperature T of ambient air is then :

* o*
 o
P fa n  P fa n T a ir / T a ir  (32)

The relation (5) allows to determine, together with the obtained relations (31, 32), the

electric power of the this fan at the ambient temperature, corresponding to :

2 3
*
 1 .1 0 8 1 0  7  T a ir / T aoir  q /  o

P
fa n
a ir
(33)

The flow rate q is then expressed as follow:

1/ 3
2
 * 7 
q   a ir
o
P
 fa n

T o
a ir / T a ir  / 1 .1 0 8 1 0

 (34)

The simulations performed using the PV panel of large size together with the fixed

cooling system lead to the results illustrated in Figure 19.

Now we need to evaluate the efficiency of a such commercial panel. In this

context, to evaluate the relative efficiency (*r) of the PV panel, we need to know the

parameters of the electrical model associated to this panel. For this purpose, we consider

that the effectiveness of PV panel is usually in the following form [48]:

 o   r e f 1   ( T P  T P , r e f ) 
(35)

where ref=7.66% is deduced from Figure 15 while Tc,ref=25°C and =0,0049, a

temperature coefficient whose relationship with the temperature is widely cited in the

literature [48].

Assuming that the efficiency of the monocrystalline small size PV panel is

analogous to that of the polycrystalline standard size PV panel, a relationship widely

sustained in literature [48], it follows that :

20
 * *
 o   r e f 1   ( T P  T P , r e f ) 
(36)

where  r*e f  14% (Table 10).

Then, the relative efficiency given in (30) allows to determine the associated relative

efficiency r
*
of this polycrystalline PV panel, that is to say:

η *r  100  η *ocooled  P fan

* * * uncooled
/ (R G S )  η o  / η *o uncooled (37)

From this relation, we obtain the evolution of the PV panel efficiency rate with the air

mass flow rate as illustrated by Figure 19.

The next step is to determine the associated optimum functioning point. We

observe on Figure 19 that the optimum functioning point is around 280g.s-1 of air mass

flow rate, which corresponds to an equilibrium temperature of the PV panel Tp=68.86°C

obtained with the help of Figure 19.

As a matter of fact, this optimum of the functioned obtained above can be

effectively also deduced from the small PV panel by using the method of similarities.

Indeed, for this small PV panel the relative efficiency corresponds to:

η r  100  η ocooled  P fan / (R G S )  η ouncooled  / η ouncooled

(38)

In order to ensure, for each cooling set (PV panels of small and large size), a

similar growth of the efficiency between the uncooled and cooled situations, with the

same degree of cooling, the relations (37) and (38) must be equals. Thus, we find:

*
P fan  P fan S / S  *
 * uncooled
o /o
uncooled
 R G
*
S o
* uncooled
 * cooled
o
* uncooled
/o
cooled
o
unco oled
/o  (39)

Moreover, the temperatures of the cooled and the uncooled PV panels are assumed to be

similar for each size of the PV panels. This leads to write :

* co o led * u n co o led co o led u n co o led
o /o  o /o
(40)

Then, taking account of (40), the relationship (39) becomes:

21
 *
P fan  P fan S / S  *
 * uncooled
o
uncooled
/ o  (41)

where: S*= 1.425×0.652=0.9291 m2 and S=0.22×0.29=0.0638 m2.

At the equilibrium temperature of the uncooled PV panel, i.e. Tp=105.70°C, the

efficiencies of the PV panels are given by the relations (35) and (36):

* u n co o led
ηo = 8 .4 6 % an d η o
u n co o led
= 4 .6 3 % (42)

Then using (42) together with (41) and the dimensions of the PV panels, it is possible to

determine the power consumed by the fan for the large size PV panel which corresponds

to:

*
P fa n  2 6 .6 1 P fa n
(43)

The optimum functioning point of the cooled small PV panel was found for 8g/s of air

mass flow rate at equilibrium temperature TP=66.41°C, which corresponds to

Pfan=0.0679W. Thus, using the equation (43), for the large size fan we obtain

P*fan=1.807W.

Finally, we easily determine the associated mass flow rate. Indeed, according to the

equation (34), the optimum flow rate is q=286.36 g.s-1.

In conclusion, owing to the results obtained, and presented above, for the

commercial polycrystalline PV panel of standard size, we show that the proposition of

an autonomous cooling system demonstrated for a monocrystalline PV panel of small

size also held for the commercial PV panel of large size. We observe that for this PV

panel the improvement reaches values as large as r*=27.80% (Figure 19) very close to

the value of r=29,52% (Figure 15) obtained for the small PV panel.

7. Conclusion
The main objective of this investigation is to improve the efficiency of a PV panel

significantly affected by its temperature rise while functioning. An autonomous

22
and simple system is then proposed to cool the panel. Thus, a fan fixed at the

backside of the panel and activated by the electricity produced by the panel itself

cools this one by blowing ambient air on the rear face.

This investigation, consisting of several experimental and numerical steps, was

conducted following the methodology presented above in detail.

Thus, as main results of the proposed cooling system, the experimental and

numerical simulations performed on an uncooled and cooled monocrystalline PV

panel, under harsh climatic conditions characterized by solar radiation of 1000

Wm-2, no wind and ambient air temperature of 50°C, have shown an efficiency

improvement of 29,52% and a panel temperature decrease of 39,29°C.

We also extended the proposed system to cool larger panels, having standard size

of a commercial PV panel. Via different simulations, we demonstrate that this

simple and autonomous cooling system does constitute a solution to improve the

efficiency of commercial PV panels of standard size.

As a significant interest to point out, this method needs just a fan fixed at the rear

of a PV panel and activated by the electricity delivered by the panel itself. When

the temperature of the PV panel is high enough while functioning, then the fan is

activated to cool the panel by blowing ambient air on the rear face.

Finally, yet important, is the economic interest involved by this simple proposed

system with respect to the energy gained by cooling the panel with such a system,

comparatively to the adding cost caused by the addition of a fan fixed to the rear

of the panel. This last point is considered in details in an ongoing investigation.

Nomenclature

23
ARC anti-reflection coating

a ideality factor .

C sound speed, m.s-1

EVA Ethylene-vinyl acetate

eg glass thickness, m

eS silicon thickness, m

Egs band gap energy of silicon, equal to 1.12 eV

FPV-sky view factor between the upper face of the PV panel and the sky

FPV-wall view factor between the upper face of the PV panel and the surrounding

walls

Gr Grashof number

h convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K

IL photo-current, A

Is solar cell saturation current, A

Iopt current at maximum power point, A

Isc short circuit current, A

IL,ref photocurrent at reference conditions (RG,ref=1000W/m2 et Tp,ref= 25°C), A

k turbulent kinetic energy, m2/s2

Mt turbulent Mach number

Nu Nusselt number

Ns number of series-connected cells in the photovoltaic panel

P electrical power of the PV panel, W

Pmuncooled maximum electrical power of the uncooled PV panel, W

Pmcooled maximum electrical power of the cooled PV panel, W

P fao n power consumed by the fan at 25°C air temperature, W

24
Pfan power consumed by the fan for a temperature Tair of ambient air, W

P fa* n power consumed by the fan of large size for a temperature Tair of ambient

air, W

P fao *n power consumed by the fan of large size at 20°C air temperature, W

Pr Prandtl number

Q volume flow rate, dm3/s

q mass flow rate, g/s

R2 coefficient of determination

Ra Rayleigh number

Re Reynolds number

Rs series resistance, Ω

Rsh shunt resistance, Ω

RG solar radiation flux (irradiance) on the PV panel, W/m2

RG,ref reference value solar radiation flux (irradiance) on module plane

(1000W/m2)

Sij strain rate tensor components

S area of the PV, m2

Tg glass operating temperature, K

Tp PV panel operating temperature, K

Tc,ref solar cell reference temperature, equal to 298.15 K

Tair air temperature, K

u'i velocity fluctuation component, m/s

ui average velocity component, m/s

Vopt Voltage at maximum power point, V

W Wind speed, m/s

25
Greek Symbol
α mean absorption coefficient of the PV panel

αPV mean absorption coefficient of the solar cell

αg absorption coefficient of the glass

aref ideality factor at reference condition (solar radiation of 1000W/m2 and PV

panel temperature of 25°C)

 thermal diffusivity (m2.s-1)

ɛg glass emissivity

 turbulent dissipation rate, m2.s-3

ref small size PV panel efficiency at reference condition, %

ref* large size PV panel efficiency at reference condition, %

ouncooled uncooled PV panel efficiency of small size, %

ocooled cooled PV panel efficiency of small size, %

o*uncooled uncooled PV panel efficiency of large size, %

o*cooled cooled PV panel efficiency of large size, %

 global efficiency of the fan-cooled PV panel system of small size, %

 r relative efficiency of the small size system (%)

* global efficiency of the fan-cooled PV panel system of large size (%)

r* relative efficiency of the large size system, %

 thermal conductivity, W/mK

µI,sc temperature coefficient, A/K

 kinematic viscosity, m2.s-1

 heat source, W.m-3

air air density at given temperature Tair , kg/m3

26
 aoir air density at reference conditions of fan, kg/m3

 Stefan-Boltzmann constant, J/m2K4

g transmitivity of the glass

Subscripts

c cell

g glass

m maximum

o PV panel without subtracting the fan power

opt optimum

P panel

ref PV panel reference conditions

s silicon

sc short circuit

t turbulent

Superscripts
o fan reference conditions

* large size PV panel

cooled cooled PV panel

uncooled uncooled PV panel

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Table captions
Table 1. General characteristics of the examined PV panel.

Table 2. Thickness and thermal conductivity of each layer [42].

Table 3. Measuring instruments range and accuracy

Table 4. Optical parameters of the solar panel.

32
Table 5. Governing equations in the domain calculation [43-45].

Table 6. Parameters of the model at experiments conditions

Table 7. Values of parameters under references conditions.

Table 8. Measured and simulated upper face temperatures of the uncooled PV panel

(August).

Table 9. Produced powers from uncooled and cooled PV panel and reached

improvement.

Table 10. General characteristics of the large PV panel proposed

Table 11. Characteristics of the fan, at 20°C of ambient air, used to cool a PV panel of

large size

Figure captions
Figure 1. Top view of the monocristalline PV panel(0.29m×0.22m×0.025m) (the upper

face of the PV).

Figure 2. Bottom view of the uncooled (a) and the cooled (b) PV panel (the backside of

the PV).

Figure 3. Sketch of the PV cooled by the pulsed air.

Figure 4. Experimental set for the fan characterization (a) with schematic view of air

speed measuring points at the output of duct (b).

Figure 5. Characteristic curve of the axial fan at 25°C air temperature.

Figure 6. Schematic view of the experimental device.

Figure 7. Organigram of calculation

Figure 8. Sketch of the mesh of the cooled PV device. The outlet in red - The fan in blue

- The box of electric wires in dark black - The airflow cavity in light black.

33
Figure 9. Experimental (, ) and calculated () values of current-voltage characteristic

curve and power delivered by the PV panel (March 24th 2016 at 1 pm GMT) :

RG=400W/m2 , Tair=27.5°C and TP=50°C with low wind.

Figure 10. Experimental (, , ) and calculated () characteristic curve current-

voltage of the uncooled solar panel under various climatic conditions prevailing during

August 14th 2016.

Figure 11. Experimental (, ) and calculated () characteristic curve current-voltage

of the cooled solar panel under various climatic conditions prevailing during August

14th 2016.

Figure 12. Experimental (---) and calculated (–) front face temperature of the cooled

solar panel at an air mass flow of 24.30 g.s-1 under RG=980W/m2, Tair=38°C and

W=0.40 m.s-1 (June 11th 2017 at 12:00 GMT).

Figure 13. Experimental (---) and calculated (–) front upper face temperature of the

cooled solar panel at an air mass flow of 17.59 g.s-1 under RG=900W/m2, Tair=38°C and

W=0.40 m.s-1 (June 11th 2017 at 1 pm GMT).

Figure 14. Relative gap between experimental and numerical values of the front upper

face temperature along the panel axis for a cooled PV panel at different air flow rate.

Figure 15. Efficiency improvement (r), efficiency () and mean temperature of the PV

vs. mass flow rate of air at RG=1000W/m2 and Tair=50°C in no wind situation.

Figure 16. Temperature field (°C) of the silicon layer cooled at an air mass flow rate of

8g.s-1 under RG=1000W/m2 and Tair=50°C in no wind situation.

Figure 17. Velocity field (m.s-1) in different cross sections of the cooled PV panel with

air mass flow rate of 8g.s-1.

Figure 18. Temperature field (°C) in different cross sections of the cooled PV panel

with air mass flow rate of 8g.s-1.

34
Figure 19. Efficiency improvement (r) and mean temperature of the large size PV

panel vs. air mass flow rate at RG=1000W/m2 and Tair=50°C in no wind situation.

35
Figure 1

Figure 1. Top view of the monocristalline PV panel(0.29m×0.22m×0.025m) (the front

upper face of the PV).

36
Figure 2

37
 b

Figure 2. Bottom view of the uncooled (a) and the cooled (b) PV panel (the backside

underside of the PV).

Figure 3

Figure 3. Sketch of the PV cooled by the pulsed air.

38
Figure 4

39
 a

Figure 4. Experimental set for the fan characterization (a) with schematic view of air

speed measuring points at the output of duct (b).

40
Figure 5

2,0

1,8

1,6 0
Pfan  1.88 104 Q03
R 2  0.91
1,4

1,2
Pfan0 (W)

1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Q0 (dm3.s-1)

Figure 5. Characteristic curve of the axial fan at 25°C air temperature.

41
Figure 6

- PV panel + Ammeter

Rheostat

Voltmeter

Figure 6. Schematic view of the experimental device.

42
Figure 7

Figure 7. Organigram of calculation

43
Figure 8

44
Figure 8. Sketch of the mesh of the cooled PV device. The outlet in red - The fan in blue

- The box of electric wires in dark black - The airflow cavity in light black.

45
Figure 9
0,2 1,80
I (A) P (W)
0,18 1,60

0,16
1,40
0,14
1,20
0,12
1,00
0,1
0,80
0,08
0,60
0,06
0,40
0,04

0,02 0,20

0 0,00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
V (V)

Figure 9. Experimental (, ) and calculated () values of current-voltage characteristic

curve and power delivered by the PV panel (March 24th 2016 at 1 pm GMT) :

RG=400W.m-2 , Tair=27.5°C and TP=50°C with low wind.

46
Figure 10

0,35
RG=945W.m-2, Tair=31.8 C, TP=61 C, W=1.49m.s-1 : at 12:30 GMT

0,30

0,25

0,20
RG=900W.m-2, Tair=35.1 C, TP=62 C, W=1.49m.s-1 : at 11am GMT
I (A)

0,15

0,10

0,05
RG=350W.m-2, Tair=34.5 C, TP=45 C, W=0.92m.s-1 : at 4.30 GMT

0,00
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
V (V)

Figure 10. Experimental (, , ) and calculated () characteristic curve current-

voltage of the uncooled solar panel under various climatic conditions prevailing during

August 14th 2016.

47
Figure 11

0,35
q=23.54g.s -1, RG=950W.m-2, Tair=31.8 C, TP=45 C, W=1.49m.s -1 : at 1 pm GMT

0,30

0,25

0,20
I (A)

0,15

0,10 q=16.83g.s -1, RG=920W.m-2, Tair=35.5 C, TP=45 C, W=1.49m.s -1 : at 12:40 GMT

0,05

0,00
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
V (V)

48
Figure 11. Experimental (, ) and calculated () characteristic curve current-voltage

of the cooled solar panel under various climatic conditions prevailing during August

14th 2016.

Figure 12

49
 57
Numerical values
55
Exp mean values
53
51
49
47
45
43
T ( C)

41
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30
X (m)

Figure 12. Experimental (---) and calculated (–) front upper face temperature of the

cooled solar panel at an air mass flow of 24.30 g.s-1 under RG=980W.m-2, Tair=38°C and

W=0.40 m.s-1 (June 11th 2017 at 12:00 GMT).

50
Figure 13

57
Numerical values
55
Exp mean values
53
51
49
47
45
43
T ( C)

41
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30
X (m)

Figure 13. Experimental (---) and calculated (–) front upper face temperature of the

cooled solar panel at an air mass flow of 17.59 g.s-1 under RG=900W.m-2, Tair=38°C and

W=0.40 m.s-1 (June 11th 2017 at 1 pm GMT).

51
Figure 14

50
45
q=17.59 g/s
40
35
q=24.30 g/s
30
25
20
15
(Texp-Tnum)/Texp (%)

10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30
X (m)

Figure 14. Relative gap between experimental and numerical values of the front upper

face temperature along the panel axis for a cooled PV panel at different air flow rate.

52
Figure 15

9,0 30
T/10 ( C) 28 r (%)
& 8,5
26
 (%) 24
8,0
22
7,5 20
18
7,0 T/10 16
14
6,5
12
6,0  10
8
5,5
6
4
5,0
2
4,5 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Flow rate (g.s-1)

53
Figure 15. Efficiency improvement (r), efficiency () and mean temperature of the PV

vs. mass flow rate of air at RG=1000W.m-2 and Tair=50°C in no wind situation.

Figure 16

54
Figure 16. Temperature field (°C) of the silicon layer cooled at an air mass flow

rate of 8g.s-1 under RG=1000W.m-2 and Tair=50°C in no wind situation.

55
Figure 17

Figure 17. Velocity field (m.s-1) in different cross sections of the cooled PV

panel with air mass flow rate of 8g.s-1.

56
Figure 18

Figure 18. Temperature field (°C) in different cross sections of the cooled PV

panel with air mass flow rate of 8g.s-1.

57
Figure 19

100 30
T ( C) r (%)
95 28

90 26

85 24

80 22

75 20

70 18

65 16

60 14

55 12

50 10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440

Flow rate (g s-1)

58
Figure 19. Efficiency improvement (r) and mean temperature of the large size PV

panel vs. air mass flow rate at RG=1000W.m-2 and Tair=50°C in no wind situation.

59
Table 1. General characteristics of the examined PV panel.

Technical characteristics at RG=1000W.m-2 and TP=25°C

Model ALSOLPANMO -
Number of cells in the module 5W
Maximal power output 36
Maximal voltage/open circuit voltage 5W ± 3%
Maximal current/short circuit current 17.10 V/21.15
Temperature coefficient (µI,sc) V
Effective panel area (0.29m×0.22m×0.025m) 0.29 A/0.35 A
1.8 10-4 A/K
0.0638 m2

60
Table 2. Thickness and thermal conductivity of each layer [42].

Layer Glass EVA ARC Si Tedlar

Thermal
conductivity 0.9 0.35 1.38 148 0.2
(W/mk)
(0.06-
Thickness (mm) 3.0 0.5 0.3 0.1
0.1).10-3

61
 Table 3. Measuring instruments range and accuracy

1. Digital Multimetre DVM601 – Velleman

Instrument Full scale Accuracy
K-type surface
thermocouple -20–1300°C 3% of rdg ± 5 digits / 1°C of resolution

± 1.0% of rdg ± 4 digits for 0.4V–40V

400 mV/4 V/40 V/400 V/600 range
DC voltage
V ± 1.5% of rdg ± 4 digits for 400V–
600V range
± 1.0% of rdg ± 2 digits for 400μA–
4mA range ± 1.2% of rdg ± 2 digits for
400 μ/4 m/400 m/10 A 4 to
DC current 400mA range
400mA
± 2.0% of rdg ± 5 digits for a range of
10A
2. Solarimetre
0–1999 W.m-2 ± 5%
SPM72
3. Hot wire anemometer PCE-423

Wind speed 0.1–25.0 m/s ± 5% / 0.01 m/s of resolution

Air temperature 0–50°C ±1°C / 0.1°C of resolution

62
Table 4. Optical parameters of the solar panel.

αPV g αg Reference
0.9 0.95 0.05 [37]
0.93 0.90 0.04 [39]
* *
-- 0.75 0.15 [40]
*
. average value for a non normal incidence

63
Table 5. Governing equations in the domain calculation [43-45].

Symbol    S

64
Continuity 1 0 0 0
 
Momentum ui 1 0 
  ui
  x

u j 

 

g i


u 'u ' 
i j
x j j x i 0 x j
 
Turbulent kinetic 
k 0
t 2
  2
 t S  ε  2 εM
energy  k
t

2
  
Dissipation rate  0  
t
C 1  t
S
2
 C 2
  k k
Energy T 0  0
 u i u j  2  u i 
 u' i u' j   t      k  
 3   x i 
t
 x j x i
  
2
k
 t  C , C=0.09, C1=1.44, C2=1.92, k=1.0, =1.3, S  2 S ij S ij ,


k
M t 
2
c

65
Table 6. Parameters of the model at experiments conditions

a I0 Rs IL
1.6809 3.6621 10-6 0.4725 0.1262

66
Table 7. Values of parameters under references conditions.

aref I0,ref Rs IL,ref

1.5510 0.3850 10-6 0.4725 0.3111

67
Table 8. Measured and simulated upper face temperatures of the uncooled PV panel
(August).

Climatic parameters Tp (°C)

Hour
Wind speed D
(GMT) RG (W.m-2) Tair (°C) Measured Simulated
W(m.s-1)
4:30 pm 350 0,92 34,5 45 47,82
11:00 am 900 1,49 35,1 62 63,43
12:30 945 1,49 31,8 61 62.95

68
Table 9. Produced powers from uncooled and cooled PV panel and reached
improvement.

Uncooled PV panel Cooled PV Power from the PV Rate of the power improvement
power Pmu n c o o l e d panel power panel to the fan, Pmc o o l e d  P f a n  Pmu n c o o l e d
r 
(W) Pmc o o l e d
(W) Pfan (W) Pmu n c o o l e d

2.957 3.898 0.0679 29.52 %

69
Table 10. General characteristics of the large PV panel proposed

70
 Peak Peak Peak Dept
Lengt
Manufactur power power power *ref Width h
Cell type h
er / Brand voltage current
(W) (V) (A) (%) (mm) (mm
(mm)
)
Poly -
Kyocera 130 17.6 7.39 14 1425 652 58
KC130TM

71
Table 11. Characteristics of the fan, at 20°C of ambient air, used to cool a PV panel of
large size

Voltage Power Current

Fan view Size Flow rate
(V) (W) (A)
25.40 cm 1445 m3/h
12 80 5.5
(10 ") (850 CFM)
30.48 cm 2380 m3/h
12 80 7.5
(12 ") (1400 CFM)
35.56 cm 3230 m3/h
12 80 10.5
(14 ") (1900 CFM)
40.64 cm 4250 m3/h
12 160 13.5
(16 ") (2500 CFM)

72
73