NORMAL VALUES

HEMATOLOGY Increase Decrease

Red blood cell (RBC) count Men: 4.6–6.0 million/mm3 Primary polycythemia Abnormal loss of
The number of RBCs per cubic Women: 4.0–5.0 million/mm3 (e.g., polycythemia vera) erythrocytes
millimeter (mm3). Secondary polycythemia or Abnormal destruction of
erythrocytosis—usually erythrocytes
caused by oxygen need Lack of needed elements or
(e.g., chronic lung disease, hormones for erythrocyte
congenital heart defects) production
Bone marrow suppression
Lead poisoning
Thalassemia
Hemoglobin (Hgb) Men: 14–18 g/dL Polycythemia Blood loss
Composed of a pigment (heme), Women: 12–156 g/dL Hemolytic anemia
which contains iron, and a Anemia is classified when the Bone marrow suppression
protein (globin). hemoglobin level falls below Sickle cell anemia
10.5 g/dL
Hematocrit (Hct) Men: 40–54% Dehydration Blood loss
The hematocrit or packed cell Women: 36–46% Burns Overhydration
volume (Hct, PCV, or crit) is a fast Hypovolemia Dietary deficiency
way to determine the percentage Anemia
of RBCs in the plasma. The Hct
is reported as a percentage
because it is the proportion of
RBCs to the plasma.
RBC indices
Mean corpuscular volume Men: 80–98 μm3 Liver disease Microcytic iron deficiency
(MCV) Women: 78–102 μm3 Alcoholism anemia
The mean or average size of the Pernicious anemia Lead poisoning
individual RBC.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25–35 pg Rarely seen
(MCH) Iron deficiency anemia
Amount of Hgb present in one Rarely seen
cell.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 31–37%
concentration (MCHC)
The proportion of each cell Iron deficiency anemia
occupied by Hgb.
White blood cell (WBC) count 4,500–11,000/mm3 Leukocytosis Leukopenia
Count of the total number of Infection Autoimmune disease
WBCs in a cubic millimeter of
blood
Differential count
The proportion of each of the five
types of WBCs in a sample of
100 WBCs.
Neutrophils 50–70% Stress Viral diseases
Acute infection Some drugs (e.g.,
chemotherapy, antibiotics
such as nafcillin, penicillin,
and cephalosporins)
Radiation therapy
Lymphocytes 25–45% Viral infection Adrenal corticosteroids and
Mononucleosis other immunosuppressive
Tuberculosis drugs
Chronic bacterial infections Autoimmune diseases
Lymphocytic leukemia (e.g., lupus erythematosus)
Severe malnutrition
Monocytes 4–6% Chronic inflammatory disorders Drug therapy: prednisone
Tuberculosis, Protozoan infections 1
Prepared by: Rho Vince Malagueño, RM, RN (e.g., malaria) ulcerative colitis
Eosinophils 1-3% Allergic reactions (e.g.,asthma, hay Corticosteroid therapy
fever, or hypersensitivity to a drug)
Parasitic infestations (e.g., round
worms)
Basophils 0.4–1.0% Leukemia Acute allergic reaction
Corticosteroids
Acute infections
Platelet count
Platelets are fragments of 150,000–350,000/mm3 Malignant tumors Idiopathic (unknown cause)
cytoplasm that function in blood Polycythemia vera Thrombocytopenic purpura
coagulation. Viral infections
AIDS
Systemic lupus
erythematosus
Chemotherapy drugs
Some types of anemias
Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate Males: 15-20 mm/hr Increased in tissue destruction,
Females: 20-30 mm/hr inflammatory or degenerative,
menstruation, pregnancy, acute
febrile disease
Blood Coagulation Studies
Bleeding Time 1-9 min Prolonged in thrombocytopenia, Bleeding Time
defective platelet function, aspirin
therapy
Clotting time 8-15 minutes
Prothrombin Time (PT) 11-16 sec Prolonged on Coumadin Therapy Prothrombin Time (PT)
(for Coumadin) Therapeutic: 1.5-2 X NV (for Coumadin)
Partial Thromboplastin time (PTT) Activated: 30-45 sec Prolonged on HEPARIN therapy, Partial Thromboplastin time
(For HEPARIN) Non-activated: 60-70 sec Deficiency of fibrinogen, factors II, V, (PTT)
Therapeutic: 2-2.5 x NV VIII, IX, XI, XII (For HEPARIN)
International Normalized Ratio INR levels: 2.0-3.0 (patients on liver disease
(INR) warfarin therapy)
INR, or international normalized
ratio, presents the PT in a ratio
format.
Blood Gases
Oxygen, arterial Partial pressure 80-95 mmHg Polycythemia Anemia, Cardiac/pulmonary
(PaO2) disease
Saturation (SaO2) 95-99% Cardiac decompensation,
COPD
Carbon Dioxide, Arterial Partial 35-45 mmHg Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis
Pressure (PaCO2) Metabolic Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis
Normal Electrolyte Values for
Adults
Sodium 135–145 mEq/L Magnesium 1.5–2.5 mEq/L or
Potassium 3.5–5.5 mEq/L 1.6–2.5 mg/dL
Chloride 95–105 mEq/L Phosphate 1.8–2.6 mEq/L
Calcium (total) (phosphorus)
(ionized) Serum osmolality 280–300
4.5–5.5 mEq/L or 8.5–10.5 mg/dL mOsm/kg water
56% of total calcium (2.5 mEq/L
or 4.0–5.0 mg/dL)

Common Blood Chemistry

Tests
Liver Function Tests Men: 10–55 unit/L Hepatitis, infectious Not clinically significant
ALT (alanine aminotransferase), Women: 7–30 unit/L mononucleosis, acute
formerly Marker of hepatic injury; pancreatitis, acute
known as serum glutamic-pyruvic more specific of liver myocardial infarction,
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Prepared by: Rho Vince Malagueño, RM, RN
transaminase (SGPT) damage than AST
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
formerly Men: 10–40 unit/L
known as serum Women: 9–25 unit/L
glutamic-oxaloacetic Found in heart, liver, and
transaminase (SGOT) skeletal muscle. Can also be
used to indicate liver injury
Serum Protein Levels Total Serum Protein: 6-8 g/dL
Albumin: 3.5-5 g/dl
Panic value: <1.5 g/dL
Globulin: 1.5 – 3 g/dl
Albumin:Globulin (A:G) ratio=2:1
heart failure
Liver diseases (e.g., Chronic renal dialysis,
hepatitis, alcoholism, drug vitamin B6 deficiency
toxicity), acute myocardial
infarction, anemias,
skeletal muscle diseases
No pathology causes the Chronic liver dysfunction,
liver to produce more AIDS, severe burns,
albumin. An increased malnutrition, renal disease,
level reflects dehydration acute and chronic
infections

Alkaline phosphatase Adults: 25–100 unit/L Liver disease, bone disease, Malnutrition, pernicious
-Found in the tissues of the liver, bone, hyperparathyroidism, myocardial infarction, anemia and severe
intestine, kidney, and placenta. Used as chronic renal failure, heart failure anemias, hypothyroidism,
an index of liver and bone disease magnesium and zinc
when correlated with other clinical deficiency (nutritional)
findings
Ammonia Adults: 15–45 mcg/dL Liver disease, cirrhosis, Renal failure
-Adults: 15–45 mcg/dL The liver Reye’s syndrome,
converts ammonia GI hemorrhage
Bilirubin Adults: Total: hepatitis, obstruction of the Not clinically significant
-Results from the breakdown of Total: 0.3–1.0 mg/dL common bile or hepatic ducts,
hemoglobin in the red blood cells; Direct: 0.0–0.2 mg/dL pernicious anemia, sickle cell anemia
removed from the body by the Indirect: 0.1–1.0 mg/dL Direct: cancer of the head of the
liver, which excretes it into the Panic value: >12 mg/dL pancreas, choledocholithiasis.
bile Indirect: hemolytic anemias, drug
toxicity, transfusion reaction
Prothrombin 11–13 seconds Liver disease, damage, vitamin K deficiency, Thrombophlebitis,
-A protein produced by Critical value: obstruction of common bile duct, deficiency malignant tumo
the liver for clotting of >20 seconds for nonanticoagulated of factors II, V, VII, or X
blood persons
Creatinine 0.7-1.4 mg/dl Nephritis
Chronic Renal Failure
GFR 100-120 ml/min Kidney disease
Glucose Fasting: 60-110 mg/dl DM Nephritis, Hypothyroidism, Early Hyperinsulinism,
Hyperpituitarism, crebral lesions, hyperthyroidism, Late
Postprandial (2 hrs): 65- Infections, Pregnancy, Uremia Hyperpituitarism, Pernicious
140mg/dl anemia, Addison’s Disease,
Extensive hepatic damage
Glucose tolerance (Oral)- OGTT Features of Noraml Response Two hour value >200mg/dl is diagnostic for Hypoglycemia
1.Normal Fasting: 60-120 mg/dl DM
2.No sugar in Urine
3. Fasting (Upper Limit) - 125
1 hour – 190
2 hour – 140
3 hour - 125
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 4.4 – 6.4 % Poor glucose control
-determines blood glucose control for 3-
4 mons
Iron 50-160 ug/dl Pernicious anemia, Aplastic anemia, Iron deficiency anemia
Hemolytic anemia, Hepatitis,
Hemochromatosis, Hemosiderosis
-antidote: deferoxamine (Desferal)
Blood Uric Acid (BUA) 2.5-8 mg/dl gout
Cardiac Markers
CK (creatine kinase) Total: Total: acute myocardial infarction Not clinically significant
- An enzyme found in the Men: 38–174 unit/L (MI), myocarditis, after open heart
heart and skeletal Women: 26–140 unit/L surgery, acute cerebrovascular
muscles. Has three Isoenzymes: disease, muscular dystrophy, chronic
isoenzymes: MM or MM (CK3): 96–100% alcoholism CK isoenzymes: MB
CK3, MB or CK2, and BB MB (CK2): 0–6% (CK2): myocardial
or CK1 BB (CK1): 0% infarct, myocardial ischemia, angina

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 pectoris
Myoglobin 5–70 ng/mL MI, angina, other muscle Rheumatoid arthritis,
- After an MI, serum levels of myoglobin injury (e.g., trauma), renal myasthenia gravis
rise in 2–4 hours, making it an early failure, rhabdomyolysis
marker for muscle damage in MI
Troponin I Troponin I: <0.35 ng/mL Troponin I: small infarct, Not clinically significant
Troponin T Critical value: myocardial injury
- Cardiac troponin is highly >1.5 ng/mL Troponin T: acute MI,
concentrated in the heart muscle. This Troponin T: <0.2 ng/mL unstable angina,
test is used in the early diagnosis of MI. myocarditis
After an MI, troponin I begins to
increase in 4–6 hours and remains
elevated for 5–7 days Troponin T
begins to increase in 3–4 hours and
remains elevated for 10–14 days
Lipoprotein Profile
Cholesterol Adults: Type II familial hypercholesterolemia, Severe hepatocellular
- This test is an important Desirable: <200 mg/dL biliary cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, disease, hyperthyroidism,
screening test for heart poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, chronic
disease alcoholism, diet high in cholesterol anemias, severe burns
and fats
HDL-C (high-density Men: 35–65 mg/dL HDL excess, chronic liver disease, Familial
lipoprotein cholesterol) Women: 35–80 mg/dL long-term aerobic or vigorous hypolipoproteinemia,
- A class of lipoproteins produced exercise hypertriglyceridemia
by the liver and intestines; the (familial), poorly controlled
“good” cholesterol diabetes mellitus, chronic
renal failure
LDL (low-density Adults: Type II familial hyperlipidemia Hypolipoproteinemia,
Lipoprotein Desirable: <130 mg/dL Secondary causes can include diet hyperthyroidism, chronic
- Up to 70% of the total serum high in cholesterol and saturated anemias, severe
cholesterol is present in LDL; the fat, nephritic syndrome, multiple hepatocellular disease
“bad” cholesterol myeloma, diabetes mellitus, chronic
renal failure
Triglycerides Desirable: <150 mg/dL Hyperlipoproteinemia, liver disease, Malnutrition,
- This test evaluates suspected renal disease, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, brain
atherosclerosis and measures the pancreatitis, myocardial infarction infarction, chronic
body’s ability to metabolize fat obstructive lung disease
ECG Complexes
P wave =0.04-0.11 sec
PR interval =0.12-0.20 sec
QRS complex=0.05-0.10 sec
T wave = not exceed 5mm
amplitude
Central Venous Pressure 2-6 mmHg Fluid volume excess, Right sided Fluid volume deficit (shock,
4-10 cmH2O CHF dehydration etc)
Pulmonary Artery Pressures
Pulmonary Artery Pressure-: Left sided CHF, Pulmonary Fluid Volume Deficit
4-12 mmHg Hypertension, Pulmonary Edema
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge
Pressure :
4-12 mmHg
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF
Studies) Opening Pressure: 0-15 mmHg Brain Lesions
or 75-180 mmH2O
Glucose: 50-80 mg/dl Hyperglycemia CNS infection
Protein: 20-50 mg/dl CNS nfection, Multiple Sclerosis
Intraocular Pressure (IOP) 10-21 mmHg Glaucoma
THERAPEUTIC SERUM MEDICATION LEVELS
Acetaminophen 10-20 mc/dl
Phenytoin 10-20 mc/dl
Theophylline 10-20 mc/dl
Carbamazepine (Tegretol) 5-12 mcg/dl
Digoxin 0.5-2 ng/ml
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Lithium 0.6-1.2 mEq/L
Coumadin INR: 2-3

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Prepared by: Rho Vince Malagueño, RM, RN