Calculus CSM ch02 PDF

C H A P T E R 2
Differentiation
Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem.................................104
Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change.............................120
Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives.............132
Section 2.4 The Chain Rule...................................................................................148
Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation.......................................................................162
Section 2.6 Related Rates ......................................................................................175
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................188
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................199
© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

C H A P T E R 2
Differentiation
Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem
1. (a) At ( x1 , y1 ), slope = 0. 5. f ( x) = 3 − 5 x is a line. Slope = −5
At ( x2 , y2 ), slope = 52 .
6. g ( x) = 3
2
x + 1 is a line. Slope = 3
2
(b) At ( x1 , y1 ), slope = − 52 .
g ( 2 + ∆x) − g ( 2)
At ( x2 , y2 ), slope = 2. 7. Slope at ( 2, − 5) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
(2 + ∆x) − 9 − ( −5)
2
2. (a) At ( x1 , y1 ), slope = 2. = lim

3 ∆x → 0 ∆x
At ( x2 , y2 ), slope = − 52 . 4 + 4( ∆x) + ( ∆x) − 4
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
(b) At ( x1 , y1 ), slope = 5
.
4 = lim ( 4 + ∆x) = 4
∆x → 0
At ( x2 , y2 ), slope = 54 .
g (1 + ∆x) − g (1)
8. Slope at (1, 5) = lim
3. (a), (b) ∆x → 0 ∆x
6 − (1 + ∆x) − 5
2
f(4) − f(1)
(x − 1) + f(1) = x + 1
y=
4−1 = lim
y ∆x → 0 ∆x
6 − 1 − 2( ∆x) − ( ∆x) − 5
2
6
= lim
5 f(4) = 5
(4, 5)
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim ( −2 − ∆x) = −2
4
f(4) − f(1) = 3
3 ∆x → 0
f(1) = 2
2
f (0 + ∆t ) − f (0)
(1, 2)
9. Slope at (0, 0) = lim

1
1 2 3 4 5 6
x ∆t → 0 ∆t
3( ∆t ) − ( ∆t ) − 0
2
= lim
f ( 4) − f (1) ∆t → 0 ∆t
(c) y = (x − 1) + f (1)
4 −1 = lim (3 − ∆t ) = 3
∆t → 0
3
= ( x − 1) + 2
3 h( −2 + ∆t ) − h( −2)
= 1( x − 1) + 2 10. Slope at ( −2, 7) = lim
∆t → 0 ∆t
= x +1 (−2 + ∆t ) + 3 − 7
2
= lim
∆t → 0 ∆t
f ( 4) − f (1) 5− 2
4. (a) = =1 4 − 4( ∆t ) + ( ∆t ) − 4
2
4 −1 3 = lim
f ( 4) − f (3) 5 − 4.75 ∆t → 0 ∆t
≈ = 0.25 = lim ( −4 + ∆t ) = −4
4−3 1 ∆t → 0
f ( 4) − f (1) f ( 4) − f (3)
So, > . 11. f ( x) = 7
4 −1 4−3
(b) The slope of the tangent line at (1, 2) equals f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
f ′(1). This slope is steeper than the slope of the line
7 −7
through (1, 2) and ( 4, 5). So, = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
f ( 4) − f (1) = lim 0 = 0
< f ′(1). ∆x → 0
4 −1
104 © 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 105
12. g ( x) = −3 2
15. h( s ) = 3 + s
g ( x + ∆x) − g ( x) 3
g ′( x) = lim h ( s + ∆s ) − h ( s )
∆x → 0 ∆x h′( s ) = lim
−3 − ( −3)
∆s → 0 ∆s
= lim 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
∆x → 0 ∆x 3 + ( s + ∆s ) − ⎜ 3 + s ⎟
0 = lim
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
= lim = 0 ∆s → 0 ∆s
∆x → 0 ∆x
2
∆s
13. f ( x) = −10 x = lim 3 =
2
∆s → 0 ∆s 3
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x 1
f ( x) = 8 − x
−10( x + ∆x) − (−10 x)
16.
5
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
−10∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
8 − ( x + ∆x) − ⎜ 8 − x ⎟
= lim ( −10) = −10 5 ⎝ 5 ⎠
∆x → 0 = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
14. f ( x) = 3x + 2 1
− ( ∆x)
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) = lim 5
f ′( x) = lim ∆x → 0 ∆x
∆x → 0 ∆x
⎛ 1⎞ 1
⎡3( x + ∆x) + 2⎤⎦ − [3 x + 2] = lim ⎜ − ⎟ = −
= lim ⎣
∆x → 0⎝ 5 ⎠ 5
∆x → 0 ∆x
3∆x
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim 3 = 3
∆x → 0
17. f ( x) = x 2 + x − 3
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
(x + ∆x) + ( x + ∆x) − 3 − ( x 2 + x − 3)
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
x 2 + 2 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) + x + ∆x − 3 − x 2 − x + 3
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) + ∆x
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim ( 2 x + ∆x + 1) = 2 x + 1
∆x → 0
18. f ( x) = 2 − x 2
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 − ( x + ∆x) − ( 2 − x 2 )
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 − x − 2 x( ∆x) − ( ∆x) − 2 + x 2
2 2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
−2 x( ∆x) − ( ∆x)
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim [−2 x − ∆x] = −2 x
∆x → 0

106 Chapter 2 Differentiation
19. f ( x) = x3 − 12 x
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
⎡( x + ∆x)3 − 12( x + ∆x)⎤ − ⎡ x3 − 12 x⎤
= lim ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
∆x → 0 ∆x
x3 + 3x 2 ∆x + 3 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) − 12 x − 12 ∆x − x3 + 12 x
2 3
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
3 x ∆x + 3 x( ∆x) + (∆x) − 12 ∆x
2 2 3
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
∆x → 0
(
= lim 3 x + 3x ∆x + (∆x) − 12 = 3 x 2 − 12
2 2
)
20. f ( x) = x3 + x 2
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
⎡( x + ∆x)3 + ( x + ∆x) 2 ⎤ − ⎡ x3 + x 2 ⎤
= lim ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
∆x → 0 ∆x
x3 + 3x 2 ∆x + 3 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) + x 2 + 2 x ∆x + (∆x) − x3 − x 2
2 3 2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
3 x 2 ∆x + 3 x( ∆x) + (∆x) + 2 x ∆x + ( ∆x)
2 3 2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
∆x → 0
(
= lim 3x + 3x ∆x + ( ∆x) + 2 x + ( ∆x) = 3 x 2 + 2 x
2 2
)
1 1
21. f ( x) = 22. f ( x) =
x −1 x2
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
1 1 1 1
− −
= lim x + ∆x − 1 x −1
= lim
(x + ∆x )
2
x2
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim
( x − 1) − ( x + ∆x − 1) x 2 − ( x + ∆x)
2
∆x → 0 ∆x( x + ∆x − 1)( x − 1) = lim
∆x( x + ∆x) x 2
∆x → 0 2
−∆x
= lim
−2 x ∆x − ( ∆x)
2
∆x → 0 ∆x( x + ∆x − 1)( x − 1)
= lim
∆x( x + ∆x) x 2
∆x → 0 2
−1
= lim
∆x → 0 ( x + ∆x − 1)( x − 1) −2 x − ∆x
= lim
(x + ∆x ) x 2
∆x → 0 2
1
= −
(x − 1)
2
=
−2 x
x4
2
= − 3
x

23. f ( x) = x + 4
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
x + ∆x + 4 − x + 4 ⎛ x + ∆x + 4 + x + 4⎞
= lim ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟
∆x → 0 ∆x ⎝ x + ∆x + 4 + x + 4 ⎠⎟
= lim
(x + ∆x + 4) − ( x + 4)
∆x → 0 ∆x ⎡ ⎤
⎣ x + ∆x + 4 + x + 4 ⎦
1 1 1
= lim = =
∆x → 0 x + ∆x + 4 + x + 4 x + 4 + x + 4 2 x + 4
4
24. f ( x) =
x
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
4 4
−
= lim x + ∆x x
∆x → 0 ∆x
4 x − 4 x + ∆x ⎛ x + x + ∆x ⎞
= lim ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟
∆x → 0 ∆x x x + ∆x ⎝ x + x + ∆x ⎟⎠
4 x − 4( x + ∆x)
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x x x + ∆x ( x + x + ∆x )
−4
= lim
∆x → 0 x x + ∆x ( x + x + ∆x )
−4 −2
= =
x x ( x + x ) x x
25. (a) f ( x) = x 2 + 3
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
⎡( x + ∆x)2 + 3⎤ − ⎡ x 2 + 3⎤
= lim ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 x ∆x + ( ∆x)
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim ( 2 x + ∆x) = 2 x
∆x → 0
At (1, 4), the slope of the tangent line is m = 2(1) = 2. The equation of the tangent line is
y − 4 = 2( x − 1)
y − 4 = 2x − 2
y = 2 x + 2.
(b) 8
(1, 4)
−3 3
−1
dy
(c) Graphing utility confirms = 2 at (1, 4).
dx

26. (a) f ( x) = x 2 + 3 x + 4
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
(x + ∆x) + 3( x + ∆x) + 4 − ( x 2 + 3 x + 4)
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
x 2 + 2 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) + 3 x + 3∆x + 4 − x 2 − 3 x − 4
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) + 3∆x
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim ( 2 x + ∆x + 3) = 2 x + 3
∆x → 0
At ( −2, 2), the slope of the tangent line is m = 2( −2) + 3 = −1. The equation of the tangent line is
y − 2 = −1( x + 2)
y = −x
(b) 8
(− 2, 2)
−10 8
−4
dy
(c) Graphing utility confirms = −1 at ( −2, 2).
dx
27. (a) f ( x) = x3
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim
(x + ∆x) − x3
3
∆x → 0 ∆x
3 x ∆x + 3 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x)
2 2 3
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
∆x → 0
(
= lim 3x 2 + 3 x ∆x + ( ∆x)
2
) = 3x 2
At ( 2, 8), the slope of the tangent is m = 3( 2) = 12. The equation of the tangent line is
2
y − 8 = 12( x − 2)
y = 12 x − 16.
(b) 10
(2, 8)
−5 5
−4
dy
(c) Graphing utility confirms = 12 at ( 2, 8).
dx

28. (a) f ( x) = x3 + 1
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
⎡( x + ∆x)3 + 1⎤ − ( x3 + 1)
= lim ⎣ ⎦
∆x → 0 ∆x
x3 + 3x 2 ( ∆x) + 3 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) + 1 − x3 − 1
2 3
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim ⎡3x 2 + 3 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) ⎤ = 3x 2
2
∆x → 0 ⎣ ⎦
At (1, 2), the slope of the tangent is m = 3(1) = 3. The equation of the tangent line is
2
y − 2 = 3( x − 1)
y = 3 x − 1.
(b) 4
(1, 2)
−6 6
−4
dy
(c) Graphing utility confirms = 3 at (1, 2).
dx
29. (a) f ( x) = x
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
x + ∆x − x x + ∆x + x
= lim ⋅
∆x → 0 ∆x x + ∆x + x
= lim
(x + ∆x) − x
∆x → 0 ∆x
( x + ∆x + x )
1 1
= lim =
∆x → 0 x + ∆x + x 2 x
1 1
At (1, 1), the slope of the tangent line is m = = .
2 1 2
The equation of the tangent line is
1
y −1 = ( x − 1)
2
1 1
y = x + .
2 2
(b) 3
(1, 1)
−1 5
−1
dy 1
(c) Graphing utility confirms = at (1, 1).
dx 2

30. (a) f ( x) = x −1
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
x + ∆x − 1 − x −1 ⎛ x + ∆x − 1 + x − 1⎞
= lim ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟
∆x → 0 ∆x ⎝ x + ∆x − 1 + x − 1 ⎟⎠
= lim
(x + ∆x − 1) − ( x − 1)
∆x → 0 ∆x
( x + ∆x − 1 + x −1 )
1 1
= lim =
∆x → 0 x + ∆x − 1 + x −1 2 x −1
1 1
At (5, 2), the slope of the tangent line is m = =
2 5−1 4
1
y − 2 = ( x − 5)
4
1 3
y = x +
4 4
4
(b)
(5, 2)
−2 10
−4
dy 1
(c) Graphing utility confirms = at (5, 2).
dx 4
4
31. (a) f ( x) = x +
x
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
4 ⎛ 4⎞
( x + ∆x) + − ⎜x + ⎟
x + ∆x ⎝ x⎠
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
x( x + ∆x)( x + ∆x) + 4 x − x 2 ( x + ∆x) − 4( x + ∆x)
= lim
∆x → 0 x( ∆x)( x + ∆x)
x3 + 2 x 2 ( ∆x) + x( ∆x) − x3 − x 2 ( ∆x) − 4( ∆x)
2
= lim
∆x → 0 x( ∆x)( x + ∆x)
x 2 ( ∆x) + x( ∆x) − 4( ∆x)
2
= lim
∆x → 0 x( ∆x)( x + ∆x)
x 2 + x ( ∆x ) − 4
= lim
∆x → 0 x( x + ∆x)
x2 − 4 4
= =1− 2
x2 x
4 3
At ( 4, 5), the slope of the tangent line is m = 1 − = .
16 4
3
y −5 = ( x − 4)
4
3
y = x + 2.
4

10
(b)
(4, 5)
−12 12
−6
dy 3
(c) Graphing utility confirms = at ( 4, 5).
dx 4
1 34. Using the limit definition of derivative,

32. (a) f ( x) =
x +1 f ′( x) = 4 x. Because the slope of the given line is –4,
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) you have
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x 4 x = −4
1 1 x = −1.
−
= lim x + ∆x + 1 x +1
∆x → 0 ∆x At the point ( −1, 2) the tangent line is parallel to
( x + 1) − ( x + ∆x + 1) 4 x + y + 3 = 0. The equation of this line is
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x( x + ∆x + 1)( x + 1) y − 2 = −4( x + 1)
1 y = −4 x − 2.
= lim −
∆x → 0 ( x + ∆x + 1)( x + 1)
1 35. From Exercise 27 we know that f ′( x) = 3 x 2 . Because

= −
(x + 1)
2
the slope of the given line is 3, you have
At (0, 1), the slope of the tangent line is 3x 2 = 3

x = ±1.
−1
m = = −1. Therefore, at the points (1, 1) and ( −1, −1) the tangent
(0 + 1)
2
lines are parallel to 3x − y + 1 = 0. These lines have

The equation of the tangent line is y = − x + 1. equations
3
(b) y − 1 = 3( x − 1) and y + 1 = 3( x + 1)
(0, 1) y = 3x − 2 y = 3 x + 2.
−6 3
36. Using the limit definition of derivative, f ′( x) = 3 x 2 .

−3
Because the slope of the given line is 3, you have
dy
(c) Graphing utility confirms = −1 at (0, 1). 3x 2 = 3
dx
x 2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±1.
33. Using the limit definition of derivative,
Therefore, at the points (1, 3) and ( −1, 1) the tangent
f ′( x) = 2 x. Because the slope of the given line is 2, you
lines are parallel to 3x − y − 4 = 0. These lines have
have
equations
2x = 2
y − 3 = 3( x − 1) and y − 1 = 3( x + 1)
x =1
y = 3x y = 3x + 4.
At the point (1, 1) the tangent line is parallel to
2 x − y + 1 = 0. The equation of this line is
y − 1 = 2( x − 1)
y = 2 x − 1.

37. Using the limit definition of derivative, 45. The slope of the graph of f is 1 for all x-values.
−1 y
f ′( x) = . 4
2x x
3
1
Because the slope of the given line is − , you have 2
f′
2
1 1 x
− = − −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3
2x x 2
−2
x = 1.
Therefore, at the point (1, 1) the tangent line is parallel to 46. The slope of the graph of f is 0 for all x-values.
x + 2 y − 6 = 0. The equation of this line is y
2
1
y −1 = − ( x − 1)
2 1
f′
1 1
y −1 = − x +
x
−2 −1 1 2
2 2 −1
1 3
y = − x + . −2
2 2
38. Using the limit definition of derivative, 47. The slope of the graph of f is negative for
−1 x < 4, positive for x > 4, and 0 at x = 4.
f ′( x) = .
2( x − 1)
32 y
4
f′
1
Because the slope of the given line is − , you have 2
2 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−1 1 −2
= −
2( x − 1)
32 −4
2
−6
1 = ( x − 1)
32
−8
1 = x − 1 ⇒ x = 2.
48. The slope of the graph of f is –1 for x < 4, 1 for
At the point ( 2, 1), the tangent line is parallel to x > 4, and undefined at x = 4.
x + 2 y + 7 = 0. The equation of the tangent line is y
1 3
y −1 = − ( x − 2) 2
2 f′
1
1
y = − x + 2. 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
2
39. f ( x) = x ⇒ f ′( x) = 1 Matches (b).
40. f ( x) = x 2 ⇒ f ′( x) = 2 x Matches (d). 49. The slope of the graph of f is negative for x < 0 and
positive for x > 0. The slope is undefined at x = 0.
41. f ( x ) = x ⇒ f ′( x) Matches (a). y
(decreasing slope as x → ∞ ) 2
1
42. f ′ does not exist at x = 0. Matches (c). f′
43. g ( 4) = 5 because the tangent line passes through ( 4, 5).

−2 −1 1 2 3 4
5−0 5
g ′( 4) = = − −2
4−7 3
44. h( −1) = 4 because the tangent line passes through

(−1, 4).
6−4 2 1
h′( −1) = = =
3 − ( −1) 4 2

50. The slope is positive for −2 < x < 0 and negative for 58. f (0) = 4, f ′(0) = 0; f ′( x) < 0 for x < 0, f ′( x) > 0
0 < x < 2. The slope is undefined at x = ± 2, and 0 at for x > 0
x = 0.
y
Answers will vary: Sample answer: f ( x) = x 2 + 4
y
f′ 2
12 f
1 10
x 8
−2 −1 1 2
6
−1
4
−2 2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
51. Answers will vary.

Sample answer: y = − x 59. f (0) = 0; f ′(0) = 0; f ′( x) > 0 if x ≠ 0
y
Answers will vary: Sample answer: f ( x ) = x3
4
y
3
2 3
f
1
2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4 1
−1
−2 x
−3 −2 1 2 3
−3 −1
−4 −2
−3
52. Answers will vary.

Sample answer: y = x 60. (a) If f ′(c) = 3 and f is odd, then f ′( −c) = f ′(c) = 3.
y
(b) If f ′(c) = 3 and f is even, then
4
3 f ′( −c) = − f ′(c) = −3.
2
61. Let ( x0 , y0 ) be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By

1
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
the limit definition for the derivative,
−2
−3 f ′( x) = 4 − 2 x. The slope of the line through ( 2, 5) and
( x0 , y0 ) equals the derivative of f at
−4
x0 :
53. f ( x) = 5 − 3 x and c = 1 5 − y0
= 4 − 2 x0
2 − x0
54. f ( x ) = x 3 and c = −2 5 − y0 = ( 2 − x0 )( 4 − 2 x0 )
5 − ( 4 x0 − x0 2 ) = 8 − 8 x0 + 2 x0 2
55. f ( x ) = − x 2 and c = 6
0 = x0 2 − 4 x0 + 3
56. f ( x ) = 2 x and c = 9 0 = ( x0 − 1)( x0 − 3) ⇒ x0 = 1, 3
Therefore, the points of tangency are (1, 3) and

57. f (0) = 2 and f ′( x) = −3, −∞ < x < ∞
(3, 3), and the corresponding slopes are 2 and –2. The
f ( x) = −3 x + 2 equations of the tangent lines are:
y y − 5 = 2( x − 2) y − 5 = −2( x − 2)
y = 2x + 1 y = −2 x + 9
y
2
1 7
x 6
−3 −2 −1 2 3 5 (2, 5)
−1
4
−2 (3, 3)
3
f (1, 3)
−3 2
1
x
−2 1 2 3 6

62. Let ( x0 , y0 ) be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By g ( x + ∆x) − g ( x )

(b) g ′( x) = lim
the limit definition for the derivative, f ′( x) = 2 x. The ∆x → 0 ∆x
slope of the line through (1, − 3) and ( x0 , y0 ) equals the = lim

( x + ∆x)3 − x3
∆x → 0 ∆x
derivative of f at x0 :
x + 3 x 2 ( ∆x) + 3 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) − x3
3 2 3
−3 − y0 = lim
= 2 x0 ∆x → 0 ∆x
1 − x0
−3 − y0 = (1 − x0 )2 x0 = lim
(
∆x 3 x 2 + 3x( ∆x) + (∆x )
2
)
∆x → 0 ∆x
−3 − x0 = 2 x0 − 2 x0
2 2
x0 − 2 x0 − 3 = 0
2
∆x → 0
(
= lim 3 x 2 + 3 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x)
2
) = 3x 2
( x0 − 3)( x0 + 1) = 0 ⇒ x0 = 3, −1 At x = −1, g ′( −1) = 3 and the tangent line is

Therefore, the points of tangency are (3, 9) and y + 1 = 3( x + 1) or y = 3 x + 2.
(−1, 1), and the corresponding slopes are 6 and –2. The At x = 0, g ′(0) = 0 and the tangent line is y = 0.
equations of the tangent lines are:
y + 3 = 6( x − 1) y + 3 = −2( x − 1) At x = 1, g ′(1) = 3 and the tangent line is
y = 6x − 9 y = −2 x − 1 y − 1 = 3( x − 1) or y = 3 x − 2.
y
2
10
(3, 9)
8
6 −3 3
(−1, 1)
x −2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
(1, −3) For this function, the slopes of the tangent lines are
−4
sometimes the same.
f ( x) = x 2
63. (a) 64. (a) g ′(0) = −3
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim (b) g ′(3) = 0
∆x → 0 ∆x
(x + ∆x) − x 2
2
(c) Because g ′(1) = − 83 , g is decreasing (falling) at
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x x = 1.
x + 2 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) − x 2
2
(d) Because g ′( −4) =
2
7
= lim 3
, g is increasing (rising) at
∆x → 0 ∆x
x = −4.
∆x( 2 x + ∆x)
= lim (e) Because g ′( 4) and g ′(6) are both positive, g (6) is
∆x
∆x → 0
= lim ( 2 x + ∆x ) = 2 x greater than g ( 4), and g (6) − g ( 4) > 0.

∆x → 0
(f) No, it is not possible. All you can say is that g is
At x = −1, f ′( −1) = −2 and the tangent line is
decreasing (falling) at x = 2.
y − 1 = −2( x + 1) or y = −2 x − 1.
At x = 0, f ′(0) = 0 and the tangent line is y = 0.
At x = 1, f ′(1) = 2 and the tangent line is
y = 2 x − 1.
2
−3 3
−3
For this function, the slopes of the tangent lines are

always distinct for different values of x.

1 2
65. f ( x ) = x
2
6
(a)
−6 6
−2
f ′(0) = 0, f ′(1 2) = 1 2, f ′(1) = 1, f ′( 2) = 2
(b) By symmetry: f ′( −1 2) = −1 2, f ′( −1) = −1, f ′( −2) = −2

y
(c)
4
3 f′
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
−2
−3
−4
(d) f ′( x) = lim
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
= lim
1
2
1
( x + ∆x)2 − x 2
2 = lim
1 2
2
( 1
x + 2 x( ∆x) + (∆x) − x 2
2
2
) ⎛
= lim ⎜ x +
∆x ⎞
⎟= x
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0⎝ 2 ⎠
1 3
66. f ( x ) = x
3
(a) 6
−9 9
−6
f ′(0) = 0, f ′(1 2) = 1 4, f ′(1) = 1, f ′( 2) = 4, f ′(3) = 9
(b) By symmetry: f ′( −1 2) = 1 4, f ′( −1) = 1, f ′( −2) = 4, f ′( −3) = 9

y
(c)
f′ 5
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
(d) f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
1 1
( x + ∆x)3 − x3
= lim 3 3
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim 3
1 3
( 1
x + 3 x 2 ( ∆x) + 3 x( ∆x) + (∆x) − x3
2 3
3
)
∆x → 0 ∆x
⎡ 1 2⎤
= lim ⎢ x 2 + x( ∆x) + (∆x) ⎥ = x 2
∆x → 0 ⎣ 3 ⎦

f ( x + 0.01) − f ( x) x3 3
67. g ( x) = 72. f ( x) = − 3 x and f ′( x) = x 2 − 3
0.01 4 4
= ⎡2( x + 0.01) − ( x + 0.01) − 2 x + x 2 ⎤100
2 6
⎣ ⎦ f′
= 2 − 2 x − 0.01 −9 9
3
f
g −6
f When f is increasing, f ′ > 0.

−2 4
When f is decreasing, f ′ < 0.

−1
The graph of g ( x) is approximately the graph of

73. f ( x) = x 2 − 5, c = 3
f ′( x) = 2 − 2 x.
f ( x) − f (3)
f ′(3) = lim
f ( x + 0.01) − f ( x)
x →3 x −3
68. g ( x) = x 2 − 5 − (9 − 5)
0.01 = lim
(
= 3 x + 0.01 − 3 x 100 ) x →3
(x
x −3
− 3)( x + 3)
8 = lim
x →3 x −3
f
= lim ( x + 3) = 6
x →3
g
−1 8 74. g ( x) = x( x − 1) = x 2 − x, c = 1
−1
g ( x) − g (1)
The graph of g ( x) is approximately the graph of g ′(1) = lim
x →1 x −1
3
f ′( x) = . x2 − x − 0
2 x = lim
x →1 x −1
x( x − 1)
69. f ( 2) = 2( 4 − 2) = 4, f ( 2.1) = 2.1( 4 − 2.1) = 3.99 = lim = lim x = 1
x →1 x − 1 x →1
3.99 − 4
f ′( 2) ≈ = −0.1 ⎡⎣Exact: f ′( 2) = 0⎤⎦
2.1 − 2 75. f ( x) = x3 + 2 x 2 + 1, c = −2
f ( x) − f ( −2)
70. f ( 2) =
4
(2 ) = 2, f (2.1) = 2.31525
1 3
f ′( −2) = lim
x →−2 x+ 2
f ′( 2) ≈
2.31525 − 2
= 3.1525 ⎡⎣Exact: f ′( 2) = 3⎤⎦
= lim
( x3 + 2 x 2 + 1) − 1
2.1 − 2 x →−2 x + 2
1 −1 x 2 ( x + 2)
71. f ( x) = and f ′( x) = . = lim = lim x 2 = 4
x 2 x3 2 x →−2 x+ 2 x →−2
76. f ( x) = x3 + 6 x, c = 2
5
f
f ( x ) − f ( 2)
f ′( 2) = lim
−2 5
f′ x→2 x − 2
−5
= lim
( x3 + 6 x) − 20
x→2 x − 2
As x → ∞, f is nearly horizontal and thus f ′ ≈ 0.
( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 10)
= lim
x→2 x − 2
= lim ( x + 2 x + 10) = 18
2
x→2

77. g ( x) = x,c = 0 82. f ( x) = x − 6 , c = 6
f ( x) − f (6)
g ( x ) − g ( 0) x f ′(6) = lim
g ′(0) = lim = lim . Does not exist. x→6 x −6
x→0 x −0 x→0 x
x −6 −0 x −6
= lim = lim .
x −1 x→6 x −6 x→6 x − 6
As x → 0− , = → −∞.
x x Does not exist.
x Therefore f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 6.

1
As x → 0+ , = → ∞.
x x
83. f ( x) is differentiable everywhere except at
Therefore g ( x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
x = 3. (Discontinuity)
78. f ( x) =
2
,c = 5 84. f ( x) is differentiable everywhere except at
x
x = ±3. (Sharp turns in the graph)
f ( x) − f (5)
f ′(5) = lim
x →5 x −5 85. f ( x) is differentiable everywhere except at
2 2 x = −4. (Sharp turn in the graph)
−
= lim x 5
x →5 x − 5 86. f ( x) is differentiable everywhere except at
2(5 − x) x = ±2. (Discontinuities)
= lim
x → 5 5 x( x − 5)
87. f ( x) is differentiable on the interval (1, ∞). (At
2 2
= lim − = − x = 1 the tangent line is vertical.)
x →5 5x 25
79. f ( x) = ( x − 6) , c = 6
23 88. f ( x) is differentiable everywhere except at
x = 0. (Discontinuity)
f ( x ) − f ( 6)
f ′(6) = lim
x→6 x −6 89. f ( x) = x − 5 is differentiable everywhere except at
(x − 6) − 0
23
1 x = −5. There is a sharp corner at x = 5.
= lim = lim .
x→6 x−6 ( )
x →6 x − 6 1 3 7
Does not exist.

Therefore f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 6.
−1 11
−1
80. g ( x) = ( x + 3) , c = −3
13
4x
90. f ( x) = is differentiable everywhere except at
g ( x) − g ( −3) x −3
g ′( −3) = lim
x → −3 x − ( −3) x = 3. f is not defined at x = 3. (Vertical asymptote)
(x + 3) − 0
13 15
1
= lim = lim .
x → −3 x +3 ( )
x → −3 x + 3 2 3
−8
Does not exist. 12
Therefore g ( x) is not differentiable at x = −3. −6
81. h( x) = x + 7 , c = −7 91. f ( x) = x 2 5 is differentiable for all x ≠ 0. There is a

h( x) − h( −7) sharp corner at x = 0.
h′( −7) = lim
x →−7 x − ( −7) 5
x+7 −0 x+7
= lim = lim .
x →−7 x +7 x →− 7 x+7 −6 6
Does not exist.

−3
Therefore h( x) is not differentiable at x = −7.

92. f is differentiable for all x ≠ 1. ⎧ x, x ≤ 1

96. f ( x) = ⎨ 2
f is not continuous at x = 1. ⎩x , x > 1
3
The derivative from the left is
f ( x) − f (1) x −1
−4 lim = lim = lim 1 = 1.
x −1 x −1
5
x →1− x →1− x →1−
The derivative from the right is

f ( x) − f (1)
−3
x2 − 1
lim = = lim = lim ( x + 1) = 2.
x →1+ x −1 x →1+ x − 1 x →1+
93. f ( x) = x − 1
The one-sided limits are not equal. Therefore, f is not
The derivative from the left is differentiable at x = 1.
f ( x) − f (1) x −1 − 0 97. Note that f is continuous at x = 2.
lim = lim = −1.
x →1− x −1 x →1− x −1
⎧⎪x 2 + 1, x ≤ 2
The derivative from the right is f ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩4 x − 3, x > 2
f ( x) − f (1) x −1 − 0
lim = lim = 1. The derivative from the left is
x →1+ x −1 + x −1
( x 2 + 1) − 5
x →1
f ( x) − f ( 2)
The one-sided limits are not equal. Therefore, f is not lim = lim
differentiable at x = 1. x → 2− x−2 x → 2− x−2
= lim ( x + 2) = 4.
x → 2−
94. f ( x) = 1 − x2
The derivative from the left does not exist because f ( x ) − f ( 2) ( 4 x − 3) − 5 = lim 4 = 4.
lim = lim
f ( x) − f (1) 1 − x2 − 0 x → 2+ x − 2 x → 2+ x − 2 x → 2+
lim = lim
x →1− x −1 x →1− x −1 The one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is
1 − x2 1 − x2 differentiable at x = 2. ( f ′( 2) = 4)
= lim ⋅
x →1− x −1 1 − x2
1+ x 98. Note that f is continuous at x = 2.
= lim − = −∞.
x →1− 1 − x2 ⎧1
⎪ x + 1, x < 2
f ( x) = ⎨ 2
(Vertical tangent)
⎪ 2x , x ≥ 2
The limit from the right does not exist since f is ⎩
undefined for x > 1. Therefore, f is not differentiable at The derivative from the left is
x = 1. ⎛1 ⎞
f ( x) − f ( 2) ⎜ x + 1⎟ − 2
= lim ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎧⎪( x − 1)3 , x ≤ 1 lim
95. f ( x) = ⎨ x → 2− x−2 x → 2− x −2
⎪⎩( x − 1) , x > 1
2
1
( x − 2) 1
The derivative from the left is = lim 2 = .
x → 2− x − 2 2
f ( x) − f (1) (x − 1) − 0
3
lim = lim
x →1− x −1 x →1− x −1 f ( x ) − f ( 2) 2x − 2 2x + 2
lim = lim ⋅
= lim ( x − 1) = 0.
2
x → 2+ x −2 x → 2+ x−2 2x + 2
x →1−
2x − 4
= lim
( )
x → 2+ (x − 2) 2x + 2
f ( x) − f (1) (x − 1) − 0
2
lim = lim 2( x − 2)
x →1+ x −1 x →1+ x −1 = lim
= lim ( x − 1) = 0.
x → 2+ (x (
− 2) 2x + 2 )
x →1+
2 1
= lim = .
The one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is x → 2+ 2x + 2 2
differentiable at x = 1. ( f ′(1) = 0)
The one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is
⎛ 1⎞
differentiable at x = 2. ⎜ f ′( 2) = ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Ax1 + By1 + C m(3) − 1(1) + 4 3m + 3

99. (a) The distance from (3, 1) to the line mx − y + 4 = 0 is d = = =
A + B
2 2
m +12
m2 + 1
y
x
1 2 3 4
(b) 5
−4 4
−1
The function d is not differentiable at m = −1. This corresponds to the line y = − x + 4, which passes through
the point (3, 1).
100. (a) f ( x) = x 2 and f ′( x) = 2 x

y
5
f 4
3
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
f'
−3
(b) g ( x) = x3 and g ′( x) = 3 x 2
y
g′ 2
1 g
x
−2 −1 1 2
−1
(c) The derivative is a polynomial of degree 1 less than the original function. If h( x) = x n , then h′( x) = nx n −1.
(d) If f ( x ) = x 4 , then
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim
(x + ∆x) − x 4
4
∆x → 0 ∆x
x 4 + 4 x3 ( ∆x) + 6 x 2 ( ∆x) + 4 x( ∆x) + (∆x) − x 4
2 3 4
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
(
∆ x 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 ( ∆x ) + 4 x ( ∆ x ) + ( ∆ x )
2 3
)=
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0
(
lim 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 ( ∆x ) + 4 x(∆x ) + ( ∆x)
2 3
) = 4x .
3
So, if f ( x ) = x 4 , then f ′( x) = 4 x 3 which is consistent with the conjecture. However, this is not a proof because you
must verify the conjecture for all integer values of n, n ≥ 2.

f ( 2 + ∆x) − f ( 2)
101. False. The slope is lim .
∆x → 0 ∆x
102. False. y = x − 2 is continuous at x = 2, but is not differentiable at x = 2. (Sharp turn in the graph)
103. False. If the derivative from the left of a point does not equal the derivative from the right of a point, then the derivative does
not exist at that point. For example, if f ( x) = x , then the derivative from the left at x = 0 is –1 and the derivative from the
right at x = 0 is 1. At x = 0, the derivative does not exist.
104. True—see Theorem 2.1.
⎪⎧x sin (1 x), x ≠ 0

105. f ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩0, x = 0
Using the Squeeze Theorem, you have − x ≤ x sin (1 x) ≤ x , x ≠ 0. So, lim x sin (1 x) = 0 = f (0) and
x→0
f is continuous at x = 0. Using the alternative form of the derivative, you have
f ( x) − f (0) x sin (1 x) − 0 ⎛ 1⎞
lim = lim = lim ⎜ sin ⎟.
x→0 x −0 x→0 x −0 x → 0⎝ x⎠
Because this limit does not exist ( sin (1 x) oscillates between –1 and 1), the function is not differentiable at x = 0.
⎪⎧x sin (1 x), x ≠ 0

2
g ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩0, x = 0
Using the Squeeze Theorem again, you have − x 2 ≤ x 2 sin (1 x) ≤ x 2 , x ≠ 0. So, lim x 2 sin (1 x) = 0 = g (0)
x→0
and g is continuous at x = 0. Using the alternative form of the derivative again, you have
g ( x) − g (0) x 2 sin (1 x) − 0 1
lim = lim = lim x sin = 0.
x→0 x −0 x→0 x −0 x→0 x
Therefore, g is differentiable at x = 0, g ′(0) = 0.
3
106.
−3 3
−1
As you zoom in, the graph of y1 = x 2 + 1 appears to be locally the graph of a horizontal line, whereas the graph
of y2 = x + 1 always has a sharp corner at (0, 1). y2 is not differentiable at (0, 1).
Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change

1. (a) y = x1 2 (b) y = x −1
y′ = 1 −1 2
x y′ = − x −2
2
y′(1) = 1 y′(1) = −1
2
(b) y = x3 3. y = 12
y′ = 3 x 2 y′ = 0
y′(1) = 3
4. f ( x ) = −9
2. (a) y = x −1 2 f ′( x) = 0
y′ = − 12 x −3 2
5. y = x 7
y′(1) = − 12 y′ = 7 x 6

Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change 121
6. y = x16 16. y = 8 − x3
y′ = 16 x15 y′ = −3 x 2
7. y =
1
= x −5 17. s(t ) = t 3 + 5t 2 − 3t + 8
x5
s′(t ) = 3t 2 + 10t − 3
5
y ′ = −5 x −6
= − 6
x
18. f ( x) = 2 x3 − x 2 + 3 x
8. y =
1
= x −8 f ′( x) = 6 x 2 − 2 x + 3
x8
y′ = −8 x −9 = −
8 π
19. y = sin θ − cos θ
x9 2
π
9. y = 5
x = x1 5 y′ = cos θ + sin θ
2
1 −4 5 1
y′ = x =
5 5x4 5 20. g (t ) = π cos t
10. y = 4
x = x1 4 g ′(t ) = −π sin t
1 −3 4 1
y′ = x = 21. y = x 2 − 1 cos x
4 4 x3 4 2
y′ = 2 x + 1
sin x
11. f ( x) = x + 11 2
f ′( x ) = 1 22. y = 7 + sin x
y′ = cos x
12. g ( x) = 3 x − 1
g ′( x) = 3 1
23. y = − 3 sin x
x
13. f (t ) = −2t 2 + 3t − 6 1
y′ = − 2 − 3 cos x
f ′(t ) = −4t + 3 x
5 5 −3
14. y = t 2 + 2t − 3 24. y = + 2 cos x = x + 2 cos x
y′ = 2t + 2
( 2 x) 3
8
5 15
y′ = (−3) x −4 − 2 sin x = − 4 − 2 sin x
15. g ( x) = x 2 + 4 x3 8 8x
g ′( x) = 2 x + 12 x 2
Function Rewrite Differentiate Simplify

5 5 −2 5
25. y = y = x y′ = −5 x −3 y′ = −
2x2 2 x3
2 2 −2 4 4
26. y = y = x y′ = − x −3 y′ = −
3x 2 3 3 3x3
6 6 −3 18 −4 18
27. y = y = x y′ = − x y′ = −
(5 x )3 125 125 125 x 4
π π 2π −3 2π
28. y = y = x −2 y′ = − x y′ = −
(3 x ) 2 9 9 9 x3
x 1 1
29. y = y = x −1 2 y′ = − x −3 2 y′ = −
x 2 2 x3 2
4
30. y = y = 4 x3 y′ = 12 x 2 y′ = 12 x 2
x −3

8 4
31. f ( x) = = 8 x −2 , ( 2, 2) 41. g (t ) = t 2 − = t 2 − 4t −3
x2 t3
16 12
f ′( x) = −16 x −3 = − 3 g ′(t ) = 2t + 12t −4 = 2t + 4
x t
f ′( 2) = −2 42. f ( x) = x + x −2
f ′( x) = 1 − 2 x −3
3 ⎛3 ⎞
32. f (t ) = 3 − , ⎜ , 2 ⎟
5t ⎝ 5 ⎠ 2
=1−
3 x3
f ′(t ) =
5t 2
4 x3 + 3x 2
⎛ 3⎞ 5 43. f ( x) = = 4 x 2 + 3x
f ′⎜ ⎟ = x
⎝5⎠ 3
f ′( x) = 8 x + 3
33. f ( x) = − 12 + 7 3
5
x , (0, − 12 ) x3 − 6
44. f ( x) = = x − 6 x −2
f ′( x) = 21 x 2
5
x2
12
f ′(0) = 0 f ′( x) = 1 + 12 x −3 = 1 + 3
x
34. y = 3 x3 − 10, ( 2, 14) x3 − 3x 2 + 4
45. f ( x) = = x − 3 + 4 x −2
y′ = 9 x 2
x2
y′( 2) = 36 8 x3 − 8
f ′( x) = 1 − 3
=
x x3
y = ( 4 x + 1) , (0, 1)
2
35.
2 x 2 − 3x + 1
= 16 x 2 + 8 x + 1 46. h( x) = = 2 x − 3 + x −1
x
y′ = 32 x + 8 1 2x2 − 1
h′( x) = 2 − =
y′(0) = 8 x 2
x2
36. f ( x) = 3(5 − x) , (5, 0)

2 47. y = x( x 2 + 1) = x3 + x
= 3 x 2 − 30 x + 75 y′ = 3 x 2 + 1
f ′( x) = 6 x − 30
48. y = 3 x(6 x − 5 x 2 ) = 18 x 2 − 15 x3
f ′(5) = 0
y′ = 36 x − 45 x 2
37. f (θ ) = 4 sin θ − θ , (0, 0)
49. f ( x) = x − 6 3 x = x1 2 − 6 x1 3
f ′(θ ) = 4 cos θ − 1
1 −1 2 1 2
f ′(0) = 4(1) − 1 = 3 f ′( x) = x − 2 x −2 3 = − 23
2 2 x x
38. g (t ) = −2 cos t + 5, (π , 7) 50. f ( x) = 3

x + 5
x = x1 3 + x1 5
g ′(t ) = 2 sin t 1 −2 3 1 −4 5 1 1
f ′( x) = x + x = +
g ′(π ) = 0 3 5 3x 2 3 5x4 5
39. f ( x) = x 2 + 5 − 3 x −2 51. h( s ) = s 4 5 − s 2 3
4 −1 5 2 4 2
f ′( x) = 2 x + 6 x −3 = 2 x +
6 h′( s ) = s − s −1 3 = 1 5 − 1 3
x3 5 3 5s 3s
40. f ( x) = x 2 − 3 x − 3 x −2 52. f (t ) = t 2 3 − t 1 3 + 4
f ′( x) = 2 x − 3 + 6 x −3 f ′(t ) =
2 −1 3 1 −2 3
t − t
2 1
= 13 − 2 3
3 3 3t 3t
6
= 2x − 3 +
x3

53. f ( x) = 6 x + 5 cos x = 6 x1 2 + 5 cos x 58. (a) y = ( x 2 + 2 x)( x + 1)
f ′( x) = 3 x −1 2 − 5 sin x =
3
− 5 sin x = x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x
x
y′ = 3 x 2 + 6 x + 2
At (1, 6): y′ = 3(1) + 6(1) + 2 = 11

2 2
54. f ( x) = 3
+ 3 cos x = 2 x −1 3 + 3 cos x
x
Tangent line: y − 6 = 11( x − 1)
2 2
f ′( x) = − x −4 3 − 3 sin x = − 4 3 − 3 sin x
3 3x 0 = 11x − y − 5
(b) 12
55. (a) y = x 4 − 3x 2 + 2
y′ = 4 x 3 − 6 x
At (1, 0): y′ = 4(1) − 6(1) = −2

3
−3 3
−2
Tangent line: y − 0 = −2( x − 1)
2x + y − 2 = 0 59. y = x 4 − 2 x 2 + 3
(b) 3
y′ = 4 x 3 − 4 x
= 4 x( x 2 − 1)
−2 2 = 4 x( x − 1)( x + 1)
(1, 0)
−1
y′ = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ±1
Horizontal tangents: (0, 3), (1, 2), ( −1, 2)
56. (a) y = x3 + x
y′ = 3 x 2 + 1 60. y = x3 + x
At ( −1, − 2): y′ = 3( −1) + 1 = 4
2
y′ = 3 x 2 + 1 > 0 for all x.
Tangent line: y + 2 = 4( x + 1) Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents.

4x − y + 2 = 0 1
61. y = = x −2
(b) 5 x2
2
y′ = −2 x −3 = − cannot equal zero.
−5 5 x3
Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents.
−7
62. y = x 2 + 9
2 y′ = 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
57. (a) f ( x) = = 2 x −3 4
4
x 3
At x = 0, y = 1.
Horizontal tangent: (0, 9)
3 −7 4 3
f ′( x) = − x = − 74
2 2x
At (1, 2): f ′(1) = −

3 63. y = x + sin x, 0 ≤ x < 2π
2 y′ = 1 + cos x = 0
Tangent line:
3
y − 2 = − ( x − 1) cos x = −1 ⇒ x = π
2
At x = π : y = π
3 7
y = − x +
2 2 Horizontal tangent: (π , π )
3x + 2 y − 7 = 0
(b) 5
(1, 2)
−2 7
−1

64. y = 3 x + 2 cos x, 0 ≤ x < 2π 69. kx 3 = x + 1 Equate equations.

y′ = 3 − 2 sin x = 0 3kx 2 = 1 Equate derivatives.
3 π 2π So, k =
1
sin x = ⇒ x = or and
2 3 3 3x 2
π 3π + 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3
At x = : y = ⎜ 2 ⎟x = x + 1
3 3 ⎝ 3x ⎠
1
2π 2 3π − 3 x = x +1
At x = : y = 3
3 3
3 4
x = − ,k = .
⎛π 3π + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2π 2 3π − 3 ⎞ 2 27
Horizontal tangents: ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟, ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟
⎝3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
70. kx 4 = 4 x − 1 Equate equations.
65. x 2 − kx = 5 x − 4 Equate functions. 4kx3 = 4 Equate derivatives.
2x − k = 5 Equate derivatives. 1
So, k = and
So, k = 2 x − 5 and x3
x 2 − ( 2 x − 5) x = 5 x − 4 ⇒ − x 2 = −4 ⇒ x = ± 2. ⎛1⎞ 4
⎜ 3 ⎟x = 4x − 1
⎝x ⎠
For x = 2, k = −1 and for x = −2, k = −9.
x = 4x − 1
1
66. k − x 2 = −6 x + 1 Equate functions. x = and k = 27.
3
−2 x = −6 Equate derivatives.
So, x = 3 and k − 9 = −18 + 1 ⇒ k = −8. 71. The graph of a function f such that f ′ > 0 for all x and
the rate of change of the function is decreasing
k 3
= − x + 3 Equate functions. (i.e., f ′′ < 0 ) would, in general, look like the graph
67.
x 4 below.
k 3 y
− 2 = − Equate derivatives.
x 4
3 2
So, k = x and
4 x
3 2
x
4 3 3 3
= − x + 3⇒ x = − x +3
x 4 4 4
3
⇒ x = 3 ⇒ x = 2 ⇒ k = 3.
2 72. (a) The slope appears to be steepest between A and B.
(b) The average rate of change between A and B is
68. k x = x + 4 Equate functions. greater than the instantaneous rate of change at B.
k (c) y
=1 Equate derivatives.
2 x
f
So, k = 2 x and
B C
( 2 x ) x = x + 4 ⇒ 2 x = x + 4 ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ k = 4.
A
D E
x
73. g ( x) = f ( x) + 6 ⇒ g ′( x) = f ′( x)
74. g ( x) = −5 f ( x) ⇒ g ′( x) = −5 f ′( x)

y y
75. 76.
3 2
f′
1 f
1
f
x
−2 −1 1 3 4
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
f′
−2 −3
−4
If f is linear then its derivative is a constant function.

If f is quadratic, then its derivative is a linear function.
f ( x) = ax + b
f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
f ′( x) = a
f ′( x) = 2ax + b
77. Let ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) be the points of tangency on y = x 2 and y = − x 2 + 6 x − 5, respectively.

The derivatives of these functions are:
y′ = 2 x ⇒ m = 2 x1 and y′ = −2 x + 6 ⇒ m = −2 x2 + 6
m = 2 x1 = −2 x2 + 6
x1 = − x2 + 3
Because y1 = x12 and y2 = − x2 2 + 6 x2 − 5:
m =
y2 − y1
=
(− x22 + 6 x2 − 5) − ( x12 ) = −2 x + 6
2
x2 − x1 x2 − x1
(− x22 + 6 x2 − 5) − ( − x2 + 3)
2
= −2 x2 + 6
x2 − ( − x2 + 3)
(− x22 + 6 x2 − 5) − ( x2 2 − 6 x2 + 9) = ( −2 x2 + 6)( 2 x2 − 3)
−2 x2 2 + 12 x2 − 14 = −4 x2 2 + 18 x2 − 18
2 x2 2 − 6 x2 + 4 = 0
2( x2 − 2)( x2 − 1) = 0
x2 = 1 or 2
x2 = 1 ⇒ y2 = 0, x1 = 2 and y1 = 4
So, the tangent line through (1, 0) and ( 2, 4) is So, the tangent line through ( 2, 3) and (1, 1) is
⎛ 4 − 0⎞ ⎛ 3 − 1⎞
y −0 = ⎜ ⎟( x − 1) ⇒ y = 4 x − 4. y −1 = ⎜ ⎟( x − 1) ⇒ y = 2 x − 1.
⎝ 2 − 1⎠ ⎝ 2 − 1⎠
y y
5
5
(2, 4) 4
4
3
3 (2, 3)
2
2
(1, 1)
1
1
x x
(1, 0) 2 2 3
3 −1
−1
−2
x2 = 2 ⇒ y2 = 3, x1 = 1 and y1 = 1

78. m1 is the slope of the line tangent to y = x. m2 is the slope of the line tangent to y = 1 x. Because
1 1 1
y = x ⇒ y′ = 1 ⇒ m1 = 1 and y = ⇒ y′ = − 2 ⇒ m2 = − 2 .
x x x
The points of intersection of y = x and y = 1 x are
1
x = ⇒ x 2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±1.
x
At x = ±1, m2 = −1. Because m2 = −1 m1 , these tangent lines are perpendicular at the points of intersection.
79. f ( x) = 3x + sin x + 2 2
82. f ( x) = , (5, 0)
f ′( x) = 3 + cos x x
2
f ′( x) = − 2
Because cos x ≤ 1, f ′( x) ≠ 0 for all x and f does not x
have a horizontal tangent line. 2 0 − y
− =
x2 5− x
80. f ( x) = x5 + 3 x 3 + 5 x
−10 + 2 x = − x 2 y
f ′( x) = 5 x 4 + 9 x 2 + 5
⎛2⎞
−10 + 2 x = − x 2 ⎜ ⎟
Because 5 x 4 + 9 x 2 ≥ 0, f ′( x) ≥ 5. So, f does not ⎝ x⎠
have a tangent line with a slope of 3. −10 + 2 x = −2 x
4 x = 10
81. f ( x) = x , ( −4, 0) 5 4
x = ,y =
1 1
f ′( x ) = x −1 2 = 2 5
2 2 x
⎛ 5 4⎞
1 0− y The point ⎜ , ⎟ is on the graph of f. The slope of the
= ⎝2 5⎠
2 x −4 − x
⎛5⎞ 8
4 + x = 2 xy tangent line is f ′⎜ ⎟ = − .
⎝ 2⎠ 25
4 + x = 2 x x 4 8⎛ 5⎞
Tangent line: y − = − ⎜x − ⎟
4 + x = 2x 5 25 ⎝ 2⎠
x = 4, y = 2 25 y − 20 = −8 x + 20
The point ( 4, 2) is on the graph of f. 8 x + 25 y − 40 = 0
0− 2 83. f ′(1) appears to be close to −1.

Tangent line: y − 2 = ( x − 4)
−4 − 4
4y − 8 = x − 4 f ′(1) = −1
0 = x − 4y + 4 3.64
0.77 1.24
3.33
84. f ′( 4) appears to be close to 1.
f ′( 4) = 1
16
−10 19
−1

85. (a) One possible secant is between (3.9, 7.7019) and ( 4, 8) :

20
8 − 7.7019
y −8 = ( x − 4)
4 − 3.9
y − 8 = 2.981( x − 4) (4, 8)
y = S ( x) = 2.981x − 3.924 −2 12
−2
3 12 3
(b) f ′( x) = x ⇒ f ′( 4) = ( 2) = 3
2 2
T ( x) = 3( x − 4) + 8 = 3x − 4
The slope (and equation) of the secant line approaches that of the tangent line at
(4, 8) as you choose points closer and closer to (4, 8).
(c) As you move further away from ( 4, 8), the accuracy of the approximation T gets worse.
20
f
T
−2 12
−2
(d)
∆x –3 –2 –1 –0.5 –0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1 2 3
f ( 4 + ∆x) 1 2.828 5.196 6.548 7.702 8 8.302 9.546 11.180 14.697 18.520
T ( 4 + ∆x) –1 2 5 6.5 7.7 8 8.3 9.5 11 14 17
86. (a) Nearby point: (1.0073138, 1.0221024)

2
1.0221024 − 1
Secant line: y − 1 = ( x − 1) (1, 1)
1.0073138 − 1 −3 3
y = 3.022( x − 1) + 1
(Answers will vary.) −2
(b) f ′( x) = 3 x 2
T ( x) = 3( x − 1) + 1 = 3 x − 2
(c) The accuracy worsens as you move away from (1, 1).
2
(1, 1)
−3 3
f
T
−2
(d)
∆x –3 –2 –1 –0.5 –0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1 2 3
f ( x) –8 –1 0 0.125 0.729 1 1.331 3.375 8 27 64
T ( x) –8 –5 –2 –0.5 0.7 1 1.3 2.5 4 7 10
The accuracy decreases more rapidly than in Exercise 85 because y = x3 is less "linear" than y = x3 2 .
87. False. Let f ( x) = x and g ( x) = x + 1. Then 88. True. If f ( x) = g ( x) + c, then

f ′( x) = g ′( x) = x, but f ( x) ≠ g ( x). f ′( x) = g ′( x) + 0 = g ′( x).
89. False. If y = π 2 , then dy dx = 0. ( π 2 is a constant.)

90. True. If y = x π = (1 π ) ⋅ x, then ⎡ π⎤

96. f ( x) = sin x, ⎢0, ⎥
dy dx = (1 π )(1) = 1 π . ⎣ 6⎦
f ′( x) = cos x
91. True. If g ( x) = 3 f ( x), then g ′( x) = 3 f ′( x). Instantaneous rate of change:
1
(0, 0) ⇒ f ′(0) = 1
92. False. If f ( x) = = x − n , then
xn ⎛π 1 ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 3
⎜ , ⎟ ⇒ f ′⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 0.866
−n ⎝ 6 2⎠ ⎝6⎠ 2
f ′( x) = − nx − n −1 = .
x n +1 Average rate of change:
f (π 6) − f (0) (1 2) − 0 3
93. f (t ) = 4t + 5, [1, 2] = = ≈ 0.955
(π 6) −0 (π 6) − 0 π
f ′(t ) = 4. So, f ′(1) = f ′( 2) = 4.
Instantaneous rate of change is the constant 4. Average 97. (a) s(t ) = −16t 2 + 1362
rate of change: v(t ) = −32t
f ( 2) − f (1) 13 − 9
= = 4 s( 2) − s(1)
2 −1 1 (b) = 1298 − 1346 = −48 ft/sec
2 −1
(These are the same because f is a line of slope 4)
(c) v(t ) = s′(t ) = −32t
94. f (t ) = t 2 − 7, [3, 3.1] When t = 1: v(1) = −32 ft/sec
f ′(t ) = 2t
When t = 2: v( 2) = −64 ft/sec
Instantaneous rate of change:
(d) −16t 2 + 1362 = 0
At (3, 2): f ′(3) = 6
1362 1362
At (3.1, 2.61) : f ′(3.1) = 6.2 t2 = ⇒t = ≈ 9.226 sec
16 4
Average rate of change: ⎛ 1362 ⎞ ⎛ 1362 ⎞
(e) v⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −32⎜⎜ ⎟
f (3.1) − f (3) 2.61 − 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
= = 6.1
3.1 − 3 0.1
= −8 1362 ≈ −295.242 ft/sec
1
95. f ( x) = − , [1, 2] 98. s(t ) = −16t 2 − 22t + 220
x
1 v(t ) = −32t − 22
f ′( x) = 2
x v(3) = −118 ft/sec
Instantaneous rate of change:
s(t ) = −16t 2 − 22t + 220
(1, −1) ⇒ f ′(1) = 1
= 112 ( height after falling 108 ft )
⎛ 1⎞ 1
⎜ 2, − ⎟ ⇒ f ′( 2) = −16t − 22t + 108 = 0
2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
−2(t − 2)(8t + 27) = 0
Average rate of change:
t = 2
f ( 2) − f (1) (−1 2) − ( −1) 1
= = v( 2) = −32( 2) − 22
2 −1 2 −1 2
= −86 ft/sec
99. s(t ) = −4.9t 2 + v0t + s0

= −4.9t 2 + 120t
v(t ) = −9.8t + 120
v(5) = −9.8(5) + 120 = 71 m/sec
v(10) = −9.8(10) + 120 = 22 m/sec

100. s(t ) = −4.9t 2 + v0t + s0 103. v = 40 mi/h = 2

3
mi/min
= −4.9t + s0 = 0 when t = 5.6.
2
( 23 mi/min )(6 min) = 4 mi
s0 = 4.9t = 4.9(5.6) ≈ 153.7 m
2 2
v = 0 mi/h = 0 mi/min
(0 mi/min )( 2 min ) = 0 mi
101. From (0, 0) to ( 4, 2), s(t ) = 1t ⇒ v (t ) = 1 mi/min.
2 2
v = 60 mi/h = 1 mi/min
v (t ) = 1
2
(60) = 30 mi/h for 0 < t < 4 (1 mi/min )(2 min ) = 2 mi
Similarly, v(t ) = 0 for 4 < t < 6. Finally, from

s
(6, 2) to (10, 6),

10
Distance (in miles)

8
(10, 6)
s(t ) = t − 4 ⇒ v(t ) = 1 mi/min. = 60 mi/h. 6
(6, 4)
4
v (8, 4)
2
60
Velocity (in mi/h)
50 t
(0, 0) 2 4 6 8 10
40 Time (in minutes)
30
20
10 104. This graph corresponds with Exercise 101.
t s
2 4 6 8 10
Time (in minutes) 10
Distance (in miles)

8
(The velocity has been converted to miles per hour.) 6
(10, 6)
102. From (0, 0) to (6, 5), s(t ) = ⇒ v (t ) =

4
5 5
6
t 6
mi/min. (4, 2)
2 (6, 2)
v (t ) = 5
6
(60) = 50 mi/h for 0 < t < 6 (0, 0) 2 4 6 8 10
t
Time (in minutes)

Similarly, v(t ) = 0 for 6 < t < 8.
Finally, from (8, 5) to (10, 6), 105. (a) Using a graphing utility,
R(v) = 0.417v − 0.02.
s (t ) = 1t
2
+ 1 ⇒ v (t ) = 1
2
mi/min = 30 mi h.
v
(b) Using a graphing utility,
50 B(v) = 0.0056v 2 + 0.001v + 0.04.

Velocity (in mi/h)
(c) T (v) = R(v) + B(v) = 0.0056v 2 + 0.418v + 0.02

40
30
20 (d) 80
T
B
10
t R
2 4 6 8 10
Time (in minutes)
0 120
0
(The velocity has been converted to miles per hour.) dT

(e) = 0.0112v + 0.418
dv
For v = 40, T ′( 40) ≈ 0.866
For v = 80, T ′(80) ≈ 1.314
For v = 100, T ′(100) ≈ 1.538

(f ) For increasing speeds, the total stopping distance
increases.

106. C = (gallons of fuel used)( cost per gallon )

⎛ 15,000 ⎞ 41,400
= ⎜ ⎟( 2.76) =
⎝ x ⎠ x
dC 41,400
= −
dx x2
x 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
C 4140 2760 2070 1656 1380 1183 1035
dC
–414 –184 –103.5 –66.2 –46 –33.8 –25.9
dx
The driver who gets 15 miles per gallon would benefit more. The rate of change at x = 15 is larger in absolute value than that
at x = 35.
dV
107. V = s 3 , = 3s 2
ds
dV
When s = 6 cm, = 108 cm3 per cm change in s.
ds
dA
108. A = s 2 , = 2s
ds
dA
When s = 6 m, = 12 m 2 per m change in s.
ds
1
109. s(t ) = − at 2 + c and s′(t ) = − at
2
⎡−(1 2)a(t0 + ∆t )2 + c⎤ − ⎡−(1 2)a(t0 − ∆t )2 + c)⎤
s(t0 + ∆t ) − s(t0 − ∆t )
Average velocity: = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
(t0 + ∆t ) − (t0 − ∆t ) 2 ∆t
=
(
−(1 2)a t0 2 + 2t0 ∆t + ( ∆t )
2
) + (1 2)a(t 0
2
− 2t0∆t + (∆t )
2
)
2 ∆t
−2at0 ∆t
= = −at0 = s′(t0 ) instantaneous velocity at t = t0
2 ∆t
110. C =
1,008,000
+ 6.3Q 113. y = ax 2 + bx + c
Q
Because the parabola passes through (0, 1) and (1, 0),
dC 1,008,000
= − + 6.3
dQ Q you have:
C (351) − C (350) ≈ 5083.095 − 5085 ≈ −$1.91 (0, 1): 1 = a ( 0) + b ( 0 ) + c ⇒ c = 1
2
(1, 0): 0 = a(1) + b(1) + 1 ⇒ b = − a − 1

dC 2
When Q = 350, ≈ −$1.93.
dQ
So, y = ax 2 + ( − a − 1) x + 1. From the tangent line
111. N = f ( p ) y = x − 1, you know that the derivative is 1 at the point
(a) f ′( 2.979) is the rate of change of the number of (1, 0).
gallons of gasoline sold when the price is $2.979 y′ = 2ax + ( − a − 1)
per gallon.
1 = 2a(1) + ( − a − 1)
(b) f ′( 2.979) is usually negative. As prices go up, sales
1 = a −1
go down.
a = 2
dT b = − a − 1 = −3
112. = K (T − Ta )
dt Therefore, y = 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1.

114. y =
1
,x > 0 115. y = x3 − 9 x
x
y′ = 3 x 2 − 9
1
y′ = − 2 Tangent lines through (1, − 9):
x
At ( a, b), the equation of the tangent line is y + 9 = (3 x 2 − 9)( x − 1)
y −
1 1
= − 2 ( x − a) or y = −
x 2
+ . ( x3 − 9 x) + 9 = 3x3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 9
a a a2 a
0 = 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 = x 2 ( 2 x − 3)
The x-intercept is ( 2a, 0).
x = 0 or x = 3
2
⎛ 2⎞
The y-intercept is ⎜ 0, ⎟.
⎝ a⎠ The points of tangency are (0, 0) and ( 32 , − 818 ).
1 1 ⎛2⎞ At (0, 0), the slope is y′(0) = −9. At ( 32 , − 81
8)
,
The area of the triangle is A = bh = ( 2a)⎜ ⎟ = 2.
y
2 2 ⎝a⎠
( 32 ) = − 94.
the slope is y′
Tangent Lines:
y − 0 = −9( x − 0) and y + 81
8 (
= − 94 x − 3
2 )
y = −9 x y = − 94 x −
2 27
( )
(a, b) = a, a1 4
1 9x + y = 0 9 x + 4 y + 27 = 0
x
1 2 3
116. y = x 2
y′ = 2 x
(a) Tangent lines through (0, a):
y − a = 2 x ( x − 0)
x2 − a = 2 x2
−a = x 2
± −a = x
(
The points of tangency are ± − a , − a . At ) ( −a , − a), the slope is y′( −a ) = 2 −a .
At −( )
− a , − a , the slope is y′( − − a ) = −2 −a .
Tangent lines: y + a = 2 − a ( x − − a ) and y + a = −2 − a ( x + − a )

y = 2 −ax + a y = −2 − ax + a
Restriction: a must be negative.
(b) Tangent lines through ( a, 0):
y − 0 = 2 x( x − a )
x 2 = 2 x 2 − 2ax
0 = x 2 − 2ax = x( x − 2a )
The points of tangency are (0, 0) and ( 2a, 4a 2 ). At (0, 0), the slope is y′(0) = 0. At ( 2a, 4a 2 ), the slope is y′( 2a) = 4a.
Tangent lines: y − 0 = 0( x − 0) and y − 4a 2 = 4a( x − 2a )

y = 0 y = 4ax − 4a 2
Restriction: None, a can be any real number.

⎪⎧ax , x ≤ 2
3
117. f ( x) = ⎨ 2
⎪⎩ x + b , x > 2
f must be continuous at x = 2 to be differentiable at x = 2.
lim f ( x) = lim ax3 = 8a ⎫
x → 2− x → 2− ⎪ 8a = 4 + b
⎬
lim f ( x) = lim ( x 2 + b) = 4 + b⎪ 8a − 4 = b
x → 2+ x → 2+ ⎭
⎪⎧3ax , x < 2
2
f ′( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩2 x, x > 2
For f to be differentiable at x = 2, the left derivative must equal the right derivative.
3a( 2) = 2( 2)
2
12a = 4
a = 1
3
b = 8a − 4 = − 43
⎧cos x, x < 0 120. Let f ( x) = cos x.

118. f ( x) = ⎨
⎩ax + b , x ≥ 0 f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
f (0) = b = cos(0) = 1 ⇒ b = 1 ∆x → 0 ∆x
cos x cos ∆x − sin x sin ∆x − cos x
⎧−sin x, x < 0 = lim
f ′( x) = ⎨ ∆x → 0 ∆x
⎩a, x > 0 cos x(cos ∆x − 1) ⎛ sin ∆x ⎞
= lim − lim sin x⎜ ⎟
So, a = 0. ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ⎝ ∆x ⎠
Answer: a = 0, b = 1 = 0 − sin x(1) = −sin x
119. f1 ( x) = sin x is differentiable for all x ≠ nπ , n an

integer.
f 2 ( x) = sin x is differentiable for all x ≠ 0.
You can verify this by graphing f1 and f 2 and observing
the locations of the sharp turns.
Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives

1. g ( x) = ( x 2 + 3)( x 2 − 4 x) 3. h(t ) = t (1 − t 2 ) = t1 2 (1 − t 2 )
g ′( x) = ( x 2 + 3)( 2 x − 4) + ( x 2 − 4 x )( 2 x) h′(t ) = t1 2 ( −2t ) + (1 − t 2 ) t −1 2

1
2
= 2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 6 x − 12 + 2 x3 − 8 x 2
1 1
= 4 x3 − 12 x 2 + 6 x − 12 = −2t 3 2 + 1 2 − t 3 2
2t 2
= 2( 2 x3 − 6 x 2 + 3 x − 6) 5 32 1
= − t + 12
2 2t
2. f ( x) = (6 x + 5)( x3 − 2) =
1 − 5t 2
=
1 − 5t 2
2t1 2
f ′( x) = (6 x + 5)(3 x 2 ) + ( x3 − 2)(6)
2 t
= 18 x3 + 15 x 2 + 6 x3 − 12
= 24 x3 + 15 x 2 − 12

Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 133
4. g ( s ) = s ( s 2 + 8) = s1 2 ( s 2 + 8) x x1 2
9. h( x) = = 3
x +1 3
x +1
g ′( s ) = s1 2 ( 2 s ) + ( s 2 + 8) s −1 2
1
2 ( x3 + 1) 2 x −1 2 − x1 2 (3x 2 )
1
1 h′( x) =
= 2s 3 2 + s 3 2 + 4s −1 2
( x3 + 1)
2
2
5 32
= s + 12
4 x3 + 1 − 6 x3
=
2 x1 2 ( x3 + 1)
2 s 2
5s + 82
= 1 − 5 x3
2 s =
x ( x3 + 1)
2
2
5. f ( x) = x cos x
3
f ′( x) = x3 ( −sin x) + cos x(3 x 2 ) 10. h( s ) =

s
s −1
= 3 x 2 cos x − x3 sin x
= x 2 (3 cos x − x sin x) ( ) ⎛1 ⎞
s − 1 (1) − s⎜ s −1 2 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
h′( s ) =
( )
2
s −1
6. g ( x) = x sin x
1
⎛ 1 ⎞ s −1− s
g ′( x) = x cos x + sin x⎜ ⎟ = 2 =
s − 2
⎝2 x ⎠
( ) ( )
2 2
s −1 2 s −1
1
= x cos x + sin x
2 x
sin x
11. g ( x) =
x x2
f ( x) =
x 2 (cos x) − sin x( 2 x)
7.
x2 + 1 x cos x − 2 sin x
g ′( x) = =
(x + 1)(1) − x( 2 x) ( x2 )
2
2 x3
1− x 2
f ′( x) = =
(x + 1) ( x2 + 1)
2 2
2
cos t
12. f (t ) =
t3
t2 + 4
8. g (t ) = t 3 ( −sin t ) − cos t (3t 2 ) t sin t + 3 cos t
5t − 3 f ′(t ) = = −
− 3)( 2t ) − (t + 4)(5) (t )
2
t4
(5t 2 3
g ′(t ) =
(5t − 3)
2
10t 2 − 6t − 5t 2 − 20 5t 2 − 6t − 20
= =
(5t − 3) (5t − 3)
2 2
13. f ( x) = ( x3 + 4 x)(3x 2 + 2 x − 5)
f ′( x) = ( x3 + 4 x)(6 x + 2) + (3x 2 + 2 x − 5)(3 x 2 + 4)

= 6 x 4 + 24 x 2 + 2 x3 + 8 x + 9 x 4 + 6 x3 − 15 x 2 + 12 x 2 + 8 x − 20
= 15 x 4 + 8 x3 + 21x 2 + 16 x − 20
f ′(0) = −20
14. f ( x) = ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)( x3 − 1)
f ′( x) = ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)(3 x 2 ) + ( x3 − 1)( 2 x − 2)
= 3 x 2 ( x − 1) + 2( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)
2 2
= ( x − 1) (5 x 2 + 2 x + 2)
2
f ′(1) = 0

x2 − 4 17. f ( x) = x cos x
15. f ( x) =
x −3 f ′( x) = ( x)( −sin x) + (cos x)(1) = cos x − x sin x
( x − 3)( 2 x) − ( x 2 − 4)(1)
f ′( x) = ⎛π ⎞ 2 π⎛ 2⎞ 2
(x − 3)
2 f ′⎜ ⎟ = − ⎜⎜ ⎟ = (4 − π )
⎝4⎠ 2 4 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 8
2 x2 − 6x − x2 + 4
=
(x − 3)
2
18. f ( x) =
sin x
x
x2 − 6x + 4
=
f ′( x) =
( x)(cos x) − (sin x)(1)
(x − 3)
2
x2
1−6+ 4 1 x cos x − sin x
f ′(1) = = − =
(1 − 3)
2
4 x2
x +5 ⎛π ⎞
f ′⎜ ⎟ =
(
(π 6) 3 2 − (1 2) )
16. f ( x) = ⎝6⎠ π 2 36
x −5
( x − 5)(1) − ( x + 5)(1) 3 3π − 18
f ′( x) = =
( x − 5)2 π2
x −5− x −5 =
3( 3π − 6 )
=
(x − 5)
2 π2
−10
=
( x − 5)
2
−10
f ′( 4) = = −10
(4 − 5)
2
Function Rewrite Differentiate Simplify
x 2 + 3x 1 2 3 2 3 2x + 3
19. y = y = x + x y′ = x + y′ =
7 7 7 7 7 7
5x2 − 3 5 2 3 10 5x
20. y = y = x − y′ = x y′ =
4 4 4 4 2
6 6 −2 12 −3 12
21. y = y = x y′ = − x y′ = −
7 x2 7 7 7 x3
10 10 −3 30 −4 10
22. y = y = x y′ = − x y′ = −
3x3 3 3 x4
4x3 2 2
23. y = y = 4 x1 2 , x > 0 y′ = 2 x −1 2 y′ = ,x > 0
x x
5x2 − 8 5 2 8 5 10 x
24. y = y = x − y′ = ( 2 x) y′ =
11 11 11 11 11

4 − 3x − x 2 3x − 1
25. f ( x) = 29. f ( x) = = 3 x1 2 − x −1 2
x2 − 1 x
f ′( x) =
( x2 − 1)( −3 − 2 x) − ( 4 − 3 x − x 2 )( 2 x) 3 1
f ′( x) = x −1 2 + x −3 2
( x2 − 1)
2 2 2
3x + 1
=
−3 x 2 + 3 − 2 x3 + 2 x − 8 x + 6 x 2 + 2 x3 2 x3 2
=
( x2 − 1)
2
Alternate solution:
3x − 1 3x − 1
=
3x 2 − 6 x + 3 f ( x) = =
x1 2
( x2 − 1)
2 x
⎛1⎞
x1 2 (3) − (3 x − 1)⎜ ⎟( x −1 2 )
3( x 2 − 2 x + 1) ⎝ 2⎠
= f ′( x) =
( x2 − 1)
2 x
1 −1 2
x (3 x + 1)
3( x − 1)
2
3 = 2
= = ,x ≠ 1
(x − 1) ( x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2 2 x
3x + 1
=
x3 + 5 x + 3 2 x3 2
26. f ( x) =
x2 − 1
( x 2 − 1)(3x 2 + 5) − ( x3 + 5x + 3)(2 x) 30. f ( x) = 3
x ( )
x + 3 = x1 3 ( x1 2 + 3)
f ′( x) =
( x 2 − 1) ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
f ′( x) = x1 3 ⎜ x −1 2 ⎟ + ( x1 2 + 3)⎜ x −2 3 ⎟
2
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
3x 4 + 5 x 2 − 3x 2 − 5 − 2 x 4 − 10 x 2 − 6 x
= 5 −1 6
= x + x −2 3
( x 2 − 1)
2
6
x4 − 8x2 − 6 x − 5 5 1
= = 16
+ 23
( x 2 − 1)
2 6x x
Alternate solution:
27.
⎛
f ( x) = x⎜1 −
4 ⎞
⎟ = x −
4x f ( x) = 3
x ( x +3 )
⎝ x + 3⎠ x +3
= x 56
+ 3x 13
f ′( x) = 1 −
(x + 3)4 − 4 x(1)
5 −1 6
f ′( x) = + x −2 3
(x + 3)
2
6
x
=
( x2 + 6 x + 9) − 12 =
5 1
+ 23
6 x1 6 x
(x + 3)
2
x2 + 6x − 3 31. h( s ) = ( s 3 − 2) = s 6 − 4s 3 + 4
2
=
(x + 3)
2
h′( s ) = 6s 5 − 12 s 2 = 6s 2 ( s 3 − 2)
⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎡ x − 1⎤
f ( x) = x 4 ⎢1 − = x4 ⎢
32. h( x) = ( x 2 − 1) = x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1
28.
x + 1⎥⎦ ⎥
2
⎣ ⎣ x + 1⎦
⎡ ( x + 1) − ( x − 1) ⎤ ⎡ x − 1⎤ h′( x) = 4 x3 − 4 x = 4 x( x 2 − 1)
f ′( x) = x 4 ⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥(4 x )
3
⎢⎣ ( x + 1)2 ⎥⎦ ⎣ x + 1⎦
⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎡ x2 − 1 ⎤
2 (
= x4 ⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥ 4 x3 )
⎣⎢ ( x + 1) ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ ( x + 1) ⎦⎥
2
⎡ 2 x2 + x − 2⎤
= 2 x3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ( x + 1) ⎥⎦
2

2 − (1 x) 2x − 1 2x − 1
33. f ( x) = = = 2
x −3 x( x − 3) x − 3x
f ′( x) =
( x2 − 3 x)2 − ( 2 x − 1)( 2 x − 3)
=
2x2 − 6 x − 4 x2 + 8x − 3
( x2 − 3 x) ( x2 − 3 x)
2 2
−2 x 2 + 2 x − 3 2x2 − 2x + 3
= = −
( x2 − 3 x) x 2 ( x − 3)
2 2
⎛2 1 ⎞ x2
34. g ( x) = x 2 ⎜ − ⎟ = 2x −
⎝x x + 1⎠ x +1
(x + 1)2 x − x 2 (1) 2( x 2 + 2 x + 1) − x 2 − 2 x x2 + 2 x + 2
g ′( x) = 2 − = =
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2 2
35. f ( x) = ( 2 x3 + 5 x)( x − 3)( x + 2)
f ′( x) = (6 x 2 + 5)( x − 3)( x + 2) + ( 2 x3 + 5 x)(1)( x + 2) + ( 2 x3 + 5 x)( x − 3)(1)
= (6 x 2 + 5)( x 2 − x − 6) + ( 2 x3 + 5 x)( x + 2) + ( 2 x3 + 5 x)( x − 3)
= (6 x 4 + 5 x 2 − 6 x3 − 5 x − 36 x 2 − 30) + ( 2 x 4 + 4 x3 + 5 x 2 + 10 x) + ( 2 x 4 + 5 x 2 − 6 x 3 − 15 x )
= 10 x 4 − 8 x3 − 21x 2 − 10 x − 30
Note: You could simplify first:
f ( x) = ( 2 x3 + 5 x)( x 2 − x − 6)
36. f ( x) = ( x3 − x)( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + x − 1)
f ′( x) = (3 x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + x − 1) + ( x3 − x)( 2 x)( x 2 + x − 1) + ( x3 − x)( x 2 + 2)( 2 x + 1)
= (3 x 4 + 5 x 2 − 2)( x 2 + x − 1) + ( 2 x 4 − 2 x 2 )( x 2 + x − 1) + ( x 5 + x3 − 2 x)( 2 x + 1)
= (3 x 6 + 5 x 4 − 2 x 2 + 3 x5 + 5 x3 − 2 x − 3 x 4 − 5 x 2 + 2)
+ (2 x 6 − 2 x 4 + 2 x5 − 2 x3 − 2 x 4 + 2 x 2 )
+ ( 2 x 6 + 2 x 4 − 4 x 2 + x5 + x3 − 2 x )
= 7 x6 + 6 x5 + 4 x3 − 9 x 2 − 4 x + 2
x2 + c2 f (t ) = t 2 sin t
f ( x) =
39.
37.
x2 − c2 f ′(t ) = t 2 cos t + 2t sin t = t (t cos t + 2 sin t )
f ′( x) =
( x 2 − c2 )(2 x) − ( x 2 + c2 )(2 x)
( x2 − c2 )
2
40. f (θ ) = (θ + 1) cos θ
f ′(θ ) = (θ + 1)( −sin θ ) + (cos θ )(1)
4 xc 2
= −
= cos θ − (θ + 1) sin θ
( x2 − c2 )
2
cos t
c2 − x2 41. f (t ) =
38. f ( x) = t
c2 + x2
−t sin t − cos t t sin t + cos t
(c 2 + x 2 )( −2 x) − (c 2 − x 2 )( 2 x) f ′(t ) = = −
f ′( x) =
2
t t2
(c 2 + x2 )
2
4 xc 2
= −
(c 2 + x2 )
2

sin x 50. y = x sin x + cos x

42. f ( x) =
x3 y′ = x cos x + sin x − sin x = x cos x
x3 cos x − sin x(3x 2 ) x cos x − 3 sin x
f ′( x) = = f ( x) = x 2 tan x
(x ) 3
2
x4 51.
f ′( x) = x 2 sec 2 x + 2 x tan x
43. f ( x) = − x + tan x = x( x sec 2 x + 2 tan x)
f ′( x) = −1 + sec x = tan x
2 2
52. f ( x) = sin x cos x

44. y = x + cot x
f ′( x) = sin x( −sin x) + cos x(cos x)
y′ = 1 − csc 2 x = −cot 2 x
= cos 2 x
45. g (t ) = 4
t + 6 csc t = t1 4 + 6 csc t
53. y = 2 x sin x + x 2 cos x
y′ = 2 x cos x + 2 sin x + x 2 (−sin x) + 2 x cos x
1 −3 4
g ′(t ) = t − 6 csc t cot t
4
1 = 4 x cos x + ( 2 − x 2 ) sin x
= 3 4 − 6 csc t cot t
4t
54. h(θ ) = 5θ sec θ + θ tan θ
1
46. h( x) = − 12 sec x = x −1 − 12 sec x h′(θ ) = 5θ sec θ tan θ + 5 sec θ + θ sec 2 θ + tan θ
x
h′( x) = − x −2 − 12 sec x tan x
⎛ x + 1⎞
55. g ( x) = ⎜ ⎟( 2 x − 5)
−1 ⎝ x + 2⎠
= 2 − 12 sec x tan x
x ⎡ ( x + 2)(1) − ( x + 1)(1) ⎤
⎛ x + 1⎞
g ′( x) = ⎜ ⎟( 2) + ( 2 x − 5) ⎢ ⎥
3(1 − sin x) ⎝ x + 2⎠ ( x + 2)
2
3 − 3 sin x ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
47. y = =
2 cos x 2 cos x 2x2 + 8x − 1
=
y′ =
( −3 cos x)( 2 cos x) − (3 − 3 sin x)(−2 sin x) ( x + 2)2
(2 cos x) 2
(Form of answer may vary.)

−6 cos x + 6 sin x − 6 sin 2 x
2
=
4 cos 2 x ⎛ x2 − x − 3⎞ 2
56. f ( x) = ⎜ ⎟( x + x + 1)
= ( −1 + tan x sec x − tan 2 x)
3
⎝ x +1
2
⎠
2
x5 + 2 x3 + 2 x 2 − 2
3
= sec x( tan x − sec x) f ′( x) = 2
( x 2 + 1)
2
2
sec x (Form of answer may vary.)

48. y =
x
x sec x tan x − sec x θ
y′ = 57. g (θ ) =
x2 1 − sin θ
sec x( x tan x − 1) g ′(θ ) =
1 − sin θ + θ cos θ
=
(1 − sin θ )
2
x2
49. y = −csc x − sin x (Form of answer may vary.)

y′ = csc x cot x − cos x
cos x
= − cos x
sin 2 x
= cos x(csc2 x − 1)
= cos x cot 2 x

sin θ
58. f (θ ) =
1 − cos θ
1 cos θ − 1
f ′(θ ) = = (Form of answer may vary.)
cos θ − 1 (1 − cos θ )
2
1 + csc x
59. y =
1 − csc x
y′ =
(1 − csc x)( −csc x cot x ) − (1 + csc x)(csc x cot x)
=
−2 csc x cot x
(1 − csc x) (1 − csc x)
2 2
⎛π ⎞
y′⎜ ⎟ =
−2( 2) 3
= −4 3
( )
⎝6⎠ (1 − 2)
2
60. f ( x) = tan x cot x = 1 64. (a) f ( x) = ( x + 3)( x 2 − 2), (−2, 2)

f ′( x) = 0 f ′( x) = ( x + 3)( 2 x) + ( x 2 − 2)(1)
f ′(1) = 0
= 3x 2 + 6 x − 2
sec t f ′( −2) = −2; Slope at ( −2, 2)

61. h (t ) =
t Tangent line:
t (sec t tan t ) − (sec t )(1) sec t (t tan t − 1) y − 2 = −2( x + 2) ⇒ y = −2 x − 2
h′(t ) = =
t2 t2 (b) 8
sec π (π tan π − 1) 1
h′(π ) = =
π2 π2 −12
(−2, 2)
12
62. f ( x) = sin x(sin x + cos x)

−8
f ′( x) = sin x(cos x − sin x) + (sin x + cos x)cos x
dy
(c) Graphing utility confirms = −2 at ( −2, 2).
= sin x cos x − sin 2 x + sin x cos x + cos 2 x dx
= sin 2 x + cos 2 x
x
⎛π ⎞ π π 65. (a) f ( x) = , (−5, 5)
f ′⎜ ⎟ = sin + cos =1 x + 4
⎝4⎠ 2 2
f ′( x) =
( x + 4)(1) − x(1) =
4
f ( x) = ( x3 + 4 x − 1)( x − 2), (x + 4) (x + 4)
2 2
63. (a) (1, − 4)
f ′( x) = ( x3 + 4 x − 1)(1) + ( x − 2)(3 x 2 + 4)
4
f ′( −5) = = 4; Slope at ( −5, 5)
(−5 + 4) 2
= x3 + 4 x − 1 + 3x3 − 6 x 2 + 4 x − 8
Tangent line: y − 5 = 4( x + 5) ⇒ y = 4 x + 25
= 4 x3 − 6 x 2 + 8 x − 9
8
f ′(1) = −3; Slope at (1, − 4) (b)
(− 5, 5)
Tangent line: y + 4 = −3( x − 1) ⇒ y = −3x − 1 −8 1
3
(b)
−6
−1 3
dy
(c) Graphing utility confirms = 4 at ( −5, 5).
(1, − 4)
dx
−6
dy
(c) Graphing utility confirms = −3 at (1, − 4).
dx

x −1 ⎛ 1⎞ 8
66. (a) f ( x) = , ⎜ 2, ⎟ 69. f ( x) = ; (2, 1)
x +1 ⎝ 3⎠ x + 4
2
f ′( x) =
( x + 1)(1) − ( x − 1)(1) =
2
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 4)(0) − 8( 2 x)
=
−16 x
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 4) (x + 4)
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 ⎛ 1⎞ −16( 2)
f ′( 2) = Slope at ⎜ 2, ⎟
; 1
9 ⎝ 3⎠ f ′( 2) = = −
(4 + 4)
2
2
1 2 2 1
Tangent line: y − = ( x − 2) ⇒ y = x − 1
3 9 9 9 y −1 = − ( x − 2)
(b) 4 2
1
(2, 13 ) y = − x + 2
−3
2
6
2y + x − 4 = 0
−4
27 ⎛ 3⎞
dy 2 ⎛ 1⎞ 70. f ( x) = ; ⎜ −3, ⎟
(c) Graphing utility confirms = at ⎜ 2, ⎟. x2 + 9 ⎝ 2⎠
dx 9 ⎝ 3⎠
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 9)(0) − 27( 2 x)
=
−54 x
⎛π ⎞
f ( x) = tan x, (x + 9) (x + 9)
2 2
2 2
67. (a) ⎜ , 1⎟
⎝4 ⎠
f ′( x) = sec2 x −54( −3) 1
f ′( −3) = =
(9 + 9)
2
2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
f ′⎜ ⎟ = 2; Slope at ⎜ , 1⎟
⎝4⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ 3 1
y − = ( x + 3)
⎛ π⎞ 2 2
Tangent line: y − 1 = 2⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ 1
y = x +3
π 2
y − 1 = 2x −
2 2y − x − 6 = 0
4x − 2 y − π + 2 = 0
16 x ⎛ 8⎞
f ( x) = ⎜ −2, − ⎟
4
(b) 71. ;
( (
π
,1
x + 16
2
⎝ 5⎠
4
−␲ ␲
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 16)(16) − 16 x( 2 x)
=
256 − 16 x 2
( x2 + 16) ( x2 + 16)
2 2
−4
256 − 16( 4) 12
(c) Graphing utility confirms
dy ⎛π ⎞
= 2 at ⎜ , 1⎟.
f ′( −2) = 2
=
20 25
dx ⎝4 ⎠
8 12
⎛π ⎞
y += ( x + 2)
68. (a) f ( x) = sec x, ⎜ , 2 ⎟ 5 25
⎝3 ⎠ 12 16
y = x −
f ′( x) = sec x tan x 25 25
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 25 y − 12 x + 16 = 0
f ′⎜ ⎟ = 2 3; Slope at ⎜ , 2 ⎟
⎝3⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
Tangent line:
⎛ π⎞
y − 2 = 2 3⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
6 3 x − 3 y + 6 − 2 3π = 0
6
(b)
( π3 , 2(
−␲ ␲
−2
dy ⎛π ⎞
(c) Graphing utility confirms = 2 3 at ⎜ , 2 ⎟.
dx ⎝3 ⎠

4x ⎛ 4 ⎞ x−4
72. f ( x) = ; ⎜ 2, ⎟ 76. f ( x) =
x + 6 ⎝ 5⎠
2 x2 − 7
( x2 + 6)( 4) − 4 x( 2 x) 24 − 4 x 2 f ′( x) =
( x 2 − 7)(1) − ( x − 4)(2 x)
f ′( x) = =
( x 2 − 7)
2
( x2 + 6) ( x2 + 6)
2 2
24 − 16 2 x2 − 7 − 2x2 + 8x
f ′( 2) = = =
( x 2 − 7)
2 2
10 25
4
y −=
2
( x − 2) = −
x2 − 8x + 7
= −
(x − 7)( x − 1)
(x − 7) ( x 2 − 7)
5 25 2
2 2
2 16
y = x +
25 25 1 1
f ′( x) = 0 for x = 1, 7; f (1) = , f ( 7) =
25 y − 2 x − 16 = 0 2 14
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
2x − 1 f has horizontal tangents at ⎜1, ⎟ and ⎜ 7, ⎟ .
73. f ( x) = = 2 x −1 − x −2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 14 ⎠
x2
2( − x + 1) x +1
f ′( x) = −2 x −2 + 2 x −3 = 77. f ( x) =
x3 x −1
f ′( x) = 0 when x = 1, and f (1) = 1. ( x − 1) − ( x + 1) −2
f ′( x) = =
Horizontal tangent at (1, 1). (x − 1) (x − 1)
2 2
1 1
x2 2 y + x = 6 ⇒ y = − x + 3; Slope: −
74. f ( x) = 2 2
x +1
2
−2 1
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 1)( 2 x) − ( x 2 )( 2 x)
(x − 1)
2
= −
2
( x2 + 1)
2
(x − 1) = 4
2
2x
= x − 1 = ±2
(x + 1)
2
2
x = −1, 3; f ( −1) = 0, f (3) = 2
f ′( x) = 0 when x = 0. 1 1 1
y −0 = − ( x + 1) ⇒ y = − x −
Horizontal tangent is at (0, 0). 2 2 2
1 1 7
y − 2 = − ( x − 3) ⇒ y = − x +
x2 2 2 2
75. f ( x) =
x −1 2y + x = 7
y
f (x) =
x+1
x−1
f ′( x) =
( x − 1)( 2 x) − x (1) 2 6
(x − 1)
2
(−1, 0)
(3, 2)
x2 − 2x x( x − 2) x
= = −6 −4 −2
−2
2 4 6
(x − 1) (x − 1)
2 2
−4
f ′( x) = 0 when x = 0 or x = 2.
−6 2y + x = −1
Horizontal tangents are at (0, 0) and ( 2, 4).

x x(cos x − 3) − (sin x − 3x)(1) x cos x − sin x

78. f ( x) = 80. f ′( x) = =
x −1 x2 x2
f ′( x) =
( x − 1) − x −1 x(cos x + 2) − (sin x + 2 x)(1) x cos x − sin x
= g ′( x) = =
(x − 1) (x − 1)
2 2
x2 x2
sin x + 2 x sin x − 3x + 5 x
Let ( x, y ) = ( x, x ( x − 1)) be a point of tangency on the g ( x) = = = f ( x) + 5
x x
graph of f.
f and g differ by a constant.
y x
(−1, 5) f(x) =
x−1
6 81. (a) p′( x) = f ′( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ′( x)
⎛ 1⎞
y = −x + 4
p′(1) = f ′(1) g (1) + f (1) g ′(1) = 1( 4) + 6⎜ − ⎟ = 1
y = −4x + 1
(2, 2) ⎝ 2⎠
x g ( x) f ′( x) − f ( x) g ′( x)
−4 −2 2 4 (b) q′( x) =
g ( x)
2
−2 ( 1
2
, −1 )
3( −1) − 7(0) 1
5 − ( x ( x − 1)) −1 q′( 4) = = −
= 32 3
−1 − x (x − 1)
2
4x − 5 1 82. (a) p′( x ) = f ′( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ′( x)

=
( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 1)2 1
p′( 4) = (8) + 1(0) = 4
(4 x − 5)( x − 1) = x + 1 2
4 x − 10 x + 4 = 0 g ( x) f ′( x) − f ( x) g ′( x)
(b) q′( x) =
2
g ( x)
2
1
(x − 2)( 2 x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = ,2
2 4( 2) − 4( −1) 12 3
q′(7) = = =
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 4 2
16 4
f ⎜ ⎟ = −1, f ( 2) = 2; f ′⎜ ⎟ = −4, f ′( 2) = −1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
83. Area = A(t ) = (6t + 5) t = 6t 3 2 + 5t1 2
Two tangent lines:
5 −1 2 18t + 5
⎛ 1⎞ A′(t ) = 9t1 2 + t = cm 2 /sec
y + 1 = −4⎜ x − ⎟ ⇒ y = −4 x + 1 2 2 t
⎝ 2⎠
y − 2 = −1( x − 2) ⇒ y = −x + 4 ⎛1 ⎞
84. V = π r 2 h = π (t + 2)⎜ t⎟
⎝2 ⎠
79. f ′( x) =
(x + 2)3 − 3x(1)
=
6
= (t 3 2 + 2t1 2 )π
1
(x + 2) ( x + 2)
2 2
2
g ′( x) =
(x + 2)5 − (5 x + 4)(1) 6
1⎛ 3 1 2 3t + 2
= −1 2 ⎞
(x + 2)
2
(x + 2)
2 V ′(t ) = ⎜ t + t ⎟π = π in.3 /sec
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 4t1 2
5x + 4 3x 2x + 4
g ( x) = = + = f ( x) + 2
(x + 2) ( x + 2) ( x + 2)
f and g differ by a constant.
⎛ 200 x ⎞
85. C = 100⎜ 2 + ⎟, 1 ≤ x
⎝ x x + 30 ⎠
dC ⎛ 400 30 ⎞
= 100⎜ − 3 + ⎟
dx ⎜ x 2⎟
( x + 30) ⎠
⎝
dC
(a) When x = 10: = −$38.13 thousand 100 components
dx
dC
(b) When x = 15: = −$10.37 thousand 100 components
dx
dC
(c) When x = 20: = −$3.80 thousand 100 components
dx
As the order size increases, the cost per item decreases.

k
86. P =
V
dP k
= − 2
dV V
⎡ 4t ⎤
87. P(t ) = 500 ⎢1 +
⎣ 50 + t 2 ⎥⎦
P′(t ) = 500 ⎢
( )
⎡ 50 + t 2 ( 4) − ( 4t )( 2t ) ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤ ⎡
⎥ = 500 ⎢ 200 − 4t ⎥ = 2000 ⎢ 50 − t ⎥
2 ⎤
⎢
(50 + t 2 ) ⎥
⎣( )⎦
⎢ 50 + t 2 2 ⎥
⎣( )⎦
⎢ 50 + t 2 2 ⎥
2
⎣ ⎦
P′( 2) ≈ 31.55 bacteria/h
Gm1m2
88. F = = Gm1m2 d −2
d2
dF −2 Gm1m2
= F ′( d ) =
dd d3
1
89. (a) sec x =
cos x
d d ⎡ 1 ⎤ (cos x)(0) − (1)(−sin x) = sin x = 1 ⋅ sin x = sec x tan x
[sec x] = ⎢ ⎥ =
dx dx ⎣ cos x⎦ (cos x)2 cos x cos x cos x cos x
1
(b) csc x =
sin x
d d ⎡ 1 ⎤ (sin x)(0) − (1)(cos x) = − cos x = − 1 ⋅ cos x = −csc x cot x
[csc x] = ⎢ ⎥ =
dx dx ⎣ sin x ⎦ (sin x)2 sin x sin x sin x sin x
cos x
(c) cot x =
sin x
d d ⎡ cos x ⎤ sin x( −sin x) − (cos x)(cos x ) sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1
[cot x] = ⎢ ⎥ = = − = − 2 = −csc 2 x
dx dx ⎣ sin x ⎦ (sin x) 2
sin 2 x sin x
90. f ( x) = sec x
g ( x) = csc x, [0, 2π )
f ′( x) = g ′( x)
1 sin x
⋅
sec x tan x cos x cos x sin 3 x
sec x tan x = −csc x cot x ⇒ = −1 ⇒ = −1 ⇒ 3
= −1 ⇒ tan 3 x = −1 ⇒ tan x = −1
csc x cot x 1 cos x cos x
⋅
sin x sin x
3π 7π
x = ,
4 4

91. (a) Using a graphing utility, 95. f ( x) = 4 x3 2

q(t ) = −0.0546t + 2.529t − 36.89t + 186.6
3 2
f ′( x) = 6 x1 2
v(t ) = 0.0796t − 2.162t + 15.32t + 5.9.
3 2
3
f ′′( x) = 3 x −1 2 =
(b) 30 x
q(t)
32
96. f ( x) = x +
x2
64
8
0
16
f ′( x) = 1 − 3
x
192
f ′′( x) = 4
35
v(t) x
x
97. f ( x) =
8 16 x −1
( x − 1)(1) − x(1)
0
−1
f ′( x) = =
v (t ) 0.0796t 3 − 2.162t 2 + 15.32t + 5.9
(x − 1)
2
(x − 1)
2
(c) A = =
q(t ) −0.0546t 3 + 2.529t 2 − 36.89t + 186.6 f ′′( x) =
2
(x − 1)
3
2
x2 + 2x − 1 1
98. f ( x) = = x + 2−
x x
1
8
0
16
f ′( x) = 1 + 2
x
2
A represents the average value (in billions of dollars) f ′′( x) = − 3
per one million personal computers. x
(d) A′(t ) represents the rate of change of the average
99. f ( x) = x sin x
value per one million personal computers for the
given year t. f ′( x) = x cos x + sin x
f ′′( x) = x( −sin x) + cos x + cos x
r
92. (a) sin θ = = − x sin x + 2 cos x
r + h
r + h = r csc θ
100. f ( x) = sec x
h = r csc θ − r = r (csc θ − 1)
f ′( x) = sec x tan x
h′(θ ) = r ( −csc θ ⋅ cot θ )
f ′′( x) = sec x(sec 2 x) + tan x(sec x tan x)
(b)
⎛π ⎞
h′(30°) = h′⎜ ⎟ = sec x(sec 2 x + tan 2 x)
⎝6⎠
= −3960 2 ⋅ ( )
3 = −7920 3 mi/rad
101. f ′( x) = x 2
f ′′( x) = 2 x
93. f ( x) = x 4 + 2 x3 − 3 x 2 − x
f ′( x) = 4 x3 + 6 x 2 − 6 x − 1 102. f ′′( x) = 2 − 2 x −1
f ′′( x) = 12 x + 12 x − 6
2
2
f ′′′( x) = 2 x −2 =
x2
94. f ( x) = 8 x 6 − 10 x5 + 5 x3
f ′( x) = 48 x5 − 50 x 4 + 15 x 2 103. f ′′′( x) = 2 x
1 1
f ′′( x) = 240 x 4 − 200 x 3 + 30 x f ( 4) ( x ) = ( 2) x −1 2 =
2 x

104. f (4) ( x) = 2 x + 1 110. The graph of a differentiable function f such that

f > 0 and f ′ < 0 for all real numbers x would, in
f (5) ( x) = 2 general, look like the graph below.
f ( 6) ( x ) = 0 y
105. f ( x ) = 2 g ( x ) + h( x )
f ′( x) = 2 g ′( x) + h′( x)
f ′( 2) = 2 g ′( 2) + h′( 2)
f
= 2( −2) + 4 x
= 0
106. f ( x ) = 4 − h( x ) 111. y It appears that f is cubic, so

f ′( x) = − h′( x)
f′
2
f ′ would be quadratic and
f ′′ would be linear.
f ′( 2) = − h′( 2) = −4 1 f
x
−2 −1 1 2
g ( x)
107. f ( x) =
h( x )
h( x) g ′( x) − g ( x )h′( x) f″
f ′( x) =
⎡⎣h( x )⎤⎦
2
y
112. It appears that f is quadratic
h( 2) g ′( 2) − g ( 2)h′( 2)
f ′( 2) = 3 f′ f so f ′ would be linear and
⎡⎣h( 2)⎤⎦
2
f ′′ f ′′ would be constant.
=
(−1)(−2) − (3)(4) x
( −1)2 −2 −1
−1
2 3 4
= −10 −2
108. f ( x ) = g ( x ) h( x )
f ′( x) = g ( x)h′( x) + h( x) g ′( x) y
113.
f ′( 2) = g ( 2)h′( 2) + h( 2) g ′( 2) f′
4
3
= (3)( 4) + ( −1)( −2) 2
1
= 14 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
f″
109. The graph of a differentiable function f such that −3
f ( 2) = 0, f ′ < 0 for −∞ < x < 2, and f ′ > 0 for

−4
−5
2 < x < ∞ would, in general, look like the graph

y
below. 114.
y f ′′
3
f′
4 2
3 1
2 x
−4 −3 −1
1 −1
x
1 2 3 4
y
115.
One such function is f ( x) = ( x − 2) .
2
f′ f″
1
x
π 2π
−1 2
−2
−3
−4

y
116. 100t
118. v(t ) =
2 2t + 15
1
f ′′ f′ a(t ) = v′(t ) =
( 2t + 15)(100) − (100t )(2) =
1500
(2t + 15) ( 2t + 15)
2 2
x
π π
2
1500
(a) a(5) = = 2.4 ft/sec 2
⎣⎡2(5) + 15⎤⎦
2
117. v(t ) = 36 − t 2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 6
1500
(b) a(10) = ≈ 1.2 ft/sec 2
⎡⎣2(10) + 15⎤⎦
2
a(t ) = v′(t ) = −2t
v(3) = 27 m/sec 1500
(c) a( 20) = ≈ 0.5 ft/sec 2
⎣⎡2( 20) + 15⎤⎦
2
a(3) = −6 m/sec 2
The speed of the object is decreasing.
119. s(t ) = −8.25t 2 + 66t

v(t ) = s′(t ) = 16.50t + 66
a(t ) = v′(t ) = −16.50
t(sec) 0 1 2 3 4
s(t) (ft) 0 57.75 99 123.75 132
v(t ) = s′(t ) (ft/sec) 66 49.5 33 16.5 0
a(t ) = v′(t ) (ft/sec 2
) –16.5 –16.5 –16.5 –16.5 –16.5
Average velocity on:

57.75 − 0
[0, 1] is = 57.75
1−0
99 − 57.75
[1, 2] is = 41.25
2 −1
123.75 − 99
[2, 3] is = 24.75
3−2
132 − 123.75
[3, 4] is = 8.25
4−3
y
120. (a)
16
12
8
s
4 v
t
−1 1 4 5 6 7
s position function
v velocity function
a acceleration function
(b) The speed of the particle is the absolute value of its velocity. So, the particle’s speed is slowing
down on the intervals (0, 4 3) and (8 3, 4) and it speeds up on the intervals ( 4 3, 8 3) and ( 4, 6).
16
t= 8
12 3 v
8
speed
4
t
1 3 5 6 7
−4
−8
− 12 t=4
− 16 t= 4
3

121. f ( x) = x n
f (n) ( x) = n( n − 1)( n − 2) ( 2)(1) = n!
Note: n! = n( n − 1) 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ( read "n factorial")
1
122. f ( x) =
x
(−1) ( n)( n − 1)( n − 2) (2)(1) (−1)
n n
n!
f ( n) ( x ) = =
x n +1 x n +1
123. f ( x) = g ( x)h( x)
(a) f ′( x) = g ( x)h′( x) + h( x) g ′( x)
f ′′( x) = g ( x)h′′( x) + g ′( x)h′( x) + h( x) g ′′( x) + h′( x) g ′( x)
= g ( x)h′′( x) + 2 g ′( x)h′( x) + h( x) g ′′( x)
f ′′′( x) = g ( x)h′′′( x) + g ′( x)h′′( x) + 2 g ′( x) h′′( x) + 2 g ′′( x) h′( x) + h( x) g ′′′( x) + h′( x) g ′′( x)
= g ( x)h′′′( x) + 3 g ′( x)h′′( x) + 3 g ′′( x)h′( x) + g ′′′( x)h( x)
f (4) ( x) = g ( x)h(4) ( x) + g ′( x)h′′′( x) + 3 g ′( x)h′′′( x) + 3 g ′′( x)h′′( x) + 3 g ′′( x)h′′( x) + 3 g ′′′( x)h′( x)
+ g ′′′( x)h′( x) + g (4) ( x)h( x)
= g ( x)h(4) ( x) + 4 g ′( x)h′′′( x) + 6 g ′′( x)h′′( x) + 4 g ′′′( x)h′( x) + g (4) ( x)h( x)
n( n − 1)( n − 2) (2)(1) g ′ x h(n −1) x + n( n − 1)(n − 2) ( 2)(1) g ′′ x h(n − 2) x
(b) f (n) ( x) = g ( x)h(n) ( x) + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1⎡⎣( n − 1)( n − 2) (2)(1)⎤⎦ (2)(1)⎡⎣(n − 2)(n − 3) (2)(1)⎤⎦
n( n − 1)( n − 2) ( 2)(1)
+ g ′′′( x)h(n − 3) ( x) +
(3)(2)(1)⎡⎣(n − 3)(n − 4) (2)(1)⎤⎦
n( n − 1)( n − 2) ( 2)(1) (n −1)
+ g ( x)h′( x) + g (n) ( x)h( x)
⎡⎣( n − 1)( n − 2) ( 2)(1)⎤⎦ (1)
n! n!
= g ( x ) h ( n) ( x ) + g ′( x)h(n −1) ( x) + g ′′( x)h(n − 2) ( x) +
1!( n − 1)! 2!( n − 2)!
n!
+ g (n −1) ( x)h′( x) + g (n) ( x)h( x)
(n − 1)!1!
Note: n! = n( n − 1) 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 (read "n factorial")
124. ⎡⎣ xf ( x)⎤⎦′ = xf ′( x) + f ( x)
′′
⎣⎡ xf ( x)⎦⎤ = xf ′′( x) + f ′( x) + f ′( x) = xf ′′( x) + 2 f ′( x)
⎡⎣ xf ( x)⎤⎦′′′ = xf ′′′( x) + f ′′( x) + 2 f ′′( x) = xf ′′′( x) + 3 f ′′( x)

( n)
In general, ⎡⎣ xf ( x)⎤⎦ = xf (n) ( x) + nf (n −1) ( x).
125. f ( x) = x n sin x
f ′( x) = x n cos x + nx n −1 sin x
When n = 1: f ′( x) = x cos x + sin x
When n = 2: f ′( x) = x 2 cos x + 2 sin x

When n = 3: f ′( x) = x3 cos x + 3 x 2 sin x
When n = 4: f ′( x) = x 4 cos x + 4 x3 sin x
For general n, f ′( x) = x n cos x + nx n −1 sin x.

cos x 133. True

126. f ( x) = = x − n cos x
xn h′(c) = f (c) g ′(c) + g (c ) f ′(c)
f ′( x) = − x − n sin x − nx − n −1 cos x = f (c)(0) + g (c)(0)
= − x − n −1 ( x sin x + n cos x) = 0
x sin x + n cos x
= − 134. True
x n +1
x sin x + cos x 135. True
When n = 1: f ′( x) = −
x2
136. True. If v(t ) = c then a(t ) = v′(t ) = 0.
x sin x + 2 cos x
When n = 2: f ′( x ) = −
x3
137. f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
x sin x + 3 cos x
When n = 3: f ′( x) = − f ′( x) = 2ax + b
x4
x sin x + 4 cos x x-intercept at (1, 0): 0 = a + b + c
When n = 4: f ′( x ) = −
x5
(2, 7) on graph: 7 = 4a + 2b + c
x sin x + n cos x
For general n, f ′( x ) = − . Slope 10 at ( 2, 7): 10 = 4a + b
x n +1
Subtracting the third equation from the second,
1 1 2 −3 = b + c. Subtracting this equation from the first,
127. y = , y′ = − 2 , y′′ = 3
x x x 3 = a. Then, 10 = 4(3) + b ⇒ b = −2. Finally,
⎡2⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
x 3 y′′ + 2 x 2 y′ = x3 ⎢ 3 ⎥ + 2 x 2 ⎢− 2 ⎥ = 2 − 2 = 0 −3 = ( −2) + c ⇒ c = −1.
⎣x ⎦ ⎣ x ⎦
f ( x) = 3x 2 − 2 x − 1
128. y = 2 x3 − 6 x + 10
y′ = 6 x 2 − 6 138. f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , a ≠ 0
y′′ = 12 x f ′( x) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
y′′′ = 12
−2b ± 4b 2 − 12ac
− y′′′ − xy′′ − 2 y′ = –12 − x(12 x) − 2(6 x 2 − 6) = − 24 x 2 f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ x =
6a
(a) No horizontal tangents: f ′( x) ≠ 0
129. y = 2 sin x + 3
y′ = 2 cos x 4b 2 − 12ac < 0
y′′ = −2 sin x Example: a = c = 1, b = 0:
y′′ + y = −2 sin x + ( 2 sin x + 3) = 3 f ( x) = x3 + x
130. y = 3 cos x + sin x (b) Exactly one horizontal tangent 4b 2 − 12ac = 0

y′ = −3 sin x + cos x Example: a = 1, b = 3, c = 3:
y′′ = −3 cos x − sin x
f ( x) = x3 + 3x 2 + 3x
y′′ + y = ( −3 cos x − sin x) + (3 cos x + sin x) = 0
(c) Exactly two horizontal tangents
131. False. If y = f ( x) g ( x), then 4b 2 − 12ac > 0
dy Example: b = 1, a = 1, c = 0:
= f ( x ) g ′( x) + g ( x) f ′( x ).
dx
f ( x) = x3 + x 2
132. True. y is a fourth-degree polynomial.
dny
= 0 when n > 4.
dx n

⎪⎧x , if x ≥ 0
2
139. f ( x) = x x = ⎨ 2
⎪⎩− x , if x < 0
⎧2 x, if x ≥ 0⎫
f ′( x) = ⎨ ⎬ = 2 x
⎩−2 x, if x < 0⎭
⎧2, if x > 0
f ′′( x) = ⎨
⎩−2, if x < 0
f ′′(0) does not exist since the left and right derivatives are not equal.
140. (a) ( fg ′ − f g′ )′ = fg ′′ + f ′g ′ − f ′g ′ − f ′′g

= fg ′′ − f ′′g True
(b) ( fg )′′ = ( fg ′ + f ′g )′
= fg ′′ + f g′ ′ + f g′ ′ + f ′′g
= fg ′′ + 2 f ′g ′ + f ′′g
≠ fg ′′ + f ′′g False
⎡( f ( x) g ( x))h( x)⎦⎤
d d
141. ⎡ f ( x) g ( x)h( x)⎤⎦ =
dx ⎣ dx ⎣
d
= ⎡ f ( x) g ( x)⎤⎦ h( x) + f ( x) g ( x)h′( x )
dx ⎣
= ⎡⎣ f ( x) g ′( x) + g ( x) f ′( x)⎤⎦ h( x) + f ( x) g ( x)h′( x)
= f ′( x) g ( x)h( x) + f ( x) g ′( x)h( x) + f ( x) g ( x)h′( x)
Section 2.4 The Chain Rule

y = f ( g ( x)) u = g ( x) y = f (u )
1. y = (5 x − 8)
4
u = 5x − 8 y = u4
1
2. y = u = x +1 y = u −1 2
x +1
3. y = x3 − 7 u = x3 − 7 y = u
4. y = 3 tan (π x 2 ) u = π x2 y = 3 tan u
5. y = csc3 x u = csc x y = u3
5x 5x
6. y = sin u = y = sin u
2 2
7. y = ( 4 x − 1) 9. g ( x) = 3( 4 − 9 x)
3 4
y′ = 3( 4 x − 1) ( 4) = 12( 4 x − 1) g ′( x) = 12( 4 − 9 x) ( −9) = −108( 4 − 9 x)

2 2 3 3
8. y = 2(6 − x 2 ) f (t ) = (9t + 2)
5 23
10.
y′ = 2(5)(6 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) = −20 x(6 − x 2 )

2 6
f ′(t ) = (9t + 2)−1 3 (9) =
4 4
3 3
9t + 2

Section 2.4 The Chain Rule 149
f (t ) = 5 − t = (5 − t )
12 5
11. 20. y = −
(t + 3)
3
1 −1
f ′(t ) = (5 − t )−1 2 (−1) =
y = −5(t + 3)
−3
2 2 5−t
15
y′ = 15(t + 3)
−4
12. g ( x) = 9 − 4 x = (9 − 4 x )
12
=
(t + 3)
4
1 −2
g ′( x) = (9 − 4 x) ( −4) =
−1 2
2 9 − 4x 21. y = ( x + 2)
−1 2
6 x 2 + 1 = (6 x 2 + 1)
dy 1
= − ( x + 2)
13 −3 2
13. y = 3
dx 2
(6 x + 1) (12 x) = 2 4 x 2 3 =
1 2 −2 3 4x
y′ = = −
1
3 (6 x + 1) 3
(6 x2 + 1)
2
2( x + 2)
32
1
= −
14. g ( x) = (x − 1) (x + 2)
2
x − 2x + 1 = = x −1
2 3
2
⎧1, x >1
g ′( x) = ⎨ 1
⎩−1, x < 1 22. g (t ) =
t2 − 2
15. y = 2 4 9 − x 2 = 2(9 − x 2 ) g (t ) = (t 2 − 2)
14 −1 2
⎛1⎞
( t − 2) ( 2t )
−3 2
y′ = 2⎜ ⎟(9 − x 2 ) ( −2 x)
1 2
g ′(t ) = −
−3 4
⎝ 4⎠ 2
−x −x t t
= = = − = −
(t − 2) (t − 2)
32
( )
3
(9 − x 2 )
34 2
− 2 3 2
9 x 4
f ( x) = x 2 ( x − 2)
4
16. f ( x) = −3 4 2 − 9 x 23.
f ( x) = −3( 2 − 9 x ) f ′( x) = x 2 ⎡4( x − 2) (1)⎤ + ( x − 2) ( 2 x)

14 3 4
⎣ ⎦
f ′( x) = −
3
(2 − 9 x) (−9)
−3 4
= 2 x( x − 2) ⎡⎣2 x + ( x − 2)⎤⎦
3
4
= 2 x ( x − 2) ( 3 x − 2 )
3
27 27
= =
4( 2 − 9 x )
34
4 4 (2 − 9 x)
3
f ( x ) = x ( 3 x − 9)
3
24.
17. y = ( x − 2) f ′( x) = x ⎡3(3x − 9) (3)⎤ + (3x − 9) (1)

−1 2 3
⎣ ⎦
−1
y′ = −1( x − 2) (1) = (3 x − 9) [9 x + 3 x − 9]
−2 2
=
(x − 2)
2
= 27( x − 3) ( 4 x − 3)
2
1
18. s(t ) =
25. y = x 1 − x 2 = x(1 − x 2 )
12
t 2 + 3t − 1
s(t ) = (t 2 + 3t − 1)
−1
⎡1 ⎤
y′ = x ⎢ (1 − x 2 ) ( −2 x)⎥ + (1 − x 2 ) (1)
−1 2 12
−( 2t + 3) ⎣2 ⎦
s′(t ) = −1(t 2 + 3t − 1)
−2
(2t + 3) =
(t + 3t − 1) = − x 2 (1 − x 2 ) + (1 − x 2 )
2 −1 2 12
2
= (1 − x 2 ) ⎡− x 2 + (1 − x 2 )⎤
−1 2
19. f (t ) = (t − 3)
−2 ⎣ ⎦
1 − 2x2
−2 =
f ′(t ) = −2(t − 3) (1) =
−3
1 − x2
(t − 3)
3

2
26. y =
1 2
x 16 − x 2 ⎛ x +5⎞
2 29. g ( x) = ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ x + 2⎠
1 ⎛1 ⎞
y′ = x 2 ⎜ (16 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) ⎟ + x(16 − x 2 )
−1 2 12
⎛ x + 5 ⎞⎜ ( x + 2) − ( x + 5)( 2 x) ⎟
⎛ 2 ⎞
2 ⎝2 ⎠ g ′( x) = 2⎜ 2 ⎟
− x(3x 2 − 32) ⎝ x + 2 ⎠⎜⎜ ( x2 + 2) ⎟⎟
2
− x3 ⎝ ⎠
= + x 16 − x 2 =
2 16 − x 2 2 16 − x 2 2( x + 5)( 2 − 10 x − x 2 )
=
( x2 + 2)
3
x x
27. y = =
( x2 + 1) −2( x + 5)( x 2 + 10 x − 2)
−1 2
x2 + 1
=
( x2 + 2)
3
(x + 1) (1) − x⎛⎜ ⎞⎟( x 2 + 1) (2 x)

12 1 −1 2
2
y′ = ⎝ 2⎠
⎢⎣( ) ⎥⎦
⎡ x2 + 1 1 2 ⎤ 2 ⎛ t2 ⎞
2
30. h(t ) = ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝t + 2⎠
( x2 + 1) − x 2 ( x 2 + 1)
12 −1 2
⎛ t 2 ⎞⎜ (t + 2)( 2t ) − t (3t ) ⎟
= ⎛ 3 2 2 ⎞
x2 + 1 h′(t ) = 2⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ t + 2 ⎠⎜⎜ ( t 3 + 2) ⎟⎟
2
( x2 + 1)
−1 2
⎡⎣ x 2 + 1 − x 2 ⎤⎦ ⎝ ⎠
=
x2 + 1 2t 2 ( 4t − t 4 ) 2t 3 ( 4 − t 3 )
= =
1 1
(t 3 + 2) ( t 3 + 2)
3 3
= =
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
32 2
2 2
3
⎛ 1 − 2v ⎞
31. f (v ) = ⎜ ⎟
28. y =
x ⎝1+ v⎠
x4 + 4 2⎛
⎛ 1 − 2v ⎞
f ′(v) = 3⎜ ⎜
(1 + v)( −2) − (1 − 2v ) ⎞
⎟
⎟
(x + 4) (1) − x ( x 4 + 4) (4 x3 )
12 1 −1 2
4
⎝1+ v ⎠ ⎜ (1 + v)
2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
y′ = 2
x4 + 4 −9(1 − 2v)
2
x + 4 − 2x
4 4
4− x 4
4− x 4 =
(1 + v)
4
= = =
( x 4 + 4) ( x 4 + 4) ( x4 + 4)
32 32 3
3
⎛ 3x 2 − 2 ⎞
32. g ( x) = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2x + 3 ⎠
⎛ 3x 2 − 2 ⎞
2
⎛ ( 2 x + 3)(6 x) − (3 x 2 − 2)( 2) ⎞
g ′( x) = 3⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2x + 3 ⎠ ⎜ (2 x + 3) ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
3(3x 2 − 2) (6 x 2 + 18 x + 4)
2
=
(2 x + 3)
4
6(3 x 2 − 2) (3 x 2 + 9 x + 2)
2
=
(2 x + 3)
4
(( x + 3) + x)
2
f ( x) =
5
2
33.
f ′( x) = 2(( x + 3) + x)(5( x + 3) ( 2 x) + 1 )
5 4
2 2
= 2 ⎡10 x( x 2 + 3) + ( x 2 + 3) + 10 x 2 ( x 2 + 3) + x⎤ = 20 x( x 2 + 3) + 2( x 2 + 3) + 20 x 2 ( x 2 + 3) + 2 x
9 5 4 9 5 4
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
(
34. g ( x) = 2 + ( x 2 + 1) )
4 3
(
g ′( x) = 3 2 + ( x 2 + 1)
4 2
) (4( x 2
) (
+ 1) ( 2 x) = 24 x( x 2 + 1) 2 + ( x 2 + 1)
3 3
)
4 2

35. f ( x) = 2+ 2+ x 40. g ( x ) = x −1+ x +1

1 1
12
g ′( x ) = +
= ⎡2 + ( 2 + x1 2 ) ⎤
12
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ 2 x −1 2 x +1
1 2 −1 2 ⎡ 1 −1 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ g ′ has no zeros.
2 + ( 2 + x1 2 ) ⎤ ⎢ ( 2 + x1 2 ) ⎜ x −1 2 ⎟⎥
1⎡
f ′( x) =
⎢
2⎣ ⎥
⎦ ⎣2 ⎝2 ⎠⎦ 6
1 g
=
8 x 2+ x 2+ 2+ x g′
−2 10
12 −2
36. g (t ) = t + 1 + 1 = ⎡(t + 1) + 1⎤
12
⎣ ⎦
cos π x + 1
(t + 1) + 1⎦⎤ ⎢⎡ (t + 1) ⎥⎤
1⎡ −1 2 1
g ′(t ) =
12 −1 2 41. y =
2 ⎣ ⎣2 ⎦ x
dy −π x sin π x − cos π x − 1
=
1 =
dx x2
4 t +1 t +1+1
π x sin π x + cos π x + 1
= −
x2
x +1
37. y = The zeros of y′ correspond to the points on the graph of
x +12
y where the tangent lines are horizontal.

1 − 3x 2 − 4 x3 2
y′ = 3
x ( x 2 + 1)
2
2 y
The zero of y′ corresponds to the point on the graph of y −5 5
where the tangent line is horizontal. y′
2 −3
y
1
−1 5 42. y = x 2 tan
y′
x
dy 1 1
−2
= 2 x tan − sec 2
dx x x
The zeros of y′ correspond to the points on the graph of
2x
38. y = y where the tangent lines are horizontal.
x +1
6
1
y′ =
2 x ( x + 1)
32 y
−4 5
y′ has no zeros.
y′
7 −6
y
43. (a) y = sin x
y′ y′ = cos x
−6 6
y′(0) = 1
−1
1 cycle in [0, 2π ]
x +1 y = sin 2 x
39. y = (b)
x
y′ = 2 cos 2 x
( x + 1) x y′(0) = 2
y′ = −
2 x( x + 1)
2 cycles in [0, 2π ]
y′ has no zeros.
The slope of sin ax at the origin is a.
4
−5 4
y′
−2

44. (a) y = sin 3 x 52. g (θ ) = sec 12θ tan 12θ

y′ = 3 cos 3 x
( ) ( ) 12 + tan( 12θ ) sec( 12θ ) tan( 12θ ) 12
g ′(θ ) = sec 12θ sec 2 12θ
y′(0) = 3
= 12 sec( 12θ ) ⎡sec ( 12θ ) + tan ( 12θ )⎤
2 2
3 cycles in [0, 2π ] ⎣ ⎦
⎛ x⎞ f ( x) =
cot x
=
cos x
(b) y = sin ⎜ ⎟ 53.
⎝ 2⎠ sin x sin 2 x
⎛1⎞ ⎛ x⎞ sin 2 x( −sin x) − cos x( 2 sin x cos x)
y′ = ⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟ f ′( x) =
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ sin 4 x
y′(0) =
1 −sin 2 x − 2 cos 2 x −1 − cos 2 x
= =
2 sin 3 x sin 3 x
Half cycle in [0, 2π ]
cos v
The slope of sin ax at the origin is a. 54. g (v) = = cos v ⋅ sin v
csc v
45. y = cos 4 x g ′(v) = cos v(cos v) + sin v( −sin v)
dy
= −4 sin 4 x = cos 2 v − sin 2 v = cos 2v
dx
55. y = 4 sec 2 x
46. y = sin π x
y′ = 8 sec x ⋅ sec x tan x = 8 sec 2 x tan x
dy
= π cos π x
dx
56. g (t ) = 5 cos 2 π t = 5(cos π t )
2
47. g ( x ) = 5 tan 3 x g ′(t ) = 10 cos π t ( −sin π t )(π )

g ′( x ) = 15 sec 2 3 x = −10π (sin π t )(cos π t )
= −5π sin 2π t
48. h( x) = sec( x 2 )
h′( x) = 2 x sec( x 2 ) tan ( x 2 ) f (θ ) = tan 2 5θ = ( tan 5θ )

2
57.
f ′(θ ) = 2( tan 5θ )(sec 2 5θ )5 = 10 tan 5θ sec 2 5θ
49. y = sin (π x ) = sin (π 2 x 2 )
2
58. g (θ ) = cos 2 8θ = (cos 8θ )

2
y′ = cos(π 2 x 2 ) ⎡⎣2π 2 x⎤⎦ = 2π 2 x cos(π 2 x 2 )
g ′(θ ) = 2(cos 8θ )( −sin 8θ )8 = −16 cos 8θ sin 8θ
= 2π 2 x cos(π x)
2
f (θ ) = sin 2 2θ = (sin 2θ )
1 1 2
( )
59.
50. y = cos(1 − 2 x) = cos (1 − 2 x)
2 2 4 4
f ′(θ ) = 2 ( 14 )(sin 2θ )(cos 2θ )(2)

y′ = −sin (1 − 2 x) ( 2(1 − 2 x)( −2))
2
= sin 2θ cos 2θ = 1
2
sin 4θ
= 4(1 − 2 x) sin (1 − 2 x)
2
60. h(t ) = 2 cot 2 (π t + 2)

51. h( x) = sin 2 x cos 2 x
h′(t ) = 4 cot (π t + 2)( −csc 2 (π t + 2)(π ))
h′( x) = sin 2 x( −2 sin 2 x) + cos 2 x( 2 cos 2 x )
= −4π cot (π t + 2) csc 2 (π t + 2)
= 2 cos 2 2 x − 2 sin 2 2 x
= 2 cos 4 x
61. f (t ) = 3sec 2 (π t − 1)
Alternate solution: h( x ) = 1
2
sin 4 x f ′(t ) = 6 sec(π t − 1) sec(π t − 1) tan (π t − 1)(π )
h′( x ) = 1
cos 4 x( 4) = 2 cos 4 x 6π sin (π t − 1)
2
= 6π sec 2 (π t − 1) tan (π t − 1) =
cos3 (π t − 1)

y = 3x − 5 cos(π x) = 3x − 5 cos(π 2 x 2 ) 64. y = sin x1/3 + (sin x)

2 1/3
62.
⎛1 ⎞ 1
= 3 + 5 sin (π 2 x 2 )( 2π 2 x) = 3 + 10π 2 x sin (π x)
dy
y′ = cos x1/3 ⎜ x −2/3 ⎟ + (sin x) cos x
2 −2/3
dx ⎝3 ⎠ 3
1 ⎡ cos x1/3 cos x ⎤
sin ( 2 x) = x + sin ( 4 x 2 ) = ⎢ 2/3 + ⎥
1 2 1
63. y = x +
4 4 3⎢ x
⎣ (sin x)2/3 ⎥⎦
+ cos( 4 x )(8 x) =
dy 1 1 1
= x −1/2 + 2 x cos( 2 x)
2 2
dx 2 4 2 x 65. y = sin ( tan 2 x)

y′ = cos( tan 2 x)(sec 2 2 x)( 2) = 2 cos( tan 2 x) sec2 2 x
66. y = cos sin ( tan π x)
−π sin sin ( tan π x) cos( tan π x) sec 2 π x

( sin ( tan π x)) cos( tan π x) sec 2 π x(π ) =
1 −1/2
y′ = −sin sin ( tan π x) ⋅
2 2 sin ( tan π x)
67. s(t ) = (t 2 + 6t − 2) , (3, 5) 3t + 2

1/ 2
71. f (t ) = , (0, − 2)
t −1
( ) (2t + 6)
1 2 −1/ 2
s′(t ) = t + 6t − 2
f ′(t ) =
(t − 1)(3) − (3t + 2)(1) =
−5
2
t +3 (t − 1)
2
(t − 1)
2
=
t 2 + 6t − 2 f ′(0) = −5
6
s′(3) = x +1
5 72. f ( x) = , ( 2, 3)
2x − 3
68. y = (3 x 3 + 4 x ) ,
1/5
( 2, 2) f ′( x) = −
(2 x − 3)(1) − ( x + 1)(2) = −5
(2 x − 3) 2
(2 x − 3)2
( 3 x + 4 x) (9 x 2 + 4)
1 3 −4/5
y′ =
5 f ′( 2) = −5
9x + 4
2
=
5(3 x3 + 4 x)
4/5 73. y = 26 − sec3 4 x, (0, 25)
y′ = −3 sec 2 4 x sec 4 x tan 4 x 4
1
y′( 2) = = −12 sec3 4 x tan 4 x
2
y′(0) = 0
⎛ 1⎞
= 5( x 3 − 2) , ⎜ −2, − ⎟
5 −1
69. f ( x) = 3
x − 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 1 ⎛π 2 ⎞
74. y = + cos x , ⎜ , ⎟
−15 x 2 ⎝2 π⎠
f ′( x ) = −5( x − 2) (3x )
−2 x
3 2
=
( x 3 − 2)
2
1 sin x
y′ = − 2 −
x 2 cos x
60 3
f ′( −2) = − = −
100 5 y′(π /2) is undefined.
⎛ 1⎞
= ( x 2 − 3 x) , ⎜ 4, ⎟
1 −2
70. f ( x) =
( x2 − 3x) ⎝ 16 ⎠
2
−2( 2 x − 3)
f ′( x) = −2( x 2 − 3 x)
−3
(2 x − 3) =
( x2 − 3 x)
3
5
f ′( 4) = −
32

75. (a) f ( x) = ( 2 x 2 − 7) , ( 4, 5) f ( x) = (9 − x 2 ) , (1, 4)

1/ 2 2/3
78. (a)
−4 x
( 2 x − 7) ( 4 x) = (9 − x 2 ) ( −2 x ) =
1 2 −1/ 2 2x 2 −1/3
f ′( x) = f ′( x) =
3(9 − x 2 )
1/3
2 2x − 7
2 3
8
f ′( 4) = f ′(1) =
−4
= −
2
5
3(8)
1/3
3
Tangent line:
8 Tangent line:
y − 5 = ( x − 4) ⇒ 8 x − 5 y − 7 = 0 2
5 y − 4 = − ( x − 1) ⇒ 2 x + 3 y − 14 = 0
6
3
(b)
(4, 5) (b) 6
(1, 4)
−6 6
−2 5
−2
−1
1
f ( x) = x x 2 + 5, ( 2, 2) f ( x) = sin 2 x,
76. (a)
3 79. (a) (π , 0)
1 ⎡1 ⎤ 1 f ′( x) = 2 cos 2 x
f ′( x) = x ⎢ ( x 2 + 5) ( 2 x)⎥ + ( x 2 + 5)
−1/ 2 1/ 2
3 ⎣2 ⎦ 3 f ′(π ) = 2
1x2
= + x2 + 5 Tangent line:
2 x +5
2 3
y = 2( x − π ) ⇒ 2 x − y − 2π = 0
4 1 13
f ′( 2) = + (3) =
3(3)
2
3 9 (b)
Tangent line: (π , 0)
0 2␲
13
y − 2 = ( x − 2) ⇒ 13x − 9 y − 8 = 0
9
−2
(b) 6
⎛π 2⎞
80. (a) y = cos 3 x, ⎜⎜ , − ⎟
−9 9
⎝4 2 ⎟⎠
y′ = −3 sin 3 x
−6
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ −3 2
y′⎜ ⎟ = −3 sin ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
y = ( 4 x3 + 3) ,
2
(−1, 1)
2
77. (a)
2 −3 2 ⎛ π⎞
y′ = 2( 4 x + 3)(12 x 2 ) = 24 x 2 ( 4 x3 + 3)
3 Tangent line: y + = ⎜x − ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 4⎠
y′( −1) = −24 −3 2 3 2π 2
y = x + −
Tangent line: 2 8 2
y − 1 = −24( x + 1) ⇒ 24 x + y + 23 = 0 (b) 2
(b) 14 ( π4 , − 22 (
−π π
2 2
(− 1, 1) −2
−2 1
−2

⎛π ⎞ f ( x) = x ( 2 − x) ,
2
(4, 8)
81. (a) f ( x) = tan 2 x, ⎜ , 1⎟ 84. (a)
⎝4 ⎠
f ′( x) =
(x − 2)(5 x − 2)
f ′( x) = 2 tan x sec 2 x 2 x
⎛π ⎞
f ′⎜ ⎟ = 2(1)( 2) = 4 f ′( 4) = 9
⎝4⎠
(b) y − 8 = 9( x − 4) ⇒ 9 x − y − 28 = 0
Tangent line:
12
(c)
⎛ π⎞
y − 1 = 4⎜ x − ⎟ ⇒ 4 x − y + (1 − π ) = 0
⎝ 4⎠ (4, 8)
(b) 4
0 6
0
−␲ ␲
( π4 , 1(
85. (a) s (t ) =
(4 − 2t ) 1 + t ⎛ 4⎞
, ⎜ 0, ⎟
−4
3 ⎝ 3⎠
⎛π ⎞ −2 1 + t 2−t
82. (a) y = 2 tan x, ⎜ , 2 ⎟
3
s′(t ) = +
⎝4 ⎠ 3 3 1+t
y′ = 6 tan 2 x ⋅ sec 2 x s′(0) = 0
⎛π ⎞
y′⎜ ⎟ = 6(1)( 2) = 12 4
⎝4⎠ (b) y − = 0( x − 0)
3
Tangent line: 4
y =
⎛ π⎞ 3
y − 2 = 12⎜ x − ⎟ ⇒ 12 x − y + ( 2 − 3π ) = 0
⎝ 4⎠ (c) 3
(b) 3 (0, 43 (
( π4 , 2( −2 4
−π π
−1
2 2
−1
86. (a) y = (t 2 − 9) t + 2, (2, −10)

3t ⎛1 3⎞
2
5t + 8t − 9
g (t ) =
2
83. (a) , ⎜ , ⎟ y′ =
t + 2t − 1 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
2
2 t + 2
3t (t 2 + 3t − 2) 27
g ′(t ) = y′( 2) =
(t 2 + 2t − 1)
3/ 2 4
27
⎛1⎞ (b) y + 10 = (t − 2) ⇒ 27t − 4 y − 94
g ′⎜ ⎟ = −3 4
⎝ 2⎠
(c) 3
3 ⎛ 1⎞ −2 5
(b) y − = −3⎜ x − ⎟ ⇒ 3 x + y − 3 = 0
2 ⎝ 2⎠
(2, −10)
(c) 5
−18
(12 , 32 (
−2 4
87. f ( x) = 25 − x 2 , (3, 4)
−2
−x
f ′( x) =
8
25 − x 2
(3, 4)
3
f ′(3) = − −9 9
4
Tangent line: −4
3
y − 4 = − ( x − 3) ⇒ 3x + 4 y − 25 = 0
4

x
88. f ( x) = , (1, 1) 3
2 − x2
2
f ′( x) = for x > 0 (1, 1)
(2 − x 2 )
32 −2 2
f ′(1) = 2 −1
Tangent line: y − 1 = 2( x − 1) ⇒ 2 x − y − 1 = 0
89. f ( x) = 2 cos x + sin 2 x, 0 < x < 2π

f ′( x) = −2 sin x + 2 cos 2 x
= −2 sin x + 2 − 4 sin 2 x = 0
2 sin 2 x + sin x − 1 = 0
(sin x + 1)( 2 sin x − 1) = 0
3π
sin x = −1 ⇒ x =
2
1 π 5π
sin x =
⇒ x = ,
2 6 6
π 3π 5π
Horizontal tangents at x = , ,
6 2 6
⎛ π 3 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π 3 3 ⎞
Horizontal tangent at the points ⎜ ,
⎜ 6 2 ⎟⎟, ⎜⎝ 2 , 0 ⎟⎠,
and ⎜⎜ , − ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 6 2 ⎟⎠
x 1
f ( x) = = ( x − 6)
−1
90. f ( x) = 93.
2x − 1 x −6
f ′( x) = −( x − 6)
−2
(2 x − 1) − x( 2 x − 1)
12 −1 2
f ′( x) =
2x − 1 2
f ′′( x) = 2( x − 6)
−3
=
2x − 1 − x (x − 6)
3
=
(2 x − 1)
32
4
f ( x) = = 4( x + 2)
−3
x −1 94.
( x + 2)
3
=
(2 x − 1)
32
f ′( x) = −12( x + 2)
−4
x −1
= 0 ⇒ x =1 48
(2 x − 1) f ′′( x) = 48( x + 2)
−5
32
=
(x + 2)
5
Horizontal tangent at (1, 1)

95. f ( x) = sin x 2
f ( x) = 5( 2 − 7 x)
4
91.
f ′( x) = 2 x cos x 2
f ′( x) = 20( 2 − 7 x ) ( −7) = −140( 2 − 7 x )
3 3
f ′′( x) = 2 x ⎡⎣2 x( −sin x 2 )⎤⎦ + 2 cos x 2
f ′′( x) = −420( 2 − 7 x) ( −7) = 2940( 2 − 7 x)
2 2
= 2(cos x 2 − 2 x 2 sin x 2 )
f ( x) = 4( x 2 − 2)
3
92.
f ′( x) = 12( x 2 − 2) ( 2 x) = 24 x( x 2 − 2)
2 2
f ′′( x) = 24 x( 2)( x 2 − 2)( 2 x) + 24( x 2 − 2)

2
(
= ( x 2 − 2) 96 x 2 + 24( x 2 − 2) )
= ( x 2 − 2)(120 x 2 − 48)
= 24( x 2 − 2)(5 x 2 − 2)

96. f ( x) = sec 2 π x
f ′( x) = 2 sec π x(π sec π x tan π x)
= 2π sec 2 π x tan π x
f ′′( x) = 2π sec 2 π x(sec 2 π x)(π ) + 2π tanπ x( 2π sec 2 π x tan π x)
= 2π 2 sec 4 π x + 4π 2 sec 2 π x tan 2 π x
= 2π 2 sec 2 π x(sec 2 π x + 2 tan 2 π x)
= 2π 2 sec 2 π x(3 sec 2 π x − 2)
h( x ) = (3 x + 1) , (1, 649 )
3 y
97. 1 101.
9 f′ 3
h′( x ) = (3 x + 1) (3) = (3x + 1)

13 2 2
2
9
1
h′′( x ) = 2(3x + 1)(3) = 18 x + 6 x
−2 2 3
h′′(1) = 24 f
−2
−3
1 ⎛ 1⎞
f ( x) = = ( x + 4) , ⎜ 0, ⎟
−1 2
98.
x + 4 ⎝ 2⎠ The zeros of f ′ correspond to the points where the graph
1 of f has horizontal tangents.
f ′( x) = − ( x + 4)
−3 2
2 y
102.
3 3
f ′′( x) = ( x + 4)
−5 2
= f 3
4( x + 4)
52 f′
4 f
2
3
f ′′(0) =
1
x
128 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
f′
99. f ( x) = cos x 2 , (0, 1) −2
−3
f ′( x) = −sin ( x )( 2 x) =
2
−2 x sin ( x 2 )
f ′′( x) = −2 x cos( x 2 )( 2 x) − 2 sin ( x 2 ) f is decreasing on ( −∞, −1) so f ′ must be negative there.
= −4 x 2 cos( x 2 ) − 2 sin ( x 2 ) f is increasing on (1, ∞) so f ′ must be positive there.
f ′′(0) = 0 103. y
⎛π
f
⎞
g (t ) = tan 2t ,
2
100. ⎜ , 3⎟
⎝6 ⎠
x
g ′(t ) = 2 sec 2 ( 2t ) −3 −1 2
g ′′(t ) = 4 sec( 2t ) ⋅ sec ( 2t ) tan ( 2t )2

f′
= 8 sec2 ( 2t ) tan ( 2t )
⎛π ⎞ The zeros of f ′ correspond to the points where the graph
g ′′⎜ ⎟ = 32 3 of f has horizontal tangents.
⎝6⎠
y
104.
4
3
2
f
x
−1 4
f′
−2
−3
−4
The zeros of f ′ correspond to the points where the graph

of f has horizontal tangents.

105. g ( x) = f (3x) 106. g ( x) = f ( x 2 )

g ′( x) = f ′(3 x)(3) ⇒ g ′( x) = 3 f ′(3 x) g ′( x) = f ′( x 2 )( 2 x) ⇒ g ′( x) = 2 xf ′( x 2 )
107. (a) g ( x) = f ( x) − 2 ⇒ g ′( x) = f ′( x)
(b) h( x) = 2 f ( x) ⇒ h′( x) = 2 f ′( x)
(c) r ( x) = f ( −3 x) ⇒ r ′( x ) = f ′( −3x )(−3) = −3 f ′( −3 x)

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
So, you need to know f ′( −3 x).
f ′( x) 4 2
3
− 13 −1 −2 −4
r ′(0) = −3 f ′(0) = ( −3) ( )=1
− 13 g ′( x) 4 2
3
− 13 −1 −2 −4
r ′( −1) = −3 f ′(3) = (−3)( −4) = 12 h′( x) 8 4 − 23 −2 −4 −8
3
(d) s( x) = f ( x + 2) ⇒ s′( x) = f ′( x + 2) r ′( x) 12 1
So, you need to know f ′( x + 2). s′( x) − 13 −1 −2 –4
s′( −2) = f ′(0) = − 13 , etc.
108. (a) f ( x ) = g ( x ) h( x )
f ′( x) = g ( x)h′( x) + g ′( x)h( x)
f ′(5) = ( −3)( −2) + (6)(3) = 24
(b) f ( x) = g ( h( x))
f ′( x) = g ′( h( x))h′( x)
f ′(5) = g ′(3)( −2) = −2 g ′(3)
Not possible, you need g ′(3) to find f ′(5).
g ( x)
(c) f ( x) =
h( x )
h( x) g ′( x) − g ( x)h′( x)
f ′( x) =
⎣⎡h( x)⎦⎤
2
f ′(5) =
(3)(6) − ( −3)( −2)
=
12
=
4
(3) 2
9 3
f ( x) = ⎡⎣ g ( x)⎤⎦
3
(d)
f ′( x) = 3⎡⎣ g ( x)⎤⎦ g ′( x)
2
f ′(5) = 3( −3) (6) = 162

2
109. (a) h( x) = f ( g ( x)), g (1) = 4, g ′(1) = − 12 , f ′( 4) = −1

h′( x) = f ′( g ( x)) g ′( x)
h′(1) = f ′( g (1)) g ′(1) = f ′( 4) g ′(1) = ( −1) − 12 = ( ) 1
2
(b) s( x) = g ( f ( x )), f (5) = 6, f ′(5) = −1, g ′(6) does not exist.

s′( x) = g ′( f ( x)) f ′( x)
s′(5) = g ′( f (5)) f ′(5) = g ′(6)( −1)
s′(5) does not exist because g is not differentiable at 6.

110. (a) h( x) = f ( g ( x)) 116. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain a model similar to
T (t ) = 56.1 + 27.6 sin (0.48t − 1.86).
h′( x) = f ′( g ( x)) g ′( x)
(a) 100
h′(3) = f ′( g (3)) g ′(3) = f ′(5)(1) = 1

2
(b) s( x) = g ( f ( x))
s′( x) = g ′( f ( x)) f ′( x) 0 13
0
s′(9) = g ′( f (9)) f ′(9) = g ′(8)( 2) = ( −1)( 2) = −2

(b) 100
F = 132,400(331 − v)
−1
111. (a)
132,400
F ′ = ( −1)(132,400)(331 − v) (−1)
−2
=
(331 − v) 2 0
0
13
When v = 30, F ′ ≈ 1.461. The model is a good fit.

(c) 20
(b) F = 132,400(331 + v)
−1
−132,400
F ′ = ( −1)(132,400)(331 + v) (−1)
−2
= 0 13
(331 + v)
2
When v = 30, F ′ ≈ −1.016. −20
T ′(t ) ≈ 13.25 cos (0.48t − 1.86)

112. y = 1
3
cos 12t − 1
4
sin 12t
(d) The temperature changes most rapidly around spring
v = y′ = 1
3 [−12 sin 12t] − 14 [12 cos 12t] (March–May), and fall (Oct–Nov).
= −4 sin 12t − 3 cos 12t
117. (a) x = −1.637t 3 + 19.31t 2 − 0.5t − 1
When t = π 8, y = 0.25 ft and v = 4 ft/sec. (b) C = 60 x + 1350
113. θ = 0.2 cos 8t = 60( −1.637t 3 + 19.31t 2 − 0.5t − 1) + 1350
The maximum angular displacement is θ = 0.2 (because = 60( −4.911t 2 + 38.62t − 0.5)
dC
−1 ≤ cos 8t ≤ 1). dt
= −294.66t 2 + 2317.2t − 30
dθ
= 0.2[−8 sin 8t ] = −1.6 sin 8t (c) The function dC dt is quadratic, not linear. The cost
dt
function levels off at the end of the day, perhaps due
When t = 3, dθ dt = −1.6 sin 24 ≈ 1.4489 rad/sec.
to fatigue.
114. y = A cos ω t 118. f ( x) = sin β x
3.5
(a) Amplitude: A = = 1.75 (a) f ′( x) = β cos β x
2
y = 1.75 cos ω t f ′′( x) = − β 2 sin β x
2π π f ′′′( x) = − β 3 cos β x
Period: 10 ⇒ ω = =
10 5
f (4) = β 4 sin β x
πt
y = 1.75 cos
5 (b) f ′′( x) + β 2 f ( x) = − β 2 sin β x + β 2 (sin β x) = 0
⎡ π πt ⎤ πt f (2 k ) ( x) = ( −1) β 2 k sin β x
k
(b) v = y′ = 1.75⎢− sin ⎥ = −0.35π sin (c)
⎣ 5 5⎦ 5
f (2 k −1) ( x) = ( −1)
k +1
β 2 k −1 cos β x
115. S = C(R − r 2 2
)
119. (a) Yes, if f ( x + p ) = f ( x) for all x, then
dS ⎛ dR dr ⎞
= C⎜ 2R − 2r ⎟
dt ⎝ dt dt ⎠ f ′( x + p ) = f ′( x), which shows that f ′ is
Because r is constant, you have dr dt = 0 and periodic as well.
(b) Yes, if g ( x) = f ( 2 x), then g ′( x) = 2 f ′( 2 x).
= (1.76 × 105 )(2)(1.2 × 10−2 )(10−5 )
dS
dt Because f ′ is periodic, so is g ′.
= 4.224 × 10−2 = 0.04224 cm/sec.

120. (a) r ′( x) = f ′( g ( x)) g ′( x) 123. u = u2

r ′(1) = f ′( g (1)) g ′(1)
u = (u 2 ) ( 2uu′)
d d ⎡ 2⎤ 1 −1 2
⎡u ⎤ =
dx ⎣ ⎦ dx ⎣ ⎦ 2
5−0 5
Note that g (1) = 4 and f ′( 4) = = . uu′ u
6−2 4 = = u′ , u ≠ 0
2 u
Also, g ′(1) = 0. So, r ′(1) = 0.
u
(b) s′( x) = g ′( f ( x)) f ′( x) 124. g ( x) = 3 x − 5

s′( 4) = g ′( f ( 4)) f ′( 4) ⎛ 3x − 5 ⎞ 5
g ′( x) = 3⎜ x ≠
⎜ 3x − 5 ⎟⎟
,
5 ⎛ 5⎞ 6−4 1 ⎝ ⎠ 3
Note that f ( 4) = , g ′⎜ ⎟ = = and
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 6−2 2
125. f ( x) = x 2 − 9
5 1⎛ 5 ⎞ 5
f ′( 4) = . So, s′( 4) = ⎜ ⎟ = .
4 2⎝ 4 ⎠ 8 ⎛ x2 − 9 ⎞
f ′( x) = 2 x⎜ 2 ⎟, x ≠ ± 3
⎜ x −9 ⎟
121. (a) g ( x) = sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 ⇒ g ′( x) = 0 ⎝ ⎠
g ′( x) = 2 sin x cos x + 2 cos x( −sin x) = 0 126. h( x) = x cos x

(b) tan x + 1 = sec x
2 2
x
h′( x) = − x sin x + cos x, x ≠ 0
g ( x) + 1 = f ( x) x
Taking derivatives of both sides, g ′( x) = f ′( x).

127. f ( x) = sin x
Equivalently,
⎛ sin x ⎞
f ′( x) = 2 sec x ⋅ sec x tan x = 2 sec 2 x tan x and f ′( x) = cos x⎜ , x ≠ kπ
⎜ sin x ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
g ′( x) = 2 tan x ⋅ sec 2 x = 2 sec 2 x tan x, which
are the same. 128. (a) f ( x) = tan x f (π 4) = 1
122. (a) If f ( − x) = − f ( x), then f ′( x) = sec x

2
f ′(π 4) = 2
d d f ′′( x) = 2 sec 2 x tan x f ′′(π 4) = 4

⎡⎣ f ( − x)⎤⎦ = ⎡− f ( x)⎤⎦
dx dx ⎣ P1 ( x) = 2( x − π 4) + 1
f ′( − x)( −1) = − f ′( x) 1
P2 ( x) = (4)( x − π 4)2 + 2( x − π 4) + 1
f ′( − x) = f ′( x). 2
= 2( x − π 4) + 2( x − π 4) + 1
2
So, f ′( x) is even.
(b) If f ( − x) = f ( x), then (b) 5

f
P2
d d
⎡ f ( − x)⎤⎦ = ⎡ f ( x)⎤⎦
dx ⎣ dx ⎣
P1
π
0
f ′( − x)( −1) = f ′( x)
2
−1
f ′( − x) = − f ′( x).
So, f ′ is odd. (c) P2 is a better approximation than P1.
(d) The accuracy worsens as you move away from
x = π 4.

2
129. (a) f ( x) = sec x f (π 6) =
3
2
f ′( x) = sec x tan x f ′(π 6) =
3
f ′′( x) = sec x(sec 2 x) + tan x(sec x tan x)

10 3
f ′′(π 6) =
9
= sec3 x + sec x tan 2 x
2 2
P1 ( x) = ( x − π 6) +
3 3
π⎞ π⎞
2
1 ⎛ 10 ⎞⎛ 2⎛ 2
P2 ( x) = ⋅⎜ ⎟⎜ x − ⎟ + ⎜ x − ⎟ +
2 ⎝ 3 3 ⎠⎝ 6⎠ 3⎝ 6⎠ 3
π⎞ π⎞
2
⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 2⎛ 2
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ x − ⎟ + ⎜ x − ⎟ +
⎝ 3 3 ⎠⎝ 6⎠ 3⎝ 6⎠ 3
(b) 3
P2
f
− 1.5 1.5
P1
−1
(c) P2 is a better approximation than P1.

(d) The accuracy worsens as you move away from x = π 6.
130. False. If y = (1 − x) , then y′ =

12 1
2 (1 − x)−1 2 (−1).
131. False. If f ( x) = sin 2 2 x, then f ′( x) = 2(sin 2 x)( 2 cos 2 x).
132. True
133. f ( x) = a1 sin x + a2 sin 2 x + + an sin nx

f ′( x) = a1 cos x + 2a2 cos 2 x + + nan cos nx
f ′(0) = a1 + 2a2 + + nan
f ( x) − f (0) f ( x) sin x f ( x)
a1 + 2a2 + + nan = f ′(0) = lim = lim ⋅ = lim ≤1
x→0 x −0 x→0 sin x x x → 0 sin x
⎡ ⎤
( x k − 1) Pn′ ( x) − Pn ( x)( n + 1)( x k − 1) kx k −1 ( xk − 1) Pn′ ( x) − (n + 1)kxk −1Pn ( x)
n +1 n
d ⎢ Pn ( x) ⎥
134. = =
dx ⎢ ( x k − 1)n +1 ⎥ ( x k − 1)
2n + 2
( x k − 1)
n+2
⎣ ⎦
dn ⎡ 1 ⎤
Pn ( x) = ( x k − 1)
n +1
⇒
dx n ⎢⎣ x k − 1⎥⎦
d ⎡ d n ⎡ 1 ⎤⎤
Pn + 1 ( x) = ( x k − 1) ⎥ = ( x − 1) Pn′ ( x) − ( n + 1)kx Pn ( x)
n+2
k k −1
⎢
dx ⎣ dx n ⎢⎣ x k − 1⎥⎦ ⎦
Pn + 1 (1) = −( n + 1)kPn (1)
d⎡ 1 ⎤ − kx k −1 P1 ( x)
For n = 1, ⎢ ⎥ = = ⇒ P1 (1) = − k . Also, P0 (1) = 1.
dx ⎣ x − 1⎦ ( x k − 1) ( x k − 1)
k 2 2
You now use mathematical induction to verify that Pn (1) = ( −k ) n! for n ≥ 0. Assume true for n. Then
n
Pn +1 (1) = −( n + 1)k Pn (1) = −( n + 1)k (− k ) n! = ( − k ) (n + 1)!.

n n +1

Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation

1. x2 + y 2 = 9 8. xy = x 2 y + 1
2 x + 2 yy′ = 0 1
( xy ) ( xy′ + y ) = 2 xy + x 2 y′
−1 2
x 2
y′ = −
y x y
y′ + = 2 xy + x 2 y′
2 xy 2 xy
2. x 2 − y 2 = 25 ⎛ x ⎞ y
2 x − 2 yy′ = 0 ⎜⎜ − x 2 ⎟ y′ = 2 xy −
⎟
⎝ 2 xy ⎠ 2 xy
x
y′ = y
y 2 xy −
2 xy
y′ =
x
3. x1 2 + y1 2 = 16 − x2
2 xy
1 −1 2 1
x + y −1 2 y′ = 0 4 xy xy − y
2 2 y′ =
x −1 2 x − 2x2 xy
y′ = −
y −1 2
9. x3 − 3 x 2 y + 2 xy 2 = 12
y
= −
x 3x 2 − 3 x 2 y′ − 6 xy + 4 xyy′ + 2 y 2 = 0
(4 xy − 3x 2 ) y′ = 6 xy − 3x2 − 2 y 2
4. x3 + y 3 = 64
6 xy − 3 x 2 − 2 y 2
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 y′ = 0 y′ =
4 xy − 3 x 2
x2
y′ = −
y2 10. 4 cos x sin y = 1
4[−sin x sin y + cos x cos y y′] = 0
5. x3 − xy + y 2 = 7
cos x cos y y′ = sin x sin y
3x 2 − xy′ − y + 2 yy′ = 0
sin x sin y
y′ =
(2 y − x ) y′ = y − 3 x 2 cos x cos y
y − 3x 2 = tan x tan y
y′ =
2y − x
11. sin x + 2 cos 2 y = 1
6. x 2 y + y 2 x = −2 cos x − 4(sin 2 y ) y′ = 0
x y′ + 2 xy + y + 2 yxy′ = 0
2 2
cos x
y′ =
(x 2
+ 2 xy ) y′ = −( y + 2 xy )
2 4 sin 2 y
− y( y + 2 x)
y′ = 12. (sin π x + cos π y )2 = 2
x( x + 2 y )
2(sin π x + cos π y ) ⎡⎣π cos π x − π (sin π y ) y′⎤⎦ = 0
7. x3 y 3 − y − x = 0 π cos π x − π (sin π y ) y′ = 0
3 x 3 y 2 y′ + 3 x 2 y 3 − y′ − 1 = 0 cos π x
y′ =
(3 x y 3 2
− 1) y′ = 1 − 3x y 2 3 sin π y
1 − 3x 2 y 3 13. sin x = x(1 + tan y )

y′ =
3x3 y 2 − 1
cos x = x(sec 2 y ) y′ + (1 + tan y )(1)
cos x − tan y − 1
y′ =
x sec 2 y

Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 163
14. cot y = x − y 15. y = sin xy

(−csc y) y′ = 1 −
2
y′ y′ = [ xy′ + y] cos( xy )
1 1 y′ − x cos( xy ) y′ = y cos( xy )
y′ = = = − tan 2 y
1 − csc y
2
−cot 2 y y cos( xy )
y′ =
1 − x cos( xy )
1
16. x = sec
y
y′ 1 1
1 = − sec tan
y2 y y
− y2 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
y′ = = − y 2 cos⎜ ⎟ cot ⎜ ⎟
sec(1 y ) tan (1 y ) ⎝ y⎠ ⎝ y⎠
17. (a) x 2 + y 2 = 64 (b) y
64 − x 2
y 2 = 64 − x 2
12 y1 =
y = ± 64 − x 2 4
x
− 12 −4 4 12
− 12 y2 = − 64 − x 2
(c) Explicitly:
dy 1 ∓x −x x
= ± (64 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) =
−1 2
= = −
dx 2 64 − x 2
± 64 − x 2 y
(d) Implicitly: 2 x + 2 yy′ = 0
x
y′ = −
y
18. (a) ( x2 − 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 + 6 y + 9) = −9 + 4 + 9 (b) y
( x − 2)2 + ( y + 3)2
x
= 4, Circle 1 2 3 4 5
−1 2
y2 = −3 + 4 − (x − 2)
( y + 3) = 4 − ( x − 2)
2 2
−2
−3
4 − ( x − 2)
2
y = −3 ±
−4
(c) Explicitly: −5
dy 1 2 −1 2 ∓ ( x − 2) − ( x − 2) y1 = −3 − 4 − (x − 2)2
= ± ⎡4 − ( x − 2) ⎤ (−2)( x − 2) = =
dx 2⎣ ⎦
4 − ( x − 2)
2
± 4 − ( x − 2)
2
− ( x − 2) − ( x − 2)
= =
−3 ± 4 − ( x − 2) + 3
2 y +3
(d) Implicitly:
2 x + 2 yy′ − 4 + 6 y′ = 0
(2 y + 6) y′ = −2( x − 2)
−( x − 2)
y′ =
y +3

19. (a) 16 y 2 = 400 − 25 x 2 21. xy = 6

xy′ + y (1) = 0
y2 =
1
25
( 400 − 16 x 2 ) =
16
25
(25 − x 2 ) xy′ = − y
4
y = ± 25 − x 2 y′ = −
y
5 x
y
(b) 1
6 y1 = 4
5
25 − x 2 At ( −6, −1): y′ = −
6
2
x 22. x2 − y3 = 0
−6 −2 2 6
−2
2 x − 3 y 2 y′ = 0
y2 = − 4 25 − x 2 2x
−6 5 y′ =
3y2
2
(c) Explicitly: At (1, 1): y′ =
3
= ± ( 25 − x 2 ) ( −2 x)
dy 4 −1 2
dx 10
x 2 − 49
4x − 4x 16 x 23. y2 =
= ∓ = = − x 2 + 49
5 25 − x 2 5(5 4) y
( x2 + 49)( 2 x) − ( x 2 − 49)( 2 x)
25 y
(d) Implicitly: 32 x + 50 yy′ = 0 2 yy′ =
( x2 + 4)
2
16 x
y′ = − 196 x
25 y 2 yy′ =
(x + 49)
2
2
20. (a) 16 y 2 = x 2 + 16 98 x
y′ =
x2 x 2 + 16 y( x + 49)
2
2
y2 = +1=
16 16
At (7, 0) : y′ is undefined.
± x 2 + 16
y =
4
24. (x + y ) = x3 + y 3
3
y
(b) x3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3 = x3 + y 3
6 1
x2 +
4
y1 =
4
16
3x 2 y + 3 xy 2 = 0
2
x 2 y + xy 2 = 0
x
−6
−2
6
x 2 y′ + 2 xy + 2 xyy′ + y 2 = 0
−4
−6
y2 = −
1
4
x 2 + 16 ( x2 + 2 xy ) y′ = −( y 2 + 2 xy )
y( y + 2 x)
y′ = −
(c) Explicitly: x( x + 2 y )
( x + 16) ( 2 x)
1 2 −1 2
dy
± At ( −1, 1): y′ = −1
= 2
dx 4
±x ±x x 25. x2 3 + y2 3 = 5
= = =
4 x + 16
2 4( ± 4 y ) 16 y 2 −1 3
x
2
+ y −1 3 y′ = 0
3 3
(d) Implicitly: 16 y 2 − x 2 = 16
− x −1 3 y
32 yy′ − 2 x = 0 y′ = = −3
y −1 3 x
32 yy′ = 2 x
1
2x x At (8, 1): y′ = −
y′ = = 2
32 y 16 y

26. x3 + y 3 = 6 xy − 1 30. (4 − x) y 2 = x3
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 y′ = 6 xy′ + 6 y (4 − x)( 2 yy′) + y 2 ( −1) = 3x 2
(3 y 2 − 6 x ) y′ = 6 y − 3 x 2
y′ =
3x 2 + y 2
6 y − 3x 2 2 y(4 − x)
y′ =
3y2 − 6x At ( 2, 2): y′ = 2
18 − 12 6 2
At ( 2, 3), y′ = = =
( x2 + y2 ) = 4 x2 y
2
27 − 12 15 5 31.
27. tan ( x + y ) = x 2( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 x + 2 yy′) = 4 x 2 y′ + y(8 x)
(1 + y′) sec2 ( x + y) = 1 4 x3 + 4 x 2 yy′ + 4 xy 2 + 4 y 3 y′ = 4 x 2 y′ + 8 xy
1 − sec 2 ( x + y ) 4 x 2 yy′ + 4 y 3 y′ − 4 x 2 y′ = 8 xy − 4 x3 − 4 xy 2
y′ =
sec 2 ( x + y ) 4 y′( x 2 y + y 3 − x 2 ) = 4( 2 xy − x3 − xy 2 )
− tan 2 ( x + y ) 2 xy − x3 − xy 2
= y′ =
tan ( x + y ) + 1
2
x2 y + y3 − x2
= −sin 2 ( x + y ) At (1, 1) : y′ = 0
2
x
= −
x2 + 1 32. x3 + y 3 − 6 xy = 0
At (0, 0): y′ = 0 3x 2 + 3 y 2 y′ − 6 xy′ − 6 y = 0
y′(3 y 2 − 6 x) = 6 y − 3x 2
28. x cos y = 1
6 y − 3x 2 2 y − x2
x[− y′ sin y] + cos y = 0 y′ = = 2
3y − 6x
2
y − 2x
cos y
y′ =
x sin y ⎛ 4 8⎞
At ⎜ , ⎟ : y′ =
(16 3) − (16 9) = 32 = 4
⎝ 3 3⎠ (64 9) − (8 3) 40 5
1
= cot y
x
cot y
33. (y − 3) = 4( x − 5),
2
(6, 1)
=
x 2( y − 3) y′ = 4
⎛ π⎞ 1 y′ =
2
At ⎜ 2, ⎟ : y′ = y −3
⎝ 3⎠ 2 3
2
At (6, 1), y′ =
29. ( x2 + 4) y = 8 1−3
= −1
( x2 + 4) y ′ + y ( 2 x ) = 0 Tangent line: y − 1 = −1( x − 6)

−2 xy y = −x + 7
y′ =
x2 + 4
−2 x ⎡⎣8 ( x 2 + 4)⎤⎦ 34. (x + 2) + ( y − 3) = 37,
2 2
(4, 4)
= 2( x + 2) + 2( y − 3) y′ = 0
x2 + 4
=
−16 x (y − 3) y′ = −( x + 2)
( x + 4)
2
2
y′ = −
(x + 2)
y −3
−32 1
At ( 2, 1): y′ = = −
6
At ( 4, 4), y′ = −
64 2
= −6
1
⎛ 8 ⎞
⎜ Or, you could just solve for y: y = 2 ⎟ Tangent line: y − 4 = −6( x − 4)
⎝ x + 4⎠
y = −6 x + 28

35. xy = 1, (1, 1) 39. 3( x 2 + y 2 ) = 100( x 2 − y 2 ),

2
(4, 2)
xy′ + y = 0
6( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 x + 2 yy′) = 100( 2 x − 2 yy′)
−y
y′ =
x At ( 4, 2) :
At (1, 1): y′ = −1 6(16 + 4)(8 + 4 y′) = 100(8 − 4 y′)
960 + 480 y′ = 800 − 400 y′
880 y′ = −160
y = −x + 2
y′ = − 11
2
36. 7 x 2 − 6 3xy + 13 y 2 − 16 = 0, ( )
3, 1
Tangent line: y − 2 = − 11 (
2 x − 4
)
14 x − 6 3 xy′ − 6 3 y + 26 yy′ = 0 11y + 2 x − 30 = 0
6 3 y − 14 x y = − 11
2
x + 30
y′ = 11
26 y − 6 3x
6 3 − 14 3 −8 3 40. y 2 ( x2 + y2 ) = 2 x2 , (1, 1)
At ( )
3, 1 : y′ =
26 − 6 3 3
=
8
= − 3
y 2 x2 + y 4 = 2 x2
Tangent line: y − 1 = − (
3 x − 3 ) 2 yy′x + 2 xy 2 + 4 y 3 y′ = 4 x
2
At (1, 1):
y = − 3x + 4
2 y′ + 2 + 4 y′ = 4
37. x y − 9 x − 4 y = 0,
2 2 2 2
(−4, 2 3) 6 y′ = 2
x 2 2 yy′ + 2 xy 2 − 18 x − 8 yy′ = 0 y′ = 1
3
y′ =
18 x − 2 xy 2 Tangent line: y − 1 = 1
3
(x − 1)
2x2 y − 8 y
y = 1x + 2
18( −4) − 2( −4)(12)
3 3
(
At −4, 2 3 : y′ = )
(
2(16) 2 3 − 16 3 ) 41. (a)
x2
+
y2
= 1, (1, 2)
2 8
24 1 3
= = = yy′
48 3 2 3 6 x + = 0
4
3
Tangent line: y − 2 3 = ( x + 4) y′ = −
4x
6 y
y =
3
x +
8
3 At (1, 2): y′ = −2
6 3
38. x 2 3 + y 2 3 = 5, (8, 1) y = −2 x + 4
2 −1 3 2
x + y −1 3 y′ = 0 x2 y2 2 x 2 yy′ −b 2 x
3 3 (b) 2
+ 2 = 1 ⇒ 2 + 2 = 0 ⇒ y′ = 2
a b a b a y
− x −1 3
13
⎛ y⎞
y′ = = −⎜ ⎟ −b 2 x0
y −1 3 ⎝ x⎠ y − y0 = ( x − x0 ), Tangent line at ( x0 , y0 )
a 2 y0
1
At (8, 1): y′ = − y0 y y02
− 2 =
− x0 x x02
+ 2
2 b 2
b a2 a
1
Tangent line: y − 1 = − ( x − 8) Because
x02 y2 y y xx
+ 02 = 1, you have 02 + 02 = 1.
2 2
a b b a
1
y = − x + 5 Note: From part (a),
2
1( x) 2( y ) 1 1
+ = 1 ⇒ y = − x + 1 ⇒ y = −2 x + 4,
2 8 4 2
Tangent line.

x2 y2 43. tan y = x
42. (a) − = 1, (3, − 2)
6 8 y′ sec 2 y = 1
x y
− y′ = 0 1 π π
3 4 y′ = = cos 2 y, − < y <
sec 2 y 2 2
y x
y′ = sec 2 y = 1 + tan 2 y = 1 + x 2
4 3
1
4x y′ =
y′ = 1 + x2
3y
4(3) 44. cos y = x
At (3, − 2): y′ = = −2
3( −2) −sin y ⋅ y′ = 1
−1
Tangent line: y + 2 = −2( x − 3) y′ = , 0 < y < π
sin y
y = −2 x + 4
sin 2 y + cos 2 y = 1
x 2
y 2
2x 2 yy′ xb 2
(b) − = 1 ⇒ − = 0 ⇒ y ′ = sin 2 y = 1 − cos 2 y
a2 b2 a2 b2 ya 2
sin y = 1 − cos 2 y = 1 − x2
x b2
y − y0 = 0 2 ( x − x0 ), Tangent line at ( x0 , y0 ) −1
y0 a y′ = , −1 < x < 1
yy0 y2 xx x2 1 − x2
2
− 02 = 02 − 02
b b a a
x02 y2 xx yy
Because 2
− 02 = 1, you have 02 − 20 = 1.
a b a b
Note: From part (a),

3x ( −2) y 1 y
− = 1 ⇒ x + = 1 ⇒ y = −2 x + 4,
6 8 2 4
Tangent line.
45. x2 + y2 = 4
2 x + 2 yy′ = 0
−x
y′ =
y
y ( −1) + xy′ − y + x( − x y ) − y 2 − x2 4
y′′ = 2
= 2
= = − 3
y y y3 y
46. x2 y2 − 2x = 3
2 x yy′ + 2 xy 2 − 2 = 0
2
x 2 yy′ + xy 2 − 1 = 0
1 − xy 2
y′ =
x2 y
2 xyy′ + x 2 ( y′) + x 2 yy′′ + 2 xyy′ + y 2 = 0
2
4 xyy′ + x 2 ( y′) + x 2 yy′′ + y 2 = 0

2
(1 − xy 2 ) + x 2 yy′′ + y 2 = 0
2
4 − 4 xy 2
+
x x2 y2
4 xy 2 − 4 x 2 y 4 + 1 − 2 xy 2 + x 2 y 4 + x 4 y 3 y′′ + x 2 y 4 = 0
x 4 y 3 y′′ = 2 x 2 y 4 − 2 xy 2 − 1
2 x 2 y 4 − 2 xy 2 − 1
y′′ =
x4 y3

47. x 2 − y 2 = 36 x −1
52. y2 =
2 x − 2 yy′ = 0 x2 + 1
x 2 yy′ =
( x2 + 1)(1) − ( x − 1)(2 x) =
x2 + 1 − 2 x2 + 2 x
y′ =
( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
2 2
y
x − yy′ = 0
1 + 2 x − x2
y′ =
1 − yy′′ − ( y′) = 0 2 y ( x 2 + 1)
2 2
2
⎛ x⎞
1 − yy′′ − ⎜ ⎟ = 0
1
⎝ y⎠ (2, ) 5
5
y 2 − y 3 y′′ = x 2 −1 5
y − x
2 2
36
y′′ = = −
y3 y3 −1
48. 1 − xy = x − y ⎛ 5⎞ 1+ 4− 4 1
At ⎜⎜ 2, ⎟⎟ : y′ = =
y − xy = x − 1
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎡
⎢
2 5 ⎤ (
⎥ ( 4 + 1)2
10 5 )
x −1 ⎢ 5 ⎥
y = = −1
1− x ⎣ ⎦
y′ = 0 5 1
y′′ = 0
Tangent line: y − = ( x − 2)
5 10 5
10 5 y − 10 = x − 2
49. y 2 = x3
x − 10 5 y + 8 = 0
2 yy′ = 3 x 2
3x 2 3x 2 xy 3 y x3 3y x 2 + y 2 = 25
y′ = = ⋅ = ⋅ = 53.
2y 2 y xy 2x y2 2x
2 x + 2 yy′ = 0
2 x(3 y′) − 3 y( 2) −x
y′′ = y′ =
4x2 y
2 x ⎡⎣3 ⋅ (3 y 2 x)⎤⎦ − 6 y 3y 3x
= = = At ( 4, 3):
4x2 4x2 4y
Tangent line:
50. y 2 = 10 x −4
2 yy′ = 10
y −3 = ( x − 4) ⇒ 4 x + 3 y − 25 = 0
3
5
y′ = Normal line: y − 3 =
3
( x − 4) ⇒ 3x − 4 y = 0
y 4
⎡ −5 ⎤ 5 25 6
y′′ = − 5 y −2 y′ = ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⋅ = − 3
⎣ ⎦
y y y (4, 3)
−9 9
51. x + y = 5 9
1 −1 2 1
x + y −1 2 y ′ = 0 (9, 4) −6
2 2
At ( −3, 4):
− y −1 14
y′ = −1 Tangent line:
x
3
At (9, 4): y′ = −
2 y − 4 = ( x + 3) ⇒ 3x − 4 y + 25 = 0
3 4
−4
Tangent line: y −4 = −
2
( x − 9) Normal line: y − 4 = ( x + 3) ⇒ 4 x + 3 y = 0
3 3
2 x + 3 y − 30 = 0 6
(− 3, 4)
−9 9
−6

54. x 2 + y 2 = 36 56. y2 = 4x
2 x + 2 yy′ = 0 2 yy′ = 4
x 2
y′ = − y′ = = 1 at (1, 2)
y y
At (6, 0) ; slope is undefined. Equation of normal line at (1, 2) is
Tangent line: x = 6 y − 2 = −1( x − 1), y = 3 − x. The centers of the
Normal line: y = 0 circles must be on the normal line and at a distance of 4
8 units from (1, 2). Therefore,
(x − 1) + ⎡⎣(3 − x) − 2⎤⎦ = 16
2 2
(6, 0)
−12 12
2( x − 1) = 16
2
−8
x = 1 ± 2 2.
−5
At 5, ( )
11 , slope is
11 (
Centers of the circles: 1 + 2 2, 2 − 2 2 and )
Tangent line: y − 11 =
−5
( x − 5) (1 − 2 2, 2 + 2 2)
11
( ) + ( y − 2 + 2 2)
2 2
11 y − 11 = −5 x + 25 Equations: x − 1 − 2 2 = 16
5x + 11 y − 36 = 0
(x − 1 + 2 2) + ( y − 2 − 2 2)
2 2
= 16
11
Normal line: y − 11 = ( x − 5)
5
57. 25 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 200 x − 160 y + 400 = 0
5 y − 5 11 = 11x − 5 11
50 x + 32 yy′ + 200 − 160 y′ = 0
5y − 11x = 0 200 + 50 x
y′ =
8
160 − 32 y
(5, 11) Horizontal tangents occur when x = −4:
−12 12
25(16) + 16 y 2 + 200(−4) − 160 y + 400 = 0

−8 y( y − 10) = 0 ⇒ y = 0,10
Horizontal tangents: ( −4, 0), ( −4, 10)

55. x2 + y2 = r 2
Vertical tangents occur when y = 5:
2 x + 2 yy′ = 0
−x 25 x 2 + 400 + 200 x − 800 + 400 = 0
y′ = = slope of tangent line
y 25 x( x + 8) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, − 8
Vertical tangents: (0, 5), ( −8, 5)

y
= slope of normal line
x
y
Let ( x0 , y0 ) be a point on the circle. If x0 = 0, then the (− 4, 10)
10
tangent line is horizontal, the normal line is vertical and,
hence, passes through the origin. If x0 ≠ 0, then the 6
(− 8, 5) (0, 5)
equation of the normal line is 4
y0 (− 4, 0)
y − y0 = ( x − x0 ) x
x0 −10 − 8 − 6 − 4 2
−2
y0
y = x
x0
which passes through the origin.

58. 4 x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 4 y + 4 = 0 y
8 x + 2 yy′ − 8 + 4 y′ = 0 (1, 0)
x
−1 1 2 3 4
8 − 8x 4 − 4x −1
y′ = =
2y + 4 y + 2 (0, − 2) (2, − 2)
Horizontal tangents occur when x = 1: −3
−4
(1, − 4)
4(1) + y 2 − 8(1) + 4 y + 4 = 0
2
−5
y 2 + 4 y = y ( y + 4) = 0 ⇒ y = 0, − 4
Horizontal tangents: (1, 0), (1, − 4)

Vertical tangents occur when y = −2:
4 x 2 + ( −2) − 8 x + 4( −2) + 4 = 0
2
4 x 2 − 8 x = 4 x( x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2
Vertical tangents: (0, − 2), ( 2, − 2)
59. Find the points of intersection by letting y 2 = 4 x in the equation 2 x 2 + y 2 = 6.
2 x 2 + 4 x = 6 and (x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
The curves intersect at (1, ± 2).

2x 2 + y 2 = 6 4 y 2 = 4x
Ellipse: Parabola:
4 x + 2 yy′ = 0 2 yy′ = 4 (1, 2)
−6 6
2x 2
y′ = − y′ = (1, − 2)
y y
−4
At (1, 2), the slopes are:
y′ = −1 y′ = 1
At (1, − 2), the slopes are:
y′ = 1 y′ = −1
Tangents are perpendicular.
60. Find the points of intersection by letting y 2 = x3 in the equation 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 5.

2 x 2 + 3 x3 = 5 and 3x3 + 2 x 2 − 5 = 0
Intersect when x = 1. 2x2 + 3y2 = 5
2
Points of intersection: (1, ±1)
(1, 1)
y 2 = x 3: 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 5: −2 4
(1, − 1)
2 yy′ = 3 x 2 4 x + 6 yy′ = 0
−2
2 y 2= x 3
3x 2x
y′ = y′ = −
2y 3y
3 2
y′ = y′ = −
2 3
At (1, −1), the slopes are:
3 2
y′ = − y′ =
2 3
Tangents are perpendicular.

61. y = − x and x = sin y 64. x2 + y2 = C 2 y = Kx

Point of intersection: (0, 0) 2 x + 2 yy′ = 0 y′ = K
y = − x: x = sin y: x
y′ = −
y′ = −1 1 = y′cos y y
y′ = sec y At the point of intersection ( x, y ), the product of the

slopes is ( − x y )( K ) = ( − x Kx)( K ) = −1. The curves
are orthogonal.
y′ = −1 y′ = 1 2 2
Tangents are perpendicular. K=1

K = −1
C=1
4
−3 3 −3 3
x = sin y
C=2
−6 6
(0, 0) −2 −2
−4
65. 2 y 2 − 3x 4 = 0
x+y=0
(a) 4 yy′ − 12 x3 = 0
62. Rewriting each equation and differentiating:
4 yy′ = 12 x3
x3 = 3( y − 1) x(3 y − 29) = 3 12 x3 3x3
y′ = =
x3 1⎛ 3 ⎞ 4y y
y = +1 y = ⎜ + 29 ⎟
3 3⎝ x ⎠ dy dx
1 (b) 4 y − 12 x3 = 0
y′ = x 2 y′ = − 2 dt dt
x dy dx
x (3y − 29) = 3 15 x 3 = 3y − 3
y = 3x3
dt dt
66. x 2 − 3 xy 2 + y 3 = 10
−15 12 (a) 2 x − 3 y 2 − 6 xyy′ + 3 y 2 y′ = 0
−3
(−6 xy + 3 y 2 ) y′ = 3 y 2 − 2x
For each value of x, the derivatives are negative
3y − 2x
2
reciprocals of each other. So, the tangent lines are y′ =
orthogonal at both points of intersection. 3 y 2 − 6 xy
dx dx dy dy
63. xy = C x2 − y2 = K (b) 2 x − 3y2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2 =0
dt dt dt dt
xy′ + y = 0 2 x − 2 yy′ = 0
y x
(2 x − 3 y 2 ) dx
dt
= (6 xy − 3 y 2 )
dy
dt
y′ = − y′ =
x y
67. cos π y − 3 sin π x = 1
At any point of intersection ( x, y ) the product of the
(a) −π sin π y( y′) − 3π cos π x = 0
slopes is ( − y x)( x y ) = −1. The curves are orthogonal.
−3 cos π x
y′ =
2
2 sin π y
C=4
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dx ⎞
−3 3
−3 3
(b) −π sin π y⎜ ⎟ − 3π cos π x⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠
C=1
K = −1
K=2
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dx ⎞
−2
−2
−sin π y⎜ ⎟ = 3 cos π x⎜ ⎟
⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠
68. 4 sin x cos y = 1
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dx ⎞
(a) 4 sin x( −sin y ) y′ + 4 cos x cos y = 0 (b) 4 sin x( −sin y )⎜ ⎟ + 4 cos x ⎜ ⎟cos y = 0
⎝ ⎠
dt ⎝ dt ⎠
cos x cos y
y′ = ⎛ dx ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
sin x sin y cos x cos y ⎜ ⎟ = sin x sin y ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
dt ⎝ dt ⎠

69. Answers will vary. Sample answer: In the explicit form 71.
of a function, the variable is explicitly written as a
function of x. In an implicit equation, the function is only 18
1671 00
implied by an equation. An example of an implicit
function is x 2 + xy = 5. In explicit form it would be B
1994
y = (5 − x 2 ) x. A
00
18
70. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Given an implicit Use starting point B.
equation, first differentiate both sides with respect to x.
Collect all terms involving y′ on the left, and all other 72. Highest wind speed near L
terms to the right. Factor out y′ on the left side. Finally,
divide both sides by the left-hand factor that does not
contain y′.
73. (a) x 4 = 4( 4 x 2 − y 2 ) 10
4 y = 16 x − x
2 2 4
− 10
1 4 10
y 2 = 4x2 − x
4
1 4 − 10
y = ± 4x2 − x
4
1 4
(b) y = 3 ⇒ 9 = 4 x2 − x 10
4
36 = 16 x 2 − x 4 − 10 10
x − 16 x + 36 = 0
4 2 y1
y3 y2
y4
16 ± 256 − 144 − 10
x =
2
=8± 28
2
( )
2
Note that x 2 = 8 ± 28 = 8 ± 2 7 = 1 ± 7 . So, there are four values of x:
−1 − 7, 1 − 7, −1 + 7, 1 + 7
x(8 − x 2 )
To find the slope, 2 yy′ = 8 x − x3 ⇒ y′ = .
2(3)
For x = −1 − 7, y′ =
1
3
( )
7 + 7 , and the line is
y1 =
1
3
( )(
7 + 7 x +1+ )
7 + 3 = (
1⎡
3⎣
)
7 + 7 x + 8 7 + 23⎤.
⎦
For x = 1 − 7, y′ =
1
3
( )
7 − 7 , and the line is
y2 =
1
3
( )(
7 − 7 x −1+ )
7 + 3 =
1⎡
3⎣
( )
7 − 7 x + 23 − 8 7 ⎤.
⎦
For x = −1 + 7, y′ = −
1
3
( )
7 − 7 , and the line is
y3 = −
1
3
( 7 −7 x +1− )( ) 1
7 + 3 = − ⎡
3⎣
( )
7 − 7 x − 23 − 8 7 ⎤.
⎦ ( )
For x = 1 + 7, y′ = −
1
3
( )
7 + 7 , and the line is
y4 = −
1
3
( 7 + 7 x −1−)( ) 1
7 + 3 = − ⎡
3⎣
( )
7 + 7 x − 8 7 + 23 ⎤.
⎦ ( )

(c) Equating y3 and y4 :
−
1
3
( 7 −7 x +1− )( )
7 +3 = −
1
3
( )(
7 + 7 x −1− )
7 + 3
( 7 −7 x +1− )( ) (
7 = )(
7 + 7 x −1− 7 )
7x + 7 − 7 − 7x − 7 + 7 7 = 7x − 7 − 7 + 7x − 7 − 7 7
16 7 = 14 x
8 7
x =
7
8 7 ⎛8 7 ⎞
If x = , then y = 5 and the lines intersect at ⎜⎜ , 5 ⎟⎟.
7 ⎝ 7 ⎠
74. (a) True
cos( y 2 ) = −2 y sin ( y 2 ).
d
(b) False.
dy
cos( y 2 ) = −2 yy′ sin ( y 2 ).

d
(c) False.
dx
75. x + y = c
1 1 dy
+ = 0
2 x 2 y dx
dy y
= −
dx x
y0
Tangent line at ( x0 , y0 ): y − y0 = − (x − x0 )
x0
(
x-intercept: x0 + x0 y0 , 0 )
y-intercept: (0, y 0 + x0 y )
0
Sum of intercepts:
(x ) ( ) ( ) ( c)
2 2
0 + x0 y0 + y0 + x0 y0 = x0 + 2 x0 y0 + y0 = x0 + y0 = = c
76. y = x p q ; p, q integers and q > 0 77. x 2 + y 2 = 100, slope =

3
y = x
q p 4
2 x + 2 yy′ = 0
qy q −1
y′ = px p −1
x 3 4
p x p −1 p x p −1 y y′ = − = ⇒ y = − x
y′ = ⋅ q −1 = ⋅ y 4 3
q y q yq
⎛ 16 ⎞
p x p −1 p p x 2 + ⎜ x 2 ⎟ = 100
= ⋅ p x q
= xp q −1 ⎝9 ⎠
q x q
25 2
x = 100
So, if y = x n , n = p q, then y′ = nx n −1. 9
x = ±6
Points: (6, − 8) and ( −6, 8)

78. y 4 = y 2 − x2 80. x = y 2
4 y 3 y′ = 2 yy′ − 2 x 1 = 2 yy′
2 x = ( 2 y − 4 y 3 ) y′ y′ =
1
, slope of tangent line
2y
2x
y′ = = 0 ⇒ x = 0
2 y − 4 y3 Consider the slope of the normal line joining ( x0 , 0) and
Horizontal tangents at (0, 1) and (0, −1) ( x, y ) = ( y 2 , y ) on the parabola.
Note: y 4 − y 2 + x 2 = 0 y −0
−2 y =
y 2 − x0
1± 1 − 4x2
y2 = 1
2 y 2 − x0 = −
2
If you graph these four equations, you will see that these 1
are horizontal tangents at (0, ±1), but not at (0, 0). y 2 = x0 −
2
x2 y2 (a) If x0 = 1, then y 2 = 1 − 1 = − 14 , which is

= 1, ( 4, 0)
4 4 2
79. +
4 9 impossible. So, the only normal line is the x-axis
2x 2 yy′ ( y = 0).
+ = 0
4 9
(b) If x0 = 1, then y 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 0. Same as part (a).
−9 x 2
y′ =
4y (c) If x0 = 1, then y 2 = 1
2
= x and there are three
−9 x y −0
= normal lines.
4y x − 4
−9 x( x − 4) = 4 y 2 ⎛1 1 ⎞
The x-axis, the line joining ( x0 , 0) and ⎜ , ⎟, and
⎝2 2⎠
But, 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36 ⇒ 4 y 2 = 36 − 9 x 2 . So,
⎛1 1 ⎞
the line joining ( x0 , 0) and ⎜ , − ⎟
−9 x 2 + 36 x = 4 y 2 = 36 − 9 x 2 ⇒ x = 1. ⎝2 2⎠
⎛ 3 ⎞ If two normals are perpendicular, then their slopes are –1
Points on ellipse: ⎜1, ± 3⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ and 1. So,
−9 x −9 y −0 1
⎛ 3 ⎞ 3 −2 y = −1 = ⇒ y =
At ⎜1, 3 ⎟: y′ = = = − y 2 − x0 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 y 4 ⎣(3 2) 3 ⎦
⎡ ⎤ 2
and
⎛ 3 ⎞ 3
At ⎜1, − 3 ⎟: y′ = 12
= −1 ⇒
1 1 3
− x0 = − ⇒ x0 = .
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 (1 4) − x0 4 2 4
3 3
Tangent lines: y = − ( x − 4) = − x + 2 3 The perpendicular normal lines are y = − x +
3
and
2 2 4
3 3
y = ( x − 4) = x − 2 3 y = x −
3
.
2 2 4
x2 y2
81. (a) + =1
32 8
2x 2 yy′ −x
+ = 0 ⇒ y′ =
32 8 4y
−4 1
At ( 4, 2): y′ = = −
4( 2) 2
Slope of normal line is 2.
y − 2 = 2( x − 4)
y = 2x − 6

Section 2.6 Related Rates 175
(b) 4
−6 6
−4
(2 x − 6)
2
x2
(c) + =1
32 8
x 2 + 4( 4 x 2 − 24 x + 36) = 32
17 x 2 − 96 x + 112 = 0
28
(17 x − 28)( x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = 4,
17
⎛ 28 46 ⎞
Second point: ⎜ , − ⎟
⎝ 17 17 ⎠
Section 2.6 Related Rates

1. y = x 3. xy = 4
⎛ 1 ⎞ dx dy dx
dy
= ⎜ x + y = 0
⎟ dt dt
dt ⎝ 2 x ⎠ dt
dy ⎛ y ⎞ dx
dx
= 2 x
dy = ⎜− ⎟
dt dt dt ⎝ x ⎠ dt
(a) When x = 4 and dx dt = 3, dx ⎛ x ⎞ dy
= ⎜− ⎟
dt ⎝ y ⎠ dt
dy 1 3
= (3) = . (a) When x = 8, y = 1/2, and dx dt = 10,
dt 2 4 4
(b) When x = 25 and dy dt = 2, dy 1/2 5
= − (10) = − .
dt 8 8
dx
= 2 25 ( 2) = 20. (b) When x = 1, y = 4, and dy dt = −6,
dt
dx 1 3
2. y = 4( x 2 − 5 x) = − ( −6) = .
dt 4 2
dy dx
= (8 x − 20) 4. x 2 + y 2 = 25
dt dt
dx 1 dy dx dy
= 2x + 2y = 0
dt 8 x − 20 dt dt dt
(a) When x = 3 and dx dt = 2, dy ⎛ x ⎞ dx
= ⎜− ⎟
dy
dt ⎝ y ⎠ dt
= ⎡⎣8(3) − 20⎤⎦ ( 2) = 8. dx ⎛ y ⎞ dy
dt = ⎜− ⎟
(b) When x = 1 and dy dt = 5,
dt ⎝ x ⎠ dt
(a) When x = 3, y = 4, and dx dt = 8,
dx 1 5
= (5) = − .
dt 8(1) − 20 12 dy 3
= − (8) = −6.
dt 4
(b) When x = 4, y = 3, and dy dt = −2,
dx 3 3
= − ( −2) = .
dt 4 2

5. y = 2x2 + 1 8. y = cos x
dx dx
= 2 = 2
dt dt
dy dx dy dx
= 4x = −sin x
dt dt dt dt
(a) When x = −1, (a) When x = π 6,
dy dy ⎛ π⎞
= 4( −1)( 2) = −8 cm/sec. = ⎜ −sin ⎟( 2) = −1 cm/sec.
dt dt ⎝ 6⎠
(b) When x = 0, (b) When x = π /4,
dy
= 4(0)( 2) = 0 cm/sec. dy ⎛ π⎞
= ⎜ −sin ⎟( 2) = − 2 cm/sec.
dt dt ⎝ 4⎠
(c) When x = 1, (c) When x = π /3,
dy π⎞
= 4(1)( 2) = 8 cm/sec. dy ⎛
= ⎜ −sin ⎟( 2) = − 3 cm/sec.
dt dt ⎝ 3⎠
1
6. y = 9. Yes, y changes at a constant rate.
1 + x2
dy dx
dx = a⋅
= 2 dt dt
dt
No, the rate dy dt is a multiple of dx dt.
⎡ ⎤
dy −2 x ⎥ dx
= ⎢
⎣( )⎦
dt ⎢ 1 + x 2 2 ⎥ dt 10. Answers will vary. See page 150.
(a) When x = −2, x 2 + ( x 2 + 1) =

2
11. D = x2 + y2 = x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
dy −2( −2)( 2) 8 dx
= = cm/sec. =2
dt 25 25 dt
(b) When x = 0,
= ( x + 3 x 2 + 1) ( 4 x3 + 6 x)
dD 1 4 −1 2 dx
dy dt 2 dt
= 0 cm/sec. 2 x3 + 3x dx
dt =
(c) When x = 2, x + 3 x + 1 dt
4 2
4 x3 + 6 x
dy −2( 2)( 2) −8 =
= = cm/sec. x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
dt 25 25
7. y = tan x 12. D = x2 + y 2 = x 2 + sin 2 x

dx dx
= 2 = 2
dt dt
= ( x 2 + sin 2 x) ( 2 x + 2 sin x cos x)

dy dx dD 1 −1 2 dx
= sec 2 x
dt dt dt 2 dt
(a) When x = −π 3, x + sin x cos x dx
=
x 2 + sin 2 x dt
dy
= ( 2) ( 2) = 8 cm/sec.
2
2 x + 2 sin x cos x
dt =
x 2 + sin 2 x
(b) When x = −π 4,
dy
( 2 ) (2) = 4 cm/sec.
2
=
dt
(c) When x = 0,
dy
= (1) ( 2) = 2 cm/sec.
2
dt

13. A = πr2 16. V =

4 3
πr
dr 3
= 4 dr
dt = 3
dA dr dt
= 2π r dV dr
dt dt = 4π r 2
dt dt
dA
(a) When r = 8, = 2π (8)( 4) = 64π cm 2 /min. (a) When r = 9,
dt
dV
= 4π (9) (3) = 972π in.3 /min.
dA 2
(b) When r = 32, = 2π (32)( 4) = 256π cm 2 /min. dt
dt
When r = 36,
14. A = πr2
dV
= 4π (36) (3) = 15,552π in.3 /min.
2
dA dr
= 2π r dt
dt dt
(b) If dr dt is constant, dV dt is proportional to r 2 .
If dr dt is constant, dA dt is not constant.
dA dt depends on r and dr dt. 4 3 dV
17. V = πr , = 800
3 dt
θ
=
(1 2)b ⇒ b = 2 s sin
θ dV dr
15. (a) sin
2 s 2 = 4π r 2
dt dt
θ h θ 1 ⎛ dV ⎞
cos = ⇒ h = s cos dr 1
2 s 2 = ⎜ ⎟ = (800)
dt 4π r 2 ⎝ dt ⎠ 4π r 2
1 1⎛ θ ⎞⎛ θ⎞
A = bh = ⎜ 2s sin ⎟⎜ s cos ⎟ (a) When r = 30,
2 2⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠
dr 1 2
2(
=
s2 ⎛ θ θ⎞ s2
sin θ = 800) = cm/min.
⎜ 2 sin cos ⎟ = dt 4π (30) 9π
2⎝ 2 2⎠ 2
dA s2 dθ dθ 1 (b) When r = 60,
(b) = cos θ where = rad/min.
dt 2 dt dt 2 dr 1 1
2(
= 800) = cm/min.
π dA s 2 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 3s 2
dt 4π (60) 18π
When θ = , = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = .
6 dt 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 8
18. V = x3
π dA s ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
2
s 2
When θ = , = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = . dx
= 6
3 dt 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 8 dt
dV dx
= 3x 2
θ dt dt
s s
(a) When x = 2,
h
dV
= 3( 2) (6) = 72 cm3 /sec.
2
b dt
dθ dA (b) When x = 10,
(c) If s and is constant, is proportional to cos θ .
dt dt dV
= 3(10) (6) = 1800 cm 3/sec.
2
dt

s = 6x2 1 2 1 ⎛9 ⎞
19.
21. V = π r h = π ⎜ h 2 ⎟h [because 2r = 3h]
dx 3 3 ⎝4 ⎠
= 6
dt 3π 3
= h
ds dx 4
= 12 x
dt dt dV
= 10
(a) When x = 2, dt
dV 9π 2 dh dh 4( dV dt )
ds = h ⇒ =
= 12( 2)(6) = 144 cm 2 /sec. dt 4 dt dt 9π h 2
dt
When h = 15,
(b) When x = 10,
dh 4(10) 8
ds = =
= 12(10)(6) = 720 cm 2 /sec.
ft/min.
9π (15) 405π
2
dt
dt
1 2 1
20. V = π r h = π r 2 (3r ) = π r 3
3 3
dr h
= 2
dt
dV dr
= 3π r 2 r
dt dt
(a) When r = 6,
dV
= 3π (6) ( 2) = 216π in.3/min.
2
dt
(b) When r = 24,
dV
= 3π ( 24) ( 2) = 3456π in.3 /min.
2
dt
1 2 1 25 3 25π 3 ⎛ r h 5 ⎞
22. V = πr h = π h = h ⎜ By similar triangles, = ⇒ r = h.⎟
3 3 144 3(144) ⎝ 5 12 12 ⎠
dV
= 10
dt
dV 25π 2 dh dh ⎛ 144 ⎞ dV
= h ⇒ = ⎜ 2⎟
dt 144 dt dt ⎝ 25π h ⎠ dt
dh 144 9
When h = 8, = (10) = ft/min.
dt 25π (64) 10π
r
12

23. 12
1
6
3
1
1
(a) Total volume of pool = ( 2)(12)(6) + (1)(6)(12) = 144 m3 2
2
h=1
1
Volume of 1 m of water = (1)(6)(6) = 18 m3 (see similar triangle diagram) 12
2
b=6
18
% pool filled = (100%) = 12.5%
144
(b) Because for 0 ≤ h ≤ 2, b = 6h, you have
1
V = bh(6) = 3bh = 3(6h)h = 18h 2
2
dV dh 1 dh 1 1 1
= 36h = ⇒ = = = m/min.
dt dt 4 dt 144h 144(1) 144
1
24. V = bh(12) = 6bh = 6h 2 (since b = h)
2
dV dh dh 1 dV
(a) = 12h ⇒ =
dt dt dt 12h dt
dV dh 1 1
When h = 1 and = 2, = (2) = ft/min.
dt dt 12(1) 6
12 ft
3 ft
3 ft h ft
dh 3 1 dV ⎛1⎞ 3
(b) If = in./min = ft/min and h = 2 ft, then = (12)( 2)⎜ ⎟ = ft 3 /min.
dt 8 32 dt ⎝ ⎠
32 4
25. x 2 + y 2 = 252
dx dy
2x + 2y = 0
dt dt
dy − x dx −2 x dx 25
= ⋅ = = 2.
y
because
dt y dt y dt
dy −2(7) 7
(a) When x = 7, y = 576 = 24, = = − ft/sec. x
dt 24 12
dy −2(15) 3
When x = 15, y = 400 = 20, = = − ft/sec.
dt 20 2
dy −2( 24) 48
When x = 24, y = 7, = = − ft/sec.
dt 7 7

1
(b) A =
xy
2
dA 1 ⎛ dy dx ⎞
= ⎜x + y ⎟
dt 2 ⎝ dt dt ⎠
dx dy 7
From part (a) you have x = 7, y = 24, = 2, and = − . So,
dt dt 12
dA 1⎡ ⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎤ 527 2
= ⎢7⎜ − ⎟ + 24( 2)⎥ = ft /sec.
dt 2 ⎣ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎦ 24
x
(c) tan θ =
y
dθ 1 dx x dy
sec2 θ = ⋅ − 2 ⋅
dt y dt y dt
dθ ⎡ 1 dx x dy ⎤
= cos 2θ ⎢ ⋅ − 2 ⋅ ⎥
dt ⎣ y dt y dt ⎦
θ
y 25
dx dy 7 24
Using x = 7, y = 24, = 2, = − and cos θ = , you have
dt dt 12 25
2⎡
dθ ⎛ 24 ⎞ 1 7 ⎛ 7 ⎞⎤ 1
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ( 2) − ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = rad/sec.
dt ⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 24 (24)2 ⎝ 12 ⎠⎥⎦ 12
26. x 2 + y 2 = 25
dx dy
2x + 2y = 0
dt dt
dx y dy 0.15 y ⎛ dy ⎞
= − ⋅ = − ⎜ because = 0.15⎟
dt x dt x ⎝ dt ⎠
dx 18.75
When x = 2.5, y = 18.75, = − 0.15 ≈ −0.26 m/sec.
dt 2.5
y 5

x 2 + (12 − y )
2
27. When y = 6, x = 122 − 62 = 6 3, and s = = 108 + 36 = 12.
s
12 − y
x ( x, y )
y
12
x 2 + (12 − y ) = s 2
2
dx dy ds
2x + 2(12 − y )( −1) = 2s
dt dt dt
dx dy ds
x + ( y − 12) = s
dt dt dt
Also, x 2 + y 2 = 122.
dx dy dy − x dx
2x + 2y = 0 ⇒ =
dt dt dt y dt
dx ⎛ − x dx ⎞ ds
So, x + ( y − 12)⎜ ⎟ = s .
dt ⎝ y dt ⎠ dt
dx ⎡ 12 x ⎤ ds dx sy ds (12)(6) −0.2 = −1 = − 3 m/sec (horizontal)

⎢x − x + ⎥ = s ⇒ = ⋅ = ( )
dt ⎣ y ⎦ dt dt 12 x dt (12) 6 3 5 3 15 ( )
dy
=
− x dx
=
−6 3 − 3
⋅
1
= m/sec (vertical)
( )
dt y dt 6 15 5
28. Let L be the length of the rope.

(a) L2 = 144 + x 2
dL dx
2L = 2x
dt dt
dx L dL 4L ⎛ dL ⎞
= ⋅ = − ⎜ since = −4 ft/sec ⎟
dt x dt x ⎝ dt ⎠
4 ft/sec
13 ft
12 ft
When L = 13:
x = L2 − 144 = 169 − 144 = 5
dx 4(13) 52
= − = − = −10.4 ft/sec
dt 5 5
Speed of the boat increases as it approaches the dock.
dx
(b) If = −4, and L = 13:
dt
dL x dx 5 −20
= = ( − 4) = ft/sec
dt L dt 13 13
dL x dx L2 − 144
= = ( − 4)
dt L dt L
dL −4
lim = lim L2 − 144 = 0
L →12+ dt L →12+ L

29. (a) s 2 = x2 + y 2 31. s 2 = 902 + x 2

dx x = 30
= −450
dt dx
= −25
dy dt
= −600
dt ds dx ds x dx
2s = 2x ⇒ = ⋅
ds dx dy dt dt dt s dt
2s = 2x + 2y
dt dt dt
When x = 20, s = 902 + 202 = 10 85,
ds
=
x ( dx dt ) ( dy dt )
+ y
ds 20 −50
dt s = (−25) = ≈ −5.42 ft/sec.
y dt 10 85 85
2nd
300
200
y s
20 ft
100
3rd x 1st
x x s
−100 100 200 300
90 ft
When x = 225 and y = 300, s = 375 and Home
ds 225( −450) + 300( −600)

= = −750 mi/h. 32. s 2 = 902 + x 2
dt 375
375 1 x = 90 − 20 = 70
(b) t = = h = 30 min
750 2 dx
= 25
dt
30. x2 + y2 = s2 ds x dx
= ⋅
dx ds ⎛ dy ⎞ dt s dt
2x + 0 = 2s ⎜ because = 0⎟
dt dt ⎝ dt ⎠ When x = 70, s = 902 + 702 = 10 130,
dx s ds
= ds 70 175
dt x dt = ( 25) = ≈ 15.35 ft/sec.
dt 10 130 130
When s = 10, x = 100 − 25 = 75 = 5 3, 2nd 20 ft
dx 10 480
= (240) = = 160 3 ≈ 277.13 mi/h. x
dt 5 3 3
1st
y 3rd s
x 90 ft
Home
s
5 mi

15 y 1 πt
33. (a) = ⇒ 15 y − 15 x = 6 y 35. x(t ) = sin , x 2 + y 2 = 1
6 y − x 2 6
5 2π
y = x (a) Period: = 12 seconds
3 π 6
dx
= 5 2
dt 1 ⎛1⎞ 3
(b) When x = ,y = 12 − ⎜ ⎟ = m.
dy 5 dx 5 25 2 ⎝2⎠ 2
= ⋅ = (5) = ft/sec
dt 3 dt 3 3 ⎛ 3⎞
Lowest point: ⎜⎜ 0, ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
(c) When
15 2
1 ⎛1⎞ 15
x = , y = 1−⎜ ⎟ = and t = 1:
6 4 ⎝ 4⎠ 4
dx 1⎛π ⎞ πt π πt
x = ⎜ ⎟ cos = cos
y dt 2⎝ 6 ⎠ 6 12 6
d ( y − x) dy dx 25 10 x2 + y 2 = 1
(b) = − = −5 = ft/sec
dt dt dt 3 3 dx dy dy − x dx
2x + 2y = 0 ⇒ =
dt dt dt y dt
20 y
34. (a) = dy 14 π ⎛π ⎞
6 y − x So, = − ⋅ cos⎜ ⎟
20 y − 20 x = 6 y
dt 15 4 12 ⎝6⎠
14 y = 20 x −π ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 −π 1 − 5π
= ⎜ ⎟ = = .
10 15 ⎝ 12 ⎠ 2 24 5 120
y = x
7 − 5π 5π
Speed = = m/sec
dx 120 120
= −5
dt
dy 10 dx 10 −50
= = ( −5) = ft/sec
dt 7 dt 7 7
20
x
y
d ( y − x) dy dx
(b) = −
dt dt dt
−50
= − ( −5)
7
−50 35 −15
= + = ft/sec
7 7 7

3
36. x(t ) = sin π t , x 2 + y 2 = 1
5
2π
(a) Period: = 2 seconds
π
2
3 ⎛ 3⎞ 4
(b) When x = ,y = 1−⎜ ⎟ = m.
5 ⎝5⎠ 5
⎛ 4⎞
Lowest point: ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
2
3 ⎛1⎞ 15 3 3 1 1
(c) When x = ,y = 1−⎜ ⎟ = and = sin π t ⇒ sin π t = ⇒ t = :
10 ⎝ 4⎠ 4 10 5 2 6
dx 3
= π cos π t
dt 5
x2 + y 2 = 1
dx dy dy − x dx
2x + 2y = 0 ⇒ =
dt dt dt y dt
dy −3 10 3 ⎛π ⎞
So, = ⋅ π cos⎜ ⎟
dt 15 4 5 ⎝6⎠
−9π −9 5π
= = .
25 5 125
−9 5π
Speed = ≈ 0.5058 m/sec
125
37. Because the evaporation rate is proportional to the 1 1 1

= +
surface area, dV dt = k ( 4π r 2 ). However, because
39.
R R1 R2
V = ( 4 3)π r 3 , you have dR1
=1
dt
dV dr
= 4π r 2 . dR2
= 1.5
dt dt dt
Therefore, k ( 4π r 2 ) = 4π r 2
dr dr 1 dR 1 dR 1 dR2
⇒ k = . 2
⋅ = 2 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅
dt dt R dt R1 dt R2 dt
dx dy When R1 = 50 and R2 = 75:

38 (i) (a) negative ⇒ positive
dt dt R = 30
dy dx ⎡ 1 ⎤
positive ⇒ dR
= (30) ⎢
1
2( ) 2(
(b) 1.5)⎥ = 0.6 ohm/sec
negative 2
1 +
dt dt dt ⎢⎣ (50) (75) ⎥⎦
dx dy
(ii) (a) negative ⇒ negative 40. pV 1.3 = k
dt dt
dV dp
(b)
dy
positive ⇒
dx
positive 1.3 pV 0.3 + V 1.3 = 0
dt dt dt dt
⎛ dV dp ⎞
V 0.3 ⎜1.3 p +V ⎟ = 0
⎝ dt dt ⎠
dV dp
1.3 p = −V
dt dt

41. rg tan θ = v 2 44. tan θ =

y
,y = 5
x
32r tan θ = v 2 , r is a constant.
dx
dθ dv = −600 mi/h
32r sec 2θ = 2v dt
dt dt
dv
=
16r
sec 2θ
dθ (sec2θ ) ddtθ = − x52 ⋅ dx
dt
dt v dt
dθ ⎛ 5 ⎞ dx x 2 ⎛ 5 ⎞ dx
dθ v dv = cos 2θ ⎜ − 2 ⎟ = 2 ⎜− 2 ⎟
Likewise, = cos 2θ . dt ⎝ x ⎠ dt L ⎝ x ⎠ dt
dt 16r dt
⎛ 52 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ dx
= ⎜ − 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟
42. tan θ =
y ⎝ L ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ dt
50
⎛1⎞
dy = ( −sin 2θ )⎜ ⎟( −600) = 120 sin 2θ
= 4 m/sec ⎝ 5⎠
dt
dθ 1 dy
sec2θ ⋅ = L
dt 50 dt y=5
dθ 1 dy θ
= cos 2θ ⋅ x
dt 50 dt
y
(a) When θ = 30°,
dθ 120 1
= = 30 rad/h = rad/min.
dt 4 2
y (b) When θ = 60°,
θ dθ ⎛ 3⎞ 3
x = 120⎜ ⎟ = 90 rad/h = rad/min.
50 dt ⎝ 4⎠ 2
π 2 (c) When θ = 75°,
When y = 50, θ = , and cos θ = . So,
4 2
dθ
2 = 120 sin 2 75° ≈ 111.96 rad/h ≈ 1.87 rad/min.
dθ 1 ⎛ 2⎞ 1
⎟ ( 4) =
dt
= ⎜ rad/sec.
dt 50 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 25
x
45. tan θ =
10 50
43. sin θ =
x dθ
= 30( 2π ) = 60π rad/min = π rad/sec
dx dt
= ( −1) ft/sec
dt ⎛ dθ ⎞ 1 ⎛ dx ⎞
sec2θ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎛ dθ ⎞ −10 dx ⎝ dt ⎠ 50 ⎝ dt ⎠
cos θ ⎜ ⎟ = 2 ⋅
⎝ dt ⎠ x dt dx ⎛ dθ ⎞
= 50 sec 2θ ⎜ ⎟
dθ −10 dx ⎝ dt ⎠
= 2 (sec θ ) dt
dt x dt
Police
−10 25
= (−1)
252 252 − 102 θ
10 1 2
= = 50 ft
25 5 21 25 21
2 21
= ≈ 0.017 rad/sec
525 x
dx 200π
(a) When θ = 30°, = ft/sec.
dt 3
x dx
10
(b) When θ = 60°, = 200π ft/sec.
dt
θ
dx
(c) When θ = 70°, ≈ 427.43π ft/sec.
dt

dθ x
46. = (10 rev/sec)( 2π rad/rev) = 20π rad/sec 47. sin 18° =
dt y
x
(a) cos θ = x dy
0 = − ⋅ + ⋅
1 dx
30 y 2
dt y dt
dθ 1 dx
−sin θ = dx
=
x dy
⋅ = (sin 18°)( 275) ≈ 84.9797 mi/hr
dt 30 dt dt y dt
dx dθ
= −30 sin θ y
dt dt x
= −30 sin θ ( 20π ) 18°
= −600π sin θ
x
48. tan θ = ⇒ x = 50 tan θ
P 50
30 dx dθ
θ
= 50 sec 2 θ
x dt dt
x
dθ
2 = 50 sec θ
2
dt
dθ 1 π π
= cos 2 θ , − ≤ θ ≤
(b) 2000 dt 25 4 4
49. (a) dy dt = 3( dx dt ) means that y changes three times

0 4␲
as fast as x changes.
− 2000
(b) y changes slowly when x ≈ 0 or x ≈ L. y changes
more rapidly when x is near the middle of the
(c) dx dt = −600π sin θ is greatest when interval.
π
sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ = + nπ (or 90° + n ⋅ 180°).
2
dx dt is least when θ = nπ (or n ⋅ 180°).
(d) For θ = 30°,
dx 1
= −600π sin (30°) = −600π = −300π cm/sec.
dt 2
For θ = 60°,
dx
= −600π sin (60°)
dt
3
= −600π = −300 3π cm/sec.
2
d2y
50. x 2 + y 2 = 25; acceleration of the top of the ladder =
dt 2
dx dy
First derivative: 2 x + 2y = 0
dt dt
dx dy
x + y = 0
dt dt
d 2x dx dx d2y dy dy
Second derivative: x 2
+ ⋅ + y 2 + ⋅ = 0
dt dt dt dt dt dt
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ d 2 x ⎛ dx ⎞ ⎤
2 2
d2y ⎛ dy ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎢− x 2 − ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠
2
dt ⎝ y ⎠⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦
dy 7 dx dx d 2x
When x = 7, y = 24, = − , and = 2 (see Exercise 25). Because is constant, = 0.
dt 12 dt dt dt 2
1⎡ ⎛ 7⎞ ⎤
2
d2y 1⎡ 49 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 625 ⎤
( ) ( )
2
= ⎢− 7 0 − 2 − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ = −4 − = − ≈ −0.1808 ft/sec 2
dt 2 24 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 24 ⎣⎢ 144 ⎦⎥ 24 ⎣⎢ 144 ⎦⎥

d 2x
51. L2 = 144 + x 2 ; acceleration of the boat =
dt 2
dL dx
First derivative: 2 L = 2x
dt dt
dL dx
L = x
dt dt
d 2L dL dL d 2x dx dx
Second derivative: L 2
+ ⋅ = x 2 + ⋅
dt dt dt dt dt dt
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ d 2 L ⎛ dL ⎞ ⎛ dx ⎞ ⎤
2 2
d 2x
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ L + ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
dt 2 ⎝ x ⎠ ⎣⎢ dt ⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠ ⎦⎥
2
dx dL dL d 2L
When L = 13, x = 5, = −10.4, and = −4 (see Exercise 28). Because is constant, = 0.
dt dt dt dt 2
d 2x 1
= ⎡13(0) + ( −4) − ( −10.4) ⎤
2 2
dt 2 5⎣ ⎦
1 1
= [16 − 108.16] = [−92.16] = −18.432 ft/sec 2
5 5
52. (a) Using a graphing utility, 53. y(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 20
dy
m( s ) = −0.4988 s 3 + 26.625 s 2 − 472.09 s + 2815.0. = −9.8t
dt
y(1) = −4.9 + 20 = 15.1
(b)
dm
= ( −1.4964 s 2 + 53.25 s − 472.09)
ds y′(1) = −9.8
dt dt
y
ds
If = 0.75 and t = 10, then s = 17.8 and
dt
dm
≈ 1.23 million/yr.
dt
20
y
12 x
(0, 0)
x
20 y
By similar triangles: =
x x − 12
20 x − 240 = xy
When y = 15.1: 20 x − 240 = x(15.1)
(20 − 15.1) x = 240
240
x =
4.9
20 x − 240 = xy
dx dy dx
20 = x + y
dt dt dt
dx x dy
=
dt 20 − y dt
dx 240 4.9
At t = 1, = (−9.8) ≈ −97.96 m/sec.
dt 20 − 15.1

Review Exercises for Chapter 2

1. f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x + 5
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
⎡( x + ∆x)2 − 4( x + ∆x) + 5⎤ − ⎡ x 2 − 4 x + 5⎤
= lim ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim
(x 2
+ 2 x( ∆x ) + ( ∆x) − 4 x − 4( ∆x) + 5 − ( x 2 − 4 x + 5)
2
)
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 x( ∆x) + ( ∆x) − 4( ∆x)
2
= lim = lim ( 2 x + ∆x − 4) = 2 x − 4
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0
2. f ( x) = x +1
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim
( x + ∆x + 1 − ) ( x +1 )
∆x → 0 ∆x
x + ∆x − x x + ∆x + x
= lim ⋅
∆x → 0 ∆x x + ∆x + x
= lim
(x + ∆x) − x
∆x → 0 ∆x
( x + ∆x + x )
1 1
= lim =
∆x → 0 x + ∆x + x 2 x
x +1
3. f ( x) =
x −1
x + ∆x + 1 x + 1
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) −
f ′( x) = lim = lim x + ∆x − 1 x − 1
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim
( x + ∆x + 1)( x − 1) − ( x + ∆x − 1)( x + 1)
∆x → 0 ∆x( x + ∆x − 1)( x − 1)
= lim
( x2 + x ∆x + x − x − ∆x − 1) − ( x 2 + x ∆x − x + x + ∆x − 1)
∆x → 0 ∆x( x + ∆x − 1)( x − 1)
−2 ∆x −2 −2
= lim = lim =
∆x → 0 ∆x (x + ∆x − 1)( x − 1) ∆x → 0 ( x + ∆x − 1)( x − 1)
( x − 1)
2
6
4. f ( x) =
x
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
6 6
−
= lim x + ∆x x = lim 6 x − (6 x + 6 ∆x) = lim −6 ∆x
= lim
−6 −6
= 2
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x( x + ∆x) x ∆x → 0 ∆x( x + ∆x ) x ∆x → 0 ( x + ∆ x ) x x
5. f is differentiable for all x ≠ 3.
6. f is differentiable for all x ≠ −1.

Review Exercises for Chapter 2 189
7. f ( x) = 4 − x − 2 12. (a) Using the limit definition,

−2
(a) Continuous at x = 2 f ′( x) = .
( x + 1)
2
(b) Not differentiable at x = 2 because of the sharp
turn in the graph. Also, the derivatives from the left At x = 0, f ′(0) = −2. The tangent line is
and right are not equal.
y y − 2 = −2( x − 0)
7 y = −2 x + 2.
6
5
4 (b) 4
3 (0, 2)
2
−6 6
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−3 −4
g ( x) − g ( 2)
⎧⎪x 2 + 4 x + 2, if x < −2 13. g ′( 2) = lim
8. f ( x) = ⎨ x→2 x − 2
⎪⎩1 − 4 x − x 2 , if x ≥ −2
x 2 ( x − 1) − 4
(a) Nonremovable discontinuity at x = −2 = lim
x→2 x − 2
(b) Not differentiable at x = −2 because the function is x − x2 − 4
3
discontinuous there. = lim

x→2 x − 2
(x − 2)( x 2 + x + 2)
y
5 = lim
4
x→2 x − 2
= lim ( x + x + 2) = 8
2
x→2
1
x
f ( x) − f (3)
14. f ′(3) = lim
−5 −4 −2 −1 1 2
−1
−2
x→3 x −3
1 1
−
9. Using the limit definition, you obtain g ′( x) = 4x − 16 . At = lim x + 4 7
3 x→3 x −3
x = −1, 7 − x − 4
= lim
x → 3 ( x − 3)( x + 4)7
g′( −1) = − 43 − 1
6
= − 23 .
−1 1
= lim = −
10. Using the limit definition, you obtain h′( x) = 3
8
− 4 x. At x→3 (x + 4) 7 49
x = −2,
15. y = 25
h′( −2) = 3
8
− 4( −2) = 67
8
. y′ = 0
11. (a) Using the limit definition, f ′( x) = 3 x 2 . At 16. y = −30

x = −1, f ′( −1) = 3. The tangent line is y′ = 0
y − ( −2) = 3( x − (−1)) 17. f ( x ) = x8

y = 3 x + 1. f ′( x) = 8 x 7
(b) 0
−4
18. g ( x) = x 20
2
(−1, −2) g ′( x) = 20 x19
−4 19. h(t ) = 13t 4

h′(t ) = 52t 3

f (t ) = −8t 5
y
20. 31.
f′ f
f ′(t ) = −40t 4 2
21. f ( x) = x3 − 11x 2 1
f ′( x) = 3 x − 22 x
2
x
−1 1
22. g ( s ) = 4s 4 − 5s 2
f ′ > 0 where the slopes of tangent lines to the graph of
g ′( s ) = 16 s 3 − 10s
f are positive.
23. h( x) = 6 x + 3 3 x = 6 x1 2 + 3 x1 3 32. y
3 1
h′( x) = 3 x −1 2 + x −2 3 = + 1
f
3
x x2
x
f ( x) = x1 2 − x −1 2
π π
−
24. 2 2
1 −1 2 1 x +1
f ′( x) =
−1 f′
x + x −3 2 =
2 2 2 x3 2
f ′ = 0 where the slopes of tangent lines to the graph of
2 −2
25. g (t ) = t f are 0.
3
−4 −3 4 F = 200 T
g ′(t ) = t = − 3 33.
3 3t 100
F ′(t ) =
10 −2 T
26. h( x) = x
49 (a) When T = 4, F ′( 4) = 50 vibrations/sec/lb.
−20 −3 20
h′( x) = x = − (b) When T = 9, F′(9) = 33 13 vibrations/sec/lb.
49 49 x3
27. f (θ ) = 4θ − 5 sin θ 34. s = −16t 2 + s0

f ′(θ ) = 4 − 5 cos θ First ball:
−16t 2 + 100 = 0
28. g (α ) = 4 cos α + 6
100
g ′(α ) = −4 sin α t =
16
10
sin θ = = 2.5 seconds to hit ground
29. f (θ ) = 3 cos θ − 4
4
Second ball:
cos θ
f ′(θ ) = −3 sin θ − −16t 2 + 75 = 0
4
75
5 sin α t2 =
30. g (α ) = − 2α 16
3
5 3
5 cos α = ≈ 2.165 seconds to hit ground
g ′(α ) = − 2 4
3
Because the second ball was released one second after
the first ball, the first ball will hit the ground first.
The second ball will hit the ground
3.165 − 2.5 = 0.665 second later.
35. s(t ) = −16t 2 + s0
s(9.2) = −16(9.2) + s0 = 0
2
s0 = 1354.24
The building is approximately 1354 feet high (or 415 m).

36. s(t ) = −16t 2 + 14,400 = 0

y
38.
16t 2 = 14,400
t = 30 sec
v02
Because 600 mi/h = 1

6
mi/sec, in 30 seconds the bomb 64
( v02 v02
,
64 128 )
( 16 )(30) = 5 miles.
2
will move horizontally

( v32 , 0 )
0
x
v02
128
y
37. (a)
32 2 ⎛ 32 ⎞
15 (a) y = x − x = x⎜1 − 2 x ⎟
v0 2 ⎝ v0 ⎠
10
v0 2
= 0 if x = 0 or x =
5 32
x
Projectile strikes the ground when x = v0 2 32.
20 40 60
Projectile reaches its maximum height at
Total horizontal distance: 50 x = v0 2 64 (one-half the distance).
(b) 0 = x − 0.02 x 2 64
(b) y′ = 1 − x
⎛ x⎞ v0 2
0 = x⎜1 − ⎟ implies x = 50.
⎝ 50 ⎠ v0 2 64 ⎛ v 2 ⎞
When x = , y′ = 1 − 2 ⎜ 0 ⎟ = 0.
(c) Ball reaches maximum height when x = 25. 64 v0 ⎝ 64 ⎠
(d) y = x − 0.02 x 2 32 2 ⎛ 32 ⎞
(c) y = x − x = x⎜1 − 2 x ⎟ = 0
y′ = 1 − 0.04 x v0 2
⎝ v0 ⎠
y′(0) = 1 when x = 0 and x = s0 2 32. Therefore, the range
y′(10) = 0.6 is x = v0 2 32. When the initial velocity is doubled
y′( 25) = 0 the range is
y′(30) = −0.2 (2v0 )2 4v0 2
x = =
y′(50) = −1 32 32
or four times the initial range. From part (a), the
(e) y′( 25) = 0
maximum height occurs when x = v0 2 64. The
maximum height is
2
⎛v 2 ⎞ v2 32 ⎛ v 2 ⎞ v2 v2 v2
y⎜ 0 ⎟ = 0 − 2 ⎜ 0 ⎟ = 0 − 0 = 0 .
⎝ 64 ⎠ 64 v0 ⎝ 64 ⎠ 64 128 128
If the initial velocity is doubled, the maximum
height is
⎡ ( 2v0 )2 ⎤ (2v0 )2 = 4⎛ v0 2 ⎞
y⎢ ⎥ = ⎜ ⎟
⎢⎣ 64 ⎥⎦ 128 ⎝ 128 ⎠
or four times the original maximum height.
(d) v0 = 70 ft/sec
Range: x =
v0 2
=
(70) 2
= 153.125 ft
32 32
Maximum height: y =
v0 2
=
(70) ≈ 38.28 ft
2
128 128
50
0 160
0

39. x(t ) = t 2 − 3t + 2 = (t − 2)(t − 1) x2 + x − 1

45. f ( x) =
x2 − 1
(a) v(t ) = x′(t ) = 2t − 3
f ′( x) =
( x2 − 1)( 2 x + 1) − ( x 2 + x − 1)( 2 x)
(b) v(t ) < 0 for t <
( x2 − 1)
3 2
2
(c) v(t ) = 0 for t = 3

2 −( x 2 + 1)
=
x = ( 32 − 2)( 32 − 1) = (− 12 )( 12 ) = − 14 ( x2 − 1)
2
(d) x(t ) = 0 for t = 1, 2

6x − 5
f ( x) =
v(1) = 2(1) − 3 = 1
46.
x2 + 1
v( 2) = 2( 2) − 3 = 1
f ′( x) =
( x2 + 1)(6) − (6 x − 5)( 2 x)
( x2 + 1)
2
The speed is 1 when the position is 0.
40. (a) y = 0.14 x 2 − 4.43 x + 58.4 2(3 + 5 x − 3x 2 )

=
( x2 + 1)
2
320
(b)
f ( x) = (9 − 4 x 2 )
−1
47.
f ′( x) = −(9 − 4 x 2 )
−2 8x
0 60
( −8 x ) =
(9 − 4 x 2 )
0 2
(c) 12
f ( x) = 9(3x 2 − 2 x)
−1
48.
18(1 − 3 x)
f ′( x) = −9(3 x 2 − 2 x)
−2
(6 x − 2) =
(3x 2 − 2 x)
2
0 60
0
(d) If x = 65, y ≈ 362 feet. x4

49. y =
(e) As the speed increases, the stopping distance cos x
increases at an increasing rate.
y′ =
(cos x) 4 x3 − x 4 ( −sin x)
41. f ( x) = (5 x 2 + 8)( x 2 − 4 x − 6) cos 2 x
4 x3 cos x + x 4 sin x
f ′( x) = (5 x 2 + 8)( 2 x − 4) + ( x 2 − 4 x − 6)(10 x) =
cos 2 x
= 10 x3 + 16 x − 20 x 2 − 32 + 10 x3 − 40 x 2 − 60 x
sin x
= 20 x3 − 60 x 2 − 44 x − 32 50. y =
x4
= 4(5 x3 − 15 x 2 − 11x − 8) ( x 4 ) cos x − (sin x)(4 x3 ) x cos x − 4 sin x
y′ = =
( x4 )
2
x5
42. g ( x) = ( x3 + 7 x)( x + 3)
g ′( x) = ( x3 + 7 x)(1) + ( x + 3)(3 x 2 + 7) 51. y = 3 x 2 sec x

= x3 + 7 x + 3 x3 + 9 x 2 + 7 x + 21 y′ = 3 x 2 sec x tan x + 6 x sec x
= 4 x3 + 9 x 2 + 14 x + 21
52. y = 2 x − x 2 tan x
43. h( x) = x sin x = x1 2 sin x y′ = 2 − x 2 sec 2 x − 2 x tan x
1
h′( x) = sin x + x cos x 53. y = x cos x − sin x
2 x
y′ = − x sin x + cos x − cos x = − x sin x
44. f (t ) = 2t 5 cos t
f ′(t ) = 2t 5 ( −sin t ) + cos t (10t 4 )
= −2t 5 sin t + 10t 4 cos t

54. g ( x) = 3 x sin x + x 2 cos x 60. v(t ) =

90t
4t + 10
g ′( x) = 3 x cos x + 3 sin x − x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x
a (t ) =
(4t + 10)90 − 90t (4)
= 5 x cos x + (3 − x 2 )sin x
(4t + 10)
2
900 225
2 x3 − 1 = =
55. f ( x) = = 2 x − x −2 , (1, 1) (4t + 10)
2
(2t + 5)
2
x2
f ′( x) = 2 + 2 x −3 90
(a) v(1) = ≈ 6.43 ft/sec
f ′(1) = 4 14
225
Tangent line: y − 1 = 4( x − 1) a(1) = ≈ 4.59 ft/sec 2
49
y = 4x − 3 90(5)
(b) v(5) = = 15 ft/sec
30
x + 1 ⎛1 ⎞
56. f ( x) = , ⎜ , − 3⎟ 225
x − 1 ⎝2 ⎠ a(5) = = 1 ft/sec 2
152
f ′( x) =
(x − 1) − ( x + 1)
=
−2
90(10)
( x − 1) 2
( x − 1) 2 (c) v(10) = = 18 ft/sec
50
⎛1⎞ −2 225
f ′⎜ ⎟ = = −8 a(10) = = 0.36 ft/sec 2
⎝ 2⎠ (1 4) 252
⎛ 1⎞
g (t ) = −8t 3 − 5t + 12
Tangent line: y + 3 = −8⎜ x − ⎟ 61.
⎝ 2⎠
g ′(t ) = −24t 2 − 5
y = −8 x + 1
g ′′(t ) = −48t
57. f ( x) = − x tan x, (0, 0)
f ′( x) = − x sec x − tan x
2 62. h( x) = 21x −3 + 3 x
f ′(0) = 0 h′( x) = −63 x −4 + 3

252
Tangent line: y − 0 = 0( x − 0) h′′( x) = 252 x −5 =
x5
y = 0
63. f ( x) = 15 x5 2
1 + cos x ⎛ π ⎞
58. f ( x) = , ⎜ , 1⎟ f ′( x) = 75 3 2
x
1 − cos x ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
(1 − cos x )( −sin x) − (1 + cos x)(sin x) f ′′( x) = 225 1 2

x = 225
x
f ′( x) =
4 4
(1 − cos x)
2
64. f ( x) = 20 5 x = 20 x1 5
−2 sin x
= f ′( x) = 4 x −4 5
(1 − cos x)
2
−16 −9 5 16
⎛π ⎞ −2 f ′′( x) = x = − 95
f ′⎜ ⎟ = = −2 5 5x
⎝2⎠ 1
⎛ π⎞ 65. f (θ ) = 3 tan θ
Tangent line: y − 1 = −2⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ f ′(θ ) = 3 sec2 θ
y = −2 x + 1 + π f ′′(θ ) = 6 sec θ (sec θ tan θ )
59. v(t ) = 36 − t 2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 6 = 6 sec 2 θ tan θ
a(t ) = v′(t ) = −2t 66. h(t ) = 10 cos t − 15 sin t

v( 4) = 36 − 16 = 20 m/sec h′(t ) = −10 sin t − 15 cos t
a( 4) = −8 m/sec 2 h′′(t ) = −10 cos t + 15 sin t

67. y = 2 sin x + 3 cos x x sin 2 x

75. y = −
y′ = 2 cos x − 3 sin x 2 4
y′′ = −2 sin x − 3 cos x y′ =
1 1 1
− cos 2 x( 2) = (1 − cos 2 x) = sin 2 x
2 4 2
y′′ + y = −( 2 sin x + 3 cos x) + ( 2 sin x + 3 cos x)
= 0 sec7 x sec5 x
76. y = −
7 5
68. y =
(10 − cos x)
y′ = sec6 x(sec x tan x) − sec 4 x(sec x tan x)
x
xy + cos x = 10 = sec5 x tan x(sec 2 x − 1)
xy′ + y − sin x = 0 = sec5 x tan 3 x
xy′ + y = sin x
2 32 2
77. y = sin x − sin 7 2 x
2 3 7
⎛ x +5⎞
69. h( x) = ⎜ 2 ⎟ y′ = sin1 2 x cos x − sin 5 2 x cos x
⎝ x + 3⎠
= (cos x ) sin x (1 − sin 2 x)
⎛ x + 5 ⎞⎜ ( x + 3)(1) − ( x + 5)( 2 x) ⎟
⎛ 2 ⎞
h′( x) = 2⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = cos3 x sin x
⎝ x + 3 ⎠⎜ ( x 2 + 3)
2
⎝ ⎠
2( x + 5)( − x 2 − 10 x + 3) 3x
= 78. f ( x) =
(x + 3) x2 + 1
3
2
3( x 2 + 1) ( x + 1) ( 2 x)
12 1 2 −1 2
− 3x
⎛ 1⎞
5 f ′( x) = 2
70. f ( x) = ⎜ x 2 + ⎟ x2 + 1
⎝ x⎠
3( x 2 + 1) − 3 x 2 3
⎛ 1⎞
4
⎛ 1⎞ = =
f ′( x) = 5⎜ x 2 + ⎟ (x + 1) (x + 1)
32 32
⎜ 2x − 2 ⎟
2 2
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
sin π x
79. y =
f ( s ) = ( s 2 − 1) (s3 + 5)
52
71. x + 2
( x + 2)π cos π x − sin π x
f ′( s ) = ( s 2 − 1) (3s 2 ) + (s3 + 5)( 52 )(s 2 − 1) (2s) y′ =
52 32
(x + 2)
2
s( s 2 − 1) ⎡⎣3s( s 2 − 1) + 5( s 3 + 5)⎤⎦
32
=
cos( x − 1)
80. y =
= s( s 2 − 1) (8s3 − 3s + 25)
32
x −1
−( x − 1) sin ( x − 1) − cos( x − 1)(1)
θ y′ =
72. h(θ ) = (x − 1)
2
(1 − θ )
3
1
= − ⎡⎣( x − 1) sin ( x − 1) + cos( x − 1)⎤⎦
(1 − θ )3 − θ ⎡3(1 − θ ) ( −1)⎤
⎣
2
⎦ (x − 1)
2
h′(θ ) =
(1 − θ )
6
81. f ( x) = 1 − x3
=
(1 − θ )2 (1 − θ + 3θ )
=
2θ + 1
−3 x 2
(1 − x 3 ) ( −3 x 2 ) =
1 −1 2
(1 − θ )6 (1 − θ )4 f ′( x) =
2 2 1 − x3
73. y = 5 cos(9 x + 1) −12
f ′( −2) = = −2
2(3)
y′ = −5 sin (9 x + 1)(9) = −45 sin (9 x + 1)
82. f ( x) = 3
x2 − 1
74. y = 1 − cos 2 x + 2 cos 2 x
( x − 1) ( 2 x) =
1 2 −2 3 2x
y′ = 2 sin 2 x − 4 cos x sin x f ′( x) =
3( x 2 − 1)
23
3
= 2[2 sin x cos x] − 4 sin x cos x
= 0 2(3) 1
f ′(3) = =
3( 4) 2

3 x ( x + 2)
3
83.
1
y = csc 2 x 88. y =
2
3( x + 2) (7 x + 2)
2
y′ = −csc 2 x cot 2 x y′ =
2 3x
⎛π ⎞
y′⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝4⎠ y′ does not equal zero for any x in the domain. The
graph has no horizontal tangent lines.
84. y = csc 3 x + cot 3 x 75
y′ = −3 csc 3x cot 3x − 3 csc 3x 2 y′ y
⎛π ⎞
y′⎜ ⎟ = 0 − 3 = −3 −3 3
⎝6⎠
− 25
85. g ( x) = 2 x( x + 1)
−1 2
89. f (t ) = t 2 (t − 1) , (2, 4)
5
x + 2
g ′( x) =
(x + 1) f ′(t ) = t (t − 1) (7t − 2)
32 4
(a)
4 f ′( 2) = 24
g′
(b) y − 4 = 24(t − 2)
−2 7 y = 24t − 44
g
−2
(c) y
g ′ does not equal zero for any value of x in the domain. 4 (2, 4)
3
The graph of g has no horizontal tangent lines. 2
1
f ( x) = ⎡⎣( x − 2)( x + 4)⎤⎦ = ( x 2 + 2 x − 8)

2 2
86. −2 −1 1 3 4 5
x
f ′( x) = 4( x3 + 3 x 2 − 6 x − 8) f
= 4( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 4)
The zeros of f ′ correspond to the points on the graph of 90. g ( x) = x x 2 + 1, (3, 3 10 )
f where the tangent line is horizontal.
x2
100 (a) g ′( x) = x2 + 1 +
x2 + 1
f′ f
19 10
−7 5
g ′(3) =
10
19 10
− 60
(b) y − 3 10 = ( x − 3)
10
87. f (t ) = t + 13 t + 1 y =
19 10
x −
27 10
10 10
f (t ) = (t + 1) (t + 1) = (t + 1)
12 13 56
y
(c)
5
f ′(t ) = 12
6(t + 1)
16
10
(3, 3 10 )
8
f ′ does not equal zero for any x in the domain. The 6
4
graph of f has no horizontal tangent lines. g
2
5
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
f −2
f′
−2 7
−1

91. f ( x) = tan 1 − x, (−2, tan 3 ) 95. f ( x) = cot x

f ′( x) = −csc 2 x
−1
(a) f ′( x) = f ′′( x) = −2 csc x( −csc x ⋅ cot x)
2 1 − x cos 2 1 − x
− 3 = 2 csc 2 x cot x
f ′( −2) = ≈ −11.1983
6 cos 2 3
96. y = sin 2 x
− 3
(b) y − tan 3 = ( x + 2) y′ = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2 x
6 cos 2 3
y′′ = 2 cos 2 x
y = −
(x + 2) 3
+ tan 3
6 cos 2 4t 2
3 97. f (t ) =
(c) y (1 − t )2
8t
f ′(t ) =
f 8
(1 − t )
3
x
8( 2t + 1)
f ′′(t ) =
−2π π
f
(1 − t )4
−4 2
(−2, tan 3(
−8
6x − 5
98. g ( x) =
x2 + 1
2( −3 x 2 + 5 x + 3)
92. f ( x) = 2 csc3 ( x) = 2
, (1, 2 csc3 (1)) g ′( x) =
sin 3
( x) ( x2 + 1)
2
(a) f ′( x) =
−3 cos ( x) g ′′( x) =
2(6 x3 − 15 x 2 − 18 x + 5)
x sin ( x ) ( x2 + 1)
3
4
−3 cos(1)
f ′(1) = 99. g (θ ) = tan 3θ − sin (θ − 1)
sin 4 (1)
g ′(θ ) = 3 sec 2 3θ − cos(θ − 1)
−3 cos(1)
(b) y − 2 csc (1) = 3
(x − 1) g ′′(θ ) = 18 sec 2 3θ tan 3θ + sin (θ − 1)
sin 4 (1)
−3 cos(1) 2 3 cos(1)
y = x + + 100. h( x ) = 5 x x 2 − 16
sin 4 (1) sin 3 (1) sin 4 (1)
10 x 2 − 80
(c) y h′( x) =
f x 2 − 16
6
10 x3 − 240 x
h′′( x) =
5
(1, 2 csc3 1)
( x2 − 16)
4 32
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
93. y = 7 x 2 + cos 2 x
y′ = 14 x − 2 sin 2 x
y′′ = 14 − 4 cos 2 x
94. y = x −1 + tan x
y′ = − x −2 + sec 2 x
y′′ = 2 x −3 + 2 sec x(sec x tan x )
2
= + 2 sec 2 x tan x
x3

101. T =
700 102. v = 2 gh = 2(32)h = 8 h
t + 4t + 10
2
dv 4
=
T = 700(t 2 + 4t + 10)
−1
dh h
−1400(t + 2) dv 4
T′ = (a) When h = 9, = ft/sec.
(t + 4t + 10)
2
2 dh 3
dv
(a) When t = 1, (b) When h = 4, = 2 ft/sec.
dh
−1400(1 + 2)
T′ = ≈ −18.667 deg/h.
(1 + 4 + 10)
2
103. x 2 + 3 xy + y 3 = 10
(b) When t = 3, 2 x + 3 xy′ + 3 y + 3 y 2 y′ = 0

−1400(3 + 2) 3( x + y 2 ) y′ = −( 2 x + 3 y )
T′ = ≈ −7.284 deg/h.
(9 + 12 + 10)
2
−( 2 x + 3 y )
y′ =
(c) When t = 5, 3( x + y 2 )
−1400(5 + 2)
T′ = ≈ −3.240 deg/h. 104. y 2 = x3 − x 2 y + xy − y 2
(25 + 20 + 10)
2
0 = x3 − x 2 y + xy − 2 y 2
(d) When t = 10,
0 = 3 x 2 − x 2 y′ − 2 xy + xy′ + y − 4 yy′
−1400(10 + 2)
T′ =
(100 + 40 + 10)
2
≈ −0.747 deg/h. ( x2 − x + 4 y) y′ = 3x 2 − 2 xy + y
3 x 2 − 2 xy + y
y′ =
x2 − x + 4 y
105. xy = x − 4 y
x y
y′ + = 1 − 4 y′
2 y 2 x
xy′ + y = 2 xy − 8 xy y′
x + 8 xy y′ = 2 xy − y
2 xy − y 2( x − 4 y ) − y 2x − 9 y
y′ = = =
x + 8 xy x + 8( x − 4 y ) 9 x − 32 y
106. y x − x y = 25
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
y⎜ x −1 2 ⎟ + x1 2 y′ − x⎜ y −1 2 y′ ⎟ − y1 2 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ x ⎞ y
⎜⎜ x − ⎟ y′ = y −
⎝ 2 y ⎟⎠ 2 x
⎛ 2 xy − x ⎞ 2 xy − y
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ y′ =
⎝ 2 y ⎠ 2 x
2 xy − y 2 y
y′ = ⋅
2 x 2 xy − x
2y x − y y
=
2x y − x x

107. x sin y = y cos x 108. cos( x + y) = x

( x cos y ) y′ + sin y = − y sin x + y′ cos x −(1 + y′) sin( x + y ) = 1
y′( x cos y − cos x) = − y sin x − sin y − y′ sin( x + y) = 1 + sin( x + y )
y sin x + sin y 1 + sin( x + y )
y′ = y′ = − = −csc( x + 1) − 1
cos x − x cos y sin( x + y )
109. x 2 + y 2 = 10
2 x + 2 yy′ = 0
−x
y′ =
y 4
At (3, 1), y′ = −3 (3, 1)
Tangent line: y − 1 = −3( x − 3) ⇒ 3x + y − 10 = 0 −6 6
1
Normal line: y −1 = ( x − 3) ⇒ x − 3 y = 0 −4
3
110. x 2 − y 2 = 20 112. Surface area = A = 6 x 2 , x = length of edge

2 x − 2 yy′ = 0 dx
= 8
x dt
y′ =
y dA dx
= 12 x = 12(6.5)(8) = 624 cm 2 /sec
3
At (6, 4), y′ = dt dt
2
s 12
3 =
Tangent line: ( x − 6)
y − 4 = 113.
h 2
2
1
3
y = x −5 s = h
2 4
2 y − 3x + 10 = 0 dV
=1
dt
2
Normal line: ( x − 6)
y − 4 = −
3
2
y = − x +8
3
3 y + 2 x − 24 = 0
2
P1
P2 Width of water at depth h:
⎛1 ⎞ 4+ h
f w = 2 + 2 s = 2 + 2⎜ h ⎟ =
0 3 ⎝4 ⎠ 2
0
5⎛ 4 + h⎞ 5
V = ⎜2 + ⎟ h = (8 + h)h
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
111. y = x
dV 5 dh
dy = ( 4 + h)
= 2 units/sec dt 2 dt
dt
dh 2( dV dt )
dy 1 dx dx dy =
= ⇒ = 2 x = 4 x dt 5( 4 + h)
dt 2 x dt dt dt
dh 2
(a) When x =
1 dx
, = 2 2 units/sec. When h = 1, = m/min.
2 dt dt 25
1 1
dx 2 2 2
(b) When x = 1, = 4 units/sec.
dt
s
2
dx
(c) When x = 4, = 8 units/sec. h
dt
2

Problem Solving for Chapter 2 199
114. tanθ = x 115. s(t ) = 60 − 4.9t 2

dθ s′(t ) = −9.8t
= 3( 2π ) rad/min
dt
s = 35 = 60 − 4.9t 2
⎛ dθ ⎞ dx
sec 2θ ⎜ ⎟ = 4.9t 2 = 25
⎝ dt ⎠ dt
5
= ( tan 2θ + 1)(6π ) = 6π ( x 2 + 1)
dx t =
dt 4.9
1 1 s (t )
When x = tan 30 = =
2
,
3 x (t )
dx ⎛1
= 6π ⎜ +
⎞ 15π
1⎟ = km/min = 450π km/h. x (t ) = 3s(t )
dt ⎝4 ⎠ 2 dx ds 5
= 3 = 3 ( −9.8) ≈ −38.34 m/sec
dt dt 4.9
θ
1
s (t)
x
30°
x(t )
Problem Solving for Chapter 2
1. (a) x 2 + ( y − r ) = r 2 , Circle
2
x 2 = y, Parabola
Substituting: 3
(y − r) = r − y
2 2
y − 2ry + r 2 = r 2 − y
2
−3 3
y 2 − 2ry + y = 0
−1
y ( y − 2r + 1) = 0
2
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
Because you want only one solution, let 1 − 2r = 0 ⇒ r = . Graph y = x 2 and x 2 + ⎜ y − ⎟ = .
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
(b) Let ( x, y ) be a point of tangency:
x
x 2 + ( y − b) = 1 ⇒ 2 x + 2( y − b) y′ = 0 ⇒ y′ =
2
, Circle
b − y
y = x 2 ⇒ y′ = 2 x, Parabola
Equating:
3
x
2x =
b − y
2(b − y ) = 1 −3 3
1 1
b − y = ⇒ b = y + −1
2 2
Also, x 2 + ( y − b) = 1 and y = x 2 imply:
2
2
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 1 3 5
y + ( y − b) = 1 ⇒ y + ⎢ y − ⎜ y + ⎟⎥ = 1 ⇒ y +
2
= 1 ⇒ y = and b =
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 4 4 4
⎛ 5⎞
Center: ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
2
⎛ 5⎞
Graph y = x 2 and x 2 + ⎜ y − ⎟ = 1.
⎝ 4⎠

2. Let ( a, a 2 ) and (b, −b 2 + 2b − 5) be the points of tangency. For y = x 2 , y′ = 2 x and for y = − x 2 + 2 x − 5,

y′ = −2 x + 2. So, 2a = −2b + 2 ⇒ a + b = 1, or a = 1 − b. Furthermore, the slope of the common tangent line is
a 2 − ( −b 2 + 2b − 5) (1 − b)2 + b 2 − 2b + 5
= = −2b + 2
a −b (1 − b) − b
1 − 2b + b 2 + b 2 − 2b + 5
⇒ = −2b + 2
1 − 2b
⇒ 2b 2 − 4b + 6 = 4b 2 − 6b + 2
⇒ 2b 2 − 2b − 4 = 0
⇒ b2 − b − 2 = 0
⇒ (b − 2)(b + 1) = 0
b = 2, −1
For b = 2, a = 1 − b = −1 and the points of tangency are ( −1, 1) and ( 2, −5). The tangent line has slope
−2: y − 1 = −2( x = 1) ⇒ y = −2 x − 1
For b = −1, a = 1 − b = 2 and the points of tangency are ( 2, 4) and ( −1, − 8). The tangent line has slope
4: y − 4 = 4( x − 2) ⇒ y = 4 x − 4
y
10
8
6
4
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−4
−6
3. (a) f ( x) = cos x P1 ( x) = a0 + a1 x
f ( 0) = 1 P1 (0) = a0 ⇒ a0 = 1
f ′(0) = 0 P1′(0) = a1 ⇒ a1 = 0
P1 ( x) = 1
(b) f ( x) = cos x P2 ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
f ( 0) = 1 P2 (0) = a0 ⇒ a0 = 1
f ′(0) = 0 P2′(0) = a1 ⇒ a1 = 0
f ′′(0) = −1 P2′′ (0) = 2a2 ⇒ a2 = − 12
P2 ( x) = 1 − 1 x2
2
(c)
x −1.0 −0.1 −0.001 0 0.001 0.1 1.0
cos x 0.5403 0.9950 ≈1 1 ≈1 0.9950 0.5403
P2 ( x) 0.5 0.9950 ≈1 1 ≈1 0.9950 0.5
P2 ( x) is a good approximation of f ( x) = cos x when x is near 0.

(d) f ( x) = sin x P3 ( x) = a0 + a1x + a2 x 2 + a3 x3
f ( 0) = 0 P3 (0) = a0 ⇒ a0 = 0
f ′(0) = 1 P3′(0) = a1 ⇒ a1 = 1
f ′′(0) = 0 P3′′(0) = 2a2 ⇒ a2 = 0
f ′′′(0) = −1 P3′′′(0) = 6a3 ⇒ a3 = − 16
P3 ( x ) = x − 1 x3
6

4. (a) y = x 2 , y′ = 2 x, Slope = 4 at ( 2, 4)
Tangent line: y − 4 = 4( x − 2)
y = 4x − 4
1
(b) Slope of normal line: −
4
1
Normal line: y − 4 = − ( x − 2)
4
1 9
y = − x +
4 2
1 9
y = − x + = x2
4 2
⇒ 4 x 2 + x − 18 = 0
⇒ ( 4 x + 9)( x − 2) = 0
9
x = 2, −
4
⎛ 9 81 ⎞
Second intersection point: ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 4 16 ⎠
(c) Tangent line: y = 0
Normal line: x = 0
(d) Let ( a, a 2 ), a ≠ 0, be a point on the parabola y = x 2 . Tangent line at ( a, a 2 ) is y = 2a( x − a ) + a 2 . Normal line at
(a, a 2 ) is y = −(1 2a )( x − a ) + a 2 . To find points of intersection, solve:
1
( x − a) + a 2
x2 = −
2a
1 1
x2 + x = a2 +
2a 2
1 1 1 1
x2 + x + = a2 + +
2a 16a 2 2 16a 2
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜x + ⎟ = ⎜a + ⎟
⎝ 4a ⎠ ⎝ 4a ⎠
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
x + = ±⎜ a + ⎟
4a ⎝ 4 a⎠
1 1
x + = a + ⇒ x = a (Point of tangency)
4a 4a
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 2a 2 + 1
x + = −⎜ a + ⎟ ⇒ x = −a − = −
4a ⎝ 4a ⎠ 2a 2a
2a 2 + 1
The normal line intersects a second time at x = − .
2a

5. Let p( x) = Ax3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D 7. (a) x4 = a2 x2 − a2 y 2

p′( x) = 3 Ax 2 + 2 Bx + C. a2 y 2 = a2 x2 − x4
At (1, 1): y =
± a2 x2 − x4
A+ B + C + D = 1 Equation 1 a
3A + 2B + C = 14 Equation 2 a2 x2 − x4
Graph: y1 = and
a
At ( −1, − 3):
a2 x2 − x4
A+ B − C + D = −3 Equation 3 y2 = − .
a
3 A + 2B + C = −2 Equation 4
2
(b)
Adding Equations 1 and 3: 2 B + 2 D = −2 a = 12
Subtracting Equations 1 and 3: 2 A + 2C = 4 −3 3
Adding Equations 2 and 4: 6 A + 2C = 12 a=1

a=2
Subtracting Equations 2 and 4: 4 B = 16 −2
So, B = 4 and D =
1
(−2 − 2 B) = −5. Subtracting (± a, 0) are the x-intercepts, along with (0, 0).
2
2 A + 2C = 4 and 6 A + 2C = 12, you obtain (c) Differentiating implicitly:
1 4 x3 = 2a 2 x − 2a 2 yy′
4 A = 8 ⇒ A = 2. Finally, C = ( 4 − 2 A) = 0.
2 2a 2 x − 4 x 3
y′ =
So, p( x) = 2 x3 + 4 x 2 − 5. 2a 2 y
x(a 2 − 2 x 2 ) ±a
6. f ( x) = a + b cos cx = = 0 ⇒ 2x2 = a2 ⇒ x =
a2 y 2
f ′( x) = −bc sin cx ⎛ a2 ⎞
2
2⎛ a ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟ =a ⎜ ⎟−a y
2 2
At (0, 1): a + b = 1 Equation 1 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠

⎛π 3⎞ ⎛ cπ ⎞ 3 a4 a4
At ⎜ , ⎟: a + b cos⎜ ⎟ = Equation 2 = − a2 y2
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 4 2
a4
⎛ cπ ⎞ a2 y2 =
−bc sin ⎜ ⎟ = 1 Equation 3 4
⎝ 4 ⎠
a2
From Equation 1, a = 1 − b. Equation 2 becomes y2 =
4
⎛ cπ ⎞ 3 cπ 1
(1 − b) + b cos⎜ ⎟ = ⇒ −b + b cos = . y=±
a
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 4 2 2
−1 ⎛ a a⎞ ⎛ a a⎞ ⎛ a a⎞
From Equation 3, b = . So: Four points: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , − ⎟, ⎜ − , ⎟,
c sin (cπ 4) ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
1 −1 ⎛ cπ ⎞ 1 ⎛ −a a⎞
+ cos⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ,− ⎟
c sin (cπ 4) c sin (cπ 4) ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 2⎠
⎛ cπ ⎞ 1 ⎛ cπ ⎞
1 − cos⎜ ⎟ = c sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 4⎠
Graphing the equation
1 ⎛ cπ ⎞ ⎛ cπ ⎞
g (c) = c sin ⎜ ⎟ + cos⎜ ⎟ − 1,
2 ⎝ ⎠4 ⎝ 4⎠
you see that many values of c will work. One answer:
1 3 3 1
c = 2, b = − , a = ⇒ f ( x) = − cos 2 x
2 2 2 2

8. (a) b 2 y 2 = x3 ( a − x); a, b > 0 9. (a) y
x3 ( a − x)
(0, 30)
30
y2 =
b2 (90, 6)
(100, 3)
x3 ( a − x) x
Graph y1 = and 90 100
b Not drawn to scale
x3 ( a − x) Line determined by (0, 30) and (90, 6):

y2 = − .
b 30 − 6
y − 30 = ( x − 0)
(b) a determines the x-intercept on the right: ( a, 0). 0 − 90
24 4 4
b affects the height. = − x = − x ⇒ y = − x + 30
90 15 15
(c) Differentiating implicitly: When x = 100:
2b 2 yy′ = 3 x 2 ( a − x) − x3 = 3ax 2 − 4 x3 4 10
y = − (100) + 30 = > 3
y′ =
(3ax 2 − 4 x3 ) = 0
15 3
As you can see from the figure, the shadow
2b 2 y
determined by the man extends beyond the shadow
⇒ 3ax 2 = 4 x3 determined by the child.
3a = 4 x (b) y
(0, 30)
3a 30
x =
4 (60, 6)
3 (70, 3)
⎛ 3a ⎞ ⎛ 3a ⎞ 27 a 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞
b2 y 2 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ a − ⎟ = ⎜ a⎟ x
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 64 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 60 70
Not drawn to scale
27 a 4 3 3a 2
y2 = ⇒ y = ± Line determined by (0, 30) and (60, 6):
256b 2 16b
30 − 6 2 2
⎛ 3a 3 3a 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3a −3 3a 2 ⎞ y − 30 = ( x − 0) = − x ⇒ y = − x + 30
Two points: ⎜⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟ 0 − 60 5 5
⎝ 4 16b ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 16b ⎟⎠ 2
When x = 70: y = − (70) + 30 = 2 < 3
5
As you can see from the figure, the shadow
determined by the child extends beyond the shadow
determined by the man.
(c) Need (0, 30), ( d , 6), ( d + 10, 3) collinear.
30 − 6 6−3 24 3
= ⇒ = ⇒ d = 80 feet
0−d d − ( d + 10) d 10
(d) Let y be the distance from the base of the street light
to the tip of the shadow. You know that
dx / dt = −5.
For x > 80, the shadow is determined by the man.
y y − x 5 dy 5 dx −25
= ⇒ y = x and = =
30 6 4 dt 4 dt 4
For x < 80, the shadow is determined by the child.
y y − x − 10 10 100
= ⇒ y = x + and
30 3 9 9
dy 10 dx 50
= = −
dt 9 dt 9
Therefore:
⎧ 25
dy ⎪⎪− 4 , x > 80
= ⎨
dt ⎪− 50 , 0 < x < 80
⎪⎩ 9
dy / dt is not continuous at x = 80.

9. CONTINUED
ALTERNATE SOLUTION for parts (a) and (b):
(a) As before, the line determined by the man’s shadow is
4
ym = − x + 30
15
The line determined by the child’s shadow is obtained by finding the line through (0, 30) and (100, 3):
30 − 3 27
y − 30 = ( x − 0) ⇒ yc = − x + 30
0 − 100 100
By setting ym = yc = 0, you can determine how far the shadows extend:
4
Man: ym = 0 ⇒ x = 30 ⇒ x = 112.5 = 112 1 2
15
27
Child: yc = 0 ⇒ x = 30 ⇒ x = 111.11 = 1111 9
100
7
The man’s shadow is 112 1 2 − 1111 9 = 1 ft beyond the child’s shadow.
18
(b) As before, the line determined by the man’s shadow is
2
ym = − x + 30
5
For the child’s shadow,
30 − 3 27
y − 30 = ( x − 0) ⇒ yc = − x + 30
0 − 70 70
2
Man: ym = 0 ⇒ x = 30 ⇒ x = 75
5
27 700
Child: yc = 0 ⇒ x = 30 ⇒ x = = 77 7 9
70 9
So the child’s shadow is 77 7 9 − 75 = 2 7 9 ft beyond the man’s shadow.
dy 1 dx
10. (a) y = x1 3 ⇒ = x −2 3
dt 3 dt
1 −2 3 dx
1 = (8)
3 dt
dx
= 12 cm/sec
dt
⎛ dx dy ⎞ x( dx / dt ) + y( dy / dt )
= ( x 2 + y 2 )⎜ 2 x
dD 1
(b) D = x2 + y 2 ⇒ + 2y ⎟ =
dt 2 ⎝ dt dt ⎠ x2 + y 2
8(12) + 2(1) 98 49
= = = cm/sec
64 + 4 68 17
y dθ x( dy / dt ) − y( dx / dt )
(c) tan θ = ⇒ sec 2θ ⋅ =
x dt x2
68
2
θ
8
dθ 8(1) − 2(12) −16 4

From the triangle, sec θ = 68 8. So = = = − rad/sec.
dt 64(68 64) 68 17

L( x + ∆x) − L( x) L( x) + L( ∆x) − L( x) L ( ∆x )
11. L′( x) = lim = lim = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
L( ∆x) − L(0)
Also, L′(0) = lim . But, L(0) = 0 because L(0) = L(0 + 0) = L(0) + L(0) ⇒ L(0) = 0.
∆x → 0 ∆x
So, L′( x) = L′(0) for all x. The graph of L is a line through the origin of slope L′(0).
E ( x + ∆x) − E ( x) E ( x) E ( ∆x) − E ( x) ⎛ E ( ∆x ) − 1 ⎞ E ( ∆x ) − 1
12. E ′( x) = lim = lim = lim E ( x)⎜ ⎟ = E ( x)∆lim
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0
⎝ ∆x ⎠ x→0 ∆x
E ( ∆x) − E (0) E ( ∆x) − 1
But, E ′(0) = lim = lim = 1. So, E ′( x) = E ( x) E ′(0) = E ( x) exists for all x.
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
For example: E ( x) = e x .
13. (a)
z (degrees) 0.1 0.01 0.0001
sin z
0.0174524 0.0174533 0.0174533
z
sin z
(b) lim ≈ 0.0174533
z →0 z
sin z π
In fact, lim = .
z →0 z 180
d sin ( z + ∆z ) − sin z
(c) (sin z ) = ∆lim
dz z →0 ∆z
sin z ⋅ cos ∆z + sin ∆z ⋅ cos z − sin z
= lim
∆z → 0 ∆z
⎡ ⎛ cos ∆z − 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ sin ∆z ⎞⎤
= lim ⎢sin z⎜ ⎟⎥ + ∆lim ⎢cos z⎜ ⎟⎥
∆z → 0
⎣ ⎝ ∆z ⎠⎦ z →0
⎣ ⎝ ∆z ⎠⎦
⎛ π ⎞ π
= (sin z )(0) + (cos z )⎜ ⎟ = cos z
⎝ 180 ⎠ 180
⎛ π ⎞ π
(d) S (90) = sin ⎜ 90 ⎟ = sin = 1
⎝ 180 ⎠ 2
⎛ π ⎞
C (180) = cos⎜ 180 ⎟ = −1
⎝ 180 ⎠
d d π
S ( z) = sin (cz ) = c ⋅ cos(cz ) = C( z)
dz dz 180
(e) The formulas for the derivatives are more complicated in degrees.
14. (a) v(t ) = − 27 t + 27 ft/sec 15. j (t ) = a′(t )

5
a(t ) = − 27 ft/sec 2 (a) j (t ) is the rate of change of acceleration.

5
(b) v(t ) = − 27 t + 27 = 0 ⇒ 27 t = 27 ⇒ t = 5seconds (b) s(t ) = −8.25t 2 + 66t

5 5
v(t ) = −16.5t + 66
S (5) = − 10 () ()
2
27 5 + 27 5 + 6 = 73.5 feet
a(t ) = −16.5
(c) The acceleration due to gravity on Earth is greater in
magnitude than that on the moon. a′(t ) = j (t ) = 0
The acceleration is constant, so j (t ) = 0.
(c) a is position.
b is acceleration.
c is jerk.
d is velocity.

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C H A P T E R 2

Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem.................................104

Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change.............................120

Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives.............132

Section 2.4 The Chain Rule...................................................................................148

Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation.......................................................................162

Section 2.6 Related Rates ......................................................................................175

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................188

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................199

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

2. (a) At ( x1 , y1 ), slope = 2. = lim

9. Slope at (0, 0) = lim

104 © 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

1 34. Using the limit definition of derivative,

1 35. From Exercise 27 we know that f ′( x) = 3 x 2 . Because

At (0, 1), the slope of the tangent line is 3x 2 = 3

lines are parallel to 3x − y + 1 = 0. These lines have

36. Using the limit definition of derivative, f ′( x) = 3 x 2 .

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

39. f ( x) = x ⇒ f ′( x) = 1 Matches (b).

43. g ( 4) = 5 because the tangent line passes through ( 4, 5).

44. h( −1) = 4 because the tangent line passes through

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

51. Answers will vary.

52. Answers will vary.

61. Let ( x0 , y0 ) be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By

Therefore, the points of tangency are (1, 3) and

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

62. Let ( x0 , y0 ) be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By g ( x + ∆x) − g ( x )

slope of the line through (1, − 3) and ( x0 , y0 ) equals the = lim

( x0 − 3)( x0 + 1) = 0 ⇒ x0 = 3, −1 At x = −1, g ′( −1) = 3 and the tangent line is

= lim ( 2 x + ∆x ) = 2 x greater than g ( 4), and g (6) − g ( 4) > 0.

For this function, the slopes of the tangent lines are

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

f ′(0) = 0, f ′(1 2) = 1 2, f ′(1) = 1, f ′( 2) = 2

(b) By symmetry: f ′( −1 2) = −1 2, f ′( −1) = −1, f ′( −2) = −2

f ′(0) = 0, f ′(1 2) = 1 4, f ′(1) = 1, f ′( 2) = 4, f ′(3) = 9

(b) By symmetry: f ′( −1 2) = 1 4, f ′( −1) = 1, f ′( −2) = 4, f ′( −3) = 9

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

f When f is increasing, f ′ > 0.

When f is decreasing, f ′ < 0.

The graph of g ( x) is approximately the graph of

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

77. g ( x) = x,c = 0 82. f ( x) = x − 6 , c = 6

x Therefore f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 6.

Does not exist.

Therefore g ( x) is not differentiable at x = −3. −6

81. h( x) = x + 7 , c = −7 91. f ( x) = x 2 5 is differentiable for all x ≠ 0. There is a

Does not exist.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

92. f is differentiable for all x ≠ 1. ⎧ x, x ≤ 1

The derivative from the right is

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

Ax1 + By1 + C m(3) − 1(1) + 4 3m + 3

100. (a) f ( x) = x 2 and f ′( x) = 2 x

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

104. True—see Theorem 2.1.