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• Chemical Engineering is a group of industrial
processes in which row materials are changed
or separated into useful products
• - Chemical Engineer design the most optimal
technology for production of a specified
substance from row materials
• Unit Operations is a method of analysis and
design of chemical engineering processes in
terms of individual tasks/operations
• Capacity
728
million
liters per
day
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Basic Concept
• Solution is concentrated by boiling the solvent
and condense vapour. More concentrated
solution remains.
• Usually desired product concentrated
solution. However some cases, desired
product evaporated solvent.
• Evaporation/concentrating the solution is
stopped before solute precipitate
concentrate
• Hence, the steam at 5 psia will deliver more latent heat than
high pressure steam.
• Moreover, construction of evaporator to hold 435 psia will be
more expensive than that of 5 psia
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Choice of steam
If the solute is soluble, the boiling temperature of solution will be greater than that
of solvent by an amount known as the boiling-point elevation of the solution.
In actual evaporators, however, the boiling point of a solution is affected by two
factors, boiling-point elevation and liquid head.
If, as is usually the case, the solute has little or no vapor pressure, the evaporator
pressure is equal to the partial pressure of the water in the solution. Then, by a
modified Raoult's law:
tunnel.
Conveyor Dryer
The chamber consists of a series of separate sections, each with its own fan
and air heater.
At the inlet end (or wet end) of the dryer the air usually passes upward
through the screen and the solids;
Near the discharge end, where the material is dry and may be dusty, air is
passed downward through the screen.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of this type of dryer are high initial cost and, due to the
mechanical belt, high maintenance costs.
Application
•These dryers are particularly applicable when the drying conditions must
be appreciably changed as the moisture
Tanvir Sir Unit
content of the solid is reduced.
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Drum dryer
• Slurries and pastes
are dried in drum
dryer
• These dryers are
rotating horizontal
cylinders heated with
steam on the inside.
• The slurry to be
dried is spread over
the outside surface.
• The drum surface is
scrapped with doctor
knife. The product is
flaked form
• The rotation rates
1-10 rpm.
• Feed is introduced into the shell through a spout F. At the lower end the dried
product discharges into a screw conveyer H. Just beyond the feed discharge point is
Set steam heated fined pipes which preheat the air. The air is moved through the
dryer by a fan. The discharge fan is placed in the stack, so that it draws air through
the dryer a d syste u der a slight a u . This type of draft is k o as i du ed
draft . This is desira le the aterial te ds to dust.
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Direct Heat Rotary klin
Frequently, the
flash tube has
a venturi
section,
Cyclone
separator so
that the high
gas velocity
disperses the
solid.
• Drying tests
Dr Md Tanvir Sowgath
• Positive displacement
pumps are used when
higher head increases are
required. Generally they
do not increase velocity.
• Reciprocating pump
• Displacement by reciprocation of piston plunger
• Used only for viscous fluids and oil wells
• Rotary pump
• Displacement by rotary action of gear, cam or
vanes
• Several sub-types
• Used for special services in industry
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Reciprocating Pump
Type Discharge pressure Application
Piston pumps 50 atm (max) ZFCL dosing Cl2 to river waterline
Plunger pumps 150 atm or more Metering Pumps (Due to constant
Diaphragm pumps 100 atm or more volume flow)
𝑉 𝑖 𝑖 ℎ
𝑉 𝑖 𝑖 𝑦
𝑉 𝑤 𝑦 ℎ 𝑖
• Circular casing
• Vanes surrounds
impeller
• Used for multi-
stage pumps
Types
1. Straight Vane single-
suction closed Impeller
2. Double Suction
Impeller
3. Nonclogging impeller
4. Open Impeller
5. Semiopen Impeller
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6. Mixed Flow Impeller
Characteristics Curves of Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal
Vane
Reciprocating
General Compression
Selection of compressors is influenced by:
Flow Conditions
Fluid Properties
Compressibility
Gas compressibility greatly affects compressor capacity
performance
Establish compressibility factor at each individual
intake conditions (Some manufacturers use average
value betn intake & discharge condn)
Correct the gas volume at each intake conditions (for
multistage) using corresponding compressibility
factor
Cont’d
Corrosive nature
Corrosiveness will influence the selection of materials of
construction, seals and lubrication etc.
Moisture
Moisture content (condensable vapor) of any percent shall be taken
into consideration in compressor volume calculation
Special conditions
• Limiting temperature before polymer formation, chemical
reaction, explosive conditions and excess heat for lubrication
materials should be cited.
• Limiting pressure drop betn stages (due to pass through piping,
cooling equipment and/or condensate knock-out equipment)
should be specified.
• 3-5 psig between stages is allowable in most cases; special cases
may limit this value to 0.5 to 1.0 psig. (Larger the pressure drop,
larger will be the horsepower of the driver)
Reciprocating Compressor
Piston rings are rings mounted on the piston that seal against the
cylinder wall and allow the piston to develop required pressures.
There are usually at least two rings per cylinder for low pressure
applications; six or more for high pressure services.
Cast iron, bronze, aluminum, and carbon (graphite) are common ring
materials.
Figure: Piston Rod, Piston and Piston Ring
E. Cylinders
(oF)
Diaphragm compressors are the preferred compression equipment for gas compression
applications where there are environmental and safety concerns. Their basic design
provides leak-tight and non-contaminating gas compression and transfer. A typical
diaphragm Compressor is a combination of two systems - a hydraulic system and a
gas compression system. A metal diaphragm group is the isolating component
between these two systems.
Ideal P-V Relationship for Reciprocating Compressor
Clearance volume
Ideal Reciprocating Compression diagram
Actual Compression Diagram
Compressibility factor of a gas mixture
Gases deviate from the ideal state when pressures and/or
temperatures are greater than 100—500 psia and 100°F.
Gas mixture consists of gases A, B, C…….. with mole fractions ya, yb,
yc,……….
1. Piston Displacement
Piston displacement is the actual volume of the cylinder
displaced as the piston travels its stroke from the
start of the compression (condition (1)) to the end of
the stroke (condition (3)) expressed as ft3 of volume
displaced per minute (ft3/minute).
For single-acting cylinder
PD = Aps(rpm)/1,728
Va = PD (EV)
PD: Piston displacement
Ev=Volumetric efficiency
Va=Actual volume
4. Clearance Volume
This is the total volume remaining in the cylinder at the
end of the piston stroke.
This consists of the volume between the end of the
piston and the cylinder head, in the valve ports and
the volume in the suction valve guards and the
discharge valve seats.
Volumetric efficiency
increases with a
decrease in clearance
volume
5. Percent Clearance
Percent clearance is the volume % of clearance volume
to total actual piston displacement.
a. Compression ratio
b. Compressibility of the gas at inlet and discharge conditions,
c. Compression valve friction and leakage.
d. Nature of the gas,
e. Leakage across the piston rings during compression
stroke.
f. Loss through intake and discharge valves.
g. Moisture or condensable in the gas being compressed.
h. Clearance volume of cylinder.
8. Mechanical Efficiency
Ratio of compressor cylinder indicated horsepower to brake
horsepower. (driver horsepower is not included)
9. Piston Speed
Depends on experience and manufacturers’ recommendation:
Hydrogen chloride and chlorine service use cylinders with either (a)
cast iron liners or (b) carbon piston rings, a speed of around 600
ft per min is acceptable.
10. Horsepower
Horsepower is the work done in a cylinder on the gas by
the piston connected to the driver during the
complete compression cycle.
Theoretical HP:
The theoretical horsepower is that required to
isentropically (adiabatically) compress a gas through a
specified pressure range.
Indicated HP:
The indicated horsepower is the actual work of
compression developed in the compressor cylinder(s) as
determined from an indicator card.
Brake horsepower (bhp) is the actual horsepower input at the
crankshaft of the compressor drive. It does not include the losses in
the driver itself, but is rather the actual net horsepower that the
driver must deliver to the compressor crankshaft.
HP Calculation
11. Temperature Rise (Adiabatic)
The relation between the suction and discharge
temperatures of a gas during any single compression
step is:
[Note that for reciprocating compressor work, values of “n” may be used
as “k” up to 1.4. “n” represents the polytropic coefficient that is
related to “k” by
(n-1)/n = (k-1)/[(k)(ep)], where (ep) is the polytropic efficiency.]
Spec For Reciprocating Compressor
Centrifugal Compressor