SL TIME OBJECTIVE CONTENT A.

V AIDES EVALUAT
NO ION
1 01 min To introduce PSYCHO ANALYTIC THEORY INTRODUCTION
the topic Sigmund Freud
psycho (1961), who has been called the
analytic father of psychiatry, is credited as
theory the first to identify development by
stages. He considered the first five
years of life to be the most
important, because he believed that
an individual’s basic character had
been formed by the age of five.
Freud’s personality theory can be
conceptualized according to
structure and dynamics of
personality, topography of mind,
and stages of personality
development.

2 To explain STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY:

the structure
of the It has 3 major componants.Id,egoand superego
personality 1.ID
 It is based on’ pleasure principle’, lacking direct
contact with the reality. It will not follow any
rules and considers only satisfaction of its own
needs and drives. The only urge of this drive is
immediate gratification.
 It is the original state of mental apparatus with
which a newborn baby born. It is the psychic
representation of drives or wishes and the source
of mental energy and of the individual. When the
 id achieves its demands, we experience pleasure
when it is denied we experience ‘unpleasure’ or
tension. For example, an increase in hunger or
thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat
or drink.
 The id is very important early in life because it
ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the
infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will
cry until the demands of the id are satisfied.
Because young infants are ruled entirely by the
id, there is no reasoning with them when these
needs demands satisfaction.

2.EGO

 The ego operates according to the reality

principle, working out realistic ways of
satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising
or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative
consequences of society. The ego considers
social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in
deciding how to behave.
 It develops between the age of 4-6 months and
the main function of ego is one of mediator ,that
is to maintain harmony among the external id
and superego

For example, imagine that you are stuck in a long

meeting at work. You find yourself growing increasingly
hungry as the meeting drags on. While the id might
compel you to jump up from your seat and rush to the
break room for a snack, the ego guides you to sit quietly
and wait for the meeting to end. Instead of acting upon
the primal urges of the id, you spend the rest of the
meeting imagining yourself eating a cheeseburger. Once
the meeting is finally over, you can seek out the object
you were imagining and satisfy the demands of the id in
a realistic and appropriate manner.

SUPEREGO:

 It is based on the perfection principle. it develops

between the age of 3-6 years, internalizes the
values and morals set forth by primary caregivers
 In psychology, the superego can be further
divided into two components: the ego ideal and
the conscience.

The ego ideal is the part of the superego that includes the
rules and standards for good behaviours. These
behaviours include those that are approved of by
parental and other authority figures. Obeying these rules
leads to feelings of pride, value, and accomplishment.
Breaking these rules can result in feelings of guilt.

The conscience is composed of the rules for which

behaviours are considered bad. When we engage in
actions that conform to the ego ideal, we feel good about
ourselves or proud of our accomplishments. When we
do things that our conscience considers bad, we
experience feelings of guilt.

TOPOGRAPHY OF MIND :

Freud classified all mental contents and operations into

three categories

1.conscious 2.Preconscious 3.Unconcious

CONSCIOUS

 Freud described conscious mind, which consists

of all the mental processes of which we are
aware, and this is seen as the tip of the iceberg.
For example, you may be feeling thirsty at this
moment and decide to get a drink.

 The conscious mind is under the control of ego

PRECONSCIOUS

 The preconscious contains thoughts and feelings

that a person is not currently aware of, but which
can easily be brought to consciousness. It exists
just below the level of consciousness, before the
unconscious mind. The preconscious is like a
mental waiting room, in which thoughts remain
until they 'succeed in attracting the eye of the
conscious'

 This is what we mean in our everyday usage of

the word available memory. For example, you
 are presently not thinking about your mobile
telephone number, but now it is mentioned you
can recall it with ease.

 The preconscious enhances awareness by helping

to suppress unpleasant or nonessential memories
from consciousness. It is thought to be under the
control of superego which helps to suppress
unacceptable thought
UNCONSCIOUS

 Finally, the unconscious mind comprises mental

processes that are inaccessible to consciousness
but that influence judgements, feelings, or
behaviour

 According to Freud, the unconscious mind is the

primary source of human behaviour. Like an
iceberg, the most important part of the mind is
the part you cannot see.

 Unconscious material consists of unpleasant or

nonessential memories that have been repressed.
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
Psychic energy is the force of impetus required for
mental functioning. Originating in the id ,it fulfils basic
physiological needs. As the child matures psychic
energy is diverted from the id to form the ego and then
from the ego to form the superego.
Psychic energy is distributed within these components,
with the ego retaining the largest share to maintain a
balance between the impulsive behaviours of id and the
idealistic behaviours of superego.
Cathexis is the process by which id invests energy in an
object in an attempt to get gratification.Anticathexis is
the use of of psychic energy by the ego and the superego
to control the id impulse. Imbalance between cathexis
and anticathexis results in internal conflicts ,producing
tension and conflicts in the individual
STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)

During the oral stage, the child if focused on oral pleasures
(sucking). Too much or too little gratification can result in
an Oral Fixation or Oral Personality which is evidenced by
a preoccupation with oral activities. This type of
personality may have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink
alcohol, over eat, or bite his or her nails. Personality wise,
these individuals may become overly dependent upon
others, gullible, and perpetual followers. On the other
hand, they may also fight these urges and develop
pessimism and aggression toward others.

Anal Stage (18 months to three

years)
The child’s focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating
and retaining faeces. Through society’s pressure, mainly
via parents, the child has to learn to control anal
stimulation. In terms of personality, after effects of an anal
fixation during this stage can result in an obsession with
cleanliness, perfection, and control (anal retentive). On the
opposite end of the spectrum, they may become messy and
disorganized (anal expulsive).

Phallic Stage (ages three to six)

The pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Freud believed
that during this stage boy develop unconscious sexual
desires for their mother. Because of this, he becomes rivals
with his father and sees him as competition for the
mother’s affection. During this time, boys also develop a
fear that their father will punish them for these feelings,
such as by castrating them. This group of feelings is known
as Oedipus Complex ( after the Greek Mythology figure
who accidentally killed his father and married his mother).
Later it was added that girls go through a similar situation,
developing unconscious sexual attraction to their father.
Although Freud Strongly disagreed with this, it has been
termed the Electra Complex by more recent
psychoanalysts.
According to Freud, out of fear of castration and due to the
strong competition of his father, boys eventually decide to
identify with him rather than fight him. By identifying with
his father, the boy develops masculine characteristics and
identifies himself as a male, and represses his sexual
feelings toward his mother. A fixation at this stage could
result in sexual deviancies (both overindulging and
avoidance) and weak or confused sexual identity according
to psychoanalysts.

Latency Stage (age six to puberty)

It’s during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed
and children interact and play mostly with same sex peers.

Genital Stage (puberty on)

The final stage of psychosexual development begins at the
start of puberty when sexual urges are once again
awakened. Through the lessons learned during the previous
stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite
sex peers, with the primary focus of pleasure is the
genitals.

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