I.

Singularul si pluralul substantivelor: - pentru plural si adauga un “ s”

 Pentru cuvintele terminate in y – se transforma in “ i+ es”
 Pentru cuvintele terminate in “ch,x,sh,ss,s se adauga “es”
 Iregularitati: man – men; woman-women ; child – children; person – people;
II. Articolul nehotarat: - pentru subs. La singular este “a”
 Folosim “an” atunci cand substantivul precedat de articol incepe cu o vocala
 Pentru plural nu avem articol nehotarat – vom spune: doctors, dancers etc
III. There is + singular – There is a cat in the garden
There are + plural noun – There are a lot of students in your town?
IV. Pronumele obiect: me; you; her; him; it; us; you; them
V. Adjectivele posesive: my; your; her; his; its; our; their
VI. Pronumele posesive : mine; yours; hers; his; ours; theirs (ex - It’s my book – It’s mine).
VII. Posisivele cu “ ‘s ” – pentru oameni si animale adaugam “ ‘s “ pentru posesie – ex: The
cat’s bowl
VIII. Posesive pentru lucruri : noun + of + noun
Dupa: the front, back, side, top, bottom, end intotdeauna adaugam of + noun.
IX. This – acesta / aceasta ; These – acestia / acestea
That – aceea / acela ; Those – aceia / acelea
X. Comparativul / adjectivele de comparative : adjective + er + than ( ex: taller than )
- Sa compare 2 lucruri.
XI. Prepozitii de loc, miscare si timp
1) Prepozitii de loc : in (in); on (pe) ; under (sub); behind (in spatele) ; in front of ( in fata);
above (deasupra); below (sub); between ( intre); next to (langa)
At, On, In ca prepozitii de loc:
“At” a place – at the bus stop; “ On” a surface – on the table; “in” a place (inside) - in the
garden
2) At, On, In ca prepozitii de timp:
At a point in time – at lunchtime; at 9 o clock;
On a day or date – On Monday; On 4th June
In a period of time – In May; In 1992
XII. Gerunziul si Infinitivul
Gerunziul:
o este ca un substantiv; se foloseste dupa verbe ca: like; love;hate
o forma: verb la infinitive + ing (ex: going; drinking)
Infinitivul: would like + to – infinitive / verb + to + infinitive (We tried to phone you)
o would like este o forma de a spune “want”
o dupa “would like” folosim “to + infinitive”
 XIII. Adverbe de frecventa cu present simple : always (mereu) ; often (de multe ori) – adverbul este
intre subiect si verb;
XIV. Go + to / Go + for a / Go + verb +ing
 Go to – ex : go to England, go to the cinema
 Go for a – ex: go for a walk; go for a run; go for a drink
 Go + verb ing – ex: go fishing; go walking; go swimming
XV. Some/any & a / an in fraze affirmative, negative si interrogative
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
Singular Plural
Positive a / an orange some oranges some bread
Negative & Interogative a / an orange any oranges any bread
Adesea folosim “some” in propozitii de genul : “ Would you like some oranges? “ / “Can I
have some bread? “
XVI. Adverbul de mod – descrie o actiune: Form: adjective + ly (quick – quickly)
Iregularitati: good-well; hard-hard; fast-fast; late-late; early-early;
XVII. Adjectivele de comparatie : bigger than ; more expensive than
Adjectivul are trei grade de comparatie: pozitiv, comparative si superlative
Adjectivele scurte (1 sau 2 silabe) : adjective + er (big-bigger; clean-cleaner)
Adjectivele lungi (2+ silabe) : more + adjective + than (careful - more careful)
pozitiv comparativ superlativ
Adjective scurte smart smarter the smartest
Adjective lungi expensive more expensive the most expensive
Iregularitati:
Good – better - the best ; bad – worse – the worst ; old / elder – the eldest ;
Comparativul de inferioritate – se formeaza adaugand cuvantul “less” inaintea adjectivului
Ex: cheap – less cheap ; expensive – less expensive (mai putin scump)
Comparativul de egalitatate – arata ca cele 2 elemente sunt la fel : as adjectiv as
Ex: Oranges are as cheap as bananas.
XVIII. The imperative ( Imperativul) – se foloseste sa dam explicatii/instructiuni/ordine
Ex: Turn left. ; Don’t / Do not walk on the grass.
XIX. Verbul modal Can – exprima abilitatea/capacitatea.:
S + can + verb de conjugat + continuare propozitie
Ex: I can run fast / She can’t drink alcohol / Can you paint?
XX. To / At / From :
To – pentru a merge intr-un loc : Can you come to our party?
 At – pentru a fi intr-un loc : Linda works at the post office
From – pentru a merge dintr-un loc in altul : She walked from shop to the cinema.
XXI. Prepozitii:
Next to – langa (The cinema is next to the supermarket)
Between – intre (The supermarket is between the cinema and the bank)
In front of – in fata ( The bus stop is in front of the cinema)
Above – mai sus/de mai sus ( The flat is above the bank)
Below – mai jos/de mai jos ( The bank is below the flat)
Over – peste (The children are walking over the bridge)
Under-sub (The boat is going under the bridge)
Opposite – peste/opus/fata in fata (The cinema is opposite the bank)
Behind - in spatele (There is a car park behind the supermarket)
Up – sus / down – jos (They are running up the hill/They are walking down the hill).
Around – in jurul (She is driving around the roundabout)
Along – in lungul/ de a lungul (They are walking along the high street)
Across – peste/ dincolo de (She is walking across the road)
Past – trecut de, peste (He is walking past the supermarket)
Prepozitii de miscare:
through – prin ( through the tunnel)
to – la ( to the theatre)
towards – catre (towards the hospital)
across – peste/dincolo (across the river)
Prepozitii de timp:
on – se foloseste pentru a exprima zilele saptamanii ( on Monday)
in – se foloseste pt a exprima luna/anotimpul (in May); tmpul zilei (in the morning); anul
(in 2000); o anumita perioada de timp ( in a minute)
“at” – pt noapte (at night); weekend (at weekend); ora exacta ( at 8 30).
Since – de cand – se foloseste pt a exprima de cand a inceput actiunea pana in present
(since 2011)
For – pentru – se foloseste pt a exprima de cand dureaza actiunea pana in present (for 2
years)
Past - precizeaza timpul ( ten past eight – 8.10)
To – precizeaza timpul (ten to six – 6 fara 10)
Until – pana cand – precizeaza de cand pana cand are loc actiunea
Ago – in urma ; after – dupa; before – inainte; during – in timpul/in perioada
XXII. First conditional (prima conditionala)
Form: (If + present simple) + Future with will / or / Future with will + ( If + present simple)
Ex: If we run, we will catch the train. Or . We will catch the train if we run.
 Cand folosim conditional intai: - cand vorbim despre viitor. – pentru a exprima situatii viitoare si
consecintele acestora
Unless – daca nu: Unless this species is protected, it will become extinct.
XXIII. Future simple
Este de 2 tipuri:
1. Future with Will – S+will+verb infinitv (Yes, I will drive you home )
Pentru negative, will devine won’t.
Folosim viitorul cu Will pentru: decizii instante, actiuni voluntare, promisiuni, cereri de ajutor,
oferte sa ajutam, predictii.
2. To be + going to ca viitor (It is going to rain).
Folosim viitorul acesta pentru : planuri, intentii, predictii (going to = gonna)
XXIV. Verbele modale : S + verb modal + verb infinitiv

Can – a putea (abilitati) ; could – as putea/puteam (trecutul lui can) ;

may – s-ar putea (probabilitati) ; might – as putea (permisiuni);
Should – ar trebui ; must – trebuie ; would – as face
Can – se foloseste pentru a exprima abilitati ( I can drive now) & cand cerem
permisiunea (Can I open the window)
Could – se foloseste pentru a exprima abilitati in trecut (in acest caz este trecutul lui can
– I could ride the bike when I was six) & sic and cerem permisiunea ( could este mai
politicos decat can)
May - se foloseste cand se exprima probabilitati (They may come tomorrow) & cand se
cere permisiunea (May I borrow your bike?)
Might – se foloseste pentru probabilitati(They might come tomorrow) si permisiuni
(Might I take you out for a coffee? In acest caz might este mai poloticos)
Should (ar trebui) – il folosim pentru a da recomandari/sfaturi (We should study harder
for this exam) & pentru a adresa intrebari referitoare la ce ar trebui facut (Should I call
you tomorrow?). Should se traduce prin “ar trebui sa “
Must (trebuie) – se foloseste pentru a exprima obligatia/necesitatea/interdictia (We must
finish this project by tomorrow/Must I stay in bed?)
Would(as face ceva) – il folosim pentru a exprima dorinta/intentia (I would like a coffee)
sau pentru a adresa intrebari legate de dorinte/intentii (Would you like a coffee?).
Structura care il contine pe would se traduce prin conditionalul optative (mi-ar placea, te-
ar ajuta; te-ai duce)
  Present simple
- este timpul care se refera la : actiuni repetate, preferinte, adevaruri general valabile si
evenimente programate
- este adesea marcat prin adverbe sau expresii temporale explicite sau implicite care
indica frecventa
- verbele de genul cer present simple : think, know; understand; agree; want (nu sunt
verbe de miscare)
Adverbe:
1) Always (intotdeauna; usually (de obicei) ; regularly (in mod regulat) ; normally ( in mod
normal) ; often (adesea/deseori) ; sometimes (cateodata/uneori) ; occasionally (ocazional)
; rarely(rareori) ; seldom (rareori) ; never (niciodata)
2) Every day = daily; every week = weekly; every month = monthly ; every year = yearly
3) Once a day ( o data pe zi) ; twice a week ( de 2 ori pe saptamana); three times a month
(de 3 ori pe luna).
4) In the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening; at night
5) On Mondays, On Sunday etc
Affirmative : S + verb. (la pers a 3 a singular se adauga “s”)
Negative: S + do not (don’t) + Verb infinitiv
Interrogative: Do/Does + S + Verb infinitiv

 Past simple tense

- Se refera la actiuni incheiate in trecut / cere forma a 2 a a verbului / verbele pot fi
regulate sau iregulate.
- Este folosit pentru actiuni incepute si terminate in trecut
- Past simple este deseori marcat prin adverbe sau expresii temporale explicite sau
implicite
Exemple:
 Yesterday; yesterday morning; last evening (aseara); last week; last summer; last
year; one week ago; two months ago; as a teenager; in May etc
Affirmative: S + verb +ed (verbele regulate) / S + verb (forma a 2 a pt verbele iregulate)
Negative: S+did not (didn’t) + verb infinitive (forma 1)
Interrogative: Did + S + verb inf (prima forma)
!! Past timple este folosit doar pentru actiuni terminate in trecut. Daca actiunea a inceput
in trecut, dar nu este terminate in present, nu folosim Past Simple.
  Present continuous tense – vorbeste despre actiuni care sunt in desfasurare
Form: S + to be (present) + verb + ing
Interrogative : To be + S + verb + ing
Negattive: S + to be + not + verb + ing
Nu folosim present continuous cu verbele: like, hate, love, know, understand, forget, agree.
(nu sunt verbe ce exprima activitatea).
Folosim PRESENT CONTINUOUS in urmatoarele situatii:
Cand actiunea se intampla chiar acum : ex - I am reading a book on the beach.
Cand actiunea se intampla in present, chiar daca dureaza mai mult timp :
Ex - He is studying to become doctor
Cand ne referim la planuri pentru viitorul apropiat
Ex – Clara is meeting Ruby tomorrow.
Cand ne referim la o actiune repetitive : ex – He is always arriving late.
Cum recunoastem present continuous:
Now – What are you doing now?
Right now – They are getting on the plane right now
In this moment, at the moment – The plane is taking off in this moment.
At present – At present, he is living with his friends.
 Present Continuous tense as future – folosim present continuous sa vorbim despre
aranjamente in viitor, adesea cu verbe precum : go, come, see, meet, stay, have, leave.
 Folosim Present Continuous cu expresii de timp : tomorrow, at the weekend, next week,
on Friday, next year.
 Sa vorbim despre un plan sau o intentie, ceva ce te ai decis sau nu sa faci (ex – We are
going to visit Alice on Sunday)
 Sa facem o predictive, ceva ce se poate intampla in viitor (ex – It’s going to be a nice
day tomorrow)
 Sa vorbim despre un lucru in viitor (ex – Danny is going to be seven on his next
birthday).
  Past continuous : - exprima actiuni care erau, la un moment dat din trecut, in desfasurare
(ex – He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo)
 Af. – S + was/were + verb+ ing
 Neg. – S +was/were not + verb+ing
 Int. – Was/Were + S + verb+ing
Cand se foloseste Past Continuous:
 Cand ne referim la actiuni intrerupte din trecut (He was talking to Jeremy when I took
that photo)
 O actiune din trecut intrerupta de o alta actiune din trecut (They were having dinner when
I arrived)
 O actiune din trecut intrerupta de un moment anume din trecut (They were waching a
movie yesterday at 10 p.m.)
 Pentru a descrie atmosfera din trecut (When I arrived at Ruby’s place, Ruby was playing
with the cats)
Conjuctiile When(cand) si While ( in timp ce) sunt folosite foarte des in propozitii care
contin past continuous.
When – este urmata de past simple ( He was eating when I arrived)
While – este urmata de past continuous ( She was preparing the meat while he was playing
on PC)
In limba romana, PAST Continuous se traduce folosind imperfectul (treceam/scriam)

 Past perfect simple : - S + had + a 3 a forma a verbului ( Ruby had left when Bryan
arrived)
Cand se foloseste: - cand ne referim la o actiunea care s-a intamplat inaintea unei alte actiuni din
trecut (ex - Ruby had left when Brian arrived. )
1. Ruby had left (before Brian arrived).
2. Brian arrived (at a moment in the past, after Ruby had left).
Exista 3 conjuntii care ne ajuta sa recunoastem Past perfect: when; before ; after
When - Ruby had left when Brian arrived.
Before - Ruby had left before Brian arrived.
After - Brian arrived after Ruby had left.
In limba romana, Past perfect se traduce prin mai mult ca perfect.
(lucrasem/scrisesem/mancasem).
  Present perfect simple :- S + have/has + participiul trecut (forma a 3 a verbului)
Cand se foloseste Present perfect:
 Pentru actiuni recente ce au impact asupra situatiei din present ( I have just eaten lunch).
 Actiuni neterminate care ar trebui terminate curand ( He has not finished his homework
yet).
 Actiuni care au inceput in trecut si se continua in present ( He has lived here for 10 years
– adica “ He still lives here)
 Experiente de viata ( I have been to Japan)
 Pentru a vorbi de trecut, fara referinte de trecut (He has arrived).
!! Nu folosim adverbe de timp cu Present perfect. Cand folosim Present Perfect, timpul nu este
important sau nu il cunoastem.
Adverbe si prepozitii care se folosesc adesea cu “Present Perfect” :
 Just – doar/tocmai - I have just eaten dinner.
 Already – deja – I have already eaten lunch.
 Yet – inca – I have not eaten lunch yet.
 Never/ever - I have never been to Canada.
 So far – pana acum – I have been to Canada two times so far.
 For and Since se folosesc petru actiuni si situatii care au inceput in trecut si se continua in
present.
For – pentru – indica perioada scursa de la momentul de inceput si pana in present ( He has lived
here for 10 years. )
Since – de cand – indica momentul de inceput ( He has lived here since 2002.)