Wireless Access Point Positioning Optimization
Samuel Terra Vieira1 , Everthon Valadão2 , Demóstenes Z. Rodrı́guez1 , Renata L. Rosa1
1 Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Lavras, MG, Brazil
2 IFMG Campus Formiga, Formiga, MG, Brazil
samuel.vieira1@estudante.ufla.br, everthon.valadao@ifmg.edu.br,{demostenes.zegarra; renata.rosa}@ufla.br
Abstract—This work presents the development of a wireless
Access Point (AP) placement software that uses microwave
signal propagation models. We use the Simulated Annealing
metaheuristic, to improve the signal coverage according to the
physical features of the architectural floor plan. In the experi-
ments, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) with CUDA is used to
parallelize the simulations, speeding up the runtime required .
It is worth noting that our software makes possible to test the
provisions of APs without the operational cost of having to move
them physically. It proposes a spatial arrangement of APs that
provides a greater coverage with usable signal intensity within
the simulated environment. Using a limited amount of APs, the
test case results showed that it is possible to obtain a significant
improvement in the coverage of the Wi-Fi signal by adjusting
the APs positions to the metaheuristic proposed solution. In
addition, our software is capable of performing simulations with
an increasing number of APs if the current quantity is not enough
to achieve better quality and signal coverage.
Index Terms—wireless AP placement, RSSI simulation, radio
propagation model, simulated annealing, gpu
I. I NTRODUCTION
Currently, the demand for availability and coverage of
wireless local area networks (WLANs) has increased, whether
in the corporate or home environment [1]. The use of Wi-Fi
technology has become trivial and omnipresent as its standards
are steadily improved; additionally, wireless equipment prices
are more affordable [2]. Due to the ease of network expansion
through Access Points (APs) and mobility advantages, several
ways to improve Wi-Fi signal coverage have been studied [3].
Considering the most commonly used Wi-Fi technologies,
such as IEEE 802.11 b/g/n, a low number of APs in the same
area does not present a co-channel interference [4]. However,
adding more APs and increasing the number of users accessing
the same AP remains a challenge, some of which covered in
the latest Wi-Fi standard, IEEE 802.11ax. Somehow, signal
interference is a complex problem which can seriously affect a
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Not only the wireless
signal intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the source, the position of devices associated
to their fading factor increases the interference between them
[5].
Therefore, it is important to emphasize the relevance of
AP positioning optimization since in everyday use, mobile
devices and computers typically do not observe a satisfactory
signal quality from an AP. This problem may occur because
the AP does not cover the entire required area or may suffer
attenuation due to the characteristics of the environment [6].
As a result of all the attenuation and interference suffered,
the WLAN may become inoperative or give the impression
of poor performance. However, the solution to this common
problem could rely on the inspection of the local microwave
spectrum to identify interference sources, or merely a better
positioning of the Wi-Fi APs to maximize signal coverage and
reduce interference between APs [7].
The solutions for WLAN planning optimization are typi-
cally based on metaheuristics [8], as many papers such as [9]
and [10] show the efficiency of using heuristic approaches to
tackle this problem. Some examples are simulated annealing
[11], which uses the concept of neighborhood search; and
genetic algorithms [12] (GA), however more complex and
often time consuming.
Our proposed solution is a free open-source software
(FOSS) that uses radio signal propagation models and the
Simulated Annealing (SA) metaheuristic shown in [13]. Due
to CPU and GPU parallelization our software solution could
be run at consumer grade computers. The main contribution
of this work is to present a software solution to automatically
determine a better placement for existing (or new) APs in an
complex indoor environment, in order to offer a better signal
coverage to the users. Our results can be easily reproduced
as we open-sourced the code and experiment data. Parameters
such as microwave frequency, AP information, power abortion
of walls can be easily adjusted in the model to simulate a
different environment floor plan.
The experimental results showed that it is possible to obtain
a significant improvement in the coverage of the signal by
repositioning the existent APs to the solution generated by the
metaheuristic. In the test cases, the Wi-Fi signal coverage of
the automatically generated solution range from 91% to 96%
when positioning up to three APs per 1000 m2 in the complex
environment of the campus premises. In addition, our software
is capable of performing simulations with a increasing number
of APs if the current quantity is not enough for better quality
and signal coverage. As a study case, the metaheuristic used
in this work maximized the coverage of the Wi-Fi signal in
the campus premises of the Federal Institute of Minas Gerais
(IFMG), located in the city of Formiga/MG in Brazil.
The remainder of this article is structured as follows.
Section II presents the related works to wireless AP position
optimization and other techniques similar to those used in this
work. Section III presents the methodology used, and Section
IV presents the results of the test-case scenario. Finally, the
conclusions are presented in Section V.
II. R ELATED W ORK
The access point placement based on Receive Signal
Strength Indication (RSSI) is an important issue in the deploy-
ment of wireless networks. Some studies of AP positioning
solutions are discussed in [14], but the study does not analyze
the environment features in detail. The authors of [15] has
developed an algorithm that reduces RSSI measurement error
and improves location accuracy. Similarly, some authors [16]
has performed simulations to improve the accuracy of access
point location by modifying the transmission power of each
AP using statistics with previously collected data. In [17]
the authors also sought to model an environment with access
points already in place and optimize their positioning, by using
Simulated Annealing, Greedy Search and taking into account
the RSSI of the the receiving device. At work, a Greedy
Search is used in the selection of a new candidate solution.
However, in the simulation of signal propagation, the authors
do not consider signal absorption by walls, causing the signal
to degrade only with path loss in free space. In [4], the authors
seek an optimization in AP positioning with the analysis of
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and probability
of connectivity. They developed a model for adding an AP in
low density areas, however the application of this model in
concentrated areas can result in the occurrence of intersection
of cells and problems at the MAC Layer.
Another technique is fingerprint based, where RSSI is used
to populate a database with the power measurements taken
in that particular coordinate of the environment. A similar
strategy was adopted in our work to calibrate the power
absorbed by the walls in the microwave propagation model. In
[18] it is proposed a method of location of partial discharge
(PD) based on neural network and RSSI fingerprinting of PD
measurements obtained by UHF sensors considering complex
spatial characteristics of radio environment. According to the
authors, the field tests have confirmed the accuracy of PD
localization, with localization errors less than 1 meter. Our
work simulate the microwave signal propagation of multiple
APs with detail of up to a wavelength (e.g., for 2.4 GHz
λ=12.5 cm). In [19] it is proposed a method for AP location
estimation using Wi-Fi fingerprints, marked with coordinates
obtained from commercial location providers on smartphones.
Nonlinear regression with the log-distance path loss model
(LDPL) was applied to the collected Wi-Fi fingerprints to
estimate AP sites. However their work is focused on estimating
locations of APs in order to simplify the construction of
radio maps and assist the indoor positioning system based
on access point location. Our work also uses the LDPL
model to simulate the AP signal propagation, as part of a
metaheuristic approach to explore better AP positioning. In
[20], the authors propose a hybrid algorithm that integrates
the Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) approach with the Wi-
Fi fingerprint approach to further improve the accuracy of
AP positioning. It was used a dynamic subarea’s technique
to restrict the search region and also defined weights for these
subareas, leading to an improvement in positioning errors.
However, our work did not implemented this idea of weights
to subareas of interest in the environment.
Angle of Arrival (AoA) based is another technique that
uses features offered in equipment of multiple antennas, which
allows to estimate the angle of arrival of the signals received
from multiple paths and to apply trilateration to calculate the
devices location. In [21], the authors propose a new AoA based
position method to realize positioning in Single Frequency
Networks (SFN) and solve the problem of interference be-
tween transmitters. In the metaheuristic approach of our work,
we penalize candidate solutions in which neighboring APs
interfere with each other, thus improving the possibility of
channel re-use. In [22], an analytical model for the Angle
of Arrival (AoA) and Time of Arrival (ToA) is presented,
considering urban outdoor microcells taking into account
effects such as multipath reflection, uniform distribution fading
and obstacles that can cause signal attenuation. Our indoor
propagation model also considers the path loss due to obsta-
cles, such as multiple wall absorption of the transmitted signal.
III. M ETHODOLOGY
Challenges in the field of heuristics can be modeled as
problems of maximization and minimization of an fitness
function, which, in this case, is to obtain the highest coverage
and quality of the wireless signal in the reported region. Given
the complexity of the problem, the size of the simulated
environment and the exponential number of possibilities of
positioning multiple APs, in order to be able to propose good
solutions in a viable time, the Simulated Annealing (SA)
technique was implemented as the optimization metaheuristic,
whose fitness function was to maximize the region covered
by the wireless network (composed of multiple APs), while
minimizing the interference of neighboring APs. The SA
performs the optimization process in order to find the best
feasible solution, considering the objective of the problem
in question, and the set of constraints for acceptance of the
proposed solution [23].
A. Representation of the environment
The two-dimensional model of the environments used as
study cases were obtained from the floor plan (1000 m2 )
of two buildings of the IFMG campus, in which users were
complaining about the insufficient Wi-Fi signal coverage and
dead-zones. Usually, the floor plan of buildings is represented
using CAD software. As this work focused on the use of
Open Source solutions and interoperability, the DXF (Drawing
Interchange Format) was preferred as the input format, which
can be easily exported from popularly used CAD software.
Our software receive the DXF file as input and parses the
architectural layer to identify the perimeter and walls.
 The two-dimensional model could be scaled at will. For
example, if the user wishes to have the extreme of wavelength
accuracy to simulate the microwave signal propagation at the
2.462 GHz frequency, each two-dimensional cell in the model
will represent an area of approximately 148.35 cm2 (12.18 cm
side), equivalent to 1/4 of the area of an A4 sheet.
B. Definition of propagation model
Experiments were carried out on the IFMG campus and they
intend to measure the degradation of the Wi-Fi signal strength
due to attenuation and path loss. Indoor measurements were
taken in two of the campus buildings. To this end, a Cisco
WAP200 (2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.11 b/g) AP was positioned
in the hallway and configured to use a Wi-Fi channel that
corresponded to a frequency that was at that time free from
interference from other APs in the proximity. The maximum
transmission power such an AP model supports is -14 dBm
(0.0398 mW) and it has been configured to use only 25%
of that power for the purpose of calibration measurements.
The AP used as the transmitter has two antennas with a gain
of 2 dBi and the Wi-Fi interface of the notebook used as
the receiver has a antenna with 1 dBi. The measurements
were collected using the iwlist command from the iw-utils
library, which performs the scanning of the ISM spectrum
band corresponding to Wi-Fi and records the received signal
strength values as well as the MAC address of the APs. The
Wi-Fi channel 11 (thus with a frequency of 2.462 GHz and
λ of 12.18 cm) was used and measurements of the signal
intensity were taken only after far field region of the antenna
(Fraunhofer distance of 148 cm) with 1 meter steps.
Fig. 1 illustrates how well each propagation model imple-
mented predicted the value of the signal strength according
to the increase in distance. Of all the propagation models im-
plemented and analyzed, the LogDistance Path Loss (LDPL)
presented a good fit between the estimated values and the
real values measured, and it is therefore considered the most
promising and adopted in our software. Note that the two-
ray reflection model, according to the height of the antennas
(approximately 90 cm, also considering the medium used), by
definition would be appropriate only if the distances between
transmitter and receiver were higher than 83.59 m, thus too
close to the range limit of a typical Wi-Fi connection. Also,
note that with the free space propagation model (Friis model),
the estimates were below the observed real value, since such
model does not consider the phenomena of reflection, diffrac-
tion and dispersion that typically occur in the propagation of
waves in an environment geometrically complex (walls, floor,
ceiling, doors, windows and furniture).
However, note that Fig. 1 shows yet only one of several
measurements performed to calibrate the model, thereby il-
lustrating the tipical exponential decay of the Wi-Fi signal
strength along a single corridor. In the study case of the first
floor of the building, the LogDistance model was calibrated
to a reference distance (d0 ) of 10 meters with its loss (P L0 )
measured at -69 dBm, with path loss exponent set to γ = 3
(path loss exponent). In addition, the power absorption of the
Fig. 1. Signal intensity: measurements vs. propagation models.
signal by each wall was measured as being 8 to 15 dBm. It is
worth mentioning that to simulate other environments, due to
different materials used in the construction of the building and
its scale, the adjustment of only three parameters is necessary.
C. Evaluating the solutions
1) Visualizing the solution: For the implementation of Sim-
ulated Annealing (SA), the decision of a good fitness function
is crucial for the efficacy and efficiency of the metaheuristic.
With the RSSI expected values at two-dimensional cell, it
was decided to keep the resulting matrix values in dB, a
logarithmic scale representing the order of magnitude of the
signal strength. In a visual inspection of the solution proposed
by SA, representing the dBm values with a color gradient,
with only one AP to be positioned the SA predictably led
the candidate solutions to the vicinity of the central region of
the 2D environment, as would be expected for a simulated
environment without the existence of walls and obstacles.
After that, we implemented in the fitness function the power
absorption of the signal by each wall crossed by the microwave
signal, leading to non-intuitive but more realistic solutions.
2) Fitness function of a candidate solution: After calcu-
lating the expected RSSI values for each point of the matrix
with the wireless propagation model, the signal intensity was
converted from dB to mW to facilitate arithmetic operations. In
order for the Simulated Annealing (SA) metaheuristic evaluate
the solution, it is necessary to transform the RSSI matrix into
a single number.
First, we implemented a method that performed the overlap
of the resulting RSSI matrices for each AP. In this sense, it
was necessary to make their two-by-two overlaps until there
remains only one RSSI matrix representing the WLAN as a
whole. The method receives a list containing the result RSSI
matrix of the simulation of all APs and the number of APs
in the environment. Subsequently, the maximum value for
a particular cell in the matrices was calculated, generating
one single RSSI matrix representing the best signal from
the APs for each cell. However, at “dead spots” the users
cannot successfully connect to the WLAN. Additionally, a
signal strength check was performed in relation to the typical
sensitivity of the Wi-Fi equipment (between -85 to -100 dBm)
to penalize zones in which the RSSI was so weak that it can
not be considered valid for practical use.
The fitness function pseudocode can be seen bellow, and it
is calculated as follows.
Algorithm 1: F ITNESS F UNCTION
Data: RSSI array
Result: a single figure of merit, to summarise how close
the candidate solution is to achieving the optimal
1 sum = 0.0;
2 for i in range(1, SIZE) do
3 if RSSI array[i] ≥ SENSITIVITY
4 then sum += 1;
5 end
6 coverage = (sum / SIZE) * 100;
7 deadspots = 100 - coverage;
8 alpha = 0.7;
9 return alpha * coverage - (1 - alpha) * deadspots;
Each cell with a signal intensity above the Wi-Fi hardware
sensitivity (-90 dBm) adds one unit to the result, to get the
overall covered area. Then, a fitness function is calculated
by applying a positive weight (α=0.7) to the covered area
percentage and a negative weight (β=0.3) to the dead spots.
D. GPU Parallelization
After performing an execution profilling of our software, it
was identified the method that demanded more resources and
greater part of the execution time. This method calculates the
RSSI expected for each point of the matrix. Then, for each
point it subtracts from the signal intensity of that coordinate
the power absorbed by the walls crossed in the path between
the AP and that point, traversing a list with all the walls of the
environment to find the intersections. Accordingly, the greater
the detail of the environment and the scale of the model, the
more absorption calculations were performed. In the test case
there were more than 200,000 points in the matrix representing
a 1,000 m2 building. The computational complexity of our
algorithm is:
O(n3 ∗ log n) (1)
Accordingly, the code was has been adapted to divide the
workload among the available CUDA cores of the GPU.
Each core receives a grid (submatrix) containing blocks to
be processed by its threads. The dimensions of the blocks
and grids depend on the number of CUDA cores of the GPU
hardware. In the following pseudocode it is possible to observe
the kernel version of the CUDA parallelized code.
The sequential code took tens of minutes to run (depending
on the scale of the model), the CPU only parallelized version
reduced the runtime to 3–6 minutes and, finally, the massively
parallelized GPU version reduced the runtime to only tens of
seconds to run.
Algorithm 2: RSSI K ERNEL
Data: apX, apY, RSSI matrix, floorPlan
Result: A matrix with the expected RSSI values received
from the AP
1 starX, startY = cuda.grid(2);
2 gridX = cuda.gridDim.x × cuda.blockDim.x;
3 gridY = cuda.gridDim.y × cuda.blockDim.y;
4 for x in range(startX, WIDTH, gridX) do
5 for y in range(startY, HEIGHT, gridY) do
6 RSSI matrix[x][y] = propagationModel(x, y, apX,
apY, floorPlan);
7 end
8 end
9 return RSSI matrix
IV. R ESULTS AND A NALYSIS
The simulations were carried out with the wireless prop-
agation model adjusted for the characteristics of each build-
ing of the IFMG Formiga campus. In the execution of the
simulations, to minimize interference all APs were configured
to a maximum transmission power of -25 dBm. Tables 2
and 3 present the signal coverage levels and dead spots
percentages. Fig. 2 and 3 contain graphical representations
of the propagation of microwave signals, using an palette of
colors to facilitate the interpretation of the results. In this
color scale, the green color represents zones of great signal
intensity (RSSI ≥ -67 dBm), yellow color for zones of good
intensity (-67 > RSSI ≥ -77) and the orange color for zones of
relatively bad signal intensity (-77 > RSSI ≥ -90 dBm). The
penalization of areas where the signal has a intensity inferior to
the typical sensitivity of a Wi-Fi device (desktop, notebook,
smartphone or tablet) are painted in black (instead of red),
representing dead-areas.
A. Wi-Fi AP Placement for Building “A”
The simulations were carried out with the propagation
model calibrated for the characteristics of the building “A”
of the IFMG Formiga Campus. In the visualization of the
simulations presented in Fig. 2 (a), (b) and (c), it is possible
to identify the position(s) suggested by Simulated Annealing
in the search for the better placement of one to three APs.
Furthermore, the Fig. 2 (d) presents the simulated RSSI when
fixing the four APs at the real positions they are currently
installed at the building “A” of IFMG Formiga Campus. The
APs was placed by the IT staff in the corridors and corners,
indicated by the center of each green circle.
By comparing Fig. 2 (c) and (d) it is visually perceptible
the increase of the area covered by Wi-Fi signal as well as
the minimization of dead spots. It is noteworthy that the best
solution found by SA (c) used only three APs instead of the
four currently installed in the building (d). Additionally, Table
I presents the percentage of signal intensity for each solution
analyzed. The first row show the current Wi-Fi coverage of the
building “A”, where there are currently only 21.3% of areas
 (a) 1 AP (b) 2 APs
(a) 1 AP (b) 2 APs

(c) 3 APs (our solution) (d) 3 APs (current solution)

Fig. 3. Simulations performed in Building “C”
(c) 3 APs (our solution) (d) 4 APs (current solution)
Fig. 2. Simulations performed in Building “A” TABLE II
S IGNAL COVERAGE LEVELS IN B UILDING “C”
TABLE I
S IGNAL COVERAGE LEVELS IN B UILDING “A”
APs Great signal Good signal Bad signal Dead spots
x≥-67 dBm -67>x≥-77 -77>x≥-90 x<-90 dBm
APs Great signal Good signal Bad signal Dead spots Current 3 19.9% 40.7% 33.3% 6.1%
x≥-67 dBm -67>x≥-77 -77>x≥-90 x<-90 dBm
Ours 1 11.4% 14.5% 25.1% 49.0%
Current 4 21.3% 37.5% 30.1% 11.1% Ours 2 26.6% 25.2% 42.6% 5.6%
Ours 1 15.8% 26.0% 32.5% 25.7% Ours 3 31.0% 43.0% 24.6% 1.4%
Ours 2 27,1% 31.3% 32.7% 8.9%
Ours 3 32.7% 36.6% 30.4% 0.3%

amount of APs but better positioned. Considering the currently

with “great” Wi-Fi signal (RSSI ≥ -67 dBm) and a total of
only 88.9% Wi-Fi coverage. By analysing the following rows,
with the quality of the solutions generated by our software, it is
clear that by gradually adding more APs the SA can distribute
them appropriately and maximize the signal coverage and
consequently decrease the dead spots. Our solution with only
two APs increased to 27.1% the areas with “great” signal
and reduced to 8.9% the areas with dead spots. The current
installed solution (using four APs) has 11.1% of dead spots.
Furthermore, our solution with three APs increased to 32.7%
the areas with “great” signal and reduced to only 0.3% the
areas with dead spots.
B. Wi-Fi AP Placement for Building “C”
Other tests were performed with with the propagation model
calibrated for the characteristics of the building “C” of the
IFMG Formiga Campus, therefore using as input the floor plan
of this 20 x 52 meters building (1040 m2 ).
It is possible to observe that in the simulation of only one
AP, indicated by the center of the green circle and shown in
Fig. 3 (a), the SA tended to maintain the best solution in the
center of the floor plan because it did not obtain a position that
would provide a higher fitness function value than the current
one. In the case of two APs, as shown in the Fig. 3 (b) the SA
distanced the two equipment and took better advantage of the
available space but could not cover the entire available area.
With three APs, as shown in Fig. 3 (c), the best solution found
by the metaheuristic managed to spread the APs covering
much of the environment and getting only a few small strips
without Wi-Fi coverage. Oddly enough, even the broom closet
and bathrooms got good signal coverage, by using the same
placement of the installed APs, shown in Fig. (d), the three
APs were equally spaced by the IT staff and installed in the
corridors. With the current placement of APs, coincidentally a
lot of the dead spots are in places where students stay in the
class breaks, as well as there are some classrooms with poor
Wi-Fi coverage.
Additionally, Table II presents the percentage of signal
intensity for each solution to Building “C”. The first row show
the current Wi-Fi coverage of the building “C”, where there
are currently only 19.9% of areas with “great” Wi-Fi signal
(RSSI ≥ -67 dBm). Oddly enough, our solution with only
two APs increased to 26.6% the areas with “great” signal
and reduced to 5.6% the areas with dead spots. The current
installed solution (using four APs) has 6.1% of dead spots
but 40.7% of areas with “good” signal strength. Presenting a
significant improvement in the area covered and the intensity
of the Wi-Fi signal, our solution with the same three APs
(but placed in different positions) increased to 31.0% the areas
with “great” signal and to 43% the areas with “good” signal,
as well as reduced to only 1.4% the areas with dead spots.
Coincidentally the APs were placed where there is a greater
concentration of people at the premises.
V. C ONCLUSION AND F UTURE W ORKS
The software solution implemented in this work is capa-
ble of receiving a DXF (floor plan) representation of the
environment as input to carry out a simulation of the mi-
crowave propagation of multiple access points (AP) signals,
also considering the power absorbed by walls. Experimental
results demonstrated that metaheuristics generated a better
solution that maximized the Wi-Fi signal coverage on the
IFMG Formiga Campus premises, when compared to the
current placement of the Wi-Fi access points. Our software
solution allows the adaptation of the propagation model to fit
the complex environment features of the given environment.
When there is a need to extend, even temporarily, the wireless
local area network for the accommodation of new telecom-
munication access points (APs), it will be easy to decide the
best locations for equipment placement. The proposed solution
presented better results than the AP placement done by IT staff
and it is a free and open source solution with low complexity
of operation. Our results can be easily reproduced as we open-
sourced the code1 and experiment data.
In future works, new strategies will be implemented for the
fitness function used in the metaheuristic, in order to prioritize
specific areas with the highest flow (and permanence) of
people, such as classrooms and meeting rooms in an university
environment. Additionally, our software will permit to add
one or more new APs into an existing configuration without
requiring reallocation of previous APs.
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