Effects of Parking Area on the Business of Stalls' Occupants: An

Input to Building Design

Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter provides an overview outline of this research. It presents the

background of study, statement of the problem, significance of the study and the
scope and delimitation of the research.

Parking area is an important part of the transportation system. Because it is

important for storing vehicles while they are not in use, and it causes a little
disruption to the highway if the vehicle is not being parked while they are not in
use. The excitement of the destination is reduced if there is a delay or difficulty in
parking. The transportation system should have parking facilities or area at all
establishment to attract visitors or customers. Parking area plays an important role
in the overall transportation system.

Background of the Study

Parking area is one of the serious issue comforting establishments and

commuters. In first world countries, parking is very easy thanks to their parking
status control system that helps them in their parking. Katz (2003) said that, "a
parking status control system and method allow a parking space, or plurality of
parking spaces, to be automatically monitored to detect unauthorized occupancy.
The system and method may be applied to metered parking spaces or to other
situations where controlled access to a parking space or area is desired."
 But still, parking a car is one of the most problematic things for every car
owner. Everyone who owns a car sometimes regret the moment that he/she had
decided to buy the car because they have to find a right spot for parking the car or
they have to wait for their turn in the parking lot. But sometimes it becomes
frustrating when there is no place or spot in the parking lot. Usually, if greatly
affects the business of the occupants that makes their income go lower.

That is why parking is like hell, usually in cities like New York and San
Francisco. And if parking is like hell in these cities, maybe it is because of the
effects of parking area and what is its effect on occupants’ business.

Customer satisfaction is said to be useful to indicate the future revenue of a

business (Hanser, Simester, & Wernerfelt, 1994). Because customer preferences
can be helpful for developing or improving an establishment. And when it comes
to parking, consumers care the most about convenience, price, and safety of the
parking area.

So, many business occupants build parking space for their customers not just
to attract customers but to give them a space for their cars and vehicles. As the
parking lot is the first touch point of the establishment with the consumer, a bad
impression can set a negative mood that will continue inside the store.

Customer main priorities when it comes to parking at a shopping center is to

find a car park or a good spot that is easy and fast to park when they arrive, if
necessary, near the entrance that will bring them closest to their first destination
inside. Finally, they want a spot that is fast and easy to find at the end of the
shopping trip.

Since almost all car trips start and end in a parking space, car-parking policy
is significant in influencing transport (Christiansen, and Hanssen, 2017)

Rep. Robert Ace Barbers (2nd District, Surigao Del Norte) proposed the
House Bill No. 506, or "Parking Fees Regulation Act, which seeks to regulate
parking fees in all parking facilities for all kinds of motor vehicles for shopping
malls, hospitals, schools, hotels and similar establishments and provide parking
spaces for their customers free of charge.

There should be a parking area if you are planning to build an establishment

because car is the main element of transportation. And when it is weekend. EDSA
finally breathes, where the traffic moves indoors, in where people flock inside the
mall. To many Metro Manila residents, it is a family day, and that family day is
spent inhaling the cool air-conditioned breeze in the comforts of the mall. And a
chance for business occupants to have a great income. But if their business does
not have a parking space, customers may leave and choose other stall that will
benefit them.

In Odiongan, it is one of the issues that affect business occupants especially

so that this town is growing fast in its economic and social life. Thus, this research
is to be undergoes to help business occupants to design their building with parking
area.

Statement of the Problem

1. What is the profile of the respondents as to:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Civil status

1.4 Educational Attainment

1.5 Religious Affiliation

1.6 Occupation

1.7 Transportation Facilities

 2. What is the status of occupants’ stall as to:

2.1 Monthly Gross

2.2 Weekly Customer
2.3 Rental Stall
3. What is the status of parking area of business establishments as to:

3.1 Parking Space

3.2 Installed CCTV

3.3 Ventilation and Lighting

3.4 Provision of Entrance and Exit Lane

4. Is there a significant relationship between the characteristics of parking

space and status of business stalls?

Significance of the Study

Studying the effect of parking area on business of stall occupants is important

so that building owners can provide their visitors or costumer a proper parking
place. The result of this study will be a great benefit to the following:

Stall Occupants - this research can provide managers with the opportunity to
improve the establishment what it lacks and provide them some knowledge about
the importance of having a parking area in their establishment.

Costumer/Employees - costumers or employees will park their vehicles in the

right parking areas and may help to minimize the impact of traffic in a community
and can make their parking less stressful and easy.

Researchers - this research can provide or contribute to other researchers who

also wants to research in this kind of problem.
DPWH - this study can provide knowledge so that it can minimize the work of the
DPWH.

Engineer - so that engineers will provide parking lot or area in every building or
establishment they make.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study was conducted to assess the effect of parking area on the business
of stall occupants of Odiongan, Romblon. For the school year 2019-2020. This
study of 30 stall owners as samples or respondents. It focuses on the effect of
parking area on occupants’ business of Odiongan, Romblon.
 Chapter 2

Review of related literature

This chapter deals with various literature and studies related to the present
study. The research saw to it that the materials used have direct bearing to
enlightenment of the study.

Parking Space

Parking spaces are very important to cities. A city must have enough parking
spaces to provide their residents and their visitors a place to park their car. And to
have this you need a big area for it. You don't need a strong thinking power just to
realize that there are now more cars on our roads than ever before. Parking is a
huge issue in many city or areas, and we think that it would get a lot worse before
it gets solved. Many people and politicians are introducing more and more
restrictions, even on the most residential of streets.

During recent years, there has been a growing appreciation of the importance
of parking issues in the overall context of urban transport problems (McShane and
Meyer, 1982; Polak, 1988; Young, 1990). And that makes the parking space
important because vehicles occupy a large amount of space in urban places if not
been park in proper parking places.

The value and importance of public space in the city is recognized, and the
forming of such public space through the propitious design of parking facilities is
the book’s theme (Childs, 1999). That’s why many people proposed that parking
facilities is valid places for themselves. And makes the highway or building more
discipline, nice and clean that helps to avoid off – street parking.
 Because having off-street parking can be a scary or dangerous thing because
it can cause traffic and accidents nearby at your house. New appliances, new
kitchens and extensions in your house are commonly in mind as great ways to add
value to your house, but parking spaces rarely get a mention. Adding a spot for a
car will totally bring extra value to your property, but because it rarely gets a
mention, many car crimes and accidents always occur.

In many cities, a lack of parking space and traffic congestion are significant
problems (Burdick, 2008). If more people drove smaller cars, more cars could be
parked in many lots and along many city streets. This may also result to parking
fee revenue to the parking lot owner.

Customer's preferences in parking spaces can be helpful because they can

suggest thing like repairs and improvements to an establishment's problem so that
it can be easy solved and it can't make any inconvenience to that customer. Also
the appearance of the parking space is important for the customer because if it is
dirty or has many trash, it leave a negative impression to the customer that affect
the establishment's earnings.

Installed CCTV

Most car security is inadequate (Clark 2010). There are many thieves report
that thieves manage to break and drive away many cars in just a small amount of
time. The best approach to prevent these crimes is to persuade manufacturers to
make a more secure car. But, this approach is not practical for police dealing with
a local problem of theft in parking facilities.

So putting CCTV can minimize such crimes. According to Norris and

Armstrong (1999), the use of Closed-Circuit Television, or CCTV, has dramatically
increased over the past decade, but its presence is often so subtle as to go
unnoticed.
 Surveillance camera systems that is installed in parking lots may not stop a
crime or accident from happening but it can prevent a lot of people with the
intention of doing out a crime, or other unlawful activities and provide valuable
information toward incidents like car theft.

Parking companies have tried to prevent this kind of incidents from occurring
in their parking garage by hiring armed guards. This kind of security camera
solutions may not guarantee to solve anything, but the fact that it not cost a lot of
money and something or someone that cause problem in the management can be
recorded so that the management can do something to it. Installing camera system
will also reduce liability for a parking business.

It is one of the easiest ways to reduce costs, monitor illegal doings and
unlawful works. And also it can affect the attitude of the customer that makes them
feel secured about their car that someone is monitoring it while they are busy
shopping or what they are even doing.

Ventilation and Lighting

The purpose of a ventilation system is to provide acceptable microclimate in

the space being ventilated (H.B. AWBI, 2003). The ventilation of underground car
parks fulfills two key requirements: to remove the pollutants that being produced
by cars and, if there is a fire, control the hot fumes and gases produced by the fire.
In recent years, there is a technology used and it is jet (or impulse) fans and has
been established as the new standard for normal ventilation and smoke extraction
in case of fire in car parks.

Jet Fan system provides either normal ventilation and can also be used for
smoke extraction in case of fire in underground car parks. So that enclosed parking
garages that are usually underground require mechanical ventilation. If the
ventilation is absent in that area, some air quality problems may occur like the
emission of high level of carbon monoxide (CO) by cars within the parking garages.
And other concerns related to this like presence of oil and gasoline fumes, and
other contaminants such as oxides of nitrogen (NO) and smoke haze from diesel
engines that may affect the customer of the establishment that may lead to
accidents that the building owner's responsibilities.

Security Guard

Security design features of urban parking lots which can increase the
perception of such areas as both safe and attractive (Shaffer, 1985). So putting
security guard can make an establishment attractive because of its safeness that
people or customer have nothing to worry about their safety and their properties.

But not only people or customer should be protected by the security guards
but also the car in the parking area. Because parking facilities comprise a large
area with relatively low levels of activity, violent crime is more likely to occur in a
parking facility than in other commercial facilities (Smith, 1996).

The security guards and the establishment needs lighting in each part of the
parking lot. So that evening shoppers can spot vacant spots where they can park
their cars. And also, these days, thieves thrive in places with low levels of visibility.
If your supermarket has poor lighting, thieves might think that they can take goods
without even noticing or that can get the goods very easy. Having sufficient lighting
also ensures security and makes the job of security guards easier. Also to provide
more security, you should consider installing various safety locks.

Parking Fee

Vehicle owners are often charged for parking their vehicle in a parking lot
owned by a provider of parking services or on the side of a street owned or
maintained by a municipality. Generally, the price, or parking fee, charged for
parking in a certain area is based on the amount of time a vehicle is parked.

If road usage is sub optimally priced, then a lump-sum parking fee can
increase welfare, but a parking fee per unit time does not. Indeed, an increase in
the price of parking induces each person to park for a shorter time, allows more
persons to use parking spaces each day, and can thereby increase traffic (Glazer,
1992).

This kind of parking fee system can be useful to make one or more vehicles
park in one place at a time. Because, the parking fee is calculated without regard
to the size of the vehicle. As a result, owners of small vehicles normally pay the
same amount to park in a parking lot or on a city lot as owners of large vehicles
(Burdick, 2008).

Because if the size of the vehicle car is the base of parking fee, it will be unfair
for those who have bigger car if they have to pay bigger fee just because they have
bigger car than the others.

Provision of Entrance and Exit Lane

One or more parking lot attendants commonly manage a pay parking lot.
Meaning, the parking lot attendants can read a car plate and record an entry time,
and they may even direct the driver to an available parking space. When the
vehicle leaves the parking lot, the calculation and payment related to the parking
fee is also proceed by the parking lot attendants.

Customer selected and/or customer-customized data items relating to use of

a customer's vehicle or vehicles may be monitored, recorded, and/or transmitted
to an insurance company, responsive to customer control (Collins and Smith,
2012).
 The advantages of this kind of system include high accuracy in the
identification to the vehicles and high security of the parking lot due to the presence
of the parking lot attendants. But the disadvantages of this include high cost, and
the difficulties encountered when the parking lot attendants have to manage a
large parking lot.

But thank to them, the entrance and exit of a parking lot is monitored and
secured. They also help to manage the repairs and improvements that the parking
lot needs. Moreover, the data recorded by the parking lot attendants may be used
to learn or to find out the business condition of a particular day.

Definition of Terms

The following term are defined operationally for a clean understanding of the
study.

Parking Space - a location that is designated for parking, either paved or unpaved.

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) - use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a

specific place, on a limited set of monitors to monitor something.

Ventilation – a system or means of providing fresh air to give a room or space a

good ventilation or circulation of air.

Lighting – light that is of a particular kind or that has a particular quality used to
provide light in a specific place.

Security Guard - prevent unwanted persons from entering through the front
entrance and patrol the parking areas to ensure the visitor parking is not being
abused, and that all doors on the premises are safe and secured.

Parking Fee - a payment for parking that is charged by places that rent space for
its services.
Entrance and exit lane - it is part of a roadway (carriageway) that is designated
to be used by a single line of vehicles, to control and guide drivers, reduce traffic
conflicts and where you enter and leave the parking lot.
 Fig. 1 Conceptual Framework of the study

Ventilation Installed
And
Lighting CCTV

Provision Business of
Of Parking
Entrance Parking Space Stall Occupants
And Exit Area

Parking Security
Fee Guard
 Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter present the research design study. It includes research locale
and time of the study, sampling population and sampling technique, sampling
procedure used, data collection and sources of data, research experiment used,
and method of data analysis.

According to McBurney (1994), he defines the survey assessing public

opinion or individual characteristics by the use of questionnaire and sampling
methods. Similarly, the survey research is one in which a group of people or items
is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or items
considered to be representative of the entire group (Nworgu 1991). In other words,
only a part of the population is studied, and findings from this are expected to be
generalized to the entire population.

Research Design

Research Method Used

The researcher used the descriptive – correlational method in this study.

We used this kind of research because as what Baraceros (2016) said, the
descriptive research method aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture
of a person, things, event, group, situation, etc. and the correlation research
method show the relationship or the connectedness of two factors, circumstances,
or agents called variables that affect the research.

The descriptive method is used for describing the profile of the respondents,
status of occupant’s stall, characteristic of parking area. Meanwhile, the
correlational method is used to know if there is a significant relationship in the
effects of parking area on the business of occupant’s stall.

Research Locale and Time of the Study

This study was conducted in the Municipality of Odiongan, Romblon,

Philippines. During the school year 2019 – 2020. It is a semi-urban municipality in
the province of Romblon, Philippines. And according to the 2015 Census of
Population and Housing, it has a population of 45,367 people and is composed of
25 barangays. And the samples were taken in the residents of Odiongan,
Romblon, Philippines. You can see the map of Odiongan in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Research Locale of the Study
Sampling Population and Sampling Technique

The sampling population are those who owns or manage the business. And
there must be 15 stall occupants that we should take as respondent or samples.

And the sampling technique used is probability sampling design primarily

pure random sampling technique was used for this research study. The random
sampling was used in barangays that has many business occupants like Dapawan,
Liwayway, Ligaya, and etc.

Sampling Procedure Used

The sampling procedure used was pure random sampling technique.

Wherein, we list down all the population in piece of paper, cut it one by one, and
put in a box. And the first 30 paper that been drawn will be our samples or the
representative of the population.

Data Collection and Sources of Data

Data collection and sources of data was acquired through the

questionnaires that being distributed to the identified respondents in where they
answer the questions or items entailed in the questionnaires.

Research Instrument Used

The instrument used in this research is pencil and paper or the survey
questionnaire that the respondents should answer. The questionnaire that the
samples or respondents is composed of many question about the status of parking
space and its characteristic like parking area, installed CCTV, security guard,
ventilation and lighting, parking fee, and provision of entrance and exit lane.
Method of Analysis

After the distribution of the questionnaire, the gathered data will be

encoded, processed and analyzed to the computer. To make an interpretation of
data more meaningful, the following method in data analysis was used.

The statistical test used in analyzing the data was:

Percentage Distribution. The percentage was used to describe the

relationship between a part of its whole.

Formula:

𝑭
Percentage (%) = 𝑵 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

Where:

F = Frequency

N = Total number of respondents

100 = Constant number

Weighted mean. The average responses of the group of the various items
of the questionnaire are describe by computing the weighted mean which are
solved with the used formula.

Formula:

𝜮𝒇𝒙
̅=
𝒙
𝑵

Where:

𝑥̅ = Weighted mean
f = Frequency

x = Weight of respondents

n = Total frequency in the sample

The weighted mean of the indicators or parameters of respondent’s

satisfaction were rated by following a mean value and descriptive interpretation as
follows:

Mean Value Descriptive Interpretation DI

1.00 – 1.50 True (T)
1.51 – 2.50 More true than false (MTF)
2.51 – 3.50 In between (IB)
3.51 – 4.50 More false than true (MFT)
4.51 – 5.00 False (F)

Regression is a statistical tool to predict the dependent variable with the

help of one or more than one independent variables. While running a regression
analysis, the main purpose of the researcher is to find out the relationship
between the dependent variable and the independent variable. In order to predict
the dependent variable one or multiple independent variables are chosen which
can help in predicting the dependent variable. Regression analysis helps in the
process of validating whether the predictor variables are good enough to help in
predicting the dependent variable. Regression analysis is a powerful statistical
method that allows you to examine the relationship between two or more
variables of interest.

Formula:

Y= a + bX

Where:

 Y= the dependent variable

  A = y intercept

 x= independent variable

 B= slope of the line

A Spearman Rank Correlation is used when the two variables being

compared are monotonically related, even if their relationship is not linear. This

means that all data-points with greater x values than that of a given data-point

will have greater y values as well.

Formula:

𝟔 ∑ 𝒅𝟐𝒊
𝒑=𝟏− 𝒏(𝒏𝟐 −𝟏)

Where:

P = Spearman Rank Correlation

d = Difference between ranks

n = total number of respondents

 Epiphany School of Peace and Goodwill
IFI Learning Institution
Dapawan, Odiongan, Romblon

October 18, 2019

Sir:

Greeting!
We students of Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM) of Epiphany School of Peace and Goodwill – IFI Learning Institution are
undertaking a research entitled “Effects of Parking Area on the Business of Stalls’
Occupants: An Input to Building Design”.
In this research we are humbly asking your help to answer our questionnaire for
us to get the information that we need. Rest assure that all information will be
treated with confidentiality.

Thank you and God bless.

Respectfully yours,

Kenjee Alec Chua

Group Leader

Noted:
Rev. Jose P. Falogme Jr. Ph.D.
Research Adviser
Approved by: ___________________
 Epiphany School of Peace and Goodwill

IFI – Learning Institution

Dapawan, Odiongan, Romblon

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Effects of Parking Area on the Business of Stalls’ Occupants’: An Input to

Building Design

Questionnaire

The undersigned are researching and studying on the effects of parking

area on the business of stall occupants of Odiongan, Romblon. We will appreciate
acknowledge if you will give enough time to answer this questionnaire willingly and
truthfully. Your response will be a big help towards the development of reliable
information regarding the topic we are studying. We will assure that all the
information contained herein will be kept privately and would not be attributed to
you.

Part I: Demographic and Professional Profile

Directions: Please read carefully the items below and place checkmark to indicate
your answer to the space provided. Kindly answer all the question honestly. All the
answer will be treated confidentially.

A. Age:
_____ 10 - 20 years’ old
_____ 21 - 30 years’ old
 _____ 31 - 40 years’ old
_____ 41 - 50 years’ old
_____ 51 above years’ old
B. Gender:
_____ Male
_____ Female
C. Civil Status:
_____ Married
_____ Widowed
_____ Separated
_____ Divorced
_____ Single
D. Religious Affiliation:
_____ Roman Catholic
_____ Baptist
_____ Foursquare
_____ Seventh Day Adventist
_____ Iglesia Filipina Independiente
_____ Others Please Specify: __________
E. Educational Attainment:
_____ Elementary level
_____ Elementary graduate
_____ High School level
_____ High School graduate
_____ College level
_____ College graduate
F. Transportation Facilities:
_____ Bicycle
_____ Motorcycle
 _____ Tricycle
_____ SUV

Part II: Business Status of stall occupants

Direction: Please check the corresponding item that you believe is the status of
your business.
A. Monthly Gross Income
_____ Less than ₱10,000
_____ ₱11,000 – ₱20,000
_____₱ 21,000 – ₱30,000
_____ More than ₱30,000
B. Number of Weekly Customers
_____ Less than 20 people
_____ 21 – 30 people
_____ 31 – 40 people
_____ more than 40 people
C. Security of Rental Stall
_____ Very Unsecured
_____ Unsecured
_____ Neutral
_____ Secured
_____ Very Secured

Part III: Status of Parking Space in Business Establishments

Direction: Please rate the following components of the parking area

A. Parking Space
___ Excellent
___ Very Good
 ___ Good
___ Fair
___ Poor
B. Installed CCTV
___ Excellent
___ Very Good
___ Good
___ Fair
___ Poor
C. Ventilation and Lighting
___ Excellent
___ Very Good
___ Good
___ Fair
___ Poor
D. Provision of Entrance and Exit Lane
___ Excellent
___ Very Good
___ Good
___ Fair
___ Poor