Unit 1

Speaking: Supporting Opinions

Giving your opinion (memberikan pendapat anda)

I think that . . . (saya berfikir bahwa…)

I don't think that . . . (saya tidak berfikir bahwa..)

In my opinion . . . (menurut saya…)

Asking for support or details (meminta dukungan atau rincian)

Why do you think that? (mengapa anda berfikir bahwa)

Could you elaborate? (bisahkah anda menguraikan)

Could you give (me) an example? (bisahkah anda memberi saya contoh)

Can you illustrate that? (anda dapat menggambarkan bahwa)

1
 What evidence do you have? (bukti apa yang anda miliki)

Could you explain it in more detail? (bisahkah anda menjelaskannya)

Could you provide some details? (bisahkah anda memberi beberapa

rincian)

Supporting your opinions (mendukung pendapat anda)

Let me illustrate, (mari saya ilustrasikan)

For example, (sebagai contoh)

For instance, (contohnya)

To give you an example, (untuk memberikan contoh)

Let me give you an example, (mari saya berikan anda contoh)

To elaborate, (untuk menguraikan)

First, (second), etc.

(These phrases can be followed by details, examples, elaboration, or a

summary of your main points.)

Asking for input (meminta masukan)

What do you think (about . . . )? (apa yang anda pikirkan tentang)

How do you feel (about . . . )? (bagaimana perasaan mu tentang)

Any ideas? (ada ide)

What are the alternatives? (apa alternatifnya)

Exploring Options (menjelajahi pilihan)

Let's look at Option 1. (mari kita lihat opsi 1)

What (do you think) about Plan B? (apa (menurut anda) tentang rencana
B)

How about the third alternative? (bagaimana dengan alternative k-3)

2
 Let's consider Bob's proposal. (mari kita pertimbangkan proposal Bob)

Moving on (bergerak

Let's move on to Option 2.

What about Plan C?

Let's look at the fourth choice.

How about Mary's idea?

Should we move on to the next point?

Before we move on, we need to consider . .

3
 Unit 2
Reading : Science News

Do you want to keep up with the latest research and discoveries in science?
There are many good websites that you can visit to make that easy.

One great site is called Science News for Kids. This site reports science news
covering a wide range of subjects. The articles are written with the interests and
educational experience of younger readers in mind, but adults will find this site
suitable for them as well.

(Apakah Anda ingin menjaga dengan penelitian terbaru dan penemuan dalam sains ?
Ada banyak situs yang baik yang dapat Anda kunjungi untuk membuat mudah .
Salah satu situs besar disebut Science News for Kids . Situs ini melaporkan berita
ilmu meliputi berbagai mata pelajaran . Artikel yang ditulis dengan kepentingan dan
pengalaman pendidikan pembaca yang lebih muda dalam pikiran , tetapi orang
dewasa akan menemukan situs ini cocok untuk mereka juga.)

1. The author believes that adults _______

4
a. won't understand a site for kids.
b. will find Science News for Kids useful.
c. don't like science as much as kids.

Another wonderful site, one that I check out every day, is called Science Daily.
The site is constantly updated with news, often about exciting findings that
change how we look at the world and the universe. Whether it's newly unearthed
discoveries about creatures that have been extinct for millions of years or the
latest advances in cures for human diseases, you'll find it at Science Daily.

2. What does “daily” mean?

a. never at night
b. only for scientists
c. every day

3. What does “unearthed” mean in the paragraph?

a. dug up
b. from another planet
c. shot into space

These sites post stories as they become news and also archive all the past
articles. That way you can enter a search term and find articles on just about
anything related to science that they've ever published.

4. What does “archive” (AR-kive) mean?

a. a nest in a boat
b read carefully
c. keep in a safe place

5
 Unit 3

Word Meanings From Context

Use the context to help you determine the meaning of each highlighted
word!

1.Fortunately, the dizzy spell was transient. He was able to continue playing within
seconds and had no trouble winning the match. When you describe an event as
“transient,” you are saying that __________.

a. it sounds like a train

b. it is quite harmful
c. it helps you win
d. it doesn't last long

6
2. Brea and Elizabeth are having a dispute over which radio station to play at work. It
would be so much simpler if they both liked the same kind of music.

A dispute is a __________.

a. musical instrument
b. choice of music
c. discovery
d. disagreement

3. When they heard the good news about the court’s decision, the angry crowd cheered
and then began to disperse. “It looks like everyone is going home,” one reporter stated.

Which would be the opposite of “disperse”?

a. come together
b. smile
c. fly like a bird
d. sing

4. It’s a wonder to me how anyone can still be undecided

about this election. These two candidates are certainly distinct. Each would lead our
nation in opposite directions.

What does “distinct” mean?

a. needing a bath
b. dishonest
c. clearly different
d. about the same age

Use the context to help you choose the best meaning or synonym for each
highlighted word!

7
1. Mr. Huge was very proud of his auto superstore. “We have such an extensive
selection of cars,” he said, “so everyone should find a vehicle that he or she will
love!”

The word “extensive” means __________.

a. costing a lot of money

b. large amount
c. having no color
d. not enough

2. Friendship is a priceless thing. If Chris put a price, or conditions, on her

friendship, it’s no longer priceless. In fact, it’s not real friendship at all!

If something is priceless, __________.

a. it has a missing tag

b. it has no value
c. it has great value
d. it is made out of rice

3. The news story was based on a letter that was a fabrication. Now the reporter
who wrote the story is in big trouble. Will anyone believe him again?

A fabrication is __________.
a. made of cloth
b. full of long words
c. funny
d. fake

4. The reporter insisted that the letter he used was authentic. He said that he
had shown it to many experts before he used it in his story.

When something is authentic, it’s __________.

8
a. genuine, or real
b. carefully written
c. full of tasty worms
d. very old

5. In 1975, Governor James promised to do something about the high taxes in

our state. She didn’t present a tax cut bill to lawmakers until 1985. It took her a
decade to keep her promise, but better late than never.

How long is a decade?

a. 75 years
b. 85 years
c. a century
d. 10 years

9
 Unit 4
Academic Vocabulary

Exercise 1

Enter the letter into the box from the word that matches the following
definitions.
1.someone who sells things a. alley
2.a general name for "cows" b. appetite
3.skinny; thin c. boast
4.huge, large, enormous d. cattle
5.without covering or clothing e. drudgery
6.on the whole f. dull
7.improve the quality of something g. entirely
8.wander, walk around without direction h. gigantic
9.desire to eat i. goofy
10.upset, very mad j. hatch
11.funny, silly k. naked
12.boring, not exciting; not bright or sharp l. outraged
13.have difficulty doing something; fight m. outskirts
14.break out of an egg n. peddler
15.brag; say great things about yourself o. portion
16.get bigger, enlarge p. roam

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 17.small part or section q. slim
18.the suburbs, area around a city r. struggle
19.a narrow passageway or street s. swell
20.hard, uninteresting labor t. Upgrade

Exercise 2

Enter the letter into the box from the word that matches the
following definitions.
1.failing to give proper care or attentiona. affiliate
2.desire to know; inquisitive interest b. analgesic
3.young, immature, youthful c. apiece
compensati
4.lawful, conforming to accepted standards d.
on
5.forced removal from one's country e. concoct
6.an occurrence or even; happening f. confess
7.payment for service, loss or expense g. curiosity
8.one who tries to escape, runaway h. crummy
9.feeling of uneasiness, doubt or fear i. exile
10.causing death j. sober
11.not drunk; serious k. fatal
12.admit to wrongdoing l. fugitive
m hemorrhag
13.each, individually
. e
14.lousy, miserable, or worthless n. incident
15.excessive bleeding o. juvenile
16.lacking energy or spirit p. negligent
branch of medicine dealing with mental
17. q. legitimate
disorders
18.create by combining various ingredients r. listless
19.something used to reduce pain s. psychiatry
20.associate as a member t. qualm

11
Exercise 3

Enter the letter into the box from the word that matches the following
definitions.

the
act
or
pr
oc
al
es
1. a. ar
s
m
of
qu
est
ion
ing
one who breaks into a building
2. b. alphabet
and steals
3.to strike or hit gently c. blank
4.qualifications or background d. blame
5.a set of English letters e. bounce
6.empty, without any marks f. burglar
7.a brief look; an indication g. compassion
to discover the existence of
8. h. credentials
something
having a bumpy surface; not
9. i. detect
smooth
to make someone scared or
10. j. expert
afraid
11.to spring or leap like a ball k. finesse
12.distinguished, excellent l. frighten
to talk on an on without saying
13. m.glimpse
much
ability to handle difficult situations
14. n. inquiry
well
15.a device that sound a warning o. interfere
feeling of sympathy towards
16. p. outstanding
another person

12
 to accuse someone or
17. q. rough
wrongdoing
a person with a high degree of
18. r. ramble
knowledge or skill
to get in the way; prevent
19. s. tap
someone from doing a task
20.covering a large area t. widespread

Unit 5

Reading: Half-Truths

Beware of those who use the truth to deceive. When someone tells you

something that is true, but leaves out important information that should be
included, he can create a false impression.
For example, someone might say, “I just won a hundred dollars on the
lottery. It was great. I took that dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for
one hundred dollars!”
This guy’s a winner, right? Maybe, maybe not. We then discover that he

13
bought two hundred tickets, and only one was a winner. He’s really a big loser!
He didn’t say anything that was false, but he deliberately omitted
important information. That’s called a half-truth. Half-truths are not technically
lies, but they are just as dishonest.
Untrustworthy candidates in political campaigns often use this tactic. Let’s
say that during Governor Smith’s last term, her state lost one million jobs and
gained three million jobs. Then she seeks another term. One of her opponents
runs an ad saying, “During Governor Smith’s term, the sate lost one million jobs!”
That’s true. However an honest statement would have been, “During Governor
Smith’s term, the state had a net gain of two million jobs.”
Advertisers will sometimes use half-truths. It’s against the law to make
false claims so they try to mislead you with the truth. An ad might boast, “Nine
out of ten doctors recommend Yucky Pills to cure nose pimples.” It fails to
mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky
Corporation.
This kind of deception happens too often. It’s a sad fact of life: Lies are
lies, and sometimes the truth can lie as well.

Answer the following questions!

1. Which statement is true according to the article?

a. Whenever people tell the truth, they are really lying.

b. You can’t trust gamblers.
c. All governors help their states.
d. The truth can be used in dishonest ways.

2. What does “deceive” mean?

a. removing one’s teeth in public

b. ignore warnings
c. fool
d. repair

14
3. What does “omitted” mean?

a. spent money
b. left out
c. told about
d. exposed

4. The author clearly wants people to _________.

a. think carefully about what they read and hear

b. wear mismatched socks during political campaigns
c. never trust anyone
d. vote for female candidates

5. Another appropriate title for this selection would be:

a. Natural Cat Food

b. Everyone Lies
c. Lying With the Truth
d. Nose Pimples

15
 Unit 6

Speaking: Contrasting, Classifying &

Discussion Techniques

Contrasting

On the other hand,

However,

Yes, but . . .

16
You may be right, but . . .

I may be wrong, but . . .

Correct me if I'm wrong, but . . .

On the contrary,

(Be careful with this one!)

It appears to be a direct negation of what was just stated,
but it can actually be an emphatic reaffirmation of one's own opinion.

For example: It's not hot. On the contrary, it's cold.

("Not hot" and "cold" mean the same thing.)

Classifying

Here are some phrases for classifying in English.

There are five kinds of . . .

There are two types of . . .

There are three categories of . . .

We can divide (this) into three parts:

1)

2)

3)

This can be broken down into four sections.

They are:

A)

B)

C)

17
 D)

Discussion Techniques

Opening a discussion

To begin with,

We need to discuss . . .

determine
find out

Let's start by (V ing)

We'll start by (V ing)

The problem here is . . .

issue
question

The important thing (here) is . . .

The main thing we need to discuss is . . .

Let's look at . . .

It looks like . . .

18
 It appears that . . .

Asking for input

What do you think?

How about you?

How do you feel about that?

Any ideas on that?

Responding

(That sounds like a) good idea.

Sounds good.

The problem with that is . . .

That raises the issue of . . .

brings up

Meetings and Discussions

Getting started

Let's get started.

We need to discuss . . .
We need to talk about . . .
Talking about discussion items
The first thing we need to discuss is . . .
The first item on the agenda is . . .
The first thing on the list is . . .
First, we need to talk about . . .
Presenting Options

19
 We have several alternatives:
We have two options:
We could either . . . or . . .
Moving on
Let's move on to Item 2.
Let's move on to the next topic.
We need to move on.
The next item (of business) is . . .
We need to go on to the next item.
Shall/Should we move on?
Stalling the Discussion
Before we move on, I think we should . . .
Wait a minute. We haven't discussed . . .
Don't you think we need to . . .
Not so fast. We haven't (yet) . . .
Asking for Clarification
What do you mean by . . . .
I don't quite follow you.
I didn't get what you meant by . . .
Could you clarify that?
Could you elaborate on that?
Making a Suggestion/Proposal
I think we should . . .
Maybe we should . . .
I suggest . . .
Why don't we . . .
How about . . .
We could . . .
Giving Feedback
(I think) that's a good idea.
You have a good point.

20
 Good idea/point.
I agree.

I disagree. I think . . .
Sorry. I don't agree with you.
You have a good point, but . . .
That's not such a good idea.
I don't think that's a good idea.

Asking for Opinions

What do you think, George?
What's your opinion on that, Martha?
Any thoughts on that?
Any ideas?
Checking for Consensus
Do we all agree (on that)?
Does everyone agree?
Summarizing
In summary,
The conclusion is . . .
So, we've decided to . . .
We're going to . . . (then)
Closing the meeting
That's all for today.
That's it then. (informal)
The meeting is adjourned. (very formal)

Elaborating
Asking for Elaboration

Could you elaborate (on that)?

Could you tell me a little more about it?

21
 Could you give (me) some details?

Could you fill me in on that?

Could you expound on that?

What else can you tell us (about that)?

Is there anything else you can tell us?

Is there more to it?

Elaborating

To elaborate,

To give you more information,

Let me explain.

Let me elaborate.

Let me tell you a little more (about it).

Let me give you some details.

What's more,

22
 Unit 7
Word Meanings From Context
Use the context to help you determine the meaning of each
highlighted word.

1. Your cousin claimed to be late because the doors of his house were frozen shut. Even
though I have my doubts, his explanation is plausible. It got really cold last night. I'll
just have to take his word for it.

If a statement is plausible, __________.

a. you must always believe it

b. you should never believe it
c. it's hard to understand because it makes no sense
d. it's believable enough to possibly be true

2. If you don't curtail your spending, you'll be broke in no time at all!

Which word is a synonym of "curtail"?

a. reduce
b. follow

23
c. behind
d. buy

3. No word must ever leak out about this military action! It has to be a clandestine
operation in order to succeed.

Which word is a synonym of "clandestine"?

a. family
b. useful
c. dangerous
d. secret

4. Put this medicine on your arm and rub it into your skin until it's invisible. It will
inhibit the infection's attempt to spread.

What does “inhibit” mean?

a. live in a certain place

b. block or slow down
c. itch or burn
d. help to do something important

Use the context to help you choose the best meaning or synonym
for each highlighted word.

1. Your plan looks good. I hope it will really work. It’s time to implement it and see
if it’s as brilliant as you claim.

a. instrument
b. take apart
c. change
d. carry out

24
2. If your plan fails, we’ll have to find someone who can devise a better one.

a. design
b. dislike
c. appliance
d. to use peanut butter as toothpaste

3. Of course, I’m not saying that your plan is no good. I tend to be optimistic, so I
won’t be surprised when you succeed.

a. expecting the best to happen

b. needing glasses to see
c. full of gas
d. unselfish

4. When your plan brings us great wealth, you will be rewarded for your sagacity.

a. good looks
b. mistakes
c. intelligence
d. huge appetite for herbs

5. No matter what happens, I assure you that I will not forget how hard you have
worked on this project.

a. dare
b. promise
c. act like a donkey
d. forget

25
 Unit 8

Reading: Pizza and Comprehension

“Perry’s Pepper Pizza Parlor!” Perry said. “May I help you?”

“Yes, I’d like to order a large pepper pepperoni pizza with hot peppers and green
peppers,” said the lady on the other end of the phone.
“Is that all, ma’am?” asked Perry.
“Yes, but please put the hot peppers on half the pizza and the green peppers on
both halves.”
“Also, I’d like the pepperoni on the hot pepper part but not on the green pepper
part.”
“But didn’t you say you wanted the green peppers on both parts?”

26
 “That’s right,” the lady replied.
“That’s not possible!” Perry pronounced.
“Why can’t I have green peppers on the whole pizza?”
“I mean the pepperoni part.”
“I don’t see why pepperoni placement is so difficult,” the lady said. “But if that’s
too much trouble, just put the pepperoni on the whole pizza!” she added impatiently.
Perry sighed. “That will be twelve dollars and fourteen cents.”
“Can you deliver my pizza?”
“Sure can. What’s your address?”
“There’s no number, but I live on Forestview Road.”
“Can you help me a little more than that?” Perry asked, trying to be as pleasant as
possible.
“I live in a white trailer with a pickup truck in the driveway,” responded the lady.
Perry wanted to scream, “So does everyone else in this county!” but he restrained
himself. “Can you give me a little more help than that?” he asked calmly.
“Yes, there is no blue picket fence in front of our home,” said the lady.
“Are there blue picket fences in front of all the other homes on your road?”
“No, silly, but we used to have one a few years ago. Just look for the home that
doesn’t have one there anymore.”
Perry began to dream about early retirement. “I’m kind of confused,” he said in a
shaky voice.
“No offense, sir,” the lady said, “but you do have a listening comprehension
problem.”

Underline every statement that must be true based on the selection.

1. Perry’s Pepper Pizza Parlor peddled Pepsi.

2. Perry’s Pepper Pizza Parlor would deliver pizzas to people’s homes.
3. Everyone in the county lived in a white trailer.
4. Perry worked to hide his impatience with the caller.

27
5. Perry wasn’t good at understanding what people were saying.
6. The caller said that she lived on Forestview Road.

Read the selection without stopping to choose the correct missing words. Then read it
again, pausing to underline the correct words. Finally, read the selection again to see
if it makes sense.

Dog Face

I __1__ by Mr. J. Gerald Cowcamper’s house one day and was greeted by a rather
old looking dog. She was a gentle beast who __2__ her tail as she pushed her nose
against my hand.
“What’s her __3__?” I asked.
“I call her ‘Dog Face,’” replied the old __4__.
“__5__ do you call her that?” I inquired.
“Isn’t it obvious?” asked Mr. Cowcamper.
“Not really.”
Mr. Cowcamper cradled the old animal’s head in his hands. “If you __6__ at just
the right angle, you can see that she seems to have a dog’s face,” he __7__.
“But she is a __8__!” I said.
“Shhhh!” Mr. Cowcamper responded with the loudest whisper I have ever __9__.
“Don’t let her hear you say that!”
I said __10__, because I didn’t know what to say.

1. stopped Ran went carried

2. chased Bit wagged lost
3. breed problem age name
4. dog Cow lady gentleman
5. How Why Where When
6. listen Look call wonder
7. explained asked smelled knew
8. person female dog potato
9. spoken Seen found heard

28
 10. here Yes words nothing

Unit 9

Academic Vocabulary
Exercise 1:

Enter the letter into the box from the word that matches the
following definitions.

get
mo
ne
alt
y
er
thr
1. a. na
ou
tiv
gh
e
wo
rki
ng
2.condition of being poor b. consumer
3.False idea, dream c. discrimination
4.without companionship d. earn
5.ability, talent e. encourage
6.person who buys things f. ignore
7.woman whose husband has died g. illusion
8.don't pay attention h. immigrant
9.give help, support or confidence i. irrelevant
10.Possess j. lonely
11.perceive thorough the senses, see k. observe
12.choice, selection, option l. own
13.pertaining to a specific job m.participation
14.person who comes into a country to live n. poverty
15.go up, get higher o. practical
16.not related or applicable p. rise

29
 taking part, getting involved in a group
17. q. skill
activity
18.person who gives service without pay r. vocational
19.useful and realistic s. volunteer
treating people unfairly because of
20. t. widow
differences in race,
gender, etc.

Exercise 2:

Enter the letter into the box from the word that matches the following
definitions.
noise usually followed by a flash of
1. a. Axe
lightning
an absorbent material used for
2. b. Blade
washing
an arch containing the colors of the
3. c. Cage
spectrum
a hole or crack which allows water
4. d. Cork
to pass thorough
a substance painted on wood to
5. e. Crook
make it glossy
formed when two ropes are tied
6. f. Dozen
together
unit of weight, one-sixteenth of a
7. g. Eyelid
pound
8.instrument used in chopping wood h. Emerald
9.a set of twelve i. Knot
wood which has been sawed into
10. j. Leak
boards
the flat, cutting edge of a knife or
11. k. Lumber
tool
12.a thief, criminal, swindler l. Ounce
a narrow strip of cloth used for
13. m.Plug
decoration
an instrument used for measuring
14. n. Railing
temperature

30
 a bar which is used for support
15. o. Rainbow
when climbing stairs
a fold of skin which covers the
16. p. Ribbon
eyeball
a precious stone of bright green
17. q. Sponge
color
a structure made of wires or bars
18. r. Thermometer
for confining animals
part of a machine which is
19. s. Thunder
connected to an electrical source
material from the bark of a tree,
20. t. Varnish
often used as stoppers for
wine bottles

Exercise 3:

Enter the letter into the box from the word that matches the following
definitions.
1.to make the quality of something worse a. Bake
2.to lay or bend something over upon itself b. Barrel
3.a grainy type of soil found on beaches c. Bat
to be under obligation or indebted to
4. d. Chew
someone
5.to cover with paper, cloth, or plastic e. Fold
to compress; press closely, usually for
6. f. Hanger
extracting juice
7.a small, furry mammal which flies at night g. Log
8.to move food or drinks down the throat h. Melt
9.a device upon which clothing is hung i. Owe
open the mouth in an expression of
10. j. Rinse
sleepiness
to immerse or drench in water or other
11. k. Sand
liquid
12.to cook in an oven l. Sheet
a large thin cloth which can be spread on
13. m.Soak
a bed
14.to reduce from a solid to a liquid by heat n. Spill
15.to cut and grind with the teeth o. Spoil
16.a fallen tree trunk or bulky piece of timber p. Squeeze
17.to allow something to fall or run out of a q. Swallow

31
 vessel or container
18.to move back and forth, sway r. Swing
to cleanse with water after washing with
19. s. Wrap
soap
a large round container used for holding
20. t. Yawn
great amounts of liquid

Exercise 4:

Enter the letter into the box from the word that matches the following
definitions.
1.Path, road, way a. approach
2.fighter b. collapse
3.person who is not brave c. conquer
4.develop slowly d. coward
5.fall down e. evolve
6.Poor, simple farmer f. expansion
7.terrible hunger g. fleet
8.complete commercial control h. incredible
9.Very valuable i. inhabitant
10.Large building for storage j. monopoly
11.resident k. peak
12.get closer l. peasant
13.group of ships m.priceless
14.Huge n. route
15.Defeat o. severe
16.top of the mountain p. starvation
17.cruel, harsh q. vast
18.wild, unsettled area r. warehouse
19.Growth s. Warrior
20.Unbelievable t. Wilderness

32
 Unit 10

Verb and Preposition Collocations

The following is a list of verbs and prepositions which commonly appear
together.

accuse (someone) of ([doing] something)

add (something) to (something else)
admire (someone) for ([doing] something)
agree on (topic)
agree with (someone)
apologize to (someone) for ([doing] something)
apply to (a place) for (something)
approve of (something)
argue with (someone) about (topic)
arrive at (a building, room, site, event)
arrive in (a city, country)
ask (someone) about (someone/topic)
ask (someone) for (something)

believe in (something)
belong to (someone)

33
blame (someone) for ([doing] something)
borrow (something) from (someone)

care about (someone/something/topic)

comment on (topic)
compare (something) to/with (something else)
complain to (someone) about (something)
concentrate on ([doing] something)
congratulate (someone) for/on ([doing] something)
consist of (some things)
consent to ([doing] something)
contribute to (something)
count on (someone) to (do something)
cover (something) with (something else)

decide on (topic)
depend on (someone) for (something)
discuss (something) with (someone)
distinguish (something) from (something else)
dream about/of (someone/something)

escape from (somewhere)

explain (topic) to (someone)
excuse (someone) for ([doing] something)

forgive (someone for ([doing] something)

get rid of (something)

graduate from (a place)

happen to (someone)
help (someone) with (something)
hide (something) from (someone)

34
insist (up)on (something)
introduce (someone) to (someone else)
invite (someone) to (an event)

keep (something) for (someone)

matter to (someone)

object to (something)

participate in (something)
pay (price) for (something)
pray for (someone/something)
prefer (something) to (something else)
prevent (someone) from ([doing] something)
prohibit (someone) from ([doing] something)
protect (someone) from (something)
provide (someone) with (something)

recover from (something)

rely (up)on (someone/something)
remind (someone) of (something)
rescue (someone) from (something)
respond to (someone/something)

save (someone) from (something)

search for (something)
separate (something) from (something else)
scold (someone) for ([doing] something)
smile at (someone) for ([doing] something)
speak to/with (someone) about (topic) /br>stare at (something/someone)
stop (someone) from ([doing] something)
subscribe to (something)

35
substitute (something) for (something else/someone)
subtract (something) from (something else)
succeed in ([doing] something)
suffer from (something)

take advantage of (someone/something/ situation)

take care of (something/someone)
talk to/with (someone) about (topic)
thank (someone) for ([doing] something)
travel to (somewhere)

vote for (someone)

vouch for (someone)

wait for (someone/something)

wish for (something)
work for (company/something/someone)

36
 Unit 11

Speaking: Clarifying, Interrupting, &

Giving Instructions

Clarifying

Here are some phrases for clarifying and checking for clarification.

Clarifying your own ideas

In other words,

What I mean is . . .

What I'm trying to say is . . .

37
 What I wanted to say was . . .

To clarify,

Asking for Clarification

What do you mean (by that)?

What are you trying to say?

What was that again?

Could you clarify that?

Clarifying another's ideas

You mean . . .

What you mean is . . .

What you're saying is . . .

(I think) what she means is . . .

What he's trying to say is . . .

If I understand you, (you're saying that . . . )

If I'm hearing you correctly,

So, you think (that) . . .

So, your idea is . . .

Interrupting

Interrupting politely

Excuse me,

38
 Pardon me,

Sorry to interrupt,

May I interrupt (for a minute)?

Can I add something here?

I don't mean to intrude, but . . .

Could I inject something here?

Do you mind if I jump in here?

Getting back to the topic

Anyway,

Now, where was I?

Where were we?

What were you saying?

You were saying . . .

To get back to . . .

Giving Instructions

Asking for Instructions

How do you (do this)?

How do I . . . ?

What is the best way to . . . ?

How do I go about it?

What do you suggest?

How do you suggest I proceed?

39
 What is the first step?

Giving Instructions

Sequencing

First, (you) . . .

Then, (you) . . .

Next, (you) . . .

Lastly, (you) . . .

Starting out

Before you begin, (you should . . .)

The first thing you do is . . . .

I would start by . . .

The best place to begin is . . .

To begin with,

Continuing

After that,

The next step is to . . .

The next thing you do is . . .

Once you've done that, then . . .

When you finish that, then . . .

Finishing

The last step is . . .

The last thing you do is . . .

In the end,

40
 When you've finished,

When you've completed all the steps,

Unit 12
Reading: Treasure, Part I

Trogmire Troll was dealing with a crisis. The new girl in class really liked
him a lot. Trogmire was not happy about it.
Trogmire’s good friend, Tremor Troll, tried to comfort him. “What’s the big
deal? I think Treasure Troll is kind of cute. And she seems to be nice enough.”
Trogmire swallowed his last bite of poison sumac salad and glared at
Tremor. “Then why don’t you ask her to be your girlfriend? There she is, sitting all

41
by herself at the other end of the cafeteria. March over there and ask her to be
your sweetie-poo!”
“She’s crazy about you, not me,” Tremor replied.
“Well, I don’t want any girlfriend, especially not a weird pesky one like
her!” Trogmire growled.
Tremor wouldn’t give up. “The only thing pesky about her is that she
keeps writing you those notes and she stares -”
“Yucky love notes!” Trogmire interrupted. He took another sip of mole
milk. “Did you notice those strange brown eyes? Why aren’t they normal red or
pink?”
Tremor took another look at Treasure. “I think her face is a lovely shade
of green. And her dark green curly hair is quite pretty. Besides, she’s very sweet
and that’s what really matters.”
Trogmire stuck out his tongue. “I think I’m going to be sick! I’d better
save my dessert for later.” He crammed a small bag of Maggot Munchies into his
even smaller shirt pocket. “The fact is, I have a problem. That girl is getting on
my nerves!”
Tremor followed Trogmire's example and decided to save his dessert for
later. However, he carefully placed the bag into his lunch box. “Do you have any
ideas about how to solve your problem?” Tremor asked.
“I’m going to be mean and rude to her,” Trogmire announced. “I’ll call her
names and make ugly faces at her.”
“That’s how you treat everyone,” Tremor reminded his friend.
Trogmire nodded. “It’s time that Treasure got to know the real Trogmire
Troll!”

1. How did Treasure Troll feel about Trogmire Troll?

a. She didn’t like him because he was rude.

b. She was annoyed by his strange appearance.
c. She didn’t have any strong feelings about him.
d. She liked him a lot.

42
2. How did Trogmire feel about Treasure?

a. He felt annoyed.
b. He enjoyed the attention.
c. He wasn’t aware that she existed.
d. He was crazy about her.

3. Who did Trogmire want for a girlfriend?

a. No one
b. Tremor’s sister
c. Treasure Troll
d. A weird girl from another class

4. Which statement is true?

a. Trogmire pretended to be rude in order to make Treasure stop liking him.

b. Tremor thought that looks were more important than personality.
c. Tremor thought that Treasure was cute.
d. Trogmire offered his dessert to Treasure to make her sick.

For Discussion:

Has someone ever liked you a lot more than you liked him or her?

What did you do about it? What’s the right thing to do?

43
 Unit 13
Word Meanings From Context
Ryan is a great inventor. However, I don’t think that his latest invention, edible
socks, is likely to be too successful. Not many people want to eat socks. There
are some things in life that should remain inedible.

1. Which word in the passage means “fit to be eaten”?

2. Which word in the passage means “not fit to be eaten”?

Marsha is really an introvert. When I took her to Jason’s party, she sat in a corner
without speaking to anyone. All she did was eat most of the snacks. The only
reason she hangs out with me is because I never try to force her to be sociable.
She would never forgive me if I introduced her to anyone.

3. An introvert is usually _____.

a. friendly
b. hungry
c. unclean
d. shy

Sunshine said, “Amber, why are you making such a big deal about Robert’s hair?
Yes, he did dye it purple. It is rather unusual for a guy to have purple hair. On the

44
other hand, it’s not exactly going to change the course of world history. It’s really
quite a trivial matter.”

4. What does “trivial” mean?

a. strange
b. unimportant
c. disgusting
d. dangerous

Word Meanings From Context

The United States has a new president. Americans are hopeful that George W.
Bush will succeed in dealing with some of the major problems that our nation
faces. Some feel that the task will be made extremely difficult by the controversial
way that the election ended. Others are very confident that our new leader is a
man who will bring people together to get things done.

President Bush’s top priority will be to improve education in our country. He is

determined to see that no child will ever fail. He believes that local school
districts should decide how to meet national standards. The president insists that
parents should have greater choices about which schools their kids attend. He
will work hard to find areas of agreement between the opposing parties so that
important education reforms will become law.

1. Which word in the selection is a synonym of “important”?

2. Which word in the selection is an antonym of “succeed”?

3. Which word in the selection means to make better?

4. Use a word from the selection to complete the following sentence.

The Giants and the Ravens will be the ___________ teams in the Super Bowl.

45
5. Which word in the selection is a synonym of “nation”?

6. Which word in the selection means the rank (place in order) of importance?

7. Which word in the selection means having a lot of disagreement.

Using Context - Antonyms

Use the context of the selections to identify antonyms.

Megan was determined to finish her homework before bedtime. She still had to
start her math assignment; it would take at least an hour to complete. She sighed
and thought, “I’ve been working really hard since right after dinner!”

1. Which word in the paragraph is an antonym of “complete”?

2. Which word in the paragraph is an antonym of “before”?

There are some very different opinions about the outcome of the presidential
election. James insists that Al Gore really won the election and that the U.S.
Supreme Court took it away from him. He didn’t have the same kind of objections
when the Florida Supreme Court ruled for his candidate. Is James right, or is he
just a sore loser?

In my opinion, the final decision was correct. The Supreme Court of the United
States ruled against a very bad and unequal process. Votes weren’t being
counted, they were being assigned to people who hadn’t cast legal votes.
George W. Bush was the true winner of the presidential election.

3. Which word in the selection is an antonym of “same”?

4. Which word in the selection is an antonym of “against”?

5. Which word in the selection is an antonym of “loser”?

46
 Unit 14
Preposition Collocations with "Be"

be absent from be absolved of be accepted as/to

be according to be accused of be accustomed to
be acquainted with be adamant about be addicted to
be affected by be afraid of be after
be alarmed at be aligned with be (all) set for
be amazed at/by be an authority on be angry about/at/with
be annoyed at/with be anxious about be appropriate for
be armed with be around be arrested for
be ashamed of be associated with be astonished at/by
be at it (again) be attached to be attracted to
be aware of be away from

be back (from) be bad at be bad for

be banned from be based (up)on be behind (schedule)
be bent on be biased about be big on
be blamed for be blessed with be bored with
be bound for

be carried away
be capable of be caught up in
about/with
be centered around be certain of be charged with
be classified as be clear about be clear to
be clever at be close to be cluttered (up) with

47
be a combination of be compared to be compensated for
be composed of be comprised of be concerned about/with
be confident of be confused about be congratulated for/on
be connected to/with be conned into be considerate of
be considered for be content with be contrary to
be convenient for/to be convinced of be convicted of/for
be coordinated with be covered with be crammed into
be crazy about be credited with be criticized for/as
be crowded with

be dedicated to be delighted with be dependent (up)on

be disappointed
be devoted to be different from/than
about/at/in/with
be discouraged about be discriminated against be disgusted with
be disillusioned with be disqualified for be disposed of
be distinguished from be divided into be divorced (from)
be done with be down be down on/with
be dragged into be dressed (up) in be drunk with/on

be east of be elected as/to be eligible for

be embarrassed
be encouraged by be entailed in
about/at
be engaged to/in be entrusted with be envious of
be equal/equivalent to be equipped with be estranged from
be evicted from be excited about be expelled from

be faithful to be faced with be familiar with/to

be famous for be fanatic(al) about be fascinated with
be fed up with be filled with be finished with
be fired for/from be followed by be fond of
be for the sake of be fraught with be free from/of
be friendly to/with be frightened by/at be full of
be furnished with

be glad to be good at be good to

48
be gone to/with be grateful for/to be guilty of

be half-hearted about be hailed as be happy about/with

be hard on be headed for/to/toward be hired as/for
be hitched to

be immersed in be imposed (up)on be impressed by/with

be in be in accordance with be in agreement with
be an indication of be an issue of be in back of
be in bed with be in cahoots with be in charge of
be in common with be in conjunction with be in contact with
be in control of be in danger of be in exchange for
be in favor of be in front of be in honor of
be in hope(s) of be in love with be in need of
be in on be in place of be in possession of
be in proximity to be in reference to be in regard to
be in response to be in return for be in search of
be in store for be in sync with be in tandem with
be in the habit of be in the middle of be in the midst of
be in the vicinity of be in time for be in touch with
be in trouble with/for be in tune with be incensed with
be inducted into be inferior to be infested with
be informed about be innocent of be insecure about
be insistent (up)on be interested in be into
be involved in be irritated at/with be isolated from

be jealous of

be kind of be kind to be knowledgeable about

be known as/for

be labeled as be leery of be left of/with

be less than be limited to be located at/near
be lower than

49
be mad at/about be made of/from be married to
be a matter of be the matter with be mean to
be meant to be a measure of be mindful of
be more than

be named as/after be next to be nice to

be notorious for be north of be nuts about

be obedient to be oblivious about/to be obsessed with

be obvious to be off be okay with
be on be on behalf of be on the brink of
be on the edge of be on the verge of be on time for
be on to be on top of be open about/for/to
be opposed to be opposite from be oppressed by
be out be out of be out of concern for
be out of contact with be out of sync with be out of touch with
be outraged about be outspoken about be over with

be parallel to be partial to be patient with

be a pattern of be pegged as be perturbed at/about
be pleased with be polite to be popular with
be praised for/about be precious to be preoccupied with
be prepared for be prohibited from be promoted to
be provided with be proud of be psyched about
be punished for be put off by

be qualified for be a question of

be ready for be regarded as be related to

be relevant to be relieved of be remembered for
be rescued from be reserved for be responsible for
be retired from be rid of be rife with
be right to be riled up (about) be roped into
be rude to

50
be satisfied with be saved from be scared of
be selected as/for be sensible about be separated from
be set on be shocked at be short of
be sick of/about be a sign of be similar to
be soft on be sorry about/for be sort of
be south of be specialized in be spoken for
be startled at be strange to be a stranger to
be stressed out about be stuck on/with be stunned at
be subject to be sufficient for be suitable for
be superior to be sure of be surprised at/about
be suspected of be suspended from be a symbol of

be taken aback by/at be taken in by be tantamount to

be tapped as/by be terrified of/with be there for
be a threat to be through with be ticked off about
be tired of be tuned (in)to be to the left of
be to the right of

be uncalled for be under arrest be under fire for

be under investigation
be up against be up front with
for
be up in arms about be up on be up to
be upset about/with be uptight about be used for
be used to be useful to

be valued as/at be vindicated of

be wary of/about be west of be whipped into

be wiped out be with it be with reference to
be with respect to be worked up about be worried about
be wrapped up in be wrong with

51
 Unit 15
Reading: Treasure, Part 2
It was a warm and sunny autumn day: a perfect time to spend the last
half of the lunch hour on the playground. Many of the students at Troll Knoll
School were enjoying recess. Others were still in the cafeteria. Trogmire Troll and
his friends were among those who were enjoying play time.
Troubled Troll was “it” in a friendly game of Simon Screams. “Simon
screams,” he screamed, “eat dirt!”
Trogmire Troll, Tremor Troll, Tantrum Troll, and Truman Troll all
pretended to eat dirt. They were too stuffed from lunch to really eat any dirt.
“Simon screams,” Troubled continued with a wicked grin, “Trogmire has
a girlfriend!”
There was a lot of laughter. Trogmire Troll was not laughing, however.
“I quit this stupid game!” Trogmire announced. He stalked away, heading
toward the school. At that very moment, Treasure Troll walked out of the building.
She was with her friends, Trivia Troll and Truffle Troll, but her eyes were focused
only on Trogmire.
Treasure held a small folded piece of paper in her hand. Trogmire
attempted to walk past her without acknowledging that he even noticed her. “Hi,
Trogmire,” Treasure said, and she reached out to give him the paper.
Trogmire refused to accept the offering. He kicked the ground, spraying
sand all over Treasure’s pink dress. “Stay away from me, you dumb girl!” he
yelled.
Trogmire would have been satisfied if Treasure had kicked sand back at
him. It would have been fine if she had called him any bad name in the world.
Trogmire would have felt lucky if Treasure hated him. But this did not appear to
be Trogmire Troll’s lucky day.
Treasure Troll brushed the sand off her dress. She stood quietly for a
few seconds and looked at Trogmire. There was no expression of hatred or even

52
anger. She just stared at him with eyes that showed only sadness and
disappointment. Without saying a word, Treasure turned around and walked back
toward the school. She paused and dropped the rejected paper into a large trash
can that stood by the door.
Trogmire watched as she disappeared through the doorway. He was
confused, and not even sure how he felt. Suddenly, he noticed someone
standing by his side with a great big smile on a less than friendly face. Oh no, it
was Tattle Troll! Trogmire had just made Tattle’s day.

For Essay or Discussion:

1. Do you think that Treasure’s opinion of Trogmire was changed by what

happened? Explain, citing examples from the story.

2. Do you think that Trogmire felt good about how he treated Treasure? Explain,
being sure to refer to examples from the story.

3. What events do you think will occur in the next part of the story? Explain the
reasoning behind your predictions.

Treasure, Part 3

The sign on the door said, “T. Rubric Troll.” No one knew what the T
stood for, and no one dared ask.
Trogmire Troll stood outside the principal’s office with a large sheet of
paper in his hand. The playground monitor, Ms. Trouncer Troll, had written a
lengthy narrative describing Trogmire’s behavior.
Before Trogmire could knock on the door, it opened. The principal was
standing there with a bottle of bubbly brown liquid in his hand. “Come in and
have a seat, Trogmire,” he said.
“I was just enjoying a bottle of my favorite drink, toadstool juice soda,”
Mr. T. Rubric Troll said. “ It’s one of the few things you can still get in good old-

53
fashioned glass!”
“Yes, sir,” said Trogmire.
“It’s very bad manners for anyone to eat or drink in front of someone who
isn’t also eating or drinking,” the principal continued. “What do you suppose will
have to happen?”
“I’ll have to turn around so you can drink behind me,” Trogmire replied.
“No!” the principal boomed. “I, a polite and proper troll, must offer you a
bottle of soda. Would you care to have a bottle of toadstool juice soda?”
Trogmire hated toadstool juice soda, but he didn’t want to offend the
principal. “Thank you, sir,” he said.
The principal held out a bottle for Trogmire. “Here you are, lad,” he said
cheerfully, “drink up!”
“Thank you very much,” Trogmire said. He didn’t wish to prolong the
agony, so he put his head back and chugged down the bottle’s entire contents in
four seconds flat! Trogmire tried to be gracious. “That was very nice. I
--ERRRRRRUUP!” The sound was so loud that a picture on the principal’s desk
fell over.
“You burped!” bellowed the principal.
Trogmire wanted to say, “I know that,” but instead he said, “I didn’t mean
to!”
“What does a proper troll say when he makes any disgusting bodily
sound?” asked the principal. He didn’t wait for an answer. “He says, ‘Pardon the
expression.’”
“Pardon the expression,” said Trogmire.
“That’s better,” said Mr. T. Rubric Troll. “Now, let’s see what’s written on
your pass.”
Trogmire reluctantly handed over the document. The principal put on his
glasses and stared intently at the paper. A look of disbelief came over his face as
he read the message. Trogmire squirmed in his seat.
“This makes me very sad,” the principal said softly.
Trogmire Troll could not think of anything to say.

54
 “Can you explain why you mistreated that young lady?”
“She loves me and--”
“This can’t be true! This is too terrible,” Mr. T. Rubric Troll stated as he
shook his head.

1. Why did Ms. Trouncer Troll write a message for the principal?

a. She wanted him to like her.

b. Watching kids on the playground was boring.
c. She needed information about the kids who were still in the cafeteria.
d. She wanted him to know what Trogmire had done on the playground.

2. Why did the principal offer Trogmire a bottle of soda?

a. He wanted to make Trogmire burp.

b. He wanted to reward Trogmire for his behavior.
c. He had too many bottles in his refrigerator.
d. He was being polite.

3. Why did Trogmire drink the soda so quickly.

a. He didn’t like it and wanted to get it over with as soon as possible.

b. He loved toadstool juice soda and wanted to enjoy it all as quickly as possible.
c. He was afraid that the principal would take the soda away from him when he
read what he’d done.
d. He knew that it would make him burp.

4. “Trogmire reluctantly handed over the document.” When you are

reluctant to do something, __________.

a. You expect it to be fun.

b. You can’t remember how to do it.

55
c. You have just had a drink of soda.
d. You would really rather not do it.

5. “‘This makes me very sad,’ the principal said softly.” What made Mr. T.
Rubric Troll feel sad?

a. His picture fell down.

b. Trogmire had been cruel to Treasure.
c. Ms. Trouncer Troll had bad handwriting.
d. Trogmire was squirming in his seat.

56
 Unit 16
Word Meanings From Context
Political Polls

Many people are closely following the political polls during the final weeks

preceding this important election. But how do these polls actually work?
Polls are surveys of a relatively small number of people compared to the
actual number who will vote. They are an attempt to determine who may
actually win an election in advance of the final vote.
Let’s say that 100 million people are expected to vote in the general
election. If 100 people are asked for their opinions, each respondent represents
a million voters. Obviously, the results of such a poll are not very reliable. The
more people surveyed, the more meaningful are the results.
Pollsters have various ways of making their polls more accurate. They try
to find a representative variety of people to question. For example, they look for
people with similar backgrounds and from similar regions to those of all the
voters.
Pollsters also ask questions that try to determine how many people who
support each candidate will actually vote. If a candidate has a higher percentage
of enthusiastic supporters than his opponent, he has a better chance of winning
than the simple numbers might suggest. Pollsters may only count those who they
consider to be “likely voters.”
If we look at polls that are taken over time, we can often detect a trend.
We can tell if a candidate is gaining or losing support when we compare the most
recent poll to earlier ones.
Polls often ask potential (those who could be) voters what they like or
dislike about each candidate. The campaigns use those results to help them
decide which issues to stress or which positions to clarify. They can also
determine which voters to target with their messages.

57
 Because no two people are the same, polls can never be perfect predictors
of the real vote. But they can give important clues as to where things may be
heading. At the very least, if you like politics, polls can be great entertainment.

Solve the puzzle using the highlighted words from the article.

58
Across Down

2. Surveys 1. Matters of discussion

4. Make clear 2. Coming before
6. Able to be counted on 3. Areas, or places
7. Figure out 5. Really
9. Correct 8. Interested in; excited about
11. Clearly 10. One who responds, or answers
12. Try 13. The way that something is developing
14. Stands for or changing
15. Find, or notice

59
 Unit 17
Main Idea
The main idea of a paragraph is what all the sentences are about. Read the
paragraph and ask, “What’s your point?” That will help you zero in on the main
idea.

Read each paragraph carefully. Choose the best answer to the questions
that follow.

1. Juan loves to play games. His favorite game is chess because it requires a
great deal of thought. Juan also likes to play less demanding board games that
are based mostly on luck. He prefers Monopoly because it requires luck and skill.
If he’s alone, Juan likes to play action video games as long as they aren’t too
violent.

What is the main idea of this paragraph?

a. Juan dislikes violence.

b. Juan likes to think.
c. Juan enjoys Monopoly.
d. Juan enjoys playing games.

2. Maria is watching too much television. A toddler shouldn’t be spending hours

staring blankly at a screen. Worse yet, some of her wild behavior has been
inspired by those awful cartoons she watches. We need to spend more time
reading books with her and pull the plug on the TV!

What is the main idea of this paragraph?

a. Watching a lot of television isn’t good for Maria.

b. Books are good.

60
c. All cartoons are bad.
d. Some cartoons are bad for Maria.

3. Samantha, I can’t eat or sleep when you are gone. I need to hear your
scratchy voice and see your lovely toothless smile. I miss that special way that
you eat soup with your fingers. Please come home soon!

What is the main idea of this paragraph?

a. Samantha, you have bad manners.

b. Samantha, you should see a dentist.
c. Samantha, I miss you.
d. Samantha, I have lost my appetite.

4. Someday we will all have robots that will be our personal servants. They will
look and behave much like real humans. We will be able to talk to these
mechanical helpers and they will be able to respond in kind. Amazingly, the
robots of the future will be able to learn from experience. They will be smart,
strong, and untiring workers whose only goal will be to make our lives easier.

Which sentence from the paragraph expresses the main idea?

a. Someday we will all have robots that will be our personal servants.
b. We will be able to talk to these mechanical helpers and they will be able to
respond in kind.
c. They will look and behave much like real humans.
d. Amazingly, the robots of the future will be able to learn from experience.

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Using Inference

Sometimes someone will try to tell you something without coming right out and
saying it. He will imply it. When you understand what is implied, you infer.
Sometimes you can infer the truth even when the speaker or writer isn’t trying to
be helpful. That’s called “reading between the lines.”

See if you can infer an implied or hidden message in each of the following
selections.

Turner almost wished that he hadn’t listened to the radio. He went to the
closet and grabbed his umbrella. He would feel silly carrying it to the bus stop on
such a sunny morning.

1. Which probably happened?

a. Turner realized that he had an unnatural fear of falling radio parts.

b. Turner had promised himself to do something silly that morning.
c. Turner had heard a weather forecast that predicted rain.
d. Turner planned to trade his umbrella for a bus ride.

“Larry, as your boss, I must say it’s been very interesting working with
you,” Miss Valdez said. “However, it seems that our company’s needs and your
performance style are not well matched. Therefore, it makes me very sad to have
to ask you to resign your position effective today.”

2. What was Miss Valdez telling Larry?

a. She would feel really bad if he decided to quit.

b. He was being fired.
c. He was getting a raise in pay.
d. She really enjoyed having him in the office.

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 No, Honey, I don’t want you to spend a lot of money on my birthday
present. Just having you for a husband is the only gift I need. In fact, I’ll just drive
my old rusty bucket of bolts down to the mall and buy myself a little present. And
if the poor old car doesn't break down, I’ll be back soon.

3. What is the message?

a. I don’t want a gift.

b. Buy me a new car.
c. The mall is fun.
d. I’ll carry a bucket for you.

Bill and Jessica were almost done taking turns choosing the players for
their teams. It was Jessica’s turn to choose, and only Kurt was left.
Jessica said, “Kurt.”

4. We can infer that ________

a. Kurt is not a very good player.

b. Jessica was pleased to have Kurt on her team.
c. Kurt was the best player on either team.
d. Jessica was inconsiderate of Kurt’s feelings.

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