TUTORIAL TOEFL 2018

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Contents
COURSE OUTLINE TUTORIAL TOEFL ............................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 5
Tujuan Test TOEFL ........................................................................................................................... 5
Struktur TOEFL.................................................................................................................................. 5
Klasifikasi UMUM Nilai TOEFL .................................................................................................... 5
Penilaian TOEFL ................................................................................................................................ 5
A. LISTENING COMPREHENSION ...................................................................................... 6
Part A : SHORT DIALOGUE (DIALOG PENDEK) .............................................................. 6
Part B : LONG CONVERSATION (PERCAKAPAN PANJANG) ..................................... 6
Part C : TALKS (PEMBICARAAN/CERAMAH) .................................................................. 6
1.1. DIALOG PENDEK ........................................................................................................ 6
Skill 1: FOCUS ON THE LAST LINE AND RESTATE WITH SYNONYM ......................... 6
Skill 2: WHO, WHAT, and WHERE (Siapa, Apa, dan Dimana) ................................................ 8
Skill 3: AGREEMENT (Persetujuan) .............................................................................................. 9
Skill 4: AVOID SIMILAR SOUNDS (Hindari Suara yang Sama atau Mirip) ....................... 10
1.2. LONG CONVERSATION (Percakapan Panjang) ................................................... 12
1.3. LONG TALKS (Pembicaraan Panjang) .................................................................... 14
B. STRUCTURE & WRITTEN EXPRESSION ................................................................... 16
Skill I: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB ................................ 16
Skill 2: BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS .................................................... 16
❖ PROBLEM WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT ........................................... 18
Skill 3: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.............................. 18
Skill 4: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY ........................ 18
Skill 5: MAKEVERBS AGREE AFTER CERTAIN WORDS ................................................. 19
❖ PROBLEMS WITH THE FORM OF THEVERB .................................................. 20
Skill 6: AFTER HAVE, USE THE PAST PARTICIPLE .......................................................... 20
Skill 7: AFTER BE, USE THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE OR THE PAST PARTICPLE .... 20
Skill 8: AFTERWILL,WOULD,OR OTHER MODALS,USE THE BASE FORM OF THE
VERB .................................................................................................................................. 21

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C. READING COMPREHENSION ....................................................................................... 23
Skill 1: ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS CORRECTLY ................................................ 23
Skill 2: ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY ...................................... 25
Skill 3: FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS ..................................................................................... 27
Skill 4: ANSWER IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY ..................................... 29
Skill 5: ANSWER TRANSITION QUESTIONS CORRECTLY ............................................. 31
Skill 6: FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES ............................................... 33
Skill 7: DETERMINE WHERE SPECIFIC INFORMATION IS FOUND ............................. 35
Skill 8: DETERMINE THE TONE, PURPOSE, OR COURSE ................................................ 38

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COURSE OUTLINE TUTORIAL TOEFL
NO PERTEMUAN SKIL MATERI
1 Ke-1 Pre Tes
2 Ke-2 Listening a. Skill 1
b. Skill 2
c. Skill 3
d. Skill 4
3 Ke-3 a. Skill 5
b. Skill 6
c. Skill 7
d. Review
4 Ke-4 a. Short Conversation
b. Long Conversation
5 Ke-5 Structure a. Skill 1
b. Skill 2
c. Skill 3
d. Skill 4
6 Ke-6 a. Skill 5
b. Skill 6
c. Review Skill 1-6
7 Ke-7 a. Skill 7
b. Skill 8
c. Skill 9
d. Skill 10
8 Ke-8 a. Skill 11
b. Skill 12
c. Skill 13
d. Review Skill 1-13
9 Ke-9 a. Skill 14
b. Skill 15
c. Skill 16
d. Review Skill 1-16
10 Ke-10 a. Skill 17
b. Skill 18
c. Skill 19
d. Review 1-19
11 Ke-11 a. Skill 20
b. Skill 21
c. Skill 22
d. Review Skill 1-22
12 Ke-12 Reading a. Skill 1
b. Skill 2
c. Skill 3
13 Ke-13 a. Skill 4
b. Skill 5
c. Skill 6
14 Ke-14 a. Skill 7
b. Skill 8
c. Reading Review Exercises
15 Ke-15 Latihan Soal
16 Ke-16 Pos Tes

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INTRODUCTION

TOEFL
TOEFL merupakan singkatan dari Test of English as a Foreign Language. TOEFL adalah
standardisasi kemampuan bahasa Inggris seseorang secara tertulis yang meliputi empat aspek
penguasaan: Listening, Writing, Reading, dan Speaking. Namun, untuk model Paper Based Test
hanya terdapat tiga aspek yang diujikan: Listening Comprehension, Structure and Written
Expression, dan Reading Comprehension.
Tujuan Test TOEFL
TOEFL memliki tujuan khusus yakni untuk tujuan pendidikan, penelitian atau yang berhubungan
dengan kegiatan akademis di luar negeri, ataupun di Indonesia. Untuk jenjang pascasarjana (S2)
biasanya memiliki syarat nilai minimal 500 sedangkan untuk jenjang sarjana (S1) memiliki
syarat nilai minimal 450.
Disamping itu, ada kalanya TOEFL dipakai dalam bidang umum seperti pekerjaan,
kenaikan pangkat atau tugas kerja. Banyak perusahaan yang memasang standar Bahasa Inggris
karyawannya dengan melihat nilai TOEFL. Umumnya, nilai TOEFL minimal adalah 450-500
untuk kenaikan pangkat standar.
Struktur TOEFL
Ada tiga bagian tes TOEFL yang harus dikerjakan oleh peserta. Bagian pertama adalah soal- soal
yang mengukur kemampuan Listening Comprehension (50 soal), Structure & Written Expression
(40 soal), dan Reading Comprehension (50 soal). Keseluruhan soal dibuat dalam bentuk pilihan
berganda. Keseluruhan tes berlangsung kurang lebih 120 menit, untuk Paper Based Test (PBT),
dan kurang lebih 240 menit untuk Internet Based Test (IBT).
Klasifikasi UMUM Nilai TOEFL
Secara umum kita mengenal tiga level penguasaan bahasa asing, yaitu Tingkat Dasar
(Elementary), Tingkat Menengah (Intermediate), dan Tingkat Mahir (Advanced). Untuk skor
TOEFL, para ahli bahasa biasanya mengelompokkan skor ini kedalam empat level berikut
(Carson, et al., 1990):
 Tingkat Dasar (Elementary) : 310 s.d.420
 Tingkat Menengah Bawah (Low Intermediate) : 420 s.d.480
 Tingkat Menengah Atas (High Intermediate) : 480 s.d.520
 Tingkat Mahir (Advanced) : 525 s.d677
Penilaian TOEFL
Sistem penilaian TOEFL menggunakan konversi dari setiap jawaban yang benar. Nilai TOEFL
tertinggi yang bisa dicapai seseorang adalah 677.

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 UNIT I
A. LISTENING COMPREHENSION
Waktu = 35 menit (termasuk pembacaan petunjuk pelaksanaan
untuk setiap bagian) Tes ini memberikan kesempatan untuk
menunjukkan kemampuan memahami percakapan dan
pembicaraan dalam bahasa Inggris. Listening Comprehension Test
terdiri dari 3 (tiga) bagian:

Part A: SHORT DIALOGUE (DIALOG PENDEK)

Pada bagian ini, terdapat percakapan singkat antara dua orang.
Setelah percakapan, pertanyaan yang berhubungan dengan
percakapan tersebut akan diberikan. Baik percakapan dan
pertanyaan tidak akan diulangi.

Part B: LONG CONVERSATION (PERCAKAPAN PANJANG)

Pada bagian ini, terdapat percakapan dengan topik santai antara beberapa orang dengan durasi
sekitar 60-90 detik. Setelah percakapan panjang selesai akan diikuti oleh sejumlah pertanyaan
pilihan ganda yang kesemuanya merujuk pada percakapan panjang tersebut.

Part C: TALKS (PEMBICARAAN/CERAMAH)

Pada bagian ini, terdapat beberapa pembicaraan dengan durasi sekitar 60-90 detik tentang
kehidupan sekolah atau perkuliahan, masing-masing diikuti dengan pertanyaan pilihan ganda.

1.1. DIALOG PENDEK

Skill 1: FOCUS ON THE LAST LINE AND RESTATE WITH SYNONYM 1
Seringkali jawaban yang benar untuk sebuah pertanyaan dalam bagian dialog pendek adalah
jawaban yang berisi penyajian kembali ide-ide dalam baris terakhir dari dialog. Jika anda tidak
sempat menangkap maksud speaker pertama, maka jangan khawatir karena biasanya informasi
terkait jawaban berada pada speaker kedua. Kemudian, cobalah untuk menyatakannya kembali
ke dalam sebuah kalimat lain yang memiliki kesamaan arti

Example:

On the recording, you hear:

Woman : "Steve, is something the matter? You don’t look very good"
Man :" Oh, I’m feeling a little sick today"
Narrator :"What does the man mean?"

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In your test book you read:
(A) He’s very good looking (C) He looks worse than he feels
(B) He’s a bit ill (D) His feet are a little thick

Garis bawahi ide pokok dari dialog singkat dibawah.

1. Woman :"What do you like about 2. Man :"Mark said some really nice
your new house?" things tome"
Man :" It’s very close to a park" Woman :"He’s very grateful for what
Woman : "What does the man you did"
mean?" Narrator:"What does the woman say
(A) The house is closed up now about Mark?"
(B) He parks his car close to his house (A) He did a great job
(C) His home is near a park (B) He bought a crate full of fruit
(D) He doesn’t really like his new (C) He made a great fool of himself
house (D) He’s thankful

TOEFL EXERCISE 1:

In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue

and question on the recording, and then choose the best
answer to the question. You should look for synonyms
for key words in the last line.

Now begin the recording at TOEFL exercise 1.

1. (A) The final exam was harder than
the others.
(B) There were two exams rather
thanone.
(C) He thought the exam would be
easier.
(D) The exam was not very difficult.
2. (A) He’s not feeling verywell.
(B) He’s rather sick ofworking.
(C) He’s feeling better today than
yesterday.
(D) He’d really rather not answer the
question.
3. (A) The company was founded about
a year ago.
(B) It was just established that he
could go into business.
(C) The family is well-established.
(D) The business only lasted a year.
4. (A) He did not look at the right
schedule.
(B) The plane landed in the right
place.
(C) The plane arrived ontime.
(D) He had to wait for the planeto
land.
5. (A) She’s rather go running.
(B) She doesn’t want to go into the
pool.
(C) She’ll change clothes quickly and
go swimming
(D) She needs a sweat suit to go
running

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 Skill 2: WHO, WHAT, and WHERE (Siapa, Apa, dan Dimana)
Keduanya sering digunakan dalam dialog singkat dengan tujuan menarik kesimpulan. Dalam hal
2
ini jawabannya tidak dinyatakan dengan jelas, melainkan harus dapat disimpulkan berdasarkan
klausa yang diberikan dalam dialog. Salah satu jenis kesimpulan yang umum di bagian tes ini
adalah meminta Anda untuk menentukan siapa pembicara itu, apa aktifitas yang dilakukan, dan
dimana tempat percakapan tersebut dilakukan berdasarkan klausa dalam dialog.

Example 1:

On the recording, you hear:

(man) What do you do during your performance?
(woman) I play the piano and sing
(narrator) Who is the woman most likely to be?
In your test book, you hear:
(A) An athlete
(B) A member of the audience
(C) A clerk in a music store
(D) A musician

Petunjuk piano dan bernyanyi dalam percakapan menggiring kita pada kesimpulan bahwa
wanita itu seorang musisi sehingga (D) adalah jawaban yang benar.

Example 2:

On the recording, you hear:

Man : "I’d like to open an account, please"
Woman :"What type of account would you like, a checking or savings account?"
Narrator :" Where does the conversation probably take place?"
In your test book, you read:
(A) In a accounting class
(B) In a bank
(C) At a service station
(D) In a market

Dalam latihan ini, baca dialog singkat dan pertanyaan dibawah, Garis bawahi
petunjuk yang bisa membantu dan pilih jawaban terbaik.
1. Man : "I’d like to mail this package, please"
Woman : "First or second class?"
Narrator : "Who is the woman most likely to be?"
(A) A school administrator (C) A banker
(B) A postal worker (D) A teacher

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 2. Woman : "How much are the flowers?"
Man : "Ten dollars a bouquet"
Narrator : "Where does this conversation probably take place?"
(A) In a bakery (C) In a florist shop
(B) In a grocery store (D) In a garden

TOEFL EXERCISE 2: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on
the recording and then choose the best answer to the question. You will have to draw conclusions
about who, what, and where.
1. (A) In a photography studio 4. (A) In a bank
(B) In a biology laboratory (B) In a restaurant
(C) In an office (C) At a service station
(D) In the library (D) In a beauty salon
2. (A) He’s a pilot. 5. (A) A sales clerk in a shoe store
(B) He’s flight attendant. (B) A shoe repair person
(C) He’s a member of the ground (C) A party caterer
crew. (D) A sales clerk in a fixtures
(D) He works clearing land. department
3. (A) Wash the dishes immediately
(B) Use as many dishes as possible
(C) Wash the dishes for as long as
possible
(D) Wait until later to clean up

Skill 3: AGREEMENT (Persetujuan)

3
Ungkapan persetujuan lazim digunakan dalam dialog singkat. Berikut contoh yang menunjukkan
perjanjian dengan pernyataan positif.

Example:

On the recording, you hear: In your test book, you read:

Man :"I thought that the meal was (A) There were too many spices in
over priced themeal
Woman :" Me, too". (B) She has the same opinion of the meal
Narrator :"What does the woman as theman
mean?" (C) She wants to share the man’smeal
(D) The price of the meal wasgreat

Ungkapan “Me, too” menunjukkan persetujuan dalam hal positif. Hal ini berarti si wanita
setuju dengan pendapat si laki-laki. Sehingga (B) adalah jawaban yang paling tepat.
Selain kata tersebut, berikut adalah beberapa kata kunci yang mengindikasikan persetujuan:
I’ll say, you can say that again, I do either, neither am I, dll.

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 Garis bawahi ekspresi yang menunjukkan persetujuan di setiap dialog singkat. Pilih
jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan itu. Ingat bahwa jawaban terbaik adalah yang
menunjukkan persetujuan.
1. Woman : This homework is going to 2. Woman :" A trip to the park might
take forever benice?"
Man : I’llsay Man :" You can say that again
Narrator :"What does the man Narrator :" What does the man
mean?" mean?"
(A) It’s going to take forever to get (A) The woman should repeat what
home she said
(B) It takes a long time to get from (B) It’s nice in the park at night
home towork (C) The woman should tell him
(C) He and the woman have the same about part of the trip
opinion about the homework (D) He agrees about the trip to the
(D) He needs to take the homework to park
class
TOEFL EXERCISE 3: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question
on the recording and then choose the best answer to the question. Remember that the best
answer is one that shows agreement.
1. (A) The trip would cost too much (C) She knows that she is not ready for
(B) She doesn’t think that a trip would intermediate French
be a good idea (D) She wants to take neither
(C) She would like to take beginning nor intermediate
two trips rather than one French
(D) She would also like 4. (A) The man should repeat what he
to take a trip said
2. (A) He would like to see the (B) The man said something foolish
elections for town council (C) She thinks that the food is the best
(B) He agrees that matt should be she has ever tasted
elected (D) She agrees that the food is pretty
(C) He thinks the elections should take bad
place next month 5. (A) This party hasn’t been any fun at all
(D) He disagrees with the woman (B) He wonders if the woman enjoyed
3. (A) She is not sure which course she herself
should take (C) He wants to know what he said
(B) She’s not sure if she should take a (D) He’s enjoyed himself tremendously
trip to France

Skill 4: AVOID SIMILAR SOUNDS (Hindari Suara yang Sama atau Mirip)
Seringkali jawaban yang salah dalam percakapan pendek adalah jawaban yang mempunyai suara
4
sama atau mirip namun memiliki perbedaan arti yang sangat jauh dengan apa yang didengar
dalam percakapan. Oleh Karena itu, hindarilah jawaban-jawaban tersebut.

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 Example:

On the recording, you hear:

Man :”Why couldn’t Mark come with us?”
Woman :”He was searching for a new apartment.”
Narrator :”What does the woman say about Mark?”
In your test book, you read:
(A) He was in the department office.
(B) He was looking for a place to live.
(C) He was working on his research project
(D) He had an appointment at church

Di dalam percakapan tersebut terdapat kata searching dan apartment dimana bunyi kata-kata
tersebut mirip dengan kata department, research, dan church. Oleh Karena itu, jawaban yang
paling tepat adalah B Karena tidak memiliki kata yang sama atau mirip.

Garis bawahi ekspresi yang menunjukkan persetujuan di setiap dialog singkat. Pilih
jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan itu. Ingat bahwa jawaban terbaik adalah suara
yang tidak sama atau tidak mirip dengan dialog
1. Woman :"I heard that Sally just 2. Woman :" Did they get the new car
moved into a new, big they wanted?
house near the beach." 3. Man :" No, they lacked the
Man :"But Sally doesn’t have a money.
cent!" 4. Narrator :"What does the man
Narrator :" What does the man mean?"
mean?" (A) They locked the map in a car
(A) Sally has no sense of responsibility (B) They looked many times in the car
(B) Sally sent her friend to the house (C) It cost a lot of money when the car
(C) Sally has no money leaked oil
(D) Sally is on the set with her (D) They didn’t have enough money to
buy another car

TOEFL EXERCISE 4: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on
the recording and then choose the best answer to the question. Remember that the best answer is
one that shows agreement.
1. (A) She has to wait for some cash 2. (A) The sweater’s the wrong size
(B) The waiter is bringing a glass of (B) The man’s feet aren’t sweating
water (C) The sweater makes the man seem
(C) The lawn is too dry fat
(D) She needs to watch out for a crash (D) The sweet girl doesn’t feel right

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3. (A) He has been regularly using (D) He didn’t like most of the lesson
computer 5. (A) Some animals started the first
(B) He communicates with a Boston fire
company (B) Animals are killed by forest fires
(C) He regularly goes to communities (C) In the first frost, animals die
around Boston (D) Frost can kill animals
(D) He has been traveling back and forth 6. (A) Twenty pairs of shoes are on
to Boston sale
4. (A) He thought the lesson didn’t (B) The shoe salesclerk spent twenty
matter dollars
(B) He couldn’t learn the lesson (C) The shoes cost twenty dollars
(C) He learned a massive number of (D) The shoes could be repaired for
details twenty dollars

1.2. LONG CONVERSATION (Percakapan Panjang)

Pembicaraan panjang seringkali berkisar tentang beberapa persoalan terkait studi (betapa sulitnya
sebuah mata kuliah, bagaimana menulis sebuah makalah penelitian, bagaimana cara mendaftar
untuk kursus, dsb) atau tentang kehidupan secara umum (menyewa apartemen, bermain olahraga,
pergi ke bank). Percakapan juga dapat berupa kehidupan umum di Amerika Serikat (desalinasi
pasokan air, daur ulang produk yang digunakan, kerusakan dari badai atau tipe lain dari
fenomena alam). Percakapan panjang akan diikuti beberapa buah pertanyaan yang merujuk dari
tema yang sama.

Example:
On the recording, you hear:
Narrator :"Question 1 through 4. Listen to a conversation between two people who are
decorating an apartment.
Woman :"Hey, Walt. Do you think you could help me hang these pictures on the wall? There
are only two of them".
Man :" Sure, Monica. Where do you want them to go?"
Woman :" I’d like to picture of the mountains over the fireplace, and I’d like the picture of my
family over the sofa. What do you think?"
Man :" I think they’ll look fine there. How about if you hold the pictures while I hammer
the nails into the wall?"
Woman :"Okay. Let’s start with the picture of my family."
Questions:
1. On the recording, youhear:
Narrator :”What are the man and woman discussing?”
In your test book, you read:
(A) Taking some pictures
(B) Hanging some plants
(C) Taking a trip to the mountains
(D) Putting some pictures on thewall

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 Karena si wanita meminta si pria itu untuk membantu menggantung gambar-gambar di
dinding, jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban ini (D), menarik beberapa
gambar di dinding.
2. On the recording, you hear:
Narrator :” How many pictures are there?”
In your test book, you read:
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
Pertanyaan kedua bertanya berapa banyak gambar yang ada, dan si wanita dengan jelas
mengatakan bahwa ada dua, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (B).
3. On the recording, you hear:
Narrator :”Where is the picture of the woman's family going?”
In your test book, you read:
(A) in the fire place
(B) Above the sofa
(C) Home with Walt
(D) To the top of the mountain
Pertanyaan ketiga bertanya tentang lokasi gambar keluarga. Wanita itu mengatakan bahwa dia
akan meletakkannya di atas sofa, jadi jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban
(B), di atas sofa.
On the recording, you hear:
Narrator:”What is Walt probably going to do next?”
In your test book, you read:
(A) Sit on the sofa
(B) Photograph Monica’s family
(C) Hammer the nails into the walls
(D) Climb thewalls
Pertanyaan terakhir menanyakan apa yang mungkin akan dilakukan oleh Walt. Walt telah
menyarankan bahwa ia harus memasang paku-paku ke dinding, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah
jawaban (C).

Pilih jawaban yang paling tepat dari long conversation yang kalian dengar

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1.3. LONG TALKS (Pembicaraan Panjang)
Topik pembicaraan sering tentang beberapa aspek kehidupan sekolah atau topik dalam berita.
Pembicaraan panjang bisa juga diperpendek dengan tema perkuliahan di perguruan tinggi
Amerika dan universitas luar negeri lainnya. Dari sebuah long talks akan diberikan beberapa
pertanyaan terkait pembicaraan tersebut.

Example:

On the recording, you hear:

Narrator :"Question 1 through 4. Listen to a lecture in a history class"
Woman :"Salt, which today seems so plentiful to us, in the past used to be a valuable
commodity. In the ancient past in China, salt was used to make coins, and in
parts of Africa it was traded in place of money. In the Roman Empire, soldiers
were not paid in money but were instead paid in salt. In fact, the English word
“salary” which means the amount of money that one earns, comes from the
latin root for “salt”."

Questions:
1. On the recording, youhear:
Narrator :”What is the topic of the talk?”

In your test book, you read:

(A) Valuable commodities
(B) Salt
(C) Ancient China
(D) Money
Pertanyaan pertama menanyakan tentang topik pembicaraan. Pembicaraan dimulai dengan
topik garam dan terus berbicara tentang hal itu di seluruh bagian, jadi jawaban terbaik
adalah jawaban(B).

2. On the recording, you hear:

Narrator :” What was salt used for in China?”
In your test book, you read:
(A) To spice food
(B) To build houses
(C) To make coins
(D) To locate Africa

Pertanyaan kedua menanyakan tentang penggunaan garam di Cina. Pembicara mengatakan

bahwa di Cina, Garam digunakan untuk untuk membuat koin, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah
jawaban (C).

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3. On the recording, you hear:
Narrator :”What does “salary” mean in English?
In your test book, you read:
(A) Coins
(B) Earnings
(C) Soldiers
(D) Commodities
Pertanyaan ketiga menanyakan arti dari "gaji". Pembicara mengatakan gaji yang berarti
jumlah uang, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (B).
4. On the recording, youhear:
Narrator :”What is the meaning of the root “salt” in Latin?”
In your test book, you read:
(A) Salt
(B) Rome
(C) Money
(D) Trade
Pertanyaan terakhir menanyakan tentang arti akar kata dari "sal". Pembicara mengatakan
bahwa "sal" berasal dari akar bahasa Latin untuk "garam, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah
jawaban (A)
Pilih jawaban yang paling tepat dari long talk yang kalian dengar.

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 UNIT II

B. STRUCTURE & WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Skill I: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB 1

Example I
was backed up for miles on thefreeway.
(A) Yesterday (C) Traffic
(B) Inthemorning (D) Cars

In this example, the best answer is (C) because it is a singular subject that
agrees with the singular verb was.
Example II
Engineers for work on the new spaceprogram.
(A) necessary (C)hopefully
(B) areneeded (D) nextmonth

In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject (engineers),
and that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer.

EXERCISE 1: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following
sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
__________1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake.
__________2. A schedule of the day’s events can be obtained at the front desk.
__________3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.
__________4.The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications.
__________5. The box can be opened only with a special screw driver.

Skill 2: BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

An object of preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition, such as in, at, of,
2
to, by behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase.
(After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat)
This sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Exams is the object of the preposition after
and boat is the object of the preposition by.

16 | CILAD
 Example
Withhisfriend found the movietheater.
(A) has (C)later
(B) he (D)when

In this example you should notice the verb found and should also notice that there is no subject.
Because a subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B), he, is the best answer.

EXERCISE 2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional

phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases
that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1. The interviews by radio broadcasters were carried live by the station
I 2. In the last possible moment before takeoff took his seat in the airplane
3. At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or a half dozen can
be delivered for free.
4. The progressive reading method sat this school are given credit for the improved test
scores.
5. For the last three years at various hospitals in the county has been practicing
medicine.

THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS

Example I
The final delivery of the day is the importantest.
A B C D

If you look at the underlined words in this example you should notice immediately that
important test is not correct. The correct superlative form of important is the most
important. Therefore, you should choose answer (D) because (D) is not correct.
Example I
The books that I read was interesting
A B C D

In this example, the singular verb was is incorrect because it does not agree with the plural
subject books; the verb should be were instead. Therefore, you should choose answer (C)
because (C) is not correct.

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❖ PROBLEM WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT

Skill 3: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 3

When a prepositional phrase come between the subject and the verb, be sure that the
Verb agrees with the subject.

EXERCISE 3: Each of the following sentences has one or more prepositional phrases
between the subject and verb. Circle the prepositional phrases. Underline the subjects
once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
______1. The climber on the sheer face the mountain need to be rescued
______2. The interrogation conducted by three police officers, have lasted for several
hours
______3. The tenants in the apartment next to mine is giving a party this evening.
4. The president, surrounded by Secret Service agents, is trying to make his way
to the podium.
_ 5. The buildings destroyed during the fire are being rebuilt at the tax payers’
expense.
4
Skill 4: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
 When an expression of quantity is the subject, the verb agrees with the subject. In this
situation, the subject (all, most, or some) can be singular or plural, depending on what
follows the preposition of.
All (of the book) was interesting.
SINGULAR
All (of the books) were interesting.
PLURAL
All (of the information) was interesting.
UNCOUNTABLE

EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences has a quantity expression as the subject.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the objects that the objects that
the verbs agree with. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C __ 1. The witnesses saw that most of the fire in the hills was extinguished.
I 2. Some of the animals from the zoo was released into the animal preserve.
____3.All of the students in the class taught by Professor Roberts is required to turning
their term papers next Monday.
____4. Half of the food that we are serving to the guests are still in the refrigerator.
____5. We believe that some of the time of the employees is going to be devoted to
quality control.
____6.All of the witnesses in the jury trial, which lasted more than two weeks, have
indicated that they believed that defendant was guilty.
_ 7. She did not know where most of the people in the room was from

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 Skill 5: MAKEVERBS AGREE AFTER CERTAIN WORDS 5
SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS
These words or expressions are grammatically singular, so they take singular verb:
anybody everybody nobody somebody each(+noun)anyone
anything everyone no one someone every(+ noun)
everything nothing something

EXERCISE 5: Each of the following sentences contains one of the words that are
grammatically singular but have plural meanings. Underline these words once and underline the
verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. It is impossible to believe that somebody actually admire that man.
C _ 2. Each of the doctors in the building needs to have a separate reception area.
3.The president felt that no one were better suited for the position of chief staff
advisor.
4. Everybody participating in the fund-raiser are to turn in the tickets by8:00.
5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-5): Choose the letter of the word or group of words
that best completes the sentence

1. ________ several unsuccessful 3. ________ of economics cycles been

attempts, Robert Peary reached the helpful in predicting turning points in
North Pole on April 6, 1909. cycles, they would have been used more
(A) After consistently..
(B) He made (A) Psychological theories
(C) When (B) Psychological theories have
(D) His (C) Had psychological theories
2. The musical instrument ______ is six (D) Psychologists have theories
feet long.
(A) is called the bass
(B) it is called the bass
(C) called the bass
(D) calls the bass

Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
1. More than half of the children in the 1,356-member district qualifies for reduced-
A B C D
price of free lunches.
2. Five miles beyond the hills were a fire with its flames reaching up to the sky.
A B C D

19 | CILAD
 3. Kettledrums, what were first played on horseback, were incorporated into the
A B C D
orchestra in the eighteenth century.
4. When is a flag hung upside down, it is an internationally recognized symbol
A B C D
of distress.
5. The museum of the Confederation in Richmond hosts an exhibition which
A
documenting the origins and history of the banner that most Americans think of
B C D
as the Confederate flag

❖ PROBLEMS WITH THE FORM OF THEVERB

Skill 6: AFTER HAVE, USE THE PAST PARTICIPLE 6

 Verb forms after have
HAVE + PAST PARTICPLE
My friend has sung in the choir.

EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains a verb in the past or a past
participle. Underline the verbs or past participle twice. Then indicate if the sentences are
correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The young girl drunk a glass of milk.
C_ 2. Before she left, she had asked her mother for permission.
_ 3. Having finished the ten paper, he began studying for the exam.
_ 4. The secretary has broke her type writer.
_ 5. The installer should have completes the task more quickly.
Skill 7: AFTER BE, USE THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE OR THE PAST
PARTICPLE
7
VERB FORMS AFTER BE
BE + (1) present participle
(2) past participle
e.g:
We are doing our homework. The book was taken by Tom
EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains a verb with be. Underline the
verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. At 12.00 Sam is eat his lunch.
C 2. We are meeting them later today.
3. The message was took by the receptionist.
4. being hard was extremely important to him.
___ 5.The Smiths are build their house on some property that they own in the desert

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 Skill 8: AFTER WILL, WOULD, OR OTHER MODALS, USE THE BASE FORM
OF THE VERB
7
VERB FORMS AFTER MODALS
MODAL + base form of the verb

E.g.
The boat will leaveat3:00.
EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains a verb formed with a model.
Underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct(C) or incorrect (I).
C _1. The salesclerk might lower the price.
I 2.The television movie will finishes in a few minutes.
3. Should every one arrive by8:00?
4. The method for organizing files can be improved.
5. The machine may clicks off if it is overused.

TOEFLREVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-8): Choose the letter of the word or group of
words that best completes the sentence.

1. ________separates Manhattan’s Upper 4. When __on July 4, 1789, the federal

East Side from the Upper West Side. tariff, intended by the Founding Fathers
A. Central Park to be the government’s primary source
B. Where Central Park of revenue, was remark ably even
C. Where is Central Park handed.
D. Central Park which A. was first enacted
2. Bioluminescent animals ________the B. first enacted
water or on a land. C. was enacted first
A. live D. it first
B. are living either 5. ___ inclined to push for such a
C. they are found in reduction, it would probably not be
D. can be found in successful.
3. The purpose of a labor union is to A. The Office of Management
improve the working conditions, and B. The Office of Management was
pay of its members. C. In the Office of Management
A. jobs are secure D. Where the Office of Management
B. to be secure
C. job security
D. the job’s security

21 | CILAD
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
6. Helium has the most low boiling point of all substances.
A B C D
7. There is twenty-six-bones in the human foot, fourteen of them in the toes.
A B C D
8. Extension of the countdown hold to fourteen hours was order to give crews
A B
more time to repair wiring and clear away equipment.
C D
9. The study demonstrates that neither experience or awareness will improve chances
A B C D
of success.
10. Some of the eye movements used in reading is actually unnecessary
A B C D

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 UNIT III
C. READING COMPREHENSION

Skill 1: ANSWER MAIN IDEA

QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
1
Almost every reading passage on the TOEFL test will
have a question about the main idea of a passage. You
will be asked to identify the topic, subject, title,
primary idea, or main idea.
If a passage consists only one paragraph, you should study the beginning of that paragraph to
determine the main idea.
Example I

The passage:

In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction is made between “intelligence” and
“reasoning.” According to Dewey, intelligence is the only absolute way to achieve a balance
between realism and idealism, between practically and wisdom of life. Intelligence involves
“interacting with other things and knowing them,” while reasoning is merely the act of an
observer, “... a mind that beholds or grasps object outside the world of things...”
With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be achieved, but it is through intelligence that
control is taken of events that shape one’s life.
The question:

What is the topic of this passage?

(A) The intelligence of JohnDewey
(B) Distinctions made by JohnDewey
(C) Dewey’s ideas on the ability toreason
(D) How intelligence differs from reasoning in Dewey’sworks

The best answer is therefore (D); the idea of how intelligence differs from reasoning comes from
the first sentence of the passage, which mentions a sharp distinction ... between “intelligence”
and “reasoning.”
If a passage consists of more than one paragraph, you should study at the beginning of each
paragraph to determine the main idea.

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MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION What is the topic of the passage? What is
the subject of the passage? What is the
main idea of the passage?
What is the author’s main point in the passage?
With what is the author primarily
concerned?
Which of the following would be the best title?
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answer to this type of question can
generally be determined by looking at the first
sentence of each paragraph.
HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1. Read the first line of each paragraph.
2. Look for a common theme or idea in the first
lines.
3. Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the
passage to check that you really have found the
topic sentence(s).
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and
choose the best answer from the remaining
choices.

TOEFL EXERCISE

Fort Knox, Kentucky, is the site of a U.S. army post, but it is even more renowned for the Fort
Knox Bullion Depository, the massive vault that contains the bulk of the U.S. government’s gold
deposits. Completed in 1936, the vault is housed in a two-story building constructed of granite,
steel, and concrete; the vault itself is made of steel and concrete and has a door that weighs more
than twenty tons. Naturally, the most up-to-date security devices available are in place at Fort
Knox, and the army post nearby provides further protection.

1. Which of the following best describes
the topic of the passage?
(A) The city of Fort Knox, Kentucky
(B) The federal gold depository
(C) The U.S. army post at Fort Knox
(D) Gold bullion
2. Which of the following would be the
best title for this passage?
(A) The Massive Concrete Vault
(B) Fort Knox Security
(C) Where the U.S. Keeps Its Gold
(D) A Visit to Kentucky

One identifying characteristic of minerals is their relative hardness, which can be determined by
scratching one mineral with another. In this type of test, a harder mineral can scratch a softer one, but a
softer mineral is unable to scratch the harder one. The Mohs’ scale hardness scale is used to rank
minerals according hardness. Ten minerals are listed in this scale, ranging from talc with a
hardness of 1 to diamond with a hardness of 10. On this scale, quartz (number 7) is harder than
feldspar (number 6) and is therefore able to scratch it; however feldspar is unable to make a mark
on quartz

24 | CILAD
3. Which of the following best states the
subject of this passage?
(A) The hardness of diamonds
(B) Identifying minerals by means of a
scratch test.
(C) Feldspar on the Mohs’ scale
(D) Recognizing minerals in their natural
state
4. Which of the following would be the best
title for this passage?
(A) the hardness of a mineral can be
determined by its ability to make a
mark on other minerals
(B) diamonds, with a hardness of 10 on the
Mohs’ scale, can scratch all other
minerals
(C) a softer mineral cannot be scratched by
a harder mineral
(D) talc is the first mineral listed on the
Mohs’ scale

Skill 2: ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

A stated detail question asks about one piece of information in the passage rather than the passage as a
2
whole.

Example
The passage:
Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia situated on a peninsula between two rivers, the
York and the James. It was settled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the
first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown. In the beginning the
colony at Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of its location in the
middle of the peninsula. The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists
because the soil drainage was better three than at the Jamestown location, and there were
fewer mosquitoes.
The questions:
1. According to the passage, Williamsburg islocated
(A) on an island
(B) in the middle of ariver
(C) where the York and Jamesmeet
(D) on a piece of land with rivers on twosides

 The best answer to the first question is answer (D); with rivers in two
sides is closest in meaning to between two rivers.

25 | CILAD
 STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER
How to answer the question
According to the passage, ... It
is stated in the passage... The
passage indicates that... The
author mentions that...
Which of the following is true...?
The answers to these questions are found in
order in the passage.
1. Choose a key word in the question.
2. Skim in the appropriate part of the
passage for the key word or idea.
3. Read the sentence that contains the key
word or idea carefully.
4. Look for the answer that restates an idea
in the passage.
5. Eliminate the definitely wrong answers
and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices.

TOEFL EXERCISE

Ice ages, those periods when ice covered extensive areas of the Earth, are known to have
occurred at least six times. Past ice ages can be recognized from rock strata that show evidence
of foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or melting glaciers. Ice ages can also be
recognized from land formations that have been produced from moving walls of ice, such as U-
shaped valleys, sculptured landscapes, and polished rock faces

1. According to the passage, 3. According to the passage, what in therock

whathappens during an ice age? strata is a clue to geologists of a past ice
A. Rock strataare recognizedby Geologist age?
B. Evidence offoreign materials is found A. Ice
C. Ice covers a large portion of theEarth’s B. Melting glaciers
surface C. U-shaped valleys
D. Ice melts six times D. Substances from other areas
2. The passage covers how many
differentmethods of recognizing past ice
ages?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four

26 | CILAD
 Skill 3: FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS
Whenever you are asked which noun a pronoun refers to, you should look before the
pronoun to find the noun.
3
Example
The passage:
Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus-flytrap, are generally found in
humid areas where there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to
survive, these plants have developed mechanism to trap insects within their foliage.
They have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects. These
plants trap the insects in a variety ways. The sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; when
an insect lands on these leaves, it gets caught up in the sticky hairs, and the leaf wraps
itse.lf around the insect. The leaves of the Venus-fly trap function more alike a
trap,snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an insect

The questions:

1. The pronoun “they” in line 4 refersto

(A) Humid areas
(B) These plants
(C) insects
(D) digestive fluids
In the first example, you should understand from the context that these plants have digestive
fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects, so the best answer to this question is
answer (B).

PRONOUN REFERENTS
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION The pronoun “...” in line X refers to which of
the following?
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The line where the pronoun is located is
generally given in the question. The noun that
the pronoun refers to is generally found before
the pronoun.

27 | CILAD
HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1. Find the pronoun in the passage. (The line where
the pronoun can be found is generally stated in
the question.)
2. Look for nouns that come before the pronoun.
3. Read the part of the passage before the pronoun
carefully.
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and
choose the best answer from the remaining
choices.

TOEFL EXERCISE

The full moon that occurs nearest the equinox of the Sun has become known as the harvest
moon. It is a bright moon which allows farmers to work late into the night for several nights;
they can work when the moon is at its brightest to bring in the fall harvest. The harvest moon of
course occurs at different times of the year in the northern and southern hemisphere, the harvest
moon occurs in September at the time of the autumnal equinox. In the southern hemisphere, the
harvest moon occurs in March at the time of the vernal equinox.

1. The pronoun “It” in line 2 refers to 2. The pronoun “they” in line 3 refers to
(A) the equinox (A) farmers
(B) the Sun (B) nights
(C) the harvest moon (C) times of the year
(D) the night (D) northern and southern hemisphere

28 | CILAD
 Skill 4: ANSWER IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY 4
You will sometimes be asked to answer a question by drawing a conclusion from a specific detail
or details. Questions of this type contain words implied, inferred, likely, or probably

Example
The passage:
The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from an
alphabet of only twelve letters, the five vowels a, e, i, o, u, and the seven consonants h, k,
l, m, n, p, w. Each syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never
appear together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than
they do in English.
This musical-sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the islands. Most
Hawaiians speak English, but it is quite common to hear English that is liberally spiced
with words and expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be
greeted with the expression aloha and may be referred to as a malihini because he is a
newcomer to the island. This visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too
much and may be invited afterwards to dance the hula.
The questions:
1. Which of the following is probably 2. It is implied that a luauis
NOT a Hawaiian word? (A) a dance
(A) mahalo (B) a feast
(B) mahimahi (C) a concert
(C) meklea (D) a language
(D) moana

In this example, you should see the part of the passage where it states that in the Hawaiian
language two consonants never appear together. From this you can draw the conclusion that
answer (C), make, is probably not a Hawaiian word because the consonants k and l appear
together in this word, so answer(C) is the best answer to this question.

IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS

HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER
It is implied in the passage that...
It can be inferred from the passage that... It
is most likely that...
What probably happened ...?
The answers to these questions are found in
order in the passage.

29 | CILAD
 HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1. Choose a key word in the question.
2. Scan the passage for the key word (or a
related idea).
3. Carefully read the sentence that contains the
keyword.
4. Look for an answer that could be true,
according to that sentence.

TOEFL EXERCISE

Two types of trees from the same family of trees share honors in certain respects as the most
impressive of trees. Both evergreen conifers, the California redwood (Sequoia semper virens)
and the giant sequoia (Sequoi and endron giganteum) are found growing natively only in the
state of California. The California redwood is found along the northern coast of the state, while
the giant sequoia is found inland and at higher elevations, along the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevadas.

The California redwood is the tallest living tree and is in fact the tallest living thing on the face
of the Earth; the height of the tallest redwood on record is 385 feet (120 meters). Though not
quite as tall as the California redwood, with a height of 320 feet (100 meters), the giant sequoia
is nonetheless the largest and most massive of living things; giant sequoias have been measured
at more than 100 feet (30 meters) around the base, with weights of more than 6,000tons.

1. It is implied in the passage that

(A) The leaves of only the California redwood turn brown in the autumn
(B) The leaves of only the giant sequoia turn brown in the winter
(C) The leaves of both types of trees in the passage turn brown in the winter
(D) The leaves of neither type of tree in the passage turn brown in the winter
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the Sierra Nevada are
(A) a type of giant red wood
(B) a coastal community
(C) a group of lakes
(D) a mountain range
3. Which of the following is implied in the passage?
(A) The giant sequoia is taller than the California red wood.
(B) The California redwood is not as big around as the giant sequoia.
(C) The California redwood weighs more than the giant sequoia.
(D) Other living things are larger than the giant sequoia

30 | CILAD
 Skill 5: ANSWER TRANSITION QUESTIONS CORRECTLY 5
The topic of the preceding or following paragraph is not directly stated, and you must draw a
conclusion to determine what is probably in these paragraphs

Example

The passage:

Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is the mean-spirited sovereign of the
ocean’s depths. The name “Jones” is thought by some etymologists to have been derived from the name
“Jonah,” the Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whale’s belly.

According to tradition, any object that goes overboard and sinks to the bottom of the ocean is said to have
gone to Davy Jones’s locker, the ocean-sized, mythical receptable for anything that falls into the water.
Needless to say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of Davy Jones’s locker, although it
might be a rather interesting rip considering all the treasures located there.

The questions:

1. The paragraph preceding this passage most probablydiscusses

(A) the youth of DavyJones
(B) Davy Jones’s career as asailor
(C) a different traditional story from thesea
(D) preparing to travel on theocean
2. The topic of the paragraph following the passage most likelyis
(A) Valuable items located at the bottom of theocean
(B) Where Davy Jones is foundtoday
(C) Jonah and thewhale
(D) Preventing objects from fallingoverboard

The first question asks about the topic of the preceding paragraph, so you must look at the
beginning of the passage and draw a conclusion about what probably came before. Since the
passage begins with the expression another myth of the oceans, you should understand that the
new passage is going to present a second myth of the oceans and the previous passage probably
presented the first myth of the oceans. A myth is traditional story, so the best answer to this
question is answer(C).
The second question asks about drawing a conclusion about what probably comes after. The
passage ends with the mention of all the treasures located there, and there is in Davy Jones’s
locker, or at the bottom of the ocean; this is probably going to be the topic of the next paragraph.
The best answer to the second question is therefore answer (A).

31 | CILAD
 TRANSITION QUESTIONS
The paragraph preceding the passage
probably...
HOW TO IDENTIFY
What is most likely in the paragraph following
The passage?
The answer can generally be found in the first line of
the passage for a preceding question. The answer can
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER
generally be found in the last line for a following
question.
1. Read the first line for a preceding question.
2. Read the last line for a following question.
HOW TO ANSWER 3. Draw a conclusion about what comes before or
THE QUESTION After.
4. Choose the answer that is reflected in the first
Or last line of the passage.

TOEFL EXERCISE

Another program instrumental in the popularization of science was Cosmos. This series,
broadcast on public television, dealt with topics and issues from varied fields of science. The
principal writer and narrator of the program was Carl Sagan, a noted astronomer and Pulitzer
Prize-winning author

1. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses

(A) a different scientific television series
(B) Carl Sagan’s scientific achievements
(C) the Pulitzer Prize won by Carl Sagan
(D) public television
2. The paragraph following this passage most likely contains information on what?
(A) The popularity of science
(B) The program Cosmos
(C) The astronomer Carl Sagan
(D) Topics and issues from various fields of science
When a strong earthquake occurs on the ocean floor rather than on land, a tremendous force is
exerted on the seawater and one or more large, destructive waves called tsunamis can be formed.
Tsunamis are commonly called tidal waves in the United States, but this is really an
inappropriate name in that the cause of the tsunami is an underground earthquake rather than the
ocean’s tides.
Far from land, a tsunami can move through the wide open vastness of the ocean’s tides. 600
miles (900 kilometers) per hour and often can travel tremendous distances without losing height
and strength. When a tsunami reaches shallow coastal water, it can reach a height of 100 feet (30

32 | CILAD
meters) or more and can cause tremendous flooding and damage to coastal areas.
1. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discusses
(A) Tsunamis in various parts of the world
(B) The negative effects of tsunamis
(C) Land-based earth quakes
(D) The effect of tides on tsunami
2. Which of the following is most likely the topic of the paragraph following thepassage?
(A) The cause of tsunamis
(B) The destructive effects of tsunamis on the coast
(C) The differences covered by tsunamis
(D) Topics and issues from various fields of science

Skill 6: FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES

When you are asked to determine the meaning of a word, it is possible
6
1) That the passage provides information about the meaning of the word
2) That there are structural clues to tell you that the definition of a word is included in the
passage.

Example

The passage:
One of the leading schools of psychological thought in the twentieth century was
behaviorism – the belief that the role of the psychologist is to study behavior, which is
observable, rather than conscious or unconscious thought, which is not. Probably the
best-known proponent of behaviorism is B.F. Skinner, who was famous for his
research on how rewards and punishments influence behavior. He came to believe that
positive reinforcements such as praise, food, or money were more effective in
promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement, or punishment

The questions:
1. What is “positive reinforcement "in line 6?
(A) A gift
(B) A reward
(C) A bribe
(D) A penalty
2. What is “negative reinforcement”inline 7?
(A) A promotion
(B) A reward
(C) A surprise
(D) A punishment
The best answer for the first question is answer (B), while the best answer for the
second question is answer (D).

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 STRUCTURAL CLUES
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION
TYPES OF CLUES
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER
HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION
What is ...?
What is the meaning of...?
What is true about...?
Punctuation: comma, parentheses, dashes
Restatement: or, that is, in other words, i.e.
Example: such as, for example, e.g.
Information to help you determine what
something means will generally be found
after the punctuation clue, the restatement
clue, or the example clue.
1. Find the word in the passage.
2. Locate any structural clues.
3. Read the part of the passage after the
structural clue carefully.
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and
choose the best answer from the remaining
choices.

TOEFL EXERCISE

The teddy bear is a child’s toy, a nice, soft stuffed animal suitable for cuddling. It is, however, a
toy with an interesting history behind it.
Theodore Roosevelt, or Teddy as he was commonly called, was president of the United States
from 1901 to 1909. He was unusually active man with varied pastimes, one of which was
hunting. One day the president was invited to take part in a bear hunt; and inasmuch as Teddy
was president, his hosts wanted to ensure that he caught a bear. A bear was captured, clunked
over the head to knock it out, and tied to a tree; however, Teddy, who really wanted to actually
hunt, refused to shoot the bear and in fact demanded that the bear be extricated from the ropes;
that is, he demanded that the bear be set free.
The incident attracted a lot of attention among journalists. First a cartoon-drawn by Clifford K.
Berryman to make fun of this situation-appeared in the Washington Post, and the cartoon was
widely distributed and reprinted throughout the country. Then toy manufactures began producing
a toy bear which they called a “teddy bear.” The teddy bear became the most widely recognized
symbol of Roosevelt's presidency

1. According to the line 1 of the passage, 2. In line 4, “pastimes” could best be

what is a “teddy bear”? replaced by things that occurred in the
(A) A ferocious animal past
(B) The president of the United States (A) previous jobs
(C) A famous hunter (B) hunting trips
(D) A play thing (C) leisure
(D) activities

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3. The word “extricated” in line 9 is closest 4. In line 10, a “cartoon” could best be
in meaning to which of the following? described as
(A) Released (A) a newspaper
(B) Tied up (B) a type of teddy bear
(C) Hunted (C) a drawing with a message
(D) Shot (D) a newspaper

Skill 7: DETERMINE WHERE SPECIFIC INFORMATION IS FOUND

Sometimes the final question in a reading passage will ask you to determine where in the passage
a piece of information is found. The best way to approach this type of question is to study the
question to determine the information that you are looking for and then to go to the lines listed in
the answers and skim for that information.

Example

Meteor Crater; a great crater approximately 40 miles east of Flagstaff, Arizona, is

generally thought by scientists to have formed as a result of the impact of a 60,000-ton
meteor about 50,000 years ago. The meteor, made of nickel and iron, disintegrated on
impact and spread half a billion tons of rock over the surface of the land. The masiveness
of the meteor can only be imagined from the mammoth size of the crater, which measures
a mile in diameter and three miles around the top. The rim of the crater rises more than ten
miles on a clearday.

The questions:
1. Where in the passage does the author discuss the composition of themeteor?
(A)Lines1-4
(B)Lines4-5
(C)Lines6-8
(D)Lines8-10
2. Where in the passage does the author mention the distance from which the crater can
be seen?
(A) Lines1-4
(B) Lines4-5
(C) Lines6-8
(D) Lines9-10

The best answer to the first question is answer (B). While the best answer to the second question
is answer (D).

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 QUESTIONS ABOUT WHERE IN THE PASSAGE
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER
HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION
Where in the passage. . . ?
The answer can be in any of the lines listed in
the answers to the question.
1. Choose a key word or idea in the
question.
2. Skim the lines in the passage that are listed in
the answers to the question. You should skim
for the key word or idea.
3. Choose the answer that contains the line
numbers of a restatement of the question.

TOEFL EXERCISE

Beavers generally live in family clusters consisting of six to ten members. One cluster would
probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to eight young beavers, or
kits. A female beaver gives birth each spring to two to four babies at a time. These baby
beavers live with their parents until they are two years old. In the springtime of their second year
they are forced out of the family group to make room for the new babies. These two-year-old
beavers then proceed to start new family clusters of their own.

1. Where in the passage does the author 3. Where in the passage does the author
give the name of a baby beaver? state the age at which beavers must go
(A) Line1 out on their own?
(B) Line 2 (A) Line1
(C) Line 3 (B) Line 2
(D) Lines 4-5 (C) Line 3
2. Where in the passage does the author (D) Lines 4-5
mention the time of year when new baby 4. Where in the passage does the author
beavers are born? indicate why the young beavers must
(A) Line1 leave their parents’ home?
(B) Line 2 (A) Line1
(C) Line 3 (B) Line 2
(D) Lines 4-5 (C) Line 3
(D) Lines 4-5

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PASSAGE TWO (Questions 5-7)
Chamber music received its name because it was originally intended to be performed in small
rooms in private homes rather than huge concert halls or theaters. Today it has evolved into
small ensemble music in which each performer in the ensemble plays an individual part.
The compositions written for this type of performance can easily be classified into three distinct
periods, each with its style of music and instrumentation. In the earliest period (1450-1650), the
viol and other instrumental families developed considerably, and instrumental music took its first
steps toward equal footing with vocal music. In the second period (1650-1750), trio sonatas
dominated. These ensemble compositions were often written for two violins and a cello; the
harpsichord was also featured in various compositions of this period. In the modern period (after
1750), the preponderance of chamber music was written for the string quartet, an ensemble
composed of two violins, a viola, and a cello
5. Where in the passage does the author 7. Where in the passage does
discuss the modern definition of the author mention music
chamber music? written for four strings?
a. Lines2-3 a. Lines2-3
b. Lines 4-5 b. Lines 4-5
c. Lines 8-9 c. Lines7-9
d. Lines9-11 d. Lines9-11
6. Where in the passage does the author
mention the time of year when new
baby beavers are born?
a. Lines2-3
b. Lines 4-5
c. Lines7-9
d. Lines9-11

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 Skill 8: DETERMINE THE TONE, PURPOSE, OR COURSE
Example
8
Military awards have long been considered symbolic of royalty, and thus when the
United States was a young nation just finished with revolution and eager to distance itself
from anything tasting of monarchy, there was strong sentiment against military
decoration. For a century, from the end of the Revolutionary War until the Civil War, the
United States awarded no military honors. The institution of the Medal of Honor in 1861
was a source of great discussion and concern. From the Civil War until World War I, the
Medal of Honor was the only military award given by the United States government, and
today it is awarded only in the most extreme cases of heroism. Although the United
States is still somewhat wary of granting military awards, several awards have been
instituted since World War I.
The questions:
1. The tone of the passageis
(A) angered
(B) humorous
(C) outraged
(D) informational
2. The author’s purpose in this passage isto
(A) describe the history of military awards from the Revolutionary War to the
CivilWar
(B) demonstrate an effect of America’s attitude towardroyalty
(C) give an opinion of militaryawards
(D) outline various historical symbols ofroyalty
3. The passage would probably be assigned reading in a courseon
(A) generalscience
(B) psychology
(C) Americanhistory
(D) interiordecoration

i. Answer(D)
ii. Answer(B)
iii. Answer(C)

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 TONE, PURPOSE, OR COURSE
HOW TO IDENTIFY TONE : hat is the tone of the passage?
THE QUESTION PURPOSE : What is the author’s purpose in this passage?
COURSE : In which course would this reading be
assigned?
WHERE TO FIND TONE : There will be clues throughout the passage that the
THE ANSWER author is showing some emotion rather than just
presenting facts.
PURPOSE : Draw a conclusion about the purpose from the
main idea and supporting details.
COURSE : Draw a conclusion about the course from the topic
of the passage and the supporting details.

HOW TO ANSWER TONE :1. Skim the passage looking for clues that the
THE QUESTION author is showing some emotion.
2. Choose the answer that identifies the emotion.
PURPOSE :1. Study the main idea in the topic sentence and the
details used to support the main idea.
2. Draw a conclusion about the purpose.
COURSE :1. Study the main idea in the topic sentence and the
details used to support the main idea.
2. Draw a conclusion about the course.

TOEFL EXERCISE

Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood (1966) is a well-known example of the “nonfiction novel,” a
popular type of writing based upon factual events in which the author attempts to describe the
underlying forces, thoughts, and emotions that lead to actual events. In Capote’s book, the author
describes the sadistic murder of a family on a Kansas farm, often showing the point of view of the
killers. To research the book, Capote interviewed the murderers, and he maintains that his book
presents a faithful reconstruction of the incident.
1. The purpose of this passage is to (B) Sadistic
(A) discuss an example of a particular (C) Emotional
literary genre (D) Descriptive
(B) tell the story of In Cold Blood 3. This passage would probably be
(C) explain Truman Capote’s reasons assigned reading in which of the
for writing In Cold Blood following courses?
(D) Describe how Truman Capote (A) Criminal Law
researched his nonfiction novel. (B) American History
2. Which of the following best describes (C) Modern American Novels
the tone of the passage? (D) Literary Research
(A) Cold

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 READING REVIEW

PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-6)

Another noteworthy trend in twentieth-century music in the U.S. was the use of folk and popular
music as a base for more serious compositions. The motivation for these borrowings from
traditional music might be a desire on the part of a composer to return to simpler forms, to
enhance patriotic feelings, or to establish an immediate rapport with an audience. For whatever
reason, composers such as Charles Ives and Aaron Copland offered compositions featuring novel
musical forms flavored with refrains from traditional Americana. Ives employed the whole
gamut of patriotic songs, hymns, jazz, and popular songs in his compositions, while Copland
drew upon folk music, particularly as sources for the music he wrote for the ballets Billy the Kid,
Rodeo, and Appalachian Spring.

1. The paragraph preceding this passage (C) why certain composers borrowed
most probably discusses from folk and popular music
(A) nineteenth-century music (D) if Copland really featured new
(B) one development in music in the musical forms
twentieth century 4. Which of the following is not listed in
(C) the works of Aaron Copland the passage as a source for I ve’s
(D) the history of folk and popular music compositions?
2. Which of the following best describes (A) National music
the main idea of the passage? (B) Religious music
(A) Traditional music flavored some (C) Jazz
American musical compositions in (D) American novels
the last century. 5. Where in the passage does the author list
(B) Ives and Copland used folk and examples of title of Copland’s works?
popular music in their compositions. (A) Lines1-2
(C) A variety of explanations exist as to (B) Lines2-4
why a composer might use (C) Lines 4-6
traditional sources of music. (D) Lines 6-9
(D) Traditional music is composed of 6. The passage would most probably be
various types of folk and popular assigned reading in which of the
music. following courses?
3. It can be inferred from this passage that (A) American History
the author is not sure (B) The History of Jazz
(A) when Ives wrote his compositions (C) American Music
(B) that Ives and Copland actually (D) Composition
borrowed from traditional music

40 | CILAD
PASSAGE TWO (Questions 7-13)
The rattlesnake has a reputation as a dangerous and deadly snake with a fierce hatred for
humanity. Although the rattlesnake is needed a venomous snake capable of killing a human, its
nature has perhaps been somewhat exaggerated in myth and folklore.
The rattlesnake is not inherently aggressive and generally strikes only when it has been put on
the defensive. In its defensive posture the rattlesnakes raises the front part of its body off the
ground and assumes an S-shaped form in preparation for a lunge forward. At the end of a
forward thrust, the rattlesnake pushes its fangs into the victim, thereby injecting its venom.
There are more than 30 species of rattlesnakes, varying in length from 20 inches to 6 feet and
also varying in toxicity of venom. In the United States there are only a few deaths annually from
rattlesnake, with a mortality rate of less than 2 percent of those attacked.
7. Which of the following would be the (C) is partially off the ground
best title for this passage? (D) assumes it’s prepared by thrusting its
(A) The Exaggerated Reputation of the fangs into the ground
Rattlesnake 11. It can be inferred from the passage that
(B) The Dangerous and Deadly (A) all rattlesnake bites are fatal
Rattlesnake (B) all rattlesnake bites are not equally
(C) The Venomous Killer of Humans harmful
(D) Myth and Folklore about Killers (C) the few deaths from rattlesnakes
8. According to the passage, which of the bites are from six-foot snakes
following is true about rattle snakes? (D) deaths from rattlesnake bites have
(A) They are always ready to attack. been steadily increasing
(B) They are always dangerous and 12. The word “mortality” in line 10 is
deadly. (A) closest in meaning to
(C) Their fierce nature has been (B) percentage
underplayed in myth and folklore (C) illness
(D) Their poison can kill people. (D) death
9. The word “posture” in line 5 is closest (E) survival
in meaning to which of the following? 13. The author’s purpose in this passage is
(A) Mood to
(B) Fight (A) warn readers about the extreme
(C) Position danger from rattle snakes
(D) Strike (B) explain a misconception about
10. When a rattlesnake is ready to defend rattlesnakes
itself, it (C) describe a rattle snake attack
(A) lies in an S-shape on the ground (D) clarify how rattlesnakes kill human
(B) lunges with the back part of its body

41 | CILAD
PASSAGE THREE (Questions 14-21)
For a century before the Erie Canal was built, there was much discussion among the general
population of the Northeast as to the need for connecting the waterways of the Great Lakes with
the Atlantic Ocean. A project of such monumental proportions was not going to be undertaken
and completed without a supreme amount of effort.
The man who was instrumental in accomplishing the feat that was the Erie Canal was DeWitt
Clinton. As early as 1812, he was in the nation’s capital petitioning the federal government or
financial assistance on the project, emphasizing what a boon to the economy of the country the
canal would be; his efforts with the federal government, however, were not successful.
In 1816, Clinton asked the New York State Legislature for the funding for the canal, and this
time he did succeed. A canal commission was instituted, and Clinton himself was made head of
it. One year lates, Clinton was elected governor of the state, and soon after, contraction of the
canal was started.
The canal took eight years to complete, and Clinton was on the first barge to travel the length of
the canal, the Seneca Chief, which departed from buffalo on October 26, 1825, and arrived in
New York City on November 4. Because of the success of the Erie Canal, numerous other canals
were built in other parts of the country.
14. The information in the passage 18. In what year did the actual building of
(A) gives a cause followed by an effect the canal get underway?
(B) is in chronological order (A) In1812
(C) lists opposing viewpoints of a (B) In1816
problem (C) In1817
(D) is organized spatially (D) In1825
15. When did Clinton ask the U.S. 19. The Seneca Chief was
government for funds for the canal? (A) The name of the canal
(A) One hundred years before the canal (B) The name of a boat
was built (C) Clinton’s nickname
(B) In1812 (D) The nickname of buffalo
(C) In1816 20. Where in the passage does the author
(D) In1825 mention a committee that worked to
16. The word “boon” in line 7 is closest in develop the canal?
(A) Meaning to which of the following? (A) The first paragraph
(B) Detriment (B) The second paragraph
(C) Disadvantage (C) The third paragraph
(D) Benefit Cost (D) The fourth paragraph
17. The pronoun “it” in line 12 refers to 21. The paragraph following the passage
which of the following? most probably discusses
(A) The New York State Legislature (A) The century before the building of
(B) The canal the Erie Canal
(C) The commission (B) Canals in different U.S. locations
(D) The state governor (C) The effect of the Erie Canal on the
Buffalo area
(D) Clinton’s career as governor of New
York

C e n t e r F o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a n g u a g e |42
PASSAGE FOUR (Questions 22-33)
The Celtic languages are a group of languages of northern Europe that are descendants of the
Indo-European family of languages. These languages developed from the language of the Celts, a
warlike civilization originating in the eastern part of central Europe, in the northern Alps, and
along the Danube during that Bronze Age. The Celts reached the height of their civilization
during the Iron Age, the last five centuries B.C., and then fanned out from their original
homeland into many parts of continental Europe and across the channel and into the British Isles.
Celtic languages were spoken in much of Western Europe during Pre-Roman and Roman times.
Place names of Celtic origin can be found today all over the British Isles and France, in northern
Spain and Italy, and in Switzerland and parts of Germany.
Rather than one language, the Celtic languages consist of two distinct clusters: the Gaelic group
and the Brythonic group. These two clusters of languages most likely developed from dialects of
the same language, the language of the Celts in their original homeland. These two dialects were
most likely mutually intelligible to some degree as late as the fourth century. The Gaelic group of
Celtic languages consists of Irish, Scottish, and Manx, the language of the Isle of Man. The
Brythonic group of Celtic languages includes Welsh, Cornish, Breton, and Gaulish, the language
of Gaul prior to the days of the Roman Empire, with its Latin-speaking population.
Many, though not all, of the Celtic languages are either extinct or are in the process of becoming
extinct. Gaulish apparently disappeared around 600 A.D. Cornish and Manx both actually
became extinct, the former in the ninetieth century and the latter just a few decades ago, but both
are being revived and are now taught in a few schools each. Scottish, Irish, and Breton are all
declining in use. There are under a hundred thousand speakers of Scottish Gaelic, mostly on the
northern He bride an Islands; there are more than a hundred thousand speakers of Irish, mainly in
the western counties of Ireland; there are about a half million speakers who use Breton on a daily
basis. In all these situations, though, the rate of transmission to new generations is low, and this
does not bode well for the survival of these languages. Of all the Celtic languages, perhaps only
Welsh has a strong hold on the future
1. The author’s purpose in the passage is to 3. The passage states that the Celts were
(A) describe the past and present of a (A) peaceful farmers
related set of languages (B) unheard of during the Bronze Age
(B) list the major characteristics of Celtic (C) at their peak during the Iron Age
languages (D) at the height of their civilization
(C) outline the major achievements of 1,500 years ago
the Celts 4. The expression “fanned out” in line
(D) explain how languages manage to 5
survive without changing (A) could best be replaced by spread out
2. According to the passage, the Celtic (B) called off
languages did NOT (C) got lost
(A) develop from the Indo-European (D) turned out
language family 5. The Brythonic group of languages does
(B) originate in the British Isles NOT include
(C) exist before the time of the Roman (A) Welsh
Empire (B) Cornish
(D) provide any Italian place names (C) Manx
(D) Breton

C e n t e r F o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a n g u a g e |43
6. It is implied in the passage that Gaulish
(A) First surface dafter the Roman
Empire
(B) has been revived in the last century
(C) is declining in use
(D) was replaced by Latin

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