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College Algebra
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Barnett, Ziegler, and Byleen’s Precalculus Series

College Algebra, Eighth Edition
This book is the same as Precalculus without the three chapters on trigonometry.
ISBN 0-07-286738-8, ISBN 978-0-07-286738-1

Precalculus, Sixth Edition

This book is the same as College Algebra with three chapters of trigonometry added.
The trigonometry functions are introduced by a unit circle approach.
ISBN 0-07-286739-6, ISBN 978-0-07-286739-8

College Algebra with Trigonometry, Eighth Edition

This book differs from Precalculus in that College Algebra with Trigonometry uses
right triangle trigonometry to introduce the trigonometric functions.
ISBN 0-07-331264-9, ISBN 978-0-07-331264-4

College Algebra: Graphs and Models, Second Edition

This book is the same as Precalculus: Graphs and Models without the three chapters
on trigonometry. This text assumes the use of a graphing calculator.
ISBN 0-07-242428-1, ISBN 978-0-07-242428-7

Precalculus: Graphs and Models, Second Edition

This book is the same as College Algebra: Graphs and Models with three additional
chapters on trigonometry. The trigonometric functions are introduced by a unit circle
approach. This text assumes the use of a graphing calculator.
ISBN 0-07-242430-3, ISBN 978-0-07-242430-0

College Algebra with Trigonometry: Graphs and Models

This book is the same as Precalculus: Graphs and Models except that the trigono-
metric functions are introduced by right triangle trigonometry. This text assumes the
use of a graphing calculator.
ISBN 0-07-291699-0, ISBN 978-0-07-291699-7
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EIGHTH EDITION

College Algebra
Raymond A. Barnett
Merritt College

Michael R. Ziegler
Marquette University

Karl E. Byleen
Marquette University

Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis
Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
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COLLEGE ALGEBRA, EIGHTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or
transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers
outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 0 9 8 7 6
ISBN 978–0–07–286738–1
MHID 0–07–286738–8
ISBN 978–0–07–330360–4 (Annotated Instructor’s Edition)
MHID 0–07–330360–7
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Barnett, Raymond A.
College algebra. – 8th ed. / Raymond A. Barnett, Michael R. Ziegler, Karl E. Byleen.
p. cm. – (Barnett, Ziegler & Byleen's precalculus series)
Includes indexes.
ISBN 978–0–07–286738–1 — ISBN 0–07–286738–8 (acid-free paper)
1. Algebra–Textbooks. I. Ziegler, Michael R. II. Byleen, Karl. III. Title.
QA154.3.B365 2008
512.9–dc22
2006033538

www.mhhe.com
bar67388_fm_i-xxiv 12/13/06 08:03 Page v

About the Authors

Raymond A. Barnett, a native of and educated in California, received his B.A. in

mathematical statistics from the University of California at Berkeley and his M.A. in
mathematics from the University of Southern California. He has been a member of
the Merritt College Mathematics Department and was chairman of the department for
four years. Associated with four different publishers, Raymond Barnett has authored
or co-authored 18 textbooks in mathematics, most of which are still in use. In addi-
tion to international English editions, a number of the books have been translated into
Spanish. Co-authors include Michael Ziegler, Marquette University; Thomas Kearns,
Northern Kentucky University; Charles Burke, City College of San Francisco; John
Fujii, Merritt College; and Karl Byleen, Marquette University.

Michael R. Ziegler received his B.S. from Shippensburg State College and his M.S.
and Ph.D. from the University of Delaware. After completing postdoctoral work at the
University of Kentucky, he was appointed to the faculty of Marquette University where
he currently holds the rank of Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Statistics,
and Computer Science. Dr. Ziegler has published more than a dozen research articles
in complex analysis and has co-authored more than a dozen undergraduate mathe-
matics textbooks with Raymond Barnett and Karl Byleen.

Karl E. Byleen received his B.S., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics from the
University of Nebraska. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of
Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science of Marquette University. He has pub-
lished a dozen research articles on the algebraic theory of semigroups and co-authored
more than a dozen undergraduate mathematics textbooks with Raymond Barnett and
Michael Ziegler.
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Brief Contents

Preface ix
Features xvi
Application Index xxi

CHAPTER R Basic Algebraic Operations 1

CHAPTER 1 Equations and Inequalities 75

CHAPTER 2 Graphs 163

CHAPTER 3 Functions 231

CHAPTER 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions 359

CHAPTER 5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 453

CHAPTER 6 Additional Topics in Analytic Geometry 529

CHAPTER 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities; Matrices 575

CHAPTER 8 Sequences, Induction, and Probability 711

Appendix A Special Topics A-1

Appendix B Geometric Formulas A-21
Student Answers SA-1
Subject Index I-1

VI
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Contents
Preface ix
Features xvi
CHAPTER 3 Functions 231
3-1 Functions 232
Applications Index xxi 3-2 Graphing Functions 250
3-3 Transformations of Functions 267
3-4 Quadratic Functions 284
CHAPTER R Basic Algebraic 3-5 Operations on Functions; Composition 310
Operations 1 3-6 Inverse Functions 325
R-1 Algebra and Real Numbers 2 Chapter 3 Review 345
R-2 Exponents 13 Chapter 3 Review Exercises 348
R-3 Radicals 27 Chapter 3 Group Activity:
R-4 Polynomials: Basic Operations 36 Mathematical Modeling: Choosing a Long-
R-5 Polynomials: Factoring 47 Distance Calling Plan 353
R-6 Rational Expressions: Basic Operations 58
Cumulative Review Exercises
Chapter R Review 68
Chapters 1–3 354
Chapter R Review Exercises 70
Chapter R Group Activity: Rational and
Irrational Numbers 74 CHAPTER 4 Polynomial and Rational
Functions 359
4-1 Polynomial Functions and Models 361
4-2 Real Zeros and Polynomial Inequalities 385
CHAPTER 1 Equations and 4-3 Complex Zeros and Rational Zeros of
Inequalities 75 Polynomials 399
1-1 Linear Equations and Applications 76 4-4 Rational Functions and Inequalities 413
1-2 Linear Inequalities 92 4-5 Variation and Modeling 436
1-3 Absolute Value in Equations and Inequalities 103 Chapter 4 Review 444
1-4 Complex Numbers 115 Chapter 4 Review Exercises 446
1-5 Quadratic Equations and Applications 128 Chapter 4 Group Activity:
1-6 Additional Equation-Solving Techniques 145 Interpolating Polynomials 450
Chapter 1 Review 155
Chapter 1 Review Exercises 157
Chapter 1 Group Activity: Solving a Cubic CHAPTER 5 Exponential and Logarithmic
Equation 159 Functions 453
5-1 Exponential Functions 454
5-2 Exponential Models 470
5-3 Logarithmic Functions 487
5-4 Logarithmic Models 502
CHAPTER 2 Graphs 163
5-5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 511
2-1 Cartesian Coordinate System 164
Chapter 5 Review 519
2-2 Distance in the Plane 180
Chapter 5 Review Exercises 520
2-3 Equation of a Line 192
Chapter 5 Group Activity: Comparing Regression
2-4 Linear Equations and Models 210
Models 523
Chapter 2 Review 225
Chapter 2 Review Exercises 226 Cumulative Review Exercises
Chapter 2 Group Activity: Rates of Change 228 Chapters 4 and 5 525

VII
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CHAPTER 6 Additional Topics in Analytic CHAPTER 8 Sequences, Induction, and

Geometry 529 Probability 711
6-1 Conic Sections; Parabola 530 8-1 Sequences and Series 712
6-2 Ellipse 541 8-2 Mathematical Induction 722
6-3 Hyperbola 553 8-3 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 731
Chapter 6 Review 569 8-4 Multiplication Principle, Permutations, and
Chapter 6 Review Exercises 571 Combinations 746
Chapter 6 Group Activity: Focal Chords 573 8-5 Sample Spaces and Probability 760
8-6 Binomial Formula 779
Chapter 8 Review 787
CHAPTER 7 Systems of Equations and Chapter 8 Review Exercises 789
Chapter 8 Group Activity: Sequences Specified
Inequalities; Matrices 575
7-1 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables 576 by Recursion Formulas 791
7-2 Systems of Linear Equations in Three Cumulative Review Exercises
Variables 594 Chapters 6–8 792
7-3 Systems of Linear Equations:
Gauss–Jordan Elimination 607
7-4 Matrix Operations 626 Appendix A Special Topics A-1
7-5 Systems of Linear Equations: Scientific Notation and Significant
Matrix Inverse Methods 644 Digits A-1
7-6 Systems of Nonlinear Equations 667 Partial Fractions A-2
7-7 Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Parametric Equations A-3
Variables 677 Appendix B Geometric Formulas A-21
7-8 Linear Programming 690 Student Answers SA-1
Chapter 7 Review 702 Subject Index I-1
Chapter 7 Review Exercises 706
Chapter 7 Group Activity: Modeling with
Systems of Linear Equations 709

VIII
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S E C T I O N 5–2 Exponential Models 477

SOLUTION

(A) When t  3,

N  40(1  e0.12(3))  12 Rounded to nearest integer

so the average employee can produce 12 boards after 3 days of training.

Similarly, when t  5,

N  40(1  e0.12(5))  18 Rounded to nearest integer

Because e0.12t approaches 0 as t increases without bound,

N  40(1  e0.12t ) S 40(1  0)  40

So the limiting value of N is 40 boards per day. (Note the horizontal asymptote
with equation N  40 that is indicated by the dashed line in Fig. 4.) 

MATCHED PROBLEM 5

A company is trying to expose as many people as possible to a new product through

television advertising in a large metropolitan area with 2 million potential viewers.
A model for the number of people N, in millions, who are aware of the product after
t days of advertising was found to be

N  2(1  e0.037t)

(A) How many viewers are aware of the product after 2 days? After 10 days?
Express answers as integers, rounded to three significant digits.
(B) Does N approach a limiting value as t increases without bound? Explain. 

We can model phenomena such as the spread of an epidemic or the propagation

of a rumor by the logistic equation.

M
y
(1  cekt )

where M, c, and k are positive constants. Logistic growth, illustrated in Example 6,

approaches a limiting value as t increases without bound.

EXAMPLE 6 Logistic Growth in an Epidemic

A community of 1,000 individuals is assumed to be homogeneously mixed. One indi-

vidual who has just returned from another community has influenza. Assume the
community has not had influenza shots and all are susceptible. The spread of the dis-
ease in the community is predicted to be given by the logistic curve

1,000
N(t) 
1  999e0.3t

where N is the number of people who have contracted influenza after t days (Fig. 5).
bar67388_saa_SA38-SA58 12/8/06 09:09 Page SA-58

SA-58 Student Answer Appendix

82.25 Ann 83 Ann

0.25 0.2
83 Bob 84.8 Bob
M≥ ¥  M≥ ¥ 
0.25 0.2
89. (A) G 92 W Carol (B) G 91.8 W Carol
0.25 0.2
83.75 Dan 85.2 Dan
0.25 0.4
82 Eric 80.8 Eric
(C) Class averages
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
[ 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2]M  [84.4 81.8 85 87.2] (7-4)
90. (A) .13 (B) 17 (C) .32 (8-5)

APPENDIX A Exercises A-1

1. 123,005 3. 20,040 5. 6.0 7. 80,000 9. 0.012 11. 0.000 960 13. 3.08 15. 924, 000 17. 23.6
19. 2.82  103 21. 6.78  104 23. 30 feet

Exercises A-2
1. A  2, B  5 3. A  7, B  2 5. A  1, B  2, C  3 7. A  2, B  1, C  3 9. A  0, B  2, C  2, D  3
4 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 3x  1 2x 3x  5
11.  13.  15.   17.  2 19.  2
x2 x4 3x  4 2x  3 x x3 (x  3)2 x x  2x  3 x2  2 (x  2)2
3 2 2 2x  5 2 1 3 2 3 2x
21. x  2   23.  2 25.   27.   2
x2 x3 x3 x  3x  3 x4 x3 (x  3)2 x2 (x  2)2 x x1
2 1 x1
29. x  2    2
x2 2x  1 2x  x  1

Exercises A-3
3. y  2x  2; straight line 5. y  2x  2, x  0; a ray (part of a straight line) 7. y  23 x; straight line
y y y

5 5 5

x x x
5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5

9. y 2  4x; parabola 11. y 2  4x, y  0; parabola (upper half)

y y
5 5

x x
5 5 5 5

5 5

13. y  2x; line 15. y 2  x  1, y  0, x  1; parabola (upper half )

17. 4x 2  y 2  64, 0  x  4, 0  y  8; ellipse (first quadrant portion)
19. x 2  y 2  2, x   12, y  0; hyperbola (third quadrant portion)
At 2  Dt  F
21. x  t, y  ,  6 t 6 ; parabola 23. y 2  x 2  8, x  1, y  3; part of a hyperbola
E
25. x 2  y 2  4, 0
x  2, 2
y
2; semicircle (excluding the end points)
27. x 2  y 2  2x, x 0 or (x  1)2  y2  1, x 0; circle (note hole at origin)
29. (A) The graphs are symmetric with respect to the line y  x.
(B) 1. y  ex
2. x  ey or y  ln x
Function 2 is the inverse of function 1.
31. 1,786 meters
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-1
Abscissa, 164, 251
Absolute value
distance and, 104–105
explanation of, 103–104, 156
to solve radical inequalities, 112–113
Absolute value equations
geometric interpretation of, 107–108
method to solve, 105–107, 148–149, 156
verbal statements as, 108
Absolute value functions
explanation of, 255–256
graphs of, 258–259
Absolute value inequalities
geometric interpretation of, 107–108
method to solve, 105–107, 110–111
verbal statements as, 108
Absolute value problems
method to solve, 105–107, 110–111
solved geometrically, 106–109
with two cases, 111–112
Acceptable probability assignment, 765–766
Actual probability, 771
Addition
of complex numbers, 119
elimination by, 583–585, 595–600
explanation of, 118
of matrices, 627–629
of polynomials, 39–40
properties of, 7
of rational exponents, 62–64
of real numbers, 4–7
Addition property
of equality, 77, 155
of inequality, 97, 155
Additive identity for complex numbers, 119
Additive inverse, 5, 8, 119
Algebra, 1
Algebraic equations
algebraic expressions vs., 83
explanation of, 76
Algebraic expressions
algebraic equations vs., 83
explanation of, 36
factor of, 47
Alternating series, 718
Analytic geometry, 163, 165
Approximate empirical probability, 772
Approximation
bisection, 390–391
by rational numbers, 6–7
SUBJECT INDEX
Arithmetic sequences
explanation of, 731–732, 787
method to recognize, 732–733
nth term of, 733–734
sum formulas for finite, 734–737
Associative, 5
Associative property, 7
Asymptote rectangle, 555
Asymptotes
horizontal, 419–421
oblique, 425–426
techniques for locating, 421–424
vertical, 418–419
Augmented matrices
explanation of, 609–611
Gauss-Jordan elimination and, 614
method for interpreting, 611–612
Average rate, 229, 230
Average rate of change, 211
Axis of symmetry
explanation of, 286, 287
of parabola, 531
Bell, Alexander Graham, 502
Bernoulli, Johann, 245
Best fit, 219
Binomial coefficients, 781
Binomial formula
explanation of, 780–781, 788
proof of, 784–785
use of, 782–784
Binomials. See also Polynomials
explanation of, 38
multiplication of, 41–42
Bisection method
explanation of, 389–391
purpose of, 385
Boundary line, for half-planes, 678
Bounded solution region, 684
Bricklin, Dan, 626
Briggsian logarithms. See Common logarithms
Calculators. See Graphing calculators
Cantor, George, 2
Cardano, Girolamo, 159, 409
Cardano’s formula, 409
Cardano’s method to solve cubic equations, 159–161
Cartesian coordinate system, 163–165, 170, 225, 337
I-1
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I-2 SUBJECT INDEX

Catenary curve, 513 Conjugate hyperbolas, 559

Cayley, Arthur, 632 Consistent systems, 580
Center Constant functions, 253, 254
of circle, 188 Constant-profit line, 694
of ellipse, 541, 543 Constant terms, in linear systems, 576, 608
of hyperbola, 553 Continuous compound interest, 464–465
Circles Contraction. See Shrinking
center and radius of, 188 Coordinate
circumference of, 325 explanation of, 164
diameter of, 326 of point, 4
equations of, 185–187 Coordinate axis, 164
explanation of, 187, 531 Coordinate-free definition, 531
formulas for, A-23 Corner point, of solution region, 682
graphs of, 185 Counterexample, 723
Circumference, of circles, 325 Counting techniques
Closure property, 7 combinations, 754–758
Coefficients explanation of, 746
binomial, 781 factorial, 750–751
explanation of, 38 multiplication principle, 747–749
in linear systems, 576, 608 permutations, 751–754
of polynomial functions, 361, 362 Cube functions, 268
real, 401–403 Cube root functions, 268
Column matrices, 607, 633 Cube roots, 18
Combinations Cubes, 325, 326
applications of, 755–758 Cubic equations, 159–161
explanation of, 754–755 Cubic models, 376–377
Combined property, 7 Curve fitting, 216
Combined variation, 441 Curves
Common difference, 731 catenary, 513
Common factors, 50 explanation of, 216
Common logarithms, 494–495 plane, A-14, A-16
Common ratio, 732
Commutative property, 7
Completing the square Dantzig, George B., 690
explanation of, 132–133 Data analysis
to solve quadratic equations, 133–134 exponential regression and, 479–482
Complex numbers logarithmic models and, 506–508
addition of, 119 Decibel, 502
applications for, 126 Decimal fractions, A-3
explanation of, 116–118, 156 Decision variables, 691, 695
historical background of, 115–116 Decoding matrices, 661
method to solve equations involving, 125–126 Decomposition, partial fraction, A-6, A-8–A-12
multiplication of, 120–122 Decreasing functions, 253, 329
negation and subtraction of, 119–120 Degenerate conic, 531
operations with, 118–123 Degree, of polynomials, 37
radicals and, 123–125 Denominator
zero property of, 129 common, 62
Composite numbers, 48 explanation of, 10
Composition, of functions, 315–319, 347 rationalizing the, 32–34
Compound events, 761 Dependent systems
Compound fractions, 64–65 application of, 620–621
Compound interest in three variables, 597–600
applications of, 512 in two variables, 580
continuous, 464–466 Descartes, René, 13, 163
explanation of, 461–464 Diagonal matrices, 641
Conditional equations, 77 Diameter, of circle, 326
Conic sections, 530–531, 569. See also Circles; Ellipses; Difference function, 312–313
Hyperbolas; Parabolas Difference of cubes formula, 53, 54
Conjugate, of a  bi, 117, 121 Difference of square formula, 53, 54
Conjugate axis, 555 Dimensions, of matrix, 607
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-3

SUBJECT INDEX I-3

Directrix, of parabola, 531 Equalities, properties of, 77, 155

Direct variation, 436–437 Equality, 118
Dirichlet, Lejeune, 245 Equally likely assumptions, 768–771
Discriminant, 136–137 Equal polynomials, A-6–A-7
Distance Equations. See also Linear equations; Systems of
absolute value and, 104–105 linear equations; Systems of nonlinear equations;
in plane, 225 specific types of equations
between two points, 180–183 of circles, 185–187
Distance-between-two points formula, 532 conditional, 77
Distance formula, 181, 182 cubic, 159–161
Distributive, 5 of ellipse, 542–543
Distributive properties, 7, 38 equivalent, 77
Divisibility property, 727–728 exponential, 511–514, 520
Division of hyperbolas, 554–556, 560–561
polynomial, 369–373 in intercept form, 208
of rational exponents, 60–61 involving absolute value, 148–149, 156
of real numbers, 8, 9 involving complex numbers, 125–126
synthetic, 371–373 involving radicals, 145–148
Division algorithm, 371 involving rational exponents, 150–151
Division property of lines, 192–204, 225
of equality, 77, 155 logarithmic, 514–516, 520
of inequality, 97, 155 matrix, 629–630, 653–659
Divisor, 371 of parabola, 291, 532–536
Domain parametric, A-14–A-18
of exponential functions, 455 quadratic, 129–141, 151–152, 156
of functions, 238, 241–243, 251–254, 285, 316, 341 squaring operation on, 146
implied, 326 strategies for solving, 79–88, 145–153, 155, 156
of logarithmic functions, 488 terms of, 76–77
of rational functions, 415 in two-point form, 208
of variables, 76–77 Equivalent systems of equations, 584, 595
Double root, 120 Eratosthenes, 48
Double subscript notation, 608 Euler, Leonhard, 460
Doubling time, 470 Even functions, 276–278
Doubling time growth model, 470–472 Events
compound, 761
explanation of, 761
e, exponential functions and base, 459–460 probability of, 765–771
Element simple, 761, 765, 766
of matrix, 607, 608 Expansion. See Stretching
of set, 2 Expected frequency, 772
Elimination Experiments, 761
by addition, 583–585, 595–600 Exponential equations
Gauss-Jordan, 607, 614–620, 657 applications of, 512–513
to solve systems of nonlinear equations, 671–673 explanation of, 511, 520
Ellipses method to solve, 513–514
applications of, 548–550 Exponential functions
equation of, 542–543 with base e, 459–461
explanation of, 531, 541, 570 compound interest and, 461–466
graphs of, 543–547 conversions of, 490–491
method to draw, 541–542 explanation of, 454–455, 519
Empirical probability graphs of, 455–457
application of, 774–776 inverse of, 456, 487 (See also Logarithmic functions)
approximate, 772 properties of, 458–459
explanation of, 771–772 transformations of, 457
on graphing calculator, 774 Exponential growth/decay, 482–483
method to find, 772–773 Exponential laws, 458
to test theoretical probability, 776 Exponential models
Empty sets, 2 data analysis and regression and, 479–482
Encoding matrices, 661 exponential growth phenomena and, 482–483
Endpoints, 93 mathematical, 470–479, 519
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-4

I-4 SUBJECT INDEX

Exponents Frankstone, Robert, 626

integer, 14–18 Frequency, 772
notation for, 14 Functions. See also specific types of functions
proof of law of, 726–727 absolute value, 255–256, 258–259, 267
rational, 19–21, 28–29, 60–64, 150–151 applications of, 244–245
Extended principle of mathematical induction, 728 composition of, 315–319, 347
Extraneous roots, 668 constant, 253, 254
Extraneous solution, 146 cube, 268
Extrapolation, 219 cube root, 268
decreasing, 253, 329
defined by equations, 235–238
Factorial, 750–751 definition of, 233–234
Factoring difference quotient and, 243
of composite numbers, 48–49 domain of, 238, 241–243, 251–253
explanation of, 47 evaluation of, 240–241
by grouping, 51, 402 even, 276–278
of polynomials, 47–56 explanation of, 232–234, 345–346
to solve nonlinear systems, 672–673 exponential, 519
to solve quadratic equations, 129–131 graphs of, 250–262, 268–276, 311–312,
Factoring formulas 314, 346
list of, 53–54 greatest integer, 260–261
use of, 54–55 historical background of, 245
Factors hyperbolic, 518
of algebraic expression, 47 identity, 254, 267
common, 50 increasing, 253, 329
of number, 47 inverse, 329–341, 347
of polynomials with real coefficients, 401–402 linear, 254–255, 360
Factor theorem, 374–376 logarithmic, 487–489, 492–494, 520
Feasible region, 695 notation for, 239–244
Fermat’s last theorem, 728 odd, 276–278
Fibonacci, Leonardo, 714 one-to-one, 326–330
Fibonacci sequences, 714–715 operations on, 310–315
Finite sequences piecewise-defined, 255–257
arithmetic, 734–737 polynomial, 444
explanation of, 713 probability, 767
geometric, 737–739 quadratic, 284–294, 346–347
Finite series, 717 rational, 413–428
Finite sets, 2 set form of definition of, 234
First-degree equations. See Linear equations specified as sets of ordered pairs, 234
First-degree functions. See Linear functions square, 267
Fixed cost, 203 square root, 268
Focal chords, 539, 573 step, 260
Focus transformations of, 268–279, 346
of ellipse, 541 Fundamental counting principle. See
of hyperbola, 553 Multiplication principle
of parabola, 531 Fundamental property of fractions, 59
Fractional expressions, 58 Fundamental sample spaces, 763
Fractions Fundamental theorem of algebra, 49, 399–400
algebraic expressions and algebraic equations with, 83 Fundamental theorem of analytic geometry, 165
compound, 64–65 Fundamental theorem of linear programming, 695
explanation of, 10
fundamental property of, 59
linear inequalities with, 98–99 Galois, Evariste, 360
partial, A-6–A-13 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 614
proper, A-6, A-7 Gauss-Jordan elimination
properties of, 11 explanation of, 614
reduced to lowest terms, 59–60 on graphing calculators, 607
repeating decimal as, 740 to solve linear systems, 615–620
significant digits in decimal, A-3 use of, 657
simple, 64 Geometric formulas, A-22–A-23
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-5
Geometric sequences
explanation of, 731, 732, 787
method to recognize, 732–733
nth term of, 733–734
sum formulas for finite, 737–739
sum formulas for infinite, 739–741
Geometry, analytic, 163, 165
Goldbach’s conjecture, 728
Graphic approximations of real solutions, 671,
673–674
Graphing calculators
asymptotes on, 423
circles on, 186
coefficients on, 782
cubic models on, 377
domain of functions on, 314
ellipses on, 546
equations on, 167, 204
exponential equations on, 514
exponential functions on, 459, 460
exponential models on, 480
Gauss-Jordan elimination on, 607
graphic solutions to solve nonlinear
systems on, 671, 674
greatest integer functions on, 261
hyperbolas on, 560
inverse functions on, 340
linear systems on, 578
logarithms on, 494–497, 508
logistic models on, 482
matrices on, 608, 616, 617, 628, 632, 636,
645, 649
maximum and minimum on, 291, 293
parabolas on, 535
parametric equations on, A-15
partial fraction decomposition on, A-10
polynomial functions on, 366
polynomial inequalities on, 394–395
quartic model on, 378
rational inequalities on, 429–430
regression on, 219, 301
scientific notation on, 22–24
sequences on, 714, 716, 736, 738
sum of the squares of the residuals on, 524
use of correct viewing window on, 388
use of TRACE and TABLE feature on, 318
Graphs
of absolute value functions, 258–259
of circles, 185
continuous, 257
of ellipse, 543–547
of equation in two variables, 166
explanation of, 165–166, 168
of exponential functions, 455–457
of functions, 250–262, 268–276, 311–312, 314, 346
horizontal and vertical shifts in, 268–271, 275
of inequalities, 94–96
of intersections, 95–96
of intervals, 94–96
of inverse functions, 337–341
SUBJECT INDEX I-5
of linear functions, 254–255
of linear inequalities, 94–96, 671–680
of lines, 192–201
of logarithmic functions, 487–489, 495
of parabola, 166, 533–535
of polynomial functions, 361–369, 389
of polynomials, 368–369, 402–403
of quadratic functions, 284–291
of rational functions, 417–428
reflections of, 271–272, 275
of scatter plots, 217
to solve systems of linear inequalities, 681–684
stretching and shrinking in, 273–275
symmetry as aid in, 169–174
of systems of linear equations, 577–579
of unions, 95–96
Greatest integer, 260
Greatest integer functions, 260–261
Grouping, factoring by, 51, 402
Half-life, 473
Half-life decay model, 473
Half-planes, 677–679
Horizontal asymptotes, 419–422, 424
Horizontal axis, 164
Horizontal lines, graphs of, 200–201
Horizontal line test, 328–329
Horizontal shifts, 268–271, 275
Hyperbolas
applications of, 562–564
conjugate, 559
equations of, 554–556, 560–561
explanation of, 531, 553, 570–571
graphs of, 554–560
method to draw, 553–554
Hyperbolic functions, 518
Hyperbolic paraboloids, 562
Hyperboloids, 562, 568
Identities, 77, 371
Identity functions, 254, 267
Identity matrix multiplication, 644–646
Identity property, 7
Imaginary numbers, 117
Imaginary part, of a  bi, 117
Imaginary root, 129
Imaginary unit, 116, 117
Imaginary zeros
of polynomials, 401–402, 408–409
quadratic formula to identify, A-7
Implied domain, 326
Inconsistent systems
in three variables, 597–600
in two variables, 580
Increasing functions, 253, 329
Independent systems, 580
Index, 27
Induction, 722. See also Mathematical induction
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-6

I-6 SUBJECT INDEX

Inequalities Least common denominator (LCD), 62

double, 99 Least-squares line, 524
equivalent, 96 Leibniz, Gottfried, 245
explanation of, 92–93, 156 Like terms
linear, 92–100, 155, 677–680 combining, 31–32, 38–39
polynomial, 393–395 of polynomials, 38
properties of, 97, 155 Linear and quadratic factors theorem, 401, A-7
quadratic, 295–299 Linear equations. See also Systems of linear equations
radical, 112–113 explanation of, 76–77, 155, 225
rational, 428–430 in one variable, 78–79
symbols for, 92, 93, 97 strategies for solving, 79–88
systems of linear, 681–686, 705 Linear factors
Infinite sequences nonrepeating, A-8–A-9, A-11–A-12
explanation of, 713 repeating, A-10–A-11
geometric, 739–741 Linear functions. See also Functions
Infinite series, 717 explanation of, 254
Infinite sets, 2 graphs of, 255
Instantaneous rate, 229 zeros of, 360, 363
Integer exponents Linear inequalities
explanation of, 14–15, 69 applications for, 99–100
properties of, 15–18 explanation of, 92–94, 155
Integers, 3 graphs of, 94–96, 671–680
Intercept form, for equations, 208 methods for solving, 96–99
Intercepts, of function, 251–253 Linear models, examples of, 212–216
Interest, 461. See also Compound interest Linear programming
Interest rate, 461, 462. See also Compound interest applications of, 697–698
Interpolation, 219 explanation of, 690, 694–695, 705
Intersections, 95–96 fundamental theorem of, 695
Intervals Linear programming problems
explanation of, 93 example of, 691–694
graphs of, 94–96 explanation of, 690, 695
notation for, 93–94 method to solve, 695–697
Inverse Linear regression
additive, 5 examples of, 219–221
multiplicative, 5 explanation of, 216–219
to solve linear systems, 655–659 Linear systems. See Systems of linear equations
of square matrix, 646–653 Line of symmetry, 286
Inverse functions Lines
explanation of, 329–333 equations of, 192–204, 225
on graphing calculators, 340 graphs of, 192–201
graphs of, 337–341 parallel, 202–204
method for finding, 333–335 perpendicular, 202–204
modeling with, 335–337 regression, 219
properties of, 331–332 slope of, 194–197
Inverse hyperbolic functions, 518 Line segment, midpoint of, 182–184
Inverse property, 7 Logarithmic equations
Inverse variation, 438–439 explanation of, 514, 520
Irrational numbers, 3, 6 method to solve, 515–516
Isoprofit line, 694 Logarithmic-exponential conversions, 490–491
Logarithmic-exponential relationships, 496–497
Logarithmic functions
Joint variation, 439–440 common, 494
Jordan, Wilhelm, 614 conversions of, 490–491
explanation of, 487–488, 521
Kepler, Johannes, 548 natural, 494
Kirchhoff’s laws, 666 properties of, 492–493
transformations of, 488–489
Logarithmic models
Lagrange’s four square theorem, 728 data analysis and regression, 506–508
Leading term, 366 logarithmic scales, 502–506
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-7

SUBJECT INDEX I-7

Logarithmic scales, 502–506 Models. See Mathematical models

Logarithms Monomials. See also Polynomials
change of base and, 497–499 explanation of, 38
common, 494–495 Multiple optimal solution, 697
evaluation of, 494–499 Multiplication
natural, 494–495 of complex numbers, 120–122
Logistic models, 581–582 explanation of, 118
Logistic regression, 479 identity matrix, 644–646
of matrices, 630–639
of polynomials, 40–43
Magnitude, 503–504 properties of, 7
Mathematical induction with radical forms, 32
examples of, 724–728 of rational exponents, 60–61
explanation of, 722–723, 787 of real numbers, 4–7
extended principle of, 728 Multiplication principle
principle of, 723–724 application of, 748–749
Mathematical models explanation of, 747–748
applications of, 319–322, 353–354, 470–479, 691–692 Multiplication property
explanation of, 210 of equality, 77, 155
exponential, 470–479 of inequality, 97, 155
polynomial, 376–379 Multiplicative identity, for complex numbers, 119
quadratic, 292–295 Multiplicative inverse, 5, 8
Matrices Multiplier doctrine, 740
addition of, 627–629
applications of, 626–627
augmented coefficient, 609–612 Napier, John, 494
column, 607, 633 Napierian logarithms. See Natural logarithms
decoding, 661 Natural logarithms, 494–495
diagonal, 641 Natural numbers, 3
dimensions of, 607 Negative real numbers
encoding, 661 explanation of, 4
explanation of, 607–609 principal square root of, 123–124
Gauss-Jordan elimination and, 614–623 properties of, 9, 10
on graphing calculators, 608, 616, 617, 628, 632, 636, n linear factors theorem, 400
645, 649 Nonnegative constraints, 692, 695
identity, 644–646 Nonnegative restrictions, 683
inverse of square, 646–653 Nonrigid transformations, 272–275
multiplication of, 630–639 Notation/symbols
negative of, 629 double subscript, 608
principal diagonal of, 608 equality and inequality, 92, 93, 97
properties of, 654 exponent, 14
reduced, 612–614 interval, 93–94
row, 607, 633 scientific, 21–24
row-equivalent, 610 set-builder, 2
singular, 646 summation, 717–719
size of, 607 nth root
square, 607, 644 explanation of, 18
subtraction of, 629–630 principle, 19, 27
upper triangular, 641 nth-root radical, 27
zero, 628 nth term formulas, 733–734
Matrix equations Null sets, 2
example of, 629–630 Number line
explanation of, 653–654 distance between points on, 104–105
method to solve, 654–655 real, 4, 164
systems of linear equations and, 655–659 Numbers
Maximization problems, 694, 696, 697 complex, 116–126, 156
Member, of set, 2 composite, 48–49
Midpoint, of line segment, 182–184 imaginary, 117
Midpoint formula, 183–184 irrational, 3, 6
Minimization problems, 694–696 natural, 3
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-8

I-8 SUBJECT INDEX

Numbers—Cont. Piecewise-defined functions

prime, 47, 48 applications of, 259
pure imaginary, 117 explanation of, 256–257
rational, 3–7 Place curve, explanation of, A-14, A-16
real, 3–11, 117 Plane, distance in, 225
Numerator, 10 Point, coordinate of, 4
Numerical coefficient, 38. See also Coefficients Point-by-point plotting, 166
Point-slope form, 199–201
Polynomial functions
Objective function, 691 explanation of, 361
Oblique asymptotes, 425–426 on graphing calculators, 366
Odd functions, 276–278 graphs of, 361–369, 389
One-to-one correspondence, 164, 165 left and right behavior of, 366–368
One-to-one functions Polynomial identity, A-7
explanation of, 326–327 Polynomial inequalities
identification of, 327–330 explanation of, 393
Optimal solution, 693, 695, 697 on graphing calculators, 394–395
Optimal value, 695 method to solve, 393–395
Ordered pair, 164 Polynomial models, examples of, 376–379
Ordering, 752 Polynomials
Order of operations, 43 addition of, 39–40
Ordinate, 164 applications of, 44
Origin basic operations of, 69–70
explanation of, 4, 164 bisection method and, 389–391
reflection through, 169, 170, 272, 275 combining like terms in, 38–39
symmetry and, 170, 171 complex zeros of, 445
degree of, 37
division of, 369–373
Parabolas. See also Quadratic functions evaluation of, 374–375
applications of, 537–538 explanation of, 36–38
equations of, 291, 532–536 in factored form, 49
explanation of, 285, 531, 569 factoring, 47–56, 70, A-6
focal chord of, 539 factors of, 375–376, 401–402
graphs of, 166, 533–535 factor theorem and, 374–376
method to draw, 532 fundamental theorem of algebra and, 399–400
vertex of, 363 graphs of, 368–369, 402–403
Paraboloids, 537–538 interpolating, 450–451
Parallel lines, 202–204 location theorem and, 389–390
Parallelograms, A-22 multiplication of, 40–43
Parameters in one variable, 36, 37
elimination of, A-16–A-17 prime, 49
explanation of, 586, A-14 rational zeros of, 404–409, 445
Parametric equations with real coefficients, 401–403
explanation of, A-14–A-16 real zeros of, 360, 362, 385–388, 391–392, 444
plane curve and, A-16–A-17 reduced, 407
projectile motion and, A-17–A-18 remainder theorem and, 373–374
Partial fractions second-degree, 52–53
basic theorems and, A-6–A-8 subtraction of, 40
decomposition of, A-6, A-8–A-12 Taylor, 468, 501
explanation of, A-6 in two variables, 36
method to decompose rational functions upper and lower bound theorem and, 385–388
into, A-7 zeros of, 362, 363, 376
PASCAL, 780 Positive real numbers, 4
Pascal’s triangle, 780 Predictions, 219
Path of projectile, A-17, A-18 Prime numbers, 47, 48
Perfect square formula, 53, 54 Prime polynomials, 49
Permutations Principal diagonal, of matrix, 608
application of, 753–754 Principle nth root, 19, 27
explanation of, 751–753 Principle of mathematical induction, 723–724
Perpendicular lines, 202–204 Principle square root, of negative real number, 123–124
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-9

SUBJECT INDEX I-9

Probability of inverse functions, 341

actual, 771 of logarithmic functions, 488
empirical, 771–776 Rate of change, 211–212, 228–230
of events, 765–771 Rational exponents
explanation of, 788 addition of, 62–64
theoretical, 771 division of, 60–61
Probability function, 767 equations involving, 150–151
Problem constraints, 692, 695 explanation of, 19–21
Product function, 312–313 multiplication of, 60–61
Projectile motion, explanation of, A-17–A-18 radical conversions and, 28–29
Proper fractions, A-6, A-7 subtraction of, 62–64
Pure imaginary numbers, 117 Rational expressions
Pythagoreans, 115 basic operations of, 70
Pythagorean theorem, 139, A-2, A-22 combining, A-5–A-6
explanation of, 58–59
reducing, 59–60
Quadrants, 164 Rational functions
Quadratic equations domain and x intercepts of, 414–416
applications for, 138–141 explanation of, 413–414
completing the square to solve, 132–134 graphs of, 417–428
explanation of, 156 method for graphing arbitrary, 427–428
factoring to solve, 129–131 method to decompose, A-7
quadratic formula to solve, 135–137, 151–152 oblique asymptotes of, 426
square root property to solve, 131–132 properties of, 416
Quadratic factors vertical and horizontal asymptotes of, 418–424
nonrepeating, A-11–12 Rational inequalities
repeating, A-12–A-13 explanation of, 428
Quadratic formula on graphing calculators, 429–430
explanation of, 135 method to solve, 428–429
imaginary zeros and, A-7 Rationalizing factor, 32
to solve nonlinear systems, 670 Rationalizing the denominator, 32–34
to solve quadratic equations, 135–137, Rational numbers
151–152 addition and multiplication of, 4–7
Quadratic functions explanation of, 3, 4
explanation of, 285, 346–347 Rational zeros
graphs of, 284–291 explanation of, 404–406, 445
modeling with, 292–295 method for finding, 406–409
properties of, 288 Rational zero theorem, 404–406
zeros of, 360 Real number line, 4, 164
Quadratic inequalities, 295–299 Real numbers
Quadratic regression, 299–301 absolute value of, 104
Quartic models, 378 addition of, 4–7
Quotient function, 312–313 division of, 8, 9
Quotients, 315, 371 explanation of, 3, 68–69, 117
multiplication of, 4–7
negative, 4, 123–124
Radical inequalities, 112–113 positive, 4
Radicals properties of, 7–11
complex numbers and, 123–125 roots of, 18–19
equations involving, 145–148 set of, 3–4
explanation of, 27, 69 subtraction of, 8, 9
nth-root, 27 Real part, of a  bi, 117
properties of, 29 Real plane, 164
in simplified form, 29–32 Real root, 129
Radicand, 27 Real zeros
Radius, of circle, 188 approximation of, 391–392
Random experiments, 761 explanation of, 360, 362, 369, 385–388, 391–392, 444
Range upper and lower bound for, 385–388
of exponential functions, 455 Rectangles, 555, A-22
of functions, 252–253 Rectangular coordinate system. See Cartesian coordinate system
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-10

I-10 SUBJECT INDEX

Rectangular solids, A-23 finite, 713, 734–737

Recursion formulas general term of, 712, 715–716
explanation of, 714 geometric, 731–734, 737–741, 787
for n factorial, 750 on graphing calculators, 714, 716, 736, 738
sequences specified by, 791–792 infinite, 713, 739–741
use of, 726 recursion formula and, 714
Reduced augmented coefficient, 614–619 specified by recursion formulas, 791–792
Reduced matrices, 612–614 terms of, 712
Reduced polynomials, 407 Series
Reflections alternating, 718
explanation of, 169 explanation of, 717–718, 787
of graphs of functions, 271–272, 275 finite, 717
Regression infinite, 717
exponential, 479–482 in summation notation, 718–719
on graphing calculators, 219, 301 terms of, 717–718
logarithmic, 506–508 Set-building notation, 2–3
quadratic, 299–301 Sets
Regression analysis, 216 of complex numbers, 117
Regression line, 219 element of, 2
Regression models, 523–524 explanation of, 2–3
Relative frequency, 772 finite, 2
Relative growth rate, 472 infinite, 2
Remainder, 371 null, 2
Remainder theorem, 374–375 of real numbers, 3–4, 7
Replacement set, 76 Shrinking, in graphs, 273–275
Residual, 523 Sieve of Eratosthenes, 48
Richter, Charles, 503 Significant digits
Richter scale, 503–504 in decimal fractions, A-3
Right circular cones, A-23 explanation of, A-2–A-3
Right circular cylinders, A-23 rounding numbers to, A-4–A-5
Rigid transformations, 272 Similar triangles, A-22
Roots. See also Square roots Simple events, 761
cube, 18 Simple fractions, 64
double, 120 Slope
extraneous, 668 explanation of, 194
imaginary, 129 geometric interpretation of, 195
nth, 18, 19, 27 method for finding, 194–197
real, 129 as rate of change, 211–212
of real numbers, 18–19 Slope-intercept form
Rounding convention, A-4 explanation of, 197–198, 201
Row matrices, 607, 633 linear functions and, 254
Solution
of equations, 77, 165
Sample spaces extraneous, 146
example of, 763–765 feasible, 686
explanation of, 761, 788 of linear systems, 576, 595
fundamental, 763 optimal, 693, 695
method to choose, 762–763 unique, 580
Scatter plots, 217 Solution region
Scientific notation bounded and unbounded, 684
examples of, 23–24 explanation of, 681, 682
explanation of, 21–22 Solution set
on graphing calculators, 22–24 of equations, 77, 165
significant digits and, A-3 of inequalities, 96
Second-degree polynomial functions. See Quadratic functions of linear systems, 576, 595
Second-degree polynomials, 52–53 of quadratic inequalities, 295
Sequences Speed, 211. See also Rate of change
arithmetic, 731–736, 787 Spheres, A-24
explanation of, 712–714, 787 Spreadsheets, 626–627
Fibonacci, 714–715 Square functions, 267
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-11

SUBJECT INDEX I-11

Square matrices elimination by addition to solve, 583–585, 595–600

explanation of, 607 Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve, 607, 614–620, 703–704
identity and, 644 graphs of, 577–579
inverse of, 646–653 matrices and, 607–610
Square root functions, 268 matrix equations and, 655–659
Square root property matrix inverse methods and, 704
explanation of, 131 matrix operations and, 704
to solve quadratic equations, 131–132 modeling with, 709–710
Square root radicals, 156 reduced matrices and, 612–614
Square roots row operations and, 610–611
explanation of, 18 substitution method to solve, 581–583, 586
principal, 123–124 in three variables, 594–604, 703
Squaring operation on equations, 146 in two variables, 576–590, 702–703
Standard form Systems of linear inequalities, 705
of complex numbers, 116 Systems of nonlinear equations
of equation of circle, 187 elimination to solve, 671–673
of equation of line, 192, 201 explanation of, 667, 705
of linear equations, 78 graphic approximations of real solutions to solve, 671,
of quadratic equations, 129 673–674
of quadratic inequality, 295 substitution to solve, 667–671
Step functions, 260
Stretching, in graphs, 273–275
Substitution Taylor polynomials, 468, 501
to solve linear systems, 581–583, 586 Technology Connections. See Graphing calculators
to solve nonlinear systems, 667–673 Theoretical probability
Substitution property of equality, 77, 155 empirical probability to test, 776
Subtraction explanation of, 771
of complex numbers, 119–120 method to find, 772–773
of matrices, 629–630 Transformations
of polynomials, 40 explanation of, 268, 275, 346
of rational exponents, 62–64 of exponential functions, 457
of real numbers, 8, 9 of logarithmic functions, 488–489
Subtraction property method for combining, 276
of equality, 77, 155 nonrigid, 272–275
of inequality, 97, 155 reflections and, 271–272, 275
Sum formulas rigid, 272
for finite arithmetic sequences, 734–737 stretching and shrinking and, 273–275
for finite geometric sequences, 737–739 vertical and horizontal shifts and, 268–271, 275
for infinite geometric sequences, 739–741 Transitive property of inequality, 97, 155
Sum function, 312–313 Transverse axis, 553
Summation formula, proof of, 724–726 Trapezoids, A-23
Summation notation Tree diagrams, 746
explanation of, 717 Triangles
writing series in, 718–719 formulas for, A-22
Sum of cubes formula, 53, 54 Pascal’s, 780
Sum of the squares of the residuals (SSR), 523–524 perimeter of, 82
Symbols. See Notation/symbols similar, A-22
Symmetry Trichotomy property, 93
as aid in graphing, 169–174 Trinomials, 38. See also Polynomials
axis of, 286, 287 Turning points
line of, 286 approximating real zeros at, 391–392
tests for, 171 explanation of, 363
types of, 170 Two-point form, 208
Symmetry property, 338
Synthetic division
explanation of, 371–373 Unbounded solution region, 684
on graphing calculators, 387 Unions, 95–96
Systems of linear equations Unique solution, 580
applications of, 587–591, 620–623 Upper and lower bound theorem, 385–388
basic terms of, 580 Upper triangular matrices, 641
bar67388_sndx_I1-I12 12/12/06 15:36 Page I-12

I-12 SUBJECT INDEX

Variable cost, 203 x intercepts

Variables explanation of, 193
decision, 691, 695 exponential equations and, 511
domain of, 76–77 of functions, 251
Variation of polynomial functions, 362–363
combined, 441 of rational functions, 414–416
direct, 436–437
explanation of, 445–446
inverse, 438–439 y axis
joint, 439–440 reflection through, 169, 170, 272, 275
Velocity, 211, 505. See also Rate of change symmetry and, 170, 171
Vertex y coordinate, 164
of ellipse, 541 y intercepts
explanation of, 286–287 explanation of, 193
of hyperbola, 553 of functions, 251
of parabola, 363, 531
Vertex formulas, 288
Vertical asymptotes, 418–419, 422, 424 Zero factorial, 750
Vertical axis, 164 Zero matrix, 628
Vertical lines, 200–201 Zero property of complex numbers, 129
Vertical shifts, 268–271, 275 Zeros
VisiCalc, 626 complex, 445
of complex numbers, 119
explanation of, 117
Wiles, Andrew, 728 of functions, 362
Word problem strategies, 79–83, 137–138, imaginary, 401–402, 408–409, A-7
152–153, 155 method for approximating, 389–392
multiplicities of, 400, 403
of polynomials, 362, 363
x axis properties of, 9, 10, 129
reflection through, 169, 170, 272, 275 rational, 404–409, 445
symmetry and, 170, 171 real, 360, 362, 369, 385–388, 391–392, 444
x coordinate, 164 Zeros of even or odd multiplicity theorem, 403
bar67388_endsheet 11/14/06 21:58 Page 2

Sets Inequalities and Intervals

aA a is an element of set A ab a is less than b

aA a is not an element of set A a b a is less than or equal to b
 Empty or null set a
b a is greater than b
5x 0 p(x)6 Set of all x such that p(x) is true ab a is greater than or equal to b
A ( B A is a subset of B (a, b) Open interval; 5x 0 a 6 x 6 b6
A´B 5x 0 x  A or x  B6, union (a, b] Half-open interval; 5x 0 a 6 x b6
AB 5x 0 x  A and x  B6, intersection [a, b) Half-open interval; 5x 0 a x 6 b6
[a, b] Closed interval; 5x 0 a x b6

Number Systems
Absolute Value
N Natural numbers
x if x  0
0x0  e
Z Integers
Q Rational numbers x if x 6 0
R Real numbers 0 x 0 2  x2
C Complex numbers 2x2  0 x 0
NZQRC 0 x 0 6 p if and only if p 6 x 6 p; p 7 0
0 x 0 7 p if and only if x 6 p or x 7 p; p 7 0

Real Number Properties

Quadratic Formula
For all real numbers a, b, and c:
If ax2  bx  c  0, a  0, then:
a  b  b  a; ab  ba Commutative
b  2b2  4ac
properties x
a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c; a(bc)  (ab)c Associative 2a
properties
a(b  c)  ab  ac Distributive
property Rectangular Coordinates
a  0  a; 1  a  a Identities
a  (a)  0; a(1a)  1, a  0 Inverses (x1, y1) Coordinates of point P1
ab  0 if and only if a  0 or b  0 Zero property d  2(x2  x1)2  ( y2  y1)2 Distance between
P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2)
x1  x2 y1  y2
a b
Midpoint of line joining
, P1 and P2
Exponents and Radicals 2 2
y2  y1 Slope of line through
m , x1  x2
an  a  a . . . a (n factors of a), n  N x2  x1 P1 and P2
a0  1, a  0
1
an  n , a  0, n  R
a
n
bm/n  2bm (nth root of bm)

Special Products

(a  b)(a  b)  a2  b2
(a  b)2  a2  2ab  b2
(a  b)2  a2  2ab  b2
(a  b)(a2  ab  b2)  a3  b3
(a  b)(a2  ab  b2)  a3  b3
bar67388_endsheet 11/14/06 21:58 Page 3

Function Notation Arithmetic Sequence

f (x) Value of f at x a1, a2, . . . , an, . . .

( f ° g)(x)  f [g(x)] Composite function an  an1  d Common difference
f 1(x) Value of inverse of f at x an  a1  (n  1)d nth-term formula
n
Sn  a1  . . .  an  [2a1  (n  1)d] Sum of n terms
2
Linear Equations and Functions n
Sn  (a1  an)
2
y  mx  b Slope–intercept form
( y  y1)  m(x  x1) Point–slope form
f (x)  mx  b Linear function Geometric Sequence
yb Horizontal line
xa Vertical line a1, a2, . . . , an, . . .
an
r Common ratio
an1
Polynomial and Rational Forms an  a1r n1
nth-term formula
a1  a1r n
Sn  a1  . . .  an  , r  1 Sum of n terms
f (x)  ax2  bx  c Quadratic 1r
function a1  ran
f (x)  an x n  an1x n1  . . .  a1x  a0, Polynomial Sn  , r1
1r
an  0, n a nonnegative integer
, 0r0 6 1
function a1 Sum of infinitely
p(x) S  a1  a2  . . . 
1r many terms
f (x)  , p and q polynomial Rational
q(x)
functions, q(x)  0 function

Factorial and Binomial Formulas

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
n!  n(n  1) . . . 2  1, n  N n factorial
0!  1
f (x)  b , b 7 0, b  1
x
Exponential function
a b
n n!
f (x)  logb x, b 7 0, b  1 Logarithmic function , 0 r n
y  logb x if and only if x  b y, b 7 0, b  1 r r!(n  r)!
n
(a  b)n  a a ba nk b k, n  1
n
Binomial formula
k0 k

Matrices and Determinants

c d
a b c
Matrix Permutations and Combinations
d e f

a b c For 0 r n:
†d f†
n!
e Determinant Pn,r  Permutation
(n  r)!
g h i
Cn,r  a b 
n n!
Combination
r r!(n  r)!

(Continued on back endpaper)

bar67388_endsheet 11/14/06 21:58 Page 5

Circle Hyperbola

(x  h)2  ( y  k)2  r 2 Center at (h, k); radius r x2 y2

 2  1 Foci: F¿(c, 0), F(c, 0); c2  a2  b2
x2  y2  r 2 Center at (0, 0); radius r a 2
b
y2 x2
2
 2  1 Foci: F¿(0, c), F(0, c); c2  a2  b2
a b
Parabola

y2  4ax, a
0, opens right; a  0, opens left Translation Formulas
Focus: (a, 0); Directrix: x  a
x2  4ay, a
0, opens up; a  0, opens down x  x¿  h, y  y¿  k ; x¿  x  h, y¿  y  k
Focus: (0, a); Directrix: y  a New origin (h, k)

Ellipse

x2 y2 a 7 b 7 0
 2  1,
a 2
b Foci: F¿(c, 0), F(c, 0); c2  a2  b2
x2 y2 a 7 b 7 0
  1,
b2 a2 Foci: F¿(0, c), F(0, c); c2  a2  b2

Metric Units

Standard Units of Metric Measure Important Prefixes

Meter (m): length (approximately 3.28 ft) kilo ( 1,000) deci ( 101 )
1
Liter (L): volume (approximately 1.06 ft) hecto ( 100) centi ( 100 )
1
Gram (g): weight (approximately 0.035 oz) deka ( 10) milli ( 1,000 )

Abbreviations

Length Volume Weight

m meter dm decimeter L liter dL deciliter g gram dg decigram

km kilometer cm centimeter kL kiloliter cL centiliter kg kilogram cg centigram
hm hectometer mm millimeter hL hectoliter mL milliliter hg hectogram mg milligram
dam dekameter daL dekaliter dag dekagram

English-Metric Conversion

Length Volume (U.S.) Weight Length Volume (U.S.) Weight

1 in  2.540 cm 1 pt  0.4732 L 1 oz  28.35 g 1 cm  0.3937 in 1 L  2.1133 pt 1 g  0.0353 oz

1 ft  30.48 cm 1 qt  0.9464 L 1 lb  453.6 kg 1 cm  0.03281 ft 1 L  1.0567 qt 1 g  0.002205 lb
1 yd  0.9144 m 1 gal  3.785 L 1 lb  0.4536 kg 1 m  1.0936 yd 1 L  0.2642 gal 1 kg  2.205 lb
1 mi  1.609 km 1 km  0.6215 mi