Project Aa

EVALUATION OF TOURISM POTENTIALS OF ARAROMI BEACH FOR THE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ARAROMI (SEA SIDE) COMMUNITY,
ILAJE L.G.A, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA.
BY
AMODU OJO EMMANUEL
URP/13/4553
SUMMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING,
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY,
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AKURE, ONDO STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFUILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY DEGREE IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
SEPTEMBER, 2018
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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this work was carried out by AMODU OJO EMMANUEL, with
Matriculation Number URP/13/4553 of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School
of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Urban and Regional
Planning.
………………………… ……………… ……………… ...…..…………………
AMODU OJO EMMANUEL DATE
PROJECT STUDENT
………………………… ...…..………… ……………… ...…..…………………
MR. A.G ADEYEMI DATE
SUPERVISOR
………………………… ...…..………… ……………… ...…..…………………
PROF. F.K OMOLE DATE
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the wisest one, the giver of knowledge and the owner of my soul, my
strength, my hope, the reason behind my living, who bought me back into faith with His own
precious blood. Also to my beloved parents, for their care all year long, May Almighty God in His
glorious way reward them tremendously.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my profound gratitude to the Almighty God for His inspiration, guidance and
strength throughout the course of my project and for always being there for me in this five years
undergraduate journey and in all my endeavors, may His name be praised forever and ever more
amen. Many thanks go to my supervisor, Mr. A. G. Adeyemi for his advice, instructions and
patience for taking time to supervised me during the period of my project programme, thank you
for accepting me and give me your sincere support with a fatherly heart. My deep appreciation
also goes to my parent Tpl. Idowu Amodu and Mrs. Ajoke Amodu, for their parental care in all
ways all since my first day on the planet earth who has always be there for me you will eat the
fruit of your labour in Jesus name amen. My sincere gratitude also goes to Mr. and Mrs Adewumi,
My Sister Damilola Amodu, who has always been supportive in all ramifications (Morally,
spiritually etc.); when you call for one, thousand will arise for your help. I will forever be thankful
to you and May God in His Infinite mercy guide, protect and grant you all your heart desires. My
sincere appreciation also goes to all my lecturers, my colleagues and friends Damilola, Monica,
Aishat Adigun, and Funmilayo, from first day on campus. God bless you all really good in Jesus
name.
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Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….....………Page
CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................................ 2
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 4
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. 8
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 8
List of Plates .................................................................................................................................. 9
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 10
1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Research Problem ................................................................................................................. 12
1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 14
4.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... 14
4.4.1 Aim of Study ....................................................................................................................... 14
4.4.2 Research Objectives ........................................................................................................... 14
1.5 Justification of the Study ...................................................................................................... 15
1.6 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................. 16
1.7 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................................... 17
1.8 Background Information of the Study Area ...................................................................... 19
1.8.1 Historical Background of Ilaje ......................................................................................... 19
1.8.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF ILAJE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ........ 20
1.8.3 Relief.................................................................................................................................... 21
1.8.4 Culture And Tradition ...................................................................................................... 22
1.8.5 Socio-Economic Importance of Ilaje ................................................................................ 23
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1.9. Research Limitation............................................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 25
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK ................................ 25
2.1 Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 25
2.1.1 Tourism ............................................................................................................................... 28
2.1.2 Tourism Development ....................................................................................................... 28
2.1.3 Tourism Development in Nigeria ..................................................................................... 30
2.1.4 Beach Tourism and Development..................................................................................... 31
2.1.6 Tourism Planning............................................................................................................... 32
2.1.7 Tourism Marketing ............................................................................................................ 33
2.1.8 Importance Tourism in Nigeria ........................................................................................ 35
2.1.9 Sustainable Tourism Development and Management .................................................... 37
2.2 Conceptual Framework of Tourism Development ............................................................ 38
2.2.1 Sustainable Tourism Development concept..................................................................... 39
2.2.2 Tourism Marketing Concept ............................................................................................ 41
2.2.3 Destination Development and Management concept ..................................................... 42
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 44
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................ 44
3.1. Research Design ................................................................................................................... 44
3.1.1 Data Source......................................................................................................................... 45
3.1.2 Primary Data ................................................................................................................ 45
3.1.3 Secondary Data .................................................................................................................. 45
3.2 Research Population ........................................................................................................ 46
3.3 Sampling Frame ............................................................................................................... 46
3.4 Sample Size ....................................................................................................................... 47
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3.5 Sampling Technique ........................................................................................................... 47
3.6 Data Collection Instrument ............................................................................................. 48
3.7 Procedure for Data Collection ........................................................................................ 48
3.8 Methods of Data Analysis................................................................................................ 49
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 51
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ................................................................. 51
4.1 Presentation and Analysis of Data According to Research Questions and Objectives .. 51
4.1.1 Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondent .......................... 51

4.1.2: Indigenous Knowledge on the Natural condition of the Beach .................................... 58
4.1.3: Indigenous Knowledge On the Impacts of Tourism the Community .......................... 66
4.1.4: Roles of Government, Private sector and Community Participation in Tourism

Development in the host Community ........................................................................................ 73
4.1.5: Challenges Facing the beach Development and Suggestion of Strategy for the
Development of the Beach. ......................................................................................................... 77
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 84
5.0 Summary of Findings, Recommendations and Conclusion .............................................. 84
5.1 Summary of Findings ........................................................................................................... 84
5.2 Recommendation................................................................................................................... 87
5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 89
5.4 Planning Implication of the Study ....................................................................................... 89
5.5 Contribution to Knowledge.................................................................................................. 90
5.6 Areas for Further Research ................................................................................................. 90
APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................. 92
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List of Tables
Table 1: Sex Distribution of Respondent
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 2: Marital Status of Respondents
Table 3: Household size of respondents
Table 4: Occupation of Respondent
Table 5: Factors limiting tourists’ visitation to the beach
Table 6: Social benefit of the Beach on the Community
Table 7: Contribution of the Private Sector to Beach Development
Table 8: Contribution of the Community to Beach Development
Table 9: Lack of Prioritized Activities by Government.
Table 10: Lack of Management Practice for the Beach
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Ondo state and other coastal States 20
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Figure 2.1: Illustrate the cornerstone of sustainable tourism development. 41
Figure 3.1: Steps in formulation of adaptation strategies for the development of Araromi beac 49
Figure 4.1: Age of Respondent 52
Figure 4.2: Education Background of the Respondents
Figure 4.3: Ethnicity of the Respondents
Figure 4.4: Religion of the Respondents
Figure 4.5: Income level of Respondents
Figure 4.6: Length of Respondents
Figure 4.7: Visitation to the Beach
Figure 4.8: Reason for visiting the beach
Figure 4.9: Distance to the Beach
Figure 4.10: Natural Environment of the beach 63
Figure 4.11: Availability of Recreational Facilities
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Figure 4.12: System of the Beach Operation
Figure 4.13: Main Development Activities in the Community
Figure 4.14: Main Impact of the beach on the Community
Figure 4.15: Personal Impact of the Beach on Respondents
Figure 4.16: Contribution of the Beach to the Economic Development of the Community
Figure 4.17: Influence of the Beach on Community Economic Development
Figure 4.18: Level of Impact of the beach on the Community Development
Figure 4.19: Effort of Government in the Development of the beach
Figure 4.20: Rate of Effort of Government in the Development of the beach
Figure 4:21 Lack of funding by state government
Figure 4.22: Lack of funding by state government
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Figure 4.23: Lack of Awareness Programme
Figure 4.24: Suggestion for the Beach Development
List of Plates
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
In recent years, tourism has caught the attention of international organizations and institutions, as
well as experts and researchers, because it is considered an important engine for economic progress
and an effective tool to create new jobs and reduce poverty. Statistics and literature demonstrates
the importance of this industry in most countries of the world (growth in tourism arrivals, growth
in tourism revenues, and contribution to growth domestic product (Ashley et al., 2007). Globally
domestic tourism has continued to grow. In developed countries domestic tourism contributes to
60% of the total tourist revenue. earlier it is a foreign currency earner sector and a sector that is
changing so rapidly. The tourism industry is really a young line of business in this country, where
the development mainly has been left to the local market forces. Now-a-days this market has both
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national and international tourist actors competing for the existing market, basically composed of
a national tourism market and an international business market, (BPC 2015). According to the
WTO (2005) domestic tourism has led to employment creation, high economic growth and the
overall development of the tourism industry. Tourism is viewed as a growth sector offering growth
opportunities which other export commodities do not have (Vanhove, 2005:16). Tourism activities
are a major real estate sub-sector in most urban settlements. The availability of tourism destination
determines the extent or frequency with which people can relax themselves, since it is generally
believed that for proper and adequate development of the human body, relaxation is a vital tool
(Dabiri, 2006).
Tourism is massive business which is capital-intensive and generates massive employment and
income and also presupposes the direct involvement of both private and public sectors (Adejumo,
2000). For example, countries like Bahamas, Egypt, Kenya and some others in Central America
generate over 70% to 80% of their Gross National Product from beach tourism development
(Adejuwon, 2001).
Tourism potential in Nigeria is so vast but remains largely untapped and unexplored. Nigeria with
a land mass of over 356,000 square miles is a country with spectacular sights, a wide range of
fauna and exciting places for vacationing, exploration and sightseeing. The country is blessed with
tropical rain forests, savannah grasslands, mangrove swamps, and the Sahel savannah near the
Sahara. The boom of the early 1970’s brought about unprecedented development in the Nigerian
economic scene with the oil sector being the primary benefactor which lead to a structurally
imbalance in the economy. Before the advent of the oil boom, the Nigerian economy solely
depended on the agricultural sector for employment, foreign exchange, government revenue, raw
material etc (Afolabi, 2006).
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(Ogbuewu, 2003) buttressed this fact as Nigeria would be making a lot of money “by developing
the tourism sector” rather than depending solely on oil revenue. The fact also remain that the
country is mono-economy based in petroleum oil generates over 80% of the nation’s foreign
exchange and employing very low labour force as tourism agricultural sector.
Tourism in Nigeria is still in its infancy considering the large accumulation of resources which are
yet untapped and the institutional structure which is yet to be regulated to compete favorably with
other fast growing tourism destinations. Successive governments have tried in their very best to
put the industry in the national economic map but the sector could not meet up with the exclusive
listing. In Ondo State as a case study, the people of Araromi as well as Ondo State Government
are yet to know the importance of the natural and cultural attractions that they are blessed with.
They do not really know much about beach tourism and values of the development it can brings to
their community and revenue generation for the state. In Ondo state, efforts are hardly made to
developed Araromi beach. So, this research is simply pointing out how efforts should be made
towards promoting beach tourism in Ondo State through the evaluation of the beach potential for
the development of Araromi Community as well as settlements along the coastline.
1.2 Research Problem
The derivation of economic growth and development from material and mineral wealth is
gradually giving way to more cultural, natural and less exploitative means. The world is
increasingly focusing on achieving development by exploring avenues that hitherto would have
been thought to be incapable of producing any form of financial value. This diversion from the
norm is mostly centered on the concept of modification which involves giving value to the natural
tourism potentials of a locality, state or nation and thereby generating enough economic activity
and energy to attain development (Miller, 2007). The tourism industry is really a young line of
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business in this country, where the development mainly has been left to the local market forces.
Now-a-days this market has both national and international tourist actors competing for the
existing market, basically composed of a national tourism market and a international business
market, (BPC 2015). In Nigeria, there is usually no coordination between programmes that
promote and market tourism and those that manage coastal and marine areas. Integrated coastal
management often tends to be done only among environmental planning agencies. The lack of
required modern infrastructural facilities in some parts of the country, acute conditions of
underdevelopment and poverty can be seen which many potential tourists may not like to be
confronted with. Although coastal tourism constitutes a strong force in shaping coastal
communities and local, regional and national economies, it is generally not seen as a reputable
sector requiring policy, planning and management attention and resources in Nigeria. This is due
to the fact that information and data tend not to be gathered and aggregated under this heading.
Hence, the magnitude and importance of leisure and recreationally motivated development in the
coastal zones of Nigeria tend to be underrated, understudied and under managed. This has led to
its underdevelopment as a tourist attraction and most of its tourism resources are still in their
natural state. These and other related issues constitute what this research work sets out to address.
It is hoped that at the end of the research exercise, the misconceptions about beaches and other
water resources being used as hideouts for terrorists and kidnappers and water pollution and so on
would have been erased and people will not be scared of these places and government will also
see this area as potential source revenue generation which can produces millions of gainful
employment in the State.
Ondo State has a tourism potential to reckon with but unfortunately the resources have never been
harnessed to meet up with the required standard. The development of tourism in Nigeria is a
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diverse project that needs attention from all the three tiers of government. Looking at the resources
at hand such as good weather, beaches, monuments, historical sites and hospitable people, Nigeria
should be leading the other African countries in the provision of tourism, but such is not the case.
Nevertheless, Nigeria is blessed with abundant tourism destinations so if properly managed, it will
compete with the rest of the world.
1.3 Research Questions
1. What is socio economic characteristics of the Residents?

2. What is the existing situation of Araromi beach?
3. What is the present impacts and what would be the impacts of Araromi beach development
in the host Community, Ondo State if well developed by government?
4. What should be the role of Government, Private sector and community participation in the
development of Araromi Beach?
5. What are the problems facing the development of the beach and suggest strategy that could
be adopted for the development and management of Araromi beach?
4.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study
4.4.1 Aim of Study
The main aim of this research is to evaluate tourism potential of Araromi beach for the
development of Araromi Community in Ondo State as regard to the coastal area of the state.
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4.4.2 Research Objectives
To achieve the above stated aim, the objectives are to:
I. Examine the socio economic characteristic of the residents
II. Assess existing situation of Araromi beach
III. Examine the present basic impacts and future impacts of Araromi beach development
in the host community and Ondo State at large if well developed
IV. Identify the role of Government, private sector and community participation in the
development of Araromi beach
V. Identify challenges facing the beach development and suggest strategy for the
development and management.
1.5 Justification of the Study
It is said that all progress is born of inquiry for it leads to invention. The tourism attractions play
a decisive role in tourism development. This study on beach tourism in Ondo state coastline will
help in the documentation of the importance of beaches in both archaeology and tourism with
special reference to Araromi Beach, and to make it a popular attraction to all Nigerians as well at
international level. The research will draw the attention of all the stakeholders to the need to
develop this resource as a beach tourism attraction in the state.
The research will attempt to draw the attention of the State government and community to the need
to develop the beaches and make them the stewards of their heritage. Moreover, the study will
explore and bring to light the benefits of beach tourism and its role in tourism development so as
to attract tourists and investors to Araromi land in particular and Ondo State in general. This will
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help project the national image of the State internationally there by promoting beach tourism in
the state and also in Nigeria.
More so, Experts have noted that tourism if well-developed may turn out to be veritable source of
wealth transfer from the developed to the developing countries. (Silva etal, 2007) observed that
beach tourism activities enable the provision of physical infrastructure such as effective
transportation and road networks, social utilities like health and toilet facilities for tourists to feel
at home. Tourism enables in the improvement in the social outlook as it will benefit the people
and the non-dwellers of Ondo State.
Lastly, the research study will be of great help to scholars, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in
Nigeria both at Federal and State level, as they will get to know the factors that promote beach
tourism in Nigeria.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study will cover the evaluation of tourism potential for the development of
Araromi as the beach will serve as the growth pole factor in the region. Also, to identify the
strategies for developing Araromi Beach. In this research work, the role of government and the
private sector in the development of the beach for tourism promotion in the state will be looked
into as well as to identify the basic impacts of beach tourism development in the host community
and Ondo State at large. More so, to determine the level of community participation in developing
Araromi beach and finally, to suggest strategy that will promote the development of the beach.
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Plate I: Map showing the boundary of Araromi settlement
Source: Google map, 2018.
1.7 Definition of Terms
TOURISM: “tourism involves the movement or travel of people to, and stay in a destination
outside their normal place of residence or work; that stay is usually of a short term and temporary
nature (at least 24 hours). The visit is for a specific purpose for instance, (a) leisure or holiday or
recreational or (b) business or (c) Visiting friends and relatives but not connected with paid job or
employment” (Dieke, 2008).
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TOURISTS: This are people whose purpose of visiting is to have themselves relieve of
burdensome of work, without involving in any economic activity that could bring income to them.
However, for the purpose of this research, it is not limited to recreational purpose, but also includes
research and academics.
BEACH: It is a landform along the shoreline of an ocean, sea, lake or river. It usually consists of
loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles or
cobblestones. The particles comprising the beach are occasionally biological in origin such as
mollusc shells or coralline algae. Beaches are the result of wave action by which waves or currents
move sand or other loose sediments of which the beach is made as these particles are held on
suspension. The rock materials move onshore, offshore or along shore by the forces of waves and
currents. Most beach materials are the products of weathering and erosion.
BEACH TOURISM: This refers to the type of tourism which takes place at the seaside- so resorts
figure highly here” (Page & Connell, 2006). Beach or coastal tourism embraces the full range of
tourism, leisure and recreationally oriented activities that take place in the coastal zone and the off
shore coastal water. Coastal tourism is based on a unique resource combination at the border of
land and sea environment: sun, water, beaches, outstanding scenic views, rich biological diversity
(birds, whales, corals and so on), sea food and good transportation infrastructure.
BEACH RESORT: A beach resort is a resort located on the coast. It can also be a resort hotel or
resort town located on the coast.
RECREATION: Recreation, which has the concept of leisure, is described in various ways.
Recreation is form of play or amusement that pleasantly occupies one’s time after work. United
Nation (United Nation, 1988) gives a technical definition of recreation as “an activity carried out
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by free choice”. It implies the restoration of human Physical and Psychic well-being, the
development of the individual and enrichment of one’s spiritual capacity.
1.8 Background Information of the Study Area
1.8.1 Historical Background of Ilaje
The study area (Ilaje) is a community located in Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo state. The
people of Ilaje are a very versatile, dynamic set of individuals and the people are mostly located
along the coastline. Tracing their origin, Ilajes were stated to have left their ancestral home in Ile-
Ife during the 10th century to come and settle down and make themselves homes at the coastline
of Ondo State, known for their adaptation and abilities in the water, the people were able to cope
with their environment quite well. The people of Ilaje have a very rich tradition and culture that
has survived over the years. As stated earlier, the people of Ilaje are resourceful and dynamic and
it shows in the various activities they do which includes fishing, farming, wood logging, etc. Ilaje
consists of over four hundred towns and villages, covering an area of 234,000 square kilometres
and a population of 290,615 at the 2006 census. Ilaje Local Government is the largest Local
Government in Ondo State in terms of land mass, it has a shoreline covering about 180 km thereby
making Ondo state the longest coastline in Nigeria (Ibidun, 2010). Crude oil, which is the main
stay of the Nigeria economy is being explored and exploited in the Local Government area likewise
Bitumen for which exploitation will soon begin. Ondo State is therefore one of the Oil producing
state in the Federation. (Wikipedia, 2015). Ilaje is divided into 5 kingdoms with each divided into
settlements, the kingdoms in Ilaje includes Ugbo Kingdom, Igbotu Kingdom, Aheri Kingdom,
Mahin Kingdom and Etikan Kingdom. Ugbo is the major Kingdom in Ilaje land and is ruled by
OLU-UGBO of Ugbo Kingdom. Mahin Kingdom is ruled by the Amapetu of Mahin, Ekitan
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Kingdom is ruled by the Onikan of Ekitan while Aheri is ruled by the Maporure of Aheri Kingdom.
(IGN, 2015).
Figure 1.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Ondo state and other coastal States
Source: Author’s GIS work
1.8.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF ILAJE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
Ilaje Local Government was created out of the defunct Ilaje/Ese-Odo Local Government Area on
October 1, 1996 by the federal government. It consists of over four hundred towns and villages,
covering an area of 3,000 square kilometers. It shares boundary in the North with Okitipupa Local
Government, the south by Atlantic Ocean, in the West by Ogun State and in the East by Delta
State. It is covered by troughs and undulating low land surfaces. The extreme South is covered by
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silt, and mud and superficial sedimentary deposits. Ilaje is a local government area in Ondo state
and shares boundaries with Ikale by the North, Ijebus by the West, Itsekiri by the East, Atlantic
Ocean by the South with the Apoi and Arogbo Ijaw to the North East. It is located within longitude
5.166667˚E and latitude 7.366667˚N.
Figure 1.2: Map of Ondo state showing Ilaje Local Government

Source: Author’s GIS work
1.8.3 RELIEF
Ilaje is a wetland region. It originally had dense mangrove forests and swamps sand filled. The
resources are lagoons, sea and waterfronts. The region experiences a tropical climate with south
westerlies which are onshore. The area experiences semi-diurnal tidal regime with two inequalities
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which and is exposed to the wet and dry major seasons in the region. The hamattarn (dust haze)
which is a short season in the dry season is also recorded in the area. The wet season stretches
most times from May to November, the dry season is usually from December to April. The rains
usually come at the middle of April in most years.
1.8.4 CULTURE AND TRADITION
Cultural/traditional activities and mementos abound in the Local Government Area. No tourist
walks without taking second look. For instance, the Ayelala Shrine, which exist at a river junction
called “It a Ayelala”, is only a few kilometers from the Local Government Headquarters. Ayelala
is a powerful and widely respected goddess because of its capacity and wizards caught up in the
clutches of Ayelala are known to confess their sins in the open. It could be invoked to unravel the
causes of diabolical cause of mysteries. The advent of the white missionaries saw the Ilajes
embracing Christianity with full force, with a slight majority of the Christians among them
worshipping with the Cherubim and Seraphim Church of Zion, which has its headquarters in Ugbo
Nla. There are also considerable amount of Anglican and Jehovah witness worshippers.
Traditionally, it is grouped into 8 kingdoms namely: Mahin land under His Royal Majesty,
Amapetu of Mahin, Ugboland which is under His Royal Majesty Olugbo of Ugbo Kingdom. Aheri
land under the Maporure and Etikan land under the Onikan of Etikan, Odonla land under the
Alagho of Odonla, Obenla land under the Olubo of Obenla, Obe Ogbaro land under the Odoka of
Obe Ogbaro, Igbokoda under the Olu of Iggbokoda and Igboegunrin under the Odede of
Igboegunrin.
Being migrants from Yoruba land, it would be surprising to know that the core Ilaje traditional
dress code borrows from outside the Yoruba tribe. The Ilaje traditional mode of dressing is of the
semblance of the Itsekiris or Urhobos with slight modifications. The men dress in wrapper with a
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buba top and a hat with feather stuck in one part of the hat, while the women dress in blouse and
wrapper. But, in the past few decades, most Ilaje have embraced the conventional Yoruba mode
of dressing, except on special occasions. Ilaje Community is known for their special delicacies,
the presence of fish is emphasized in all their foods, there are special kinds of foods prepared.
These foods are peculiar only to the Ilaje. They include the Pupuru and Obe Marugbo, pupuru etc.
which are special delicacies in Ilaje area.
1.8.5 Socio-Economic Importance of Ilaje
The community is defined by similar culture, language, religion, etc. Through the white
missionaries that arrived in Ilage land, many people took up the religion of Christianity. There
were people who as Christians worshiped with the Cherubim and Seraphim Church of Zion, which
was situated its headquarters in Ugbo Nla. Apart from Christians from Cherubim and Seraphim
Church, there were other Christians who were Anglicans and also those people who were Jehovah
witnesses. The occupational activities of the Ilajes include fishing, canoe making, lumbering net
making, mat making, Launch building, farming and trading. Igbokoda, the Ilaje local government
headquarters is fast becoming an international trade center as it popular market attracts traders not
only from other part of Nigeria, but, also from other African countries especially Togo Benin,
Ghana, Cameroon and Gabon. The closeness of Ilaje land to Lagos which is only about 30
kilometres and its aquatic environment present the area as a suitable environment for Tourism
development. It is hoped that the Ondo State Government and indeed the Federal Government of
Nigeria will realize the importance of the pleasant natural geographical condition of the area and
develop it into a world class Tourist Attraction/Centre.
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1.9. Research Limitation
It is said that for success to be achieved, there must be setbacks that can either deter or mar
someone from achieving his or her aim. In other words, a research work must experience some
limitations too. This research is intended to yield as much result as possible but so many constraints
were encountered during the study. Finance was one of the limiting factors encountered
considering the fact that the researcher traveled all the way Ilaje Community for this research. The
cost of transportation was high which made my trip to the destination area very expensive. Also,
the mode of transportation to the sea school located in an island is by water which became scary
for the researcher to embark on being the first time traveling on water but later considered it an
adventure since that is what tourism is all about. Finally, another constraint faced during the course
of the research is attitude of the respondents towards helping the researcher to filled the
questionnaire given to them.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
2.1 Literature Review
World Travel and Tourism Council (2010) indicated that over the last few decades several
countries have looked towards tourism as a means of employment creation and poverty reduction
and generally for promoting development and economic growth. (Richard and Dennis, 2005),
find the following result in its studies carried out on how tourism development affects socio-
economic development. It was concurring that the average earnings per job in tourism countries
were not significantly different that in other non-metro countries and it was found that there is no
direct relationship between local dependency on tourism and local earnings per job in our tourism
countries. However, in his regression analysis found a positive relationship between tourism and
growth in earnings per job during the 1990s.
(Mowforth and Munt, 2003), argues that the growth of mass tourism has led to a range of problems,
which have become more obvious over the recent years. It includes environmental, social and
cultural poverty. Contrary to this assertion (Godfrey & Clarke J, 2000), put it that if tourism is well
planned, developed and managed in a socially responsible manner, it can bring several types of
socio-cultural benefits. For instance, it improves the living standards of people and help pay for
improvements to community facilities and services if the economic benefits of tourism are well
distributed. A possible way to prevent this development is to promote and invest in sustainable
tourism; an alternative form of tourism that could help to protect the natural, cultural and social
environment of a destination. This form of tourism whether it is called eco-tourism, responsible
travel or other, is a reaction of the consequences of mass tourism.
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(Veal, 2006), argues that tourism has become sensitive to and depended on a high quality
sustainable environment. Therefore, tourism marketing in the future must focus on forms of
tourism that are sensitive to sustain the environmental integrity of nature and cultural heritage
resources. He also expects that sustainable tourism will, in the future, make an economic
contribution to both the world economy and the economies of the local destination.
(Godfrey & Clarke, 2000), explained that socio-cultural changes of tourism relate to local quality
of life and sense of place. Positive changes in the quality of life could be as follows: personal
income increases, helps to improve living standards for those more directly involved in industry,
supports the diversity of restaurants and other cultural entertainment, influence the assortment of
goods for sale in many local shops that would not be available in the same amount if tourism did
not exist to support them, park areas are often improved, street furniture and design criteria
introduced, greater care and attention placed on overall environmental quality, new opportunities.
(Government of India, 2004) described that Bangladesh does not have enough effort to promote
the country as a tourist destination therefore Bangladesh government has to make aware the
tourists about what to see, where to stay and what to eat. He emphasized for the development of
tourism industry, Bangladesh need to develop the infrastructure like hotels, resorts, promoting
more places and there should have a link of the government tourism organization with the private
sector to boost up the promotional activities for the same. So a coherent interdepartmental support
and effective promotional campaigns are advisable to boost up the sector.
(Saarinen, 2006) says that “For sustainable tourism to occur, it must be closely integrated with all
other activities that occur in the host region”. According to this statement it can be concluded that
there is a responsibility that lies on the industry but also on powerful organizations within the
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destination. Management and control therefore seems necessary to be able to integrate
sustainability in tourism development.
(Moscardo, 2011) identify in the research conducted on local community attitudes towards tourism
development in Tioman Island, he stated that tourism brings improvement of their quality of life.
The more benefit respondents’ perceived gaining from tourism personally, the more likely they
are to increase the support for tourism development. (Stephen & Smith, 2010) stated that personal
benefit and costs should be evaluated carefully and when benefits exceed cost the perception tend
to be positively attitudes towards tourism development. Personal benefits from tourism
development had been identified as a significant aspect associated with the attitudes towards
tourism development.
Nor Azah Mustapha and Inoormaziah Azman (2013) conducted a study in Tioman Island Malaysia
on barriers to community participation in tourism development in Island Destination, Local people
need to be aware of their right to voice opinions related to their living surroundings as they are the
one that going to be impacted by the tourism development. For external factors like operational
and structure barriers, other stakeholder’s especially local authority and management, private
sectors as well as non-government organizations needs to change their perception and create a
space for local community to participate in tourism development to the island.
(Olorunfemi & Emmanuel, 2013) find the following result in its studies carried out on performance
assessment of Lokoja Confluence Beach as a tourist site on how tourism development affects
socio-economic development. It was concurred that tourism industry is labour intensive and people
oriented, embracing a wide range of occupation, skills and private sector initiatives. The industry
offers a vast range of investment and job opportunities which are sometimes new and very often
provide unequalled opportunity for improving the living standard of the people.
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(Easterly, 2001) studies the impact of service quality on tourists’ satisfaction in Malaysia rural
tourism, they found that service quality has significant impact and positive relationship with
customer satisfaction. Tourist choice of activities can be viewed as the link between motives for
traveling and perception of satisfaction. As it was mentioned above, tourism is a fast growing
industry in the world. It has become potentially important for some countries as their major source
of income. Apart from being an economic backbone of some countries, it also helps in the socio
economic development of the host communities.
2.1.1 Tourism
Paul (2010) defined tourism as recreation activities requiring at least one night’s stay away from
home following a recreational interest. Likewise, Swarbrook and Horner (2007, p.4) defined
tourism as a short term movement of people to places some distance away from their place of
residence to indulge in pleasurable activities. It also involves travel for business purposes. It could
be similar to recreation which the United Nations also sees as an activity which involves relaxation
and enjoyment with only time being its major constraint. Tourism could be regarded as a set of
activities that is dedicated to cater for the comfort and pleasure of people who want to journey
from place to place of interest for leisure, recreation and entertainment purposes (Adekoya, 2000).
2.1.2 Tourism Development
Tourism is widely acknowledged as an effective tool for socio-economic development, because of
the possible backward and forward linkages with the rest sectors of the economy, which allows it
to facilitate employment opportunities, income, local economic development, and enhance the
quality of life (Hall, 2007). Tourism has come out as important element in regional development.
Tourisms social and economic impacts are not only felt at the local level where tourism occurs,
but also at the regional level. Telfer and Sharpley (2008) put much focus on the less developed
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countries and have brought up many assumptions regarding the role tourism had in their
development. Tourism is the main source of jobs in the localities where tourism activities take
place. Additionally, tourism growth plays a major role in giving the less developed regions equal
access opportunities to the benefits of its growth (Babu 2008, 25).
(Pearce & Butler 2002, 102) examined the current issues and reasons behind tourism development
as strategies of developing more urban areas and providing a foundation for more informed tourism
integration in regional development. (Manwa, 2012) argue that for tourism to be sustainable the
community has to benefit directly from it, this will enable them to protect and conserve the
resources upon which it is based.
According to United Nations World Tourism Organisation, ( 2001) stated that tourism has grown
in terms of destinations as there has been a widespread increase in the geographical expansion of
tourism throughout the globe which has made it possible for many developing countries to
developed tourism at their own pace for socio-economic advancement. Tourism development at
regional level can catalyze new dynamics that help improve the general economic growth. It can
also significantly contribute to improved land use and planning by attracting more people to new
regions where tourism is developing to avoid overpopulation in the urban areas.
The relationship that exists between the tourism and regional development has clearly been
presented in different studies especially by Rayan and Stabler, (2010). Which is further
emphasized by (Simpson, 2008) that apart from the type of tourism, the extent to which tourism
confers economic benefits on any country also depends on the expectations of the tourists and the
host country’s ability to provide appropriate and adequate facilities and unless economic policies
are put in place to promote tourism, it remains a focus in developing countries, tourism will not be
a potential source of economic growth.
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(Ekanayake & Lonng, 2012) stated that problem with the developing countries is inadequate
infrastructure generally and tourism supporting infrastructure in particular. There is nowhere the
problem of inadequate infrastructure is most pronounced than in Nigeria where the dearth of
infrastructure is compounded by the inability to maintain the few existing ones and replicate
infrastructure to areas lacking in amenities usually outside of the capital and major cities. While
tourism presents developing countries like Nigeria with huge opportunity and scope for economic
diversification, efforts should be made to manage possible adverse social and environmental
impacts. Although the quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to
tourism, this cannot be taken for granted given the complex relationships that exist between
tourism and the environment (Mbaiwe, 2003).
2.1.3 Tourism Development in Nigeria
It is a general phenomenon that the availability of tourism products and services combined with
abundant tourism destination stimulate tourism development in any nation. In this regards, Nigeria
has abundant tourism components that could make her the leading tourism provider in Africa. The
attractions are numerous ranging from places of natural beauty to cultural and historical heritage.
Other Nigerian tourism components include transportation, accommodation, recreational facilities
and entertainment facilities among others (Adora, 2010). All these components combined together
make Nigerian tourism a science and art of business attraction to the visitors in order to cater for
their various needs (Stephen & Smith, 2010). Apart from that, the all-year-round favourable
weather make her a major target for tourists all across the world. All these potentials could be
found in all the 36 states, including the federal capital territory Abuja. Nigeria is blessed with a
variety of tourist destinations that are spread across the country and these destinations are either
natural or man-made and they were properly managed to some appreciable extent (Adora, 2010).
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Nigeria´s tourism potentials is directly associated with the quality of life as it offers visitors the
privilege to take a break away from the difficulties and stresses of everyday life from their original
environment as it provides the context for relaxation and opportunity to do something different
and less stressful in Nigeria (Page S. J., 2009).
2.1.4 Beach Tourism and Development
(Falco-Mammone, 2005), explained that beaches are tourist sites or attractions that have economic
value (i.e. beaches are economic assets). These economic development benefits could spread
beyond the immediate environment of the beach. Moreover, businesses at the beachfront are
supplied by businesses in nearby metropolitan areas (James, Lenore, & William , 2005).
In more recent years, the beach has been a place of diversion and recreation. It also has spiritual,
natural and cultural advantages (Falco- Mammone, 2005). In today’s world, beach tourism is
diversifying in nature and becoming more sophisticated while changing and developing in
response to tourist needs. Meanwhile beach tourism incorporates other characteristics such as art,
culture and environmental aesthetics.
(Urbaine, 2003) further stressed that beach tourists engage in sunbathing, camping, picnicking,
and aquatic sports. Despite associated economic benefits, beach resort development faces
problems due to the inability of stakeholders to make sound decisions about sustainable design.
This to the complexity of the sustainability issues and lack of a comprehensive decision-making
tool to assist in the process. (Ahmed, 2001), expressed thus in order to make beaches more
favourable and conducive, countries like the United Kingdom, Jamaica, Canada, Poland and New
Zealand have established a rating system for beach health and safety; featuring information on
pollution, availability of safety materials for the tourists and security. This is exemplified by the
Blue Flag Campaign which started in Europe in 1987 (Campaign, 2004).
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(James R. J., 2000) has made an attempt in classifying beaches. He identified ethnic, shared,
intensive and conservative beaches in his classification. The ethnic beaches are situated in
indigenous or strongly traditional areas and are characterized by infrastructure built with
traditional architecture and materials while shared beaches have two or more simultaneous coastal
activities, tourism being one of them. Intensive beaches are focused on the leisure experience of
the tourists. Their main features are high beach-user density, long tourist season, strong
infrastructure and facilities, and wide tourist services while conservative beaches are focused on
environmental quality and protection of Beach development involves gradual growth of sandy area
beside the sea, lake or river that is strongly developed for the purpose of recreation, tourism and
leisure activities. Beach beautification is enhanced by both hard and soft landscaping elements
which include inorganic elements (roads, paths, sculptures, statues, buildings, etc.) as hard
landscaping materials, and organic or natural elements (ornamental plants such as trees) as soft
landscaping elements.high natural values.
2.1.6 Tourism Planning
Tourism development cannot be discussed without taking into consideration the planning of
tourism. Tourism planning has recently been acknowledged from three different levels, namely
the national, local and personal attractions. The central government coordinates and manages the
tourist regions in the whole country, possibly through policy development, national standard and
institutions. Also, it involves the developing and planning of individual tourist attractions, services
and facilities to serve the tourists’ need. At the local level, it equally involved the planning and
management of tourist destination area and these factors are equally important to that of the
national level (Godfrey & Clarke, 2000). Apart from that, the local government also involve
themselves in the organization and development of visitors’ attractions and services in and around
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destination regions. These regions are the basic element of tourism. They are the major point for
the supply of tourism services such as accommodation, catering, tourist information, transportation
and all other tourist services. These services are the reasons why national and local government
focused attention on them in order to establish a maintainable tourism destination.
Tourism planning has evolved from two related but distinct sets of planning philosophies and
methods. On the one hand, tourism is one of many activities in an area that must be considered as
part of physical, environmental, social, and economic planning. Therefore, it is common to find
tourism addressed, at least partially, in a regional land use, transportation, recreation, economic
development, or comprehensive plan.
The destination regions must have many values ranging from cultural, historical and even
environmental in which it is necessary to be maintained in order to attract tourists. The majority
of tourists are concerned about the destination in which they will spend their holiday. So, the
natural environment of the host regions, their buildings and tourist institutions, their people, culture
and history and other forms of tourist elements are what the tourists wanted to experience in the
destination. (George, Maire, & Reid, 2009).
2.1.7 Tourism Marketing
Tourism marketing is the method of applying the correct marketing concepts and ideology to
planning a strategy to attract tourists to particular destinations which may come in form of resort,
city, region or country. However, tourism and marketing go hand in hand. Marketing of tourism is
very important because it is a process of planning and executing the conception, which includes
pricing and promotion and distribution of ideals and goods and services. (Cooper, Fletcher , Fyall,
& Gilbert, 2008). The growth in tourism industry can also be attributed to the increase in tourism
marketing. Tourism marketing is the method of applying the correct marketing concepts and
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ideology to planning a strategy to attract tourists to particular destinations which may come in
form of resort, city, region or country. Marketing is a process of planning and executing the
conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges
that will satisfy individual and organizational goals. Referring to the definition in the concept of
tourism marketing, it revolves around planning for tourism from the demand and supply concept
in order to satisfy both the host communities (suppliers of tourism) and the visitors.
(Godfrey & Clarke, 2000). Marketing is a process of identifying customer’s satisfaction, design
appropriate product and design a market to convey it to the final consumer (Pierre, 2000). It can
also be a way of executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and
services to create an exchange that satisfied individual and organizational goals. Referring the
definition in the concept of tourism marketing, it revolves around planning for tourism from the
demand and supply concept in order to satisfy both the visitors and the communities.
The application of marketing in tourism industry is an equal focus on the ‘’four Ps’’ (Product,
Place, Price and Promotion). Product: the destination or region as a product can only be consumed
by travelling to that region. Equivalently, the product is also the place and each tourist can consume
or buy the product/place at different prices (Kolb, 2006). As a matter of fact, when marketing a
city, price is the least of focus. This is because it discourages some tourists whose intention is to
have fun without paying anything. Promotion is an awareness created by media and other
advertising agents for the events.
The promotion of socio-economic expansion by tourism was driven by the fact that, as an export
industry, it encourages new spending within the local or host communities. This spending creates
job opportunities, socio-cultural interaction, pride and appreciation, understanding and respect,
and even tolerance for each other’s culture and norms (Kolb, 2006). In addition to the socio-
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economic benefits, tourism development tends to appreciate local cultures, promote solidarity from
cultural exchange give rooms for comprehendible feelings of both the host communities and the
tourists (Kolb, 2006). However, based on the increase in tourism awareness all over the world, it
has been a general notice that social and economic tourism play a vital role in the sustainability of
the global tourism. While social tourism explains how satisfied a tourist is at any destination,
economic tourism modifies the financial affordability of the situation. Therefore, social and
economic tourism are directly the pillars of sustaining tourism in the world.
2.1.8 Importance Tourism in Nigeria
Tourism is a vital factor that can contribute to any country’s economy. In fact, it can directly be
stated that tourism has a connecting link with the cultural, social, economic and intellectual
potentials of a nation and the current trends show that tourism is defined as one of the most
profitable and fast-growing industries in the globe. It is an industry that has many sectors which
can independently contribute to the economy of a nation. Such sectors include transportation,
travel and tourism, tour operation, restaurants, hotels, telecommunications, construction and
manufacturing, just to mention few.
According to World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and International Hotel and Restaurant
Association (IH&RA), tourism not only assists in job creation and wealth acquisition, but also
contributes to sustainable development of a nation. Equivalently, tourism stimulates recreational,
educational and socio-cultural values in Nigeria.
Tourists who travel to Nigeria bring along their own value system and exchange their values to the
way of life of Nigerians and vice versa. By so doing, socio-cultural and educational exchange
occurs between the host community and the visitors and thereby widens their horizons and also
teaches them how to appreciate other people’s culture and value system (Adora , 2010).
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On the other hand, tourism has a great economic advantage in Nigeria. Tourism experts argue that
tourism is a catalyst to economic development as it generates foreign exchange for the country.
The income generated from the international tourists is an essential source of earnings in Nigeria
and from the economic point of view, it encourages financial flow from other countries into
Nigeria.
(Adora,2010) In a country such as Britain, tourism plays an essential part to the development of
the economy. In 1999, research reveals that over 25.5 million people visited Britain for tourism
purposes and made tourism expenditure to grow to about 61 billion pounds and the total jobs
created in the tourism related business were estimated to around nearly 1.8 million. In the same
year, figures show that international tourists spent over 13 billion pounds thereby contributing
immensely to the GDP in Britain (UK House of Common (UKHOC)., 2000). Similarly, in Spain,
tourism is the major contributory factor to national development. Between 1996 and 1999, the
inbound tourism in Spain increased at a fast rate giving a figure of more than 10 million with an
annual growth rate of about 12%. Also, the component of tourism demands also increased from
27 million in 1996 to 34 million in 1999 (Last, 2001). There is clear evidence that tourism plays a
significant role in the GDP of Spain. Another major benefit of tourism to Nigeria is its capacity to
stimulate infrastructural development in the country. As a matter of fact, the authentic reason for
most of the states in Nigeria to invest in tourism is the ability to benefit from the provision of
infrastructural facilities. One of such states is Cross River. The Cross river state government has
embarked on the development of new infrastructural facilities such as roads and water supply and
the improvement on the existing facilities such as airports, electricity, hotels and tourist village
such Obudu Mountain ranch and Tinapa (Adora , 2010). Another vital importance of tourism in
Nigeria is the area of employment opportunities. The development of infrastructural facilities
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creates jobs for people. It is quite obvious in Nigeria that the tourism sector employs a large number
of people providing a variety of jobs ranging from transportation to accommodation as the case
may be. As it was mentioned earlier, the creation of infrastructure such as roads, water supply,
electricity and the construction and maintenance of hotels and airports provides unlimited number
of jobs for both skilled and unskilled labour, particularly in Cross river state where the state
government has embarked on an essential tourism development project in the state (Adora , 2010).
Furthermore, tourism is an element of promoting international goodwill and relationships among
several nations of the world. For the fact that tourism is a socio-cultural phenomenon, promoting
various cultures and value system, it encourages regional understanding, cooperation and social
interaction among Nigerians and different visitors from across the world. Tourism has played a
vital role in the development of Nigeria. The importance of tourism to Nigerian socio-economic
values cannot be underrated. It has played a significant role in the lives of many Nigerians and it
has also help to foster relationships with the people of the outside world.
2.1.9 Sustainable Tourism Development and Management
The rapid growth of coastal tourism in the last 40 years is one of the major reasons for the urban
infrastructural development of these coastal areas and consequent coastal environmental problems
(Hall, 2001). The question of sustainability is particularly important in the context of coastal
tourism, which is an activity at the interface of humankind, land and water (Ramachandran,
Enserink , & Balchand, 2005). Coastal tourism, therefore, is facing the challenge of balancing
tourism’s economic advantages with maintaining environmental sustainability and the inevitable
change of its own character with the progress of time. The sea beaches perform, in this context a
fundamental role where the issues related to planning and management are increasingly more
important when it comes to the implementation of sustainable development strategies (Silva,
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Alves, & Rochas, 2007). The notion of sustainability in case of coastal tourism fully acknowledges
that environmental and social sustainability cannot be seen in isolation (Thiele, Pollnac, &
Christie, 2005).
Tourism development in Araromi has been the major catalyst for a wide spectrum of
environmental and social changes ranging from accentuated rates of beach erosion to coastal
pollution and eventual devastation of coastal biodiversity, Araromi has suffered a lot due to
unsustainable tourism practices. Its social life has also been altered drastically. The massage
parlours as well as mushrooming of alcohol serving bars are the only few examples of this
alteration. However, with the advent of tourism and associated virtual and real restrictions on
beach accessibility, these activities cannot be performed there in the same manner. Tackling these
problems are herculean tasks, but not the impossible ones.
A well-coordinated long term effort, both from public and private enterprises and especially from
the local communities, can certainly reduce the unsustainable practices and eventually lead to a
new approach of enhancing tourism, which will be both economically viable and environmentally
sustainable (Tosun, 2005). The immediate task, therefore, for the local government in particular
and the state government in general, is to articulate the channels of positive interventions to
actively engage the local community in managing the whole tourism process by themselves and in
turn creating ecologically sustainable and economically beneficial local resource pools (Sreekumar
& Parayil, 2002).
2.2 Conceptual Framework of Tourism Development
Tony Binns et al., (2002) in their paper reveal that the promotion of tourism has been identified as
a key strategy that can lead to economic upliftment, community development and poverty relief in
the developing world. In view of the comparative nature of this work, it is therefore important to
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examine some concept or strategy of tourism development which has been put in practice in some
developing countries over the years.
2.2.1 Sustainable Tourism Development concept
The rapid growth of coastal tourism in the last 40 years is one of the major reasons for the urban
infrastructural development of these coastal areas and consequent coastal environmental problems
(Hall,2001). The question of sustainability is particularly important in the context of coastal
tourism, which is an activity at the interface of humankind, land and water (Ramachandran et al.,
2005). Coastal tourism, therefore, is facing the challenge of balancing tourism’s economic
advantages with maintaining environmental sustainability and the inevitable change of its own
character with the progress of time.
English Tourism Council, (2002) stated that “Sustainable tourism is about managing tourism’s
impacts on the environment, communities, and the future economy to make sure that the effects
are positive rather than negative for the benefit of future generations. It is a management approach
that is relevant to all types of tourism, regardless of whether it takes place in cities, towns,
countryside or the coast”.
The development of a tourist destination must be comprehensive, adapted to the changes, balanced
and sustainable which must help to optimize economic environment and social development of the
residents, preserving the cultural and natural heritage and satisfying both the needs of visitors as
local population. The training of tourism professionals, both continuous and initial, is certainly a
strategic element to face the changes that are happening in the sector, (tourisk, 2004).
Tourism development at regional level can catalyze new dynamics that will help to improve the
general economic growth. It can also significantly contribute to improved land use and planning
by attracting more people to new regions where tourism is developed to avoid overpopulation in
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the urban areas. (Raina and Agarwal 2004) in their research investigated the local and place based
factors that influenced development of tourism and tried to explain why tourism regions developed
faster than other regions. Telfer & Sharpley (2008) put much focus on the less developed countries
and have brought up many assumptions regarding the role tourism had in community development.
Sustainable tourism embraces a community-oriented approach, encouraging community
involvement and participation (Keyser, 2002). From the definitions of sustainable tourism three
fundamental points are emphasized:
 Quality: Sustainable tourism involved providing quality experiences for visitors, while
improving the quality of life of the host community.
 Continuity: Sustainable tourism ensures the continuity of the natural resources upon
which it is based, and the continuity of the culture of the host communities.
 Balance: Sustainable tourism balances the needs of the tourism industry, supporters of the
environment, and the local community.
Tackling unsustainability problems are herculean tasks, but not the impossible ones. A well-
coordinated long term effort, both from public and private enterprises and especially from the local
communities, can certainly reduce the unsustainable practices and eventually lead to a new
approach of enhancing tourism, which will be both economically viable and environmentally
sustainable (Tosun, 2005). Hence there is need to coordinate all effort from government, private,
community member as well as tourists, in other to achieved this: the concept of sustainable
development should be adopted. Figure 2.1 below show the link cycle of sustainable tourism
practice.
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Figure 2.1: Illustrate the cornerstone of sustainable tourism development.
Source: Adapted from (Keyser, 2002)
2.2.2 Tourism Marketing Concept
Marketing strategies or trading strategies consist of actions carried out to achieve specific goals
related to marketing, such as to provide a new product, increase sales or achieve greater market
share. Marketing also refers to cost leadership, product diversification, positioning, satisfaction
and image measurement, market segmentation and product development. The implementation of
these strategies could be adapted to the field of destination competitiveness. (Metin & Seyhmus
2011).
Prasain, (2006), observes that tourism has emerged as an important activity of mankind, with
increasing demand for recreation and leisure. It has become one of the major industries of the
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world, recognized by entrepreneurs and governments of all countries. Hence tourism marketing
tool is a vital tool to achieved this.
According to EEA (2001), the general growth in tourism and especially tourism in the coastal areas
is associated with the improvements in transportation systems, increased personal incomes and
leisure time and greater public awareness of world destinations due to improved communications.
2.2.3 Destination Development and Management concept
Howie (2003), states that managing destinations ensures that the destination has the perfect blend
of all the products and services that customers would need. In this regard, they state that destination
management should have much of their attention on the things that would negatively affect tourists
experience at these destinations. Well managed destinations are often sustainable and thus have
the potential to continue contributing to the economy and to grow.
Proper destination management also provides the opportunity to maximize the benefits of tourism
growth in these destinations. Continuous growth in these destinations further presents more room
for job opportunities thus improving the many livelihoods. Due to the benefits these destinations
provide the local community such as job opportunities, effective management can therefore mean
providing job security to the locals being that there is no likelihood of failure which can result to
loss of jobs. (Buhalis 2000, 97).
This suggested that relevant actions should be put in place to bring Araromi beach to the world
market via effectiveness in infrastructure and facilities development, adopting various advertising
measure such as online marketing, magazine publication and broadcasting. Good marketing
strategies can help influence and change visitors‟ views and perception about a place and make
them want to visit these destinations. Strategies such as hosting the Olympics or football games
can make people visit even after the games are over. When it comes to visiting a place, travelers
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normally want to receive the best hospitality services and products. With this in mind, tourism
marketing can play a significant role in showing the outsiders what that particular destination can
offer and the hospitality standards of the places (Islam 2012, 56).
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is of great importance to the researcher to ensure that the research is done
consistently and accordingly to solve the research problem. This is usually achieved through a
well-defined research guide that gives the detailed information on the population under study,
identifies the sample size within the sample frame, and collects data with appropriate data
collection techniques. In the course of this research, the researcher made use of qualitative
approach to generate detailed information from the host community.
3.1. Research Design
(James O. A., 2008) defines research as a process of systematic inquiry, investigation, and of data
in order to increase knowledge, test hypothesis where necessary and to arrive at a conclusion.
Survey research is useful for documenting existing community conditions, characteristics of a
population, and community opinion (Smith, 2008). Observation method was also used; it is a
method whereby a researcher carries out a reconnaissance survey in order to get vital information
about the physical characteristics of the study area. Interview method was also used during the
course of this research, this is a process whereby the researcher has direct conversation with the
respondents. It involves preparation of a list of relevant questions which are to be asked from the
respondents. Also, questionnaires were also distributed to the following group of people (residents,
business owners and tourist) in the study area. In the course of the study, the following steps are
followed in the research design:
i. Identification of the study area with aid of imagery using google earth to capture the study
area.
ii. Determination of good representative of the sample frame (sample size)
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iii. Collection of data with the use of well-structured questionnaire (primary source)
The following software (SPSS, Micro Soft word, google and ArcGis10.2) was found useful to the
breakthrough of this research work.
3.1.1 Data Source
The role data played in a research work can never be over emphasized. Hence, data serve as a
bedrock of a good research. Data is referring to as information gathered in the course of research.
There are two fundamental sources of data which were explored for the study of this research, they
are primary data and secondary data.
3.1.2 Primary Data
Primary data was collected via reconnaissance survey, personal observation of the Physical
environment of Araromi seaside and the use of questionnaires which contain structured questions
to get information from the tourists, business owners and the residents. The highest volume of data
on which this research was based on depends on data generated through an intensive fieldwork of
the researcher in the study area. Which merit collection of first-hand information gathering of the
area under study.
3.1.3 Secondary Data
Secondary data were obtained from the Ilaje Local Government Secretariat on the steps state
government has taken in the past and presently to developed this tourist potential in Araromi
seaside. Relevant data obtained on the population of the study area were gotten from National
Population Commission. Other sources of secondary data were from past thesis essays, published
and unpublished textbooks, journal, seminal reports, base maps, documentary reports newspaper
reports, magazines, dissertations, library and the internet were also consulted for further
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information. The used of secondary data is to complement the primary data obtained so as to
achieved a better result.
3.2 Research Population
Research population is referred to as target population which contains members of a group
that a researcher is interested in studying. The research population for this research purpose will
cover the total number of building within the landscape of Ilaje community and this will include
all the residential, commercial, industrial, public and any other buildings within the community.
This includes all characteristics of the area. According to 2006 population report from national
population commission, the total population of Ilaje Local Government Area stands at 290,615.
The total population projected to the current year using the formulae; Pt = Pn (1+r/100) n
Where Pt is the year projected to (2018)
Pn is the population of the initial year (2006) = 290,615
N is the number of years projected to (2018-2006) = 12
R is the population growth rate = 3.18
P2018 = 290615(1+3.18/100)12
P2018 = 423121
3.3 Sampling Frame
Sample frame can be defined as the list of all the elements in the population from which the sample
will be drawn. The definition also encompasses the purpose of sampling frames, which is to
provide a means for choosing the particular members of the target population that will be
interviewed in the survey. The Sampling frame for this research work is all the buildings within
the entire landscape of Araromi community which was gotten via the extraction of Araromi
Community through the Google satellite map and the buildings digitized by the use of the G.I.S
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application. The numbers of buildings in the study area were determined to represent the sample
frame and this amount to 1208 buildings.
3.4 Sample Size
From the above research sample frame of 1208 houses, a sample size is taken; this sample size is
derived by randomly picking 1 out of the 10 houses in Araromi (Sea side) due to the high
concentration of buildings along the coast. That is, 10 percent of the total number of buildings in
the community.
Therefore;
10
Sample frame = x 1208
100
1208
= 100
= 120
Therefore, the sample size is 120 households.
3.5 Sampling Technique
The sample techniques used is Systematic Random Sampling. Systematic Random sampling is a
sampling technique where items are selected at regular interval after the first sample has been
selected randomly. The entire population was numbered 1- 6088 after which the first sample was
selected at random and another sample will be selected every kth unit thereafter. The selected value
of k in this project is 50.
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3.6 Data Collection Instrument
Research instrument is an object or data collection tool, such as a survey, experiment, etc. used to
achieve the objectives of a research. The appropriate type of research instrument to be used
depends on the objectives of the research and the literature review. In this research, google Earth
questionnaires, interview guide and camera were the tools employed in carried out this research.
3.7 Procedure for Data Collection
The responses collected from the field survey were collated, coded and processed through
descriptive statistical methods. Among the statistical analysis that were used are frequency, table,
charts and graph to arrive at various conclusions on the evaluation of tourism potential for the
socio-economic development of Araromi beach on the host community and Ondo state at large.
The frequency table was used to analyze the descriptive data collected from the field. Statistical
packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 17.0 and Microsoft Excel were used for analyzing the
data.
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Data Collection
Primary Data Secondary

Data Analysis Data
Review of existing strategy being

used in the beach development
and management
Recommendation of strategies for the

beach development and management.
Figure 3.1: Steps in formulation of adaptation strategies for the development of Araromi beach.
3.8 Methods of Data Analysis
The data collated through the use of well-structured questionnaire and participant observation are
analyzed using the descriptive statistical approaches to know the reaction of people of Araromi
Community and tourists towards beach tourism, how they are motivated to use the beaches as well
as their perception of tourism and how tourism can contribute generally to community
development likewise how this tourist potential can be developed and well managed. The data
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gathered are elucidated for proper understanding. Some are represented in statistical tables,
percentages while some are shown in charts, diagrams and photographs. All these are succinctly
put for the description of the place studied and for clearer illustrations in the subsequent chapter
of this project. In doing this analysis, the use of Statistical packages for Social Science (SPSS)
version 17.0 and Microsoft excel were employed.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Introduction
This chapter presents the result of the study carried out at Araromi Community on the evaluation
of tourism potentials of Araromi beach for the socio economic development of the Community.
The analysis was carried out through the use of SPSS and Excel Microsoft for analyzing and
presentation of the questionnaire and discussion of interview guide given to the Ministry of Culture
and Tourism in the Ondo State, Interpretations were given to the result obtained from the analysis
while major findings were discussed with the overall purpose of the study. The result of these
analyses is presented in five sections. The first section deals with the demographic and socio-
economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area, while the second section evaluates
the existing situation of the beach. Third examines the impacts and what massive impacts the beach
would have on the host community and the state at large, fourth assess the role of Government,
private sector and Community in the beach development and finally to identify challenges facing
the development of the beach and developed strategy for the development of the coastal resource.
4.1 Presentation and Analysis of Data According to Research Questions and Objectives
4.1.1 Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondent
The field survey carried out for this study as depicted in Table 4.1 below shows that seventy-seven
percent (77%) out of one hundred and twenty (120) respondents were male while thirty forty-three
percent (43%) were female. Hence, the deduced from this finding that males are more explorative
and adventurous than females. Hence, more male tends to reside in a lively environment than
female. even though the beach has not been developed to be in operation by the state government
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Table 4.1: Sex Distribution of Respondents
Gender Frequency Percent
Male 77 64.2
Female 43 35.8
Total. 120 100.0
Source: Author’s Fieldwork, 2018.
Age Characteristics of the Respondents
During the field survey 32.2% of the respondents falls between the ages of 35-64, while 35%
between 19 – 34 years. These two classes formed the bulk of people in the working class in the
settlement compared to other classes where 22.5% of the respondents are above 65 years and 10%
that are below 18 years as indicated in figure 4.1 below. The reason while we have higher
percentage of the population to be working class is that the ocean serve as means of engagement
to them. Through fishing and trading most of the people are employed. Also, this could be as a
result of the fact that greater percentage of the younger generations loves pleasure and they tend
to reside in a funfair environment.
40.0 35.0%
35.0 32.5%
30.0
25.0 22.5%
20.0
15.0 10.0%
10.0
5.0
.0
0-18 19-34 35-64 65 Above
Figure 4.1: Age of Respondent

Source: Author’s Fieldwork, 2018
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Marital Status of Respondents
The research carried out revealed that most of the respondents were married (61.7%) and following
it is the single (25.8%). Widows/widowers followed with 4.3% and the divorced is put at 8.3% of
the total sample population as indicated in table 4.2 below.
Table 4.2: Marital Status of Respondents
Marital Status Frequency Percent
Single 31 25.8
Married 74 61.7
Divorced 10 8.3
Widow/widower 5 4.2
Total. 120 100.0
Educational Background of Respondents
Most of the residents of Araromi are not illiterate. This is because (20%) and 19% of the
respondents have tertiary and secondary school education respectively. of the as shown in Figure
4.2 below while 28% and 33% fall within no formal education and primary education respectively.
This level of education among the residents has really exposed the community to know little about
the advantages attached to beach tourism as a growth pole that the community is depending upon
for socio economic development.
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Tertiary Institution, No formal
20.0, 20% Education, 28.3,
28%
No formal Education
Primary School
Secondary School, Secondary School
19.2, 19% Tertiary Institution
Primary School,
32.5, 33%
Figure 4.2: Education Background of the Respondents

Household size of Respondents
Results obtained from the field work revealed that 12.5% of the respondents lived in a housing
unit of between 8 – 10 persons, 37.5% between 5 – 7, 4.2% lives in household with 10 people or
more and 45.8% between 1 – 4 people population. From the above presentation, majority of the
respondents do not comply with the United Nation’s 4 persons per room standard as represented
in table 4.3. below.
Table 4.3: Household size of respondents
Household Size Frequency Percent
1-4 55 45.8
5-7 45 37.5
8-10 15 12.5
Above 10 5 4.2
Total. 120 100.0
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Ethnicity
It was discovered from the findings that 47.5% respondent’s as shown in Figure 4.3 are Yoruba
while 35.8% are Ijaw 13.3% are Igbo while the remaining 3.3% comprise of others ethic groups
residing in the Community. This may be connected to the fact that the study area is located in Ondo
state, South Western Nigeria, which is largely dominated by the Yoruba race.
3.3%
13.3%
47.5%
35.8%
Yoruba Ijaw Igbo Others
Figure 4.3: Ethnicity of the Respondents

Religion
It was discovered from the field survey that the dominant religion in the study area is Christianity
as 59.2% of the respondents are Christian, 23.3% are Muslim, 11.7% are Traditional Worshippers
while the remaining 5.8% fall under other types of religion. This is shown in Figure 4.4. below.
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Others 5.8%
Traditional 11.7%
Islamic 23.3%
Christianity 59.2%
.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
Figure 4.4: Religion of the Respondents

Occupation
Field survey revealed that fishing is the major occupation in the community due to the fact that it
is located on water as 57.5% of the respondents are fishermen with Plate II showing people fishing
on the ocean during the visit to the site, 22.2% are traders, 14.16% of them are Civil servants who
works in the Government establishment (School) in the community and those that work in
neighbouring community while 5.83% engaged in farming and those that are practising farming
do travel far to neighbouring where there is land to do farming because land in Araromi community
is not good for farming activities because of salinity of the ocean water and also most of their land
has been occupied with water. All this is shown in Table 4.4 below
Table 4.4: Occupation of Respondents
Occupation Frequency Percent
Farming 7 5.83
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Fishing 69 57.5
Trading 27 22.2
Civil servant 17 14.16
Total. 120 100.0
Plate II: People fishing in the ocean in Araromi
Income of The Respondents
In an analysis to estimate income in the study area, it was found that 22.5% of the respondents are
earning above N,18000 per month which is the federal government minimum wage, while 30.8%
of the respondent are earning between N18,000 – N36,000, 11.7% are earning between N37,000
–N55000 while 35.0% of the respondent are earning between N55,000. As it is presented in Figure
4.5 below the level of income the residents is highly influence by the presence of water body which
provide a good source of income for the resident in the community.
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40.0
35.0%
35.0
30.8%
30.0
25.0 22.5%
20.0
15.0 11.7%
10.0
5.0
.0
less than #18000 #18000 - #36000 #37000 - #55000 Above #55000
Figure 4.5: Income level of Respondents
4.1.2: Indigenous Knowledge on the Natural condition of the Beach
Indigenous knowledge has been long recognized as a key source of information and insight in
impact assessment. Indigenous peoples and rural populations are keen observers of their natural
environments and their observations on the tourism potential of the beach are at a much detail
level. Indigenous knowledge about the beach can suggested the method of harnessing this tourism
potential for the socio-economic development of the community.
Length of Stay in The Community
Analysis of field survey as highlighted with Table 4.6 shows that 10.8% of the respondents in the
community have been staying there for 21years and above while 40.0% of them have been staying
in the community for 11-20 years and 35.8% of the respondents have been staying in the
community for about 6-10 years while the remaining 13.3% having been living in the community
for just 1-5years. Majority of the respondent have been staying in the community for 11-20 years
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and as a result of this have got to know about the beach which and its local level of operation
occasionally in the state.
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0 40.0%
35.8%
10.0
13.3% 10.8%
.0
1-5 6-10 11-20 21 and Above
Figure 4.6: Length of Respondents
Visitation to the Beach by Residents
From the field work conducted, the analysis shown in figure 4.7 below indicated that larger
percentage (88.6%) of the respondents has actually pay a visit to the seaside which shows that at
level on information concerning the beach operation and its level of development would be
revealed genuinely. Likewise, the remaining 8.9% has not pay a visitation to the beach base on
their own reason as its will be discussed subsequently.
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No, 8.9, 9%
Yes
No
Yes, 88.6, 91%
Figure 4.7: Visitation to the Beach
Reason for Not Visiting the beach
From figure 4.8 below, it can be deduced that 54.2% of the respondents have not visit the beach
base on the fact they did not have interest hence, this can be as a result of lack of orientation of the
importance of recreation which could help then socially, mentally and economically, 32.5% of the
respondents also had not visited the because of lack of development of the beach which could
facilitate development in all ramification to the community and also bring high revenue to the state
government. 13.3% which are the remaining respondents had not visited because of the phobia
they have for water.
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60.0 54.2%
50.0
40.0 32.5%
30.0
20.0 13.3%
10.0
.0
Not Interested Not Developed Hydro Phobia
Figure 4.8: Reason for visiting the beach
Distance to The Beach
The table 4.9 below report the responses of the respondents, from the analysis it was discovered
that 48.3% of the respondents are live in a distance less than 5 kilometer from the ocean and could
be dangerous to the life and properties of the residents if there is coastal erosion, more so if action
is not taking by the state government on time with increase in population there will be
encroachment on the beach buffer zone will result severe damage. 28.3% of the respondents live
in a distance between 5 to 10 kilometer to the beach, while 8.3% of the respondents live in a
between the range of 10 to 15 kilometer and the remaining 15% of the respondents reside at a
distance of above 15 kilometer to the ocean.
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Figure 4.9: Distance to the Beach
Natural Environment Condition of the Beach

The figure 4.10 below indicated that 70.8% of the respondents are of the opinion that the natural
environment of the beach is good for tourism activities considering the soil type of the beach and
natural vegetation cover which is predominantly dominated by coconut tree and grass and other
economic trees, which is the indication that this beach environment is actually good for coastal
tourism development considering other land uses there are land area that can accommodate
construction of hotels for tourists’ accommodation and small canals that can be well channelled to
create means of transportation for the tourist as show in the plate III below.
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Plate III: A Canal that be Channelled for Water Transportation
Also 26.7% of the respondents give their opinion that the beach natural environment is fairly for
tourism activities while 2.5% of the respondents agree that the beach natural environment is good
for tourism exercise.
80.0
70.8
60.0
40.0
26.7
20.0
.0 2.5
Good Fair Poor
Figure 5: Natural Environment of the beach
Figure 4.10: Natural Environment of the beach
Existing Available Recreation Facilities
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From the figure 4.11 above it can be deduced that 98% of the respondents agreed that there are no
recreational facilities provided in the community either by government, private investors and also
the community, this is an indicator that there is lack of development concerning the beach. Which
implies that the beach is still at its natural position. Also, 2% of the agreed give their opinion that
there are recreational facilities in the beach, this percentage is very minute which is indication that
there are no facilities to attract tourists to the beach for recreational activities also from personal
observation on the field there is total absence of facilities that could encourage people to patronise
the beach.
Yes
2%
No
Yes
No
98%
Figure 4.11: Availability of Recreational Facilities
System of Operation of the beach
The field survey analysis as illustrated in figure 4.12 below shown the responses to the system of
operation of the beach. From the information gathered it was discovered that 75.8% of the
respondents revealed that the pattern of the beach operation is occasionally when tourists come
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during only during the festive season of the year such as Christmas, Easter and the likes which is
not an effective system of operating a beach. Likewise, 22.5% of the respondents agreed that
people do come to the beach during the beach to have fun, while the rest of the respondents which
take percentage of 1.7% agree that tourists also come to patronise the beach on daily basis.
80.0
75.8%
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0 22.5%
10.0
1.7%
.0
DAILY
WEEKEND
OCCASSIONALLY
Figure 4.12: System of the Beach Operation
Reason for Irregular Patronising of the Beach
It can be deduced from the table 4.6 below that lack of recreational facilities for the visiting tourists
formed a major factor while this beach operates occasionally as presented as show on the analysis
table 60.8% of the respondents agreed to the fact that lack of these necessary facilities has limit
the daily operation of the beach. In the same vein, 18.3% of the respondents expressed their opinion
that poor infrastructural and utilities such as good road transportation system that could connect
the region to other part of the country to harness this resources and other potential that can generate
revenue for the state government, poor electrification of the region as well. Another factor that
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serve as limitation while tourists patronised this beach occasionally is the lack of accommodation
such as hotels, motel, guest house where tourist can lodge during the period of their visitation to
the beach. Base on the distance of these community to state capital and other part of the country
tourists who comes to the beach occasionally could not enjoy their stay because they have to
travelled back to their origin. Therefore, lack of facilities, poor infrastructure and utilities and lack
of accommodation which are not provided for by the state government serve as indicators while
the beach has not developed to its potentials.
Table 4.5: Factors limiting tourists’ visitation to the beach
Reasons Frequency Percent
Lack of Recreational facilities 73 60.8
Poor infrastructure and utilities 22 18.3
Lack of Accommodation 25 20.8
Total. 120 100.0
4.1.3: Indigenous Knowledge On the Impacts of Tourism the Community
Main Development Activities in the Community

From the Figure 4.13 below, it is quite obvious that recreational activity is the major activity that
influences the community development with the percentage of 55.0% while 30.0% of the
respondents believed that commercial activities also influenced the level of development in the
community increase in the impact of commercial activities can as well be traced back to the
presence of beach which facilitate the rate at which at local product such as fish and others are
purchased when tourists pay visit to the beach during the festive period. This however calls for
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attentions of the government at all level, private sector and the community to create an enabling
environment to frequently attract the tourists.
Religion 15.0%
Commercial 30.0%
Recreational 55.0%
.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Figure 4.13: Main Development Activities in the Community
Main Impact of the Beach on Community Development
From figure 4.14 below, it was discovered through the analysis of the field survey, that the
presence of the beach has contributed to the development of the beach in various aspect despite
the lack of development of the beach by the state government to put in place various parameters
that can bring about the development. The figure as earlier mentioned in the first line of this
paragraph represent the responses of the residents, 26.7% of the respondents agreed that the beach
has not impact on the environment on community comparing to other neighbouring state and
country where the full potentials of their ocean is maximised to boost the economy of their state
and country e.gs Lagos state and Miami respectively just to mention a few. While 22.5% and
24.2% agreed that the beach has impact on their business by improving their sales and also the
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beach has improved their health respectively. More so, 3.3% mentioned that the presence of beach
helps the community people to socialize with the tourists, while the 23.3% of the respondents fall
others impacts categories on the community.
26.7%
24.2%
23.3%
22.5%
3.3%
NONE IMPROVED SOCIALIZING IMPROVED OTHERS

BUSINESS WITH PEOPLE HEALTH
Figure 4.14: Main Impact of the beach on the Community
Personal Impact of the Beach on the Respondent
From figure 4.15 below the personal impacts of the beach was assessed on the residents using
some indicators as shown in the figure the responses of the respondents indicated that 58.3% of
the approved that the beach has personally enhanced their business which is the larger percentage,
while 19.2% of the respondents agreed that through the presence of the beach their social life style
with people has been impacted. In the same vein, 13.3% of the respondents says the beach
impacted their health life by improving it this justified that tourism activities help to improve the
wellbeing of man mentally. Also 7.5% of the respondents gave their opinions that the beach does
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have any personal impact on them while the remaining 1.7% agreed that the beach has some other
impacts on them.
None Improved Business Socializing with People

Improved Health Others
13.3, 13%1.7, 2% 7.5, 8%
19.2, 19%
58.3, 58%
Figure 4.15: Personal Impact of the Beach on Respondents
Social Benefits of Beach to the Community
The 4.6 below indicate various social impacts the beach has on the community overtime.
According to the information gathered from the respondents 68.3% agreed that the beach has
brought about the popularity of the community in the state as the only part of the state that has
coastal tourism potential which can boost the economy of the country the state if the government
at both local and state level can tapped into the resources to developed Ilaje local government.
Likewise, 25.8% of the respondents expressed their opinion that the beach has contributed to the
entertainment/fun characteristics of the community this implies that if the beach is well established
it will help to developed the potentials of the youth within the region and through this their standard
of life will be improved upon. Likewise, 1.6% of the respondents says that the beach contributed
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socially to the community by enhancing various festival activities in the community e.gs Araromi
youth festival and Araromi days the presence of this beach has really serve as magnet that attract
various tourists to community for relaxation and fun while the remaining 4.16% go for community
beauty as social impact on the community.
Table 4.6: Social benefit of the Beach on the Community
Social benefits Frequency Percent
Popularity 82 68.33
Entertainment/Fun 31 25.83
Festival gathering 2 1.66
Community beauty 5 4.16
Total. 120 100.0
Contribution of the Beach to the Economic Development of the Community
From figure 4.16 as shown below revealed the decision of the respondents concerning the
economic contribution of the presence of the beach in the host community 54% of the respondents
agreed to the fact the beach has economic value contribution to the development of the community,
while 33% fairly agreed the beach has economic contribution to development of the community
and the remaining 13% of the respondents totally disagreed that the beach has economic
contribution to the community development, this is due to the fact the potential of the beach has
not be harnessed by the government.
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Disagreed
13%
Agreed
Fairly Agreed 54%
33%
Figure 4.16: Contribution of the Beach to the Economic Development of the Community
Tourist Centre Influence on Community Economic Activities
The presence of beach in Araromi community has influence on economic activities of the residents
by enhancing their various economic activities as indicated in figure 4.17 below. From the analysis
of the field survey it was discovered that the beach has influence the community through gainful
employment opportunities provision for the residents as attested to by 59.2% of the respondents’
while 28.3% of the respondents says the beach has influenced the community through increase in
sales of their local products when tourists visit the beach. Likewise, the remaining 12.5% of the
respondents says the beach has influenced the community through attraction of investors to the
region.
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59.2%
60.0
50.0
40.0
28.3%
30.0
20.0
12.5%
10.0
.0
Provision of employment Increase in income as a It makes the community a
opportunities result of commercial centre of attraction for
activities investors
Figure 4.17: Influence of the Beach on Community Economic Development
Level of the Beach Impact on the Community
This Figure 4.18 reveals that the tourist centre is yet to be developed to standard to maximize the
harnessed the potentials embedded in coastal tourism in the country. The result of the field work
shown that 57.5% agreed to the fact the impact of the beach on the host community comparing to
what it supposed to give out, this very low impact of the beach can be traced to the lack of
development of the beach to attract tourists who in turn pay charges which can in turn be used in
turn to finance the operation of the beach. While 31.7% agreed that the beach impact on the
community is low and the remaining 10.8% gave their opinion that the beach has average impact
on the community development.
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10.8, 11%
31.7, 32%
57.5, 57%
Very Low Low Average
Figure 4.18: Level of Impact of the beach on the Community Development
4.1.4: Roles of Government, Private sector and Community Participation in Tourism
Development in the host Community
Effort of Government Towards the Beach Development
The role of the government play in the development of tourism is very vital because of its can
capital intensive nature. The figure 4.19 below indicated various effort of the state government in
the development of the beach therefore, 57.5% which is the larger percentage of the respondents
agreed that government both at state and local level has not embarked on any tangible task to
developed the beach. 38.3% of the respondents says that the state government had contributed by
providing some infrastructure such as road network and electrification of the region. The
respondents stated roads construction to the community was very tasking and highly expensive as
the construction required construction of many bridges before the road can get to Araromi seaside
community. Also 3.3% of the respondents stated the government has contributed to the beach
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development through facilities provision in the community. the remaining 0.8% of the respondents
stated that the government has actually helped by financing the development. From the analysis
the poor development or local operation of the beach is a result of state government to put in place
necessary facilities that could boost the development of the beach.
Facilities Financing the

infrastructureprovision, development,
provision, 3.3% .8%
38.3%
None
infrastructure provision
Facilities provision
Financing the development
None, 57.5%
Figure 4.19: Effort of Government in the Development of the beach
Degree of Government Effort towards the beach Development
The extent of government effort towards the development has not being effective according to the
responses received from the respondents on the degree of government contribution towards the
operation of the beach. From the table 4.20 above it was discovered that about 53.3% of the
respondents replied that the efforts of government towards the development of the beach is very
low which is the larger percentage of the respondents. In the same vein, 40.0% and 6.7% of the
respondents replied that the effort of the government is concerned the beach development is low
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and average respectively. By one’s personal observation on the field the beach was left on
developed by the state government.
6.7%
Average
Low 40.0%
53.3%
Very Low
.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Figure 4.20: Rate of Effort of Government in the Development of the beach
Contribution of the Private Sector to the Beach Development
From the table 4.7 above the impacts of the tourism private sector in the state is not far fetch on
the beach 5.83% of the respondents replied that private sector has contributed to the beach
development through provision of facilities which is quite low for the beach to operate on a
standard level. More so, about 5% of the respondents replied that private sector has contributed
through marketing and promotion of the beach e.g videos posted online by the group of tourists
who visited the tourist centre. 4.16% of the respondents replied that through making of awareness
to the public the private sector has also contributed to the development of the beach e.g the use of
beach picture as back covered design by Nigeria Institute of Town Planners Ondo state chapter
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during their Excos inauguration event. While 85% of the respondents replied that the private sector
has done nothing to the development of the beach.
Table 4.7: Contribution of the Private Sector to Beach Development
Contribution of the Private Sector Frequency Percent
Facilities Provision 7 5.83
Marketing and Promotion of the beach 6 5.00
Making Awareness to the public 5 4.16
None of the Above 102 85.00
Total. 120 100.0
Contribution of the Community to the Beach Development

Table 4.8 below expressed the contribution of the community to the beach development. Role of
community participation in beach development cannot be under estimated because of their pivotal
impact in the development and management of the beach. 60.0% of the respondents replied that
through Government sensitization the present of the beach had been communicated to the state
government and local being the only sandy beach in Ondo State, this is a rarely potential that
cannot be find elsewhere within the state. Furthermore, 31.67% of the respondents replied that the
community has contributed to the beach development by monitoring and controlling the use of the
beach by community members and tourists who come around occasionally to tour. 5.83 percent of
the respondents replied that through awareness making the community has contributed to the
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promotion of the beach to the populace. Using the beach side as venue for youth carnival has attract
people within and outside the local government.
Table 4.8: Contribution of the Community to Beach Development
Contribution of the Community Frequency Percent
Government sensitization 72 60.00
Monitoring the use of the beach 38 31.67
Making Awareness to the public 7 5.83
None of the Above 3 2.50
Total. 120 100.0
4.1.5: Challenges Facing the beach Development and Suggestion of Strategy for the
Development of the Beach.
Lack of funding by state government
The figure 4.21 reports the responses below show the agreements of the respondents on various
challenges facing the development of the beach. From the analysis it was discovered that 58% of
the respondents strongly agreed that lack of funding by the state government is the problem that is
limiting the development of the beach. Likewise, while 17% of the respondents agreed that lack
of funding by the state government is a major problem affecting the development of the beach in
a large scale to accommodate much tourists. Moreover, about 2% of the respondents did not agreed
nor disagreed that lack of fund is a challenge affecting the development of the beach. While 10%
and 13% disagreed and strongly disagreed respectively that lack of funding by the state
government and local government is a key issue facing the development of the beach.
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Strongly
Disagreed
10%
Disagreed
13% Strongly Agreed
Neutral
2% Agreed
Strongly Neutral
Agreed
Agreed Disagreed
58%
17% Strongly Disagreed
People Level of Appreciation for Tourism in the State

Another major problem in Nigeria, most Nigerians feel they need to work and work a lot before
they can have enough to feed themselves and as such they prefer to have their annual leaves
converted into cash rather than take time off to relax. This is justified by responses by the
respondents’ opinions on factor facing the development of beach in the study area as shown in
figure 4.22 about 23.33% of the respondents strongly agreed that people level of appreciation for
tourism activities while 33.33% of the respondents agreed that level people appreciation for
tourism development is a factor also affecting the development of the Araomi beach. 10.83% of
the respondents did not agreed nor disagreed on the on people’s level of appreciation for tourism
development in the state. In the manner, 7.5% and 25% of the respondents disagreed and strongly
disagreed on appreciation of tourism development by people which is an impedance to the
harnessing of the tourism potential in the community.
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STRONGLY DISAGREED 25%
DISAGREED 7.5%
NEUTRAL 10.83% Series1
AGREED 33.33%
STRONGLY AGREED 23.33%
0 10 20 30 40
Lack of prioritized activities by the state Government

Government seems to be confused as to what is important and what is not. We are yet to see the
full extent of opportunities that abound in the tourism and recreation industry and yet the
government lay emphasis on other cost and time consuming projects which they think will boost
the failing economy. While the industry which if properly utilized and managed is capable of
adding wealth to the nation is ignored or given just a little attention. This fact is established by
table 4.9 below as 66.67% and 12.5% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed respectively
as lack of priorities by the state government on other sectors that can create employment and
generate high revenue. Additionally, 9.16% and 5.83% of the respondents disagreed and strongly
disagreed consecutively on lack of prioritized activities by the government. Finally, 5.83% of the
respondents stay neutral on their opinion on lack of prioritized activities by the government to
place tourism sector as very important to the economy development.
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Table 4.9: Lack of Prioritized Activities by Government.
Lack of prioritized activities Frequency Percent
Strongly Agreed 80 66.67
Agreed 15 12.5
Neutral 7 5.83
Disagreed 11 9.16
Strongly Disagreed 7 5.83
Total. 120 100.0
Lack of Awareness Programmes

Another problem in the beach development is little or no awareness given to the public to
encourage their participation in tourism activities. There is need to encourage the public to avail
themselves of these facilities. More so people who have once been disappointed by a visit to any
of the centre. Television and radio stations are tools that could be used to create this awareness
amongst people. From the opinion of the respondents to justified this phenomenon about 48% of
the respondents strongly agreed that lack of awareness about Araromi beach is one of the
impedance that has limited the development of the beach potential as shown in figure 4.23 below.
More so, 29% of the respondents agreed to it. While on the contrary 6% and 3% of the respondents
replied disagreed and strongly disagreed to this point. The remaining 14% of the respondent stay
neutral in their response about lack of awareness programme either by state government, private
sector and community.
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Disagreed Strongly
6% Disagreed
3%
Neutral
14%
Strongly Strongly Agreed
Agreed Agreed
48%
Neutral
Disagreed
Agreed Strongly Disagreed
29%
Figure 4.23: Lack of Awareness Programme
Lack of Management Practice on the beach

Another issue facing the operation and development of the beach is the lack of management
practice for Araromi beach such as lack of administrative office building to manage the affairs of
the beach. This fact is established by personal observation on the field and responses received from
the respondents. Table 4.10 above indicated that about 51.66% of the respondents strongly agreed
that to the lack of management practice of the beach while 11.67% of the respondents agreed to
this. On the contrary, 24.17% of the respondents opted that lack of management practice is not one
the challenges affecting the development of the beach likewise 3.33% of the respondents also
replied that lack of management practice is a limitation to the development of the beach. Finally,
9.11% of the respondents stay neutral on lack of management practice as a challenge facing the
beach development.
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Table 4.10: Lack of Management Practice for the Beach
Lack of Management Practice

Frequency Percent
Strongly Agreed 62 51.66
Agreed 14 11.67
Neutral 11 9.16
Disagreed 4 3.33
Strongly Disagreed 29 24.17
Total. 120 100.0

Suggestion for the Beach Development
From figure 4.24 below 32.5% of the respondents suggested that if the beach could be privatised
it will help in smooth operation of the beach, in the same vein adequate attention will be given to
the development of the beach. Also 21.7% of the respondents suggested that if government both
at State and Local level could provide recreational facilities for the tourists and other necessary
facilities should be provided tourists will be attracted locally and internationally. Infrastructure
development was suggested by 25.0% of the respondents that if modern infrastructure such Port,
Airport, electricity, good road network etc could be provided for by the government this will help
to attract investors to these localities. While the remaining 20.8% of the respondents suggested
establishment of tourism Management and Monitoring department to guide and monitor every
operation and activities that takes place on the beach.
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35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
32.5%
15.0 25.0%
21.7% 20.8%
10.0
5.0
.0
Privatization Facilities Infrastructure Establishment of
provision by development Monitoring
government Department
Figure 4.24: Suggestion for the Beach Development

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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary of Findings, Recommendations and Conclusion
5.1 Summary of Findings
The research was carried out on the evaluation of the tourism potential of Araromi beach for the
socio economic development of Araromi (Seaside) community, Ilaje Local Government area in
Ondo state. Therefore, from the foregoing analysis, it is apparent that the beach possessed some
good qualities of a beach considering it natural environment and the micro impacts on the
community despite its state of undeveloped. Thus, the summary of the findings are stated as follow
below.
I. Findings revealed that majority (77%) of the residents of Araromi community are male
while 43% are female. Also 28% of the residents had no formal education while 32.5%
had primary education. The findings revealed that highest tribe living in this
community is Yorubas’ with 47.5% followed by Ijaws with percentage of 35.8 why
others and Igbo share the remaining percentage. Findings also shows that 59.2percent
of the residents practice Christianity. Also 57.5% of the residents engaged in fishing as
occupation. Likewise, the findings revealed that 22.5% of the residents earn below
N18,000 per month which is the federal government minimum wage, while the
remaining earned above N18,000 monthly this implied that the present of ocean in this
region has helped to raise the standard of living of the residents.
II. More so, the findings revealed that 40 percent of the residents had been living in the
community for a period between 11-20 years. The findings also show that 88.6 percent
of the residents had actually visited the beach, which implies that relevant information
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were obtained from the residents because of their longtime knowledge about the
operation of the beach. The findings also shown that the natural environment of the is
suitable for beach operation as indicated by responses from the residents. Likewise, the
findings also shown that there is lack of recreational facilities on the beach as 98% of
the residents attested to this fact.
III. The findings also revealed that due to lack of recreational facilities the often operate
occasionally as indicated by 75.8% of the residents which revealed that tourists only
come to the beach during festive period.
IV. The findings as well revealed the various impacts of the beach on the host community
which includes the following: high business opportunities, socializing with people,
improved health wellbeing. The findings as well revealed that the beach has economic
impacts on the community through fishing activities employment opportunities is
provided for people as 59.2% of the residents revealed in their responses. Moreover,
the findings also revealed that the impacts of the beach on the host community is not
far fetch due to its state of development.
V. The findings also revealed that the government in the past administration had
contributed to the development of the beach community through road construction to
link it to other parts of the state. Likewise, the it was discovered from findings that four
over five years now the electricity of the community had not been working. In the same
vein there is low level of infrastructure and facilities provision in the community as
revealed by the findings.
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VI. The findings also revealed that the private sector had not contributed much to the
development to of the beach as indicated by 85% of the residents’ response considering
the dynamic roles of private sector in tourism development. In the same vein, the
findings also revealed the contribution of the host community to the development of
the beach. The findings stated that 60 percent of the residents agreed that the
community had been sensitizing the government on the need to developed the beach.
VII. Furthermore, the findings also revealed that some factors had been limiting the
development of the beach these include lack of funding by the state government as
indicated in the analysis discussion as 58% of the residents strongly agreed to its effects
on the beach development. Also people’s level of tourism appreciation in state, lack of
prioritized activities by state government given less attention to the tourism industry in
the state.
VIII. The findings also revealed that lack of awareness programmes about the existence of
the beach has been a limitation as the majority of the people in within and outside the
state 48% of the respondents strongly agreed that lack of awareness programme is great
limitation to the development of the beach.
IX. The findings as well revealed that lack of management practice is another pivotal
challenge affecting the operation of the beach as show in chapter four data
interpretation above. 51.66 percent of the residents strongly agreed to this indicator.
X. Finally, the findings also revealed the method that could be used to harnessed this
tourism potential. 32.5% of the agreed on the privatization of the resources, 21.7% of
the respondent agreed on facilities provision by government to attract tourists and 25
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percent of the residents complied with infrastructure development to attract various
investors to the community. While the remaining 20.8% of the residents agreed on
establishment of monitoring department.
5.2 Recommendation
Based on the findings from the site the following are recommended strategies that should be
employed to harnessed the tourism potential of Araromi community.
I. The identification of tourism by the Nigerian government as an alternative source of
revenue in view of the oil prices decline is a prudent move. Government and private
sectors should work hand-in-hand to invest in the development of tourism and
recreation in the state as tourism and recreation sector is a gold mine waiting to be
explored. However, government at all levels must be willing to partner with each other
in the development of tourism. Such partnership would likely lead to positive results
that would encourage companies to explore tourism as a wealth creation means.
Therefore, there is need for adequate funding of the beach from the three levels of
government in order to provide facilities and such funds are to be disbursed and
monitored to prevent diversion at any level. Revenue generation could be achieved
through collection of token fees to use facilities that are provided.
II. Without aggressive marketing and sensitization of Nigerians on the importance of
tourism there will be no patronage and no matter the level of development and
recreational facilities put together in the tourist centre, it will be rendered redundant.
The marketing strategies include; wall pictures at the entrance of the state and local
government, documentary use of banners, advertisement on daily newspapers, use of
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tourism journals, printing and distribution of gift items and handbills which carry the
logo of the resort. The Ondo state Culture and Tourism Board and other tourism
organizations should make it a point of duty to sponsor various tourism programms,
both on television and radio stations in order to sensitize Nigerians on the importance
and benefits derived from tourism.
III. Proper management and administration is an important strategy to enhance the effective
operation of the tourist centre if the following techniques can be adopted;
a. Proper monitoring, coordination and supervision of affairs of the tourist centre by
appropriate tourism agency.
b. Appointment of qualified professional and non-professional (Artisans) to run the
various sections in the tourist centre.
c. Restriction of use of the surroundings of the tourist centre for farming and
lumbering to resilience in order to make the site reduce tree vandalism and hope for
farmlands natural and beauty so as to ensure sustainable of the environment.
d. Ability to ensure the effective timing and route guide for traditional festival so as
to incorporate it into tourism programmes.
e. Government and private sectors should work hand-in-hand to invest in the tourism
and provide enabling environment for foreign investors in the tourism industry.
f. Community participation in the course of developing the beach should not under
estimated as the role of host community is very important to the successful
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operation of the beach because they are the closet to these resources and the same
time they are the host of the visitors as this will enable them to welcome the tourists.
5.3 Conclusion
The tourism industry is labour intensive and people oriented, embracing a wide range of
occupation, skills, and private sector initiatives. The industry offers a vast range of investment and
job opportunities which are sometimes new and very often provide unequalled opportunity for
improving the living standard of the people. More so, tourism also offers outstanding opportunity
for enhanced economic prosperity at macro level as it contributes to national, state local and
personal income level respectively and economies. They government should set up a proper
monitoring unit for the beach; security should be put in place for lives and property to be protected.
This research has shown that tourism development along the coastal line of Ondo state has many
benefits that can aid socio-economic and human development in the state and it potential is yet to
be explored. Based on the research findings, it is concluded that tourism is a valuable contributor
to community development and therefore, the government should assist the tourism industry
through partnership in line with tourism development to harness the potential of this beach for the
socio economic development of the community and Ondo state in diaspora.
5.4 Planning Implication of the Study
Planning is simply referring to as step by step involved to achieved a fore set goals, in view of this
Town planning as defined by Louis Keble, 2001 is the science and act of ordering of land uses and
sitting of buildings and communication routes in other to ensure a maximum practicable degree of
economy, convenience and beauty. The coastland is an important part of the human environment
as it contains in it several resources that can be harnessed for the benefit of mankind, this makes
this topic an important issue in urban and regional planning as this study seeks to identify coastal
90 | P a g e
tourism as one of the resources embedded in coastal environment and how this resource can
harness to enhance the socio economic development of the community.
5.5 Contribution to Knowledge
This study has contributed immensely to the existing stock of knowledge on coastal tourism
development and management as well as other tourism sector at large by evaluating the tourism
potential of the beach for socio economic development, by assessing its natural environment,
assessment of its micro impacts on the residents, identification of factors limiting the development
of the beach and suggest strategies to harness this economic potential.
5.6 Areas for Further Research
Coastal tourism is a greener pasture and economic driving sector that the need to be given adequate
attention by government to harness and boost state of economy considering fluctuation in Nigeria
economy there is need for diversification of economy to provide skilled and unskilled labour for
the alarming population. Thus to ensure sustainable tourism and harness other tourism potential
lying fallow in the country the following area is suggested for further research:
1. The need to strengthen international partnership in tourism development in the country, as
this will help to attract the attention of international organization such as World bank,
World travel and Tourism Council, UNDP, partnership with countries who had their
tourism potential for instance UAE, Spain, France, Greece, Brazil, Miami beach in Florida,
USA etc. to get funds to developed and finance this sector.
2. The need for development of effective policies that will helped in controlling tourism
practice in the Nation so as to achieved sustainable development goal.
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3. Tourism development for physical, social and economic development of the country rural
settlements for national growth.
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APPENDIX
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
PROJECT TITLE: EVALUATION OF TOURISM POTENTIALS OF ARAROMI BEACH
FOR THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ARAROMI (SEA SIDE)
COMMUNITY. ILAJE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.
QUESTIONAIRE
Dear Sir/ Ma
I am a final year student of the above named institution, undertaking a research on the above
stated project topic. Your assistance is needed in data collection by answering the questions listed
below. The exercise is strictly for academic purpose and all information provided shall be treated
with almost confidentiality. Thanks for your cooperation.
Please tick ( ) as appropriate.
SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC AN SOCIO – ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
1. Sex (a) Male (b) female
2. Age (a) 0 – 18 (b) 19 – 34yr (c) 35 – 64yrs (d) 65 above
3. Marital Status (a) Single (b) Married (c) divorced (d) Widow/widower
4. Religion (a) Christianity (b) Islamic (c) Traditional (d) Others
5. Ethnic Group (a) Yoruba (b) Ijaw (c) Igbo (d) Others specify…………
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6. Educational Status (a) No formal education (b) Primary school (c) Secondary School
(d) Tertiary Institution
7. Household Size (a) 1 – 4 (b) 5 – 7 (c) 8 – 10 (d) above 10
8. Occupation (a) Farming (b) Fishing (c) Trading (d) Others specify
9. Average monthly income: (a) 0 - ₦5,000 (b) ₦6,000 - ₦ 10,000 (c) ₦11,000 - ₦18,000
(d) > ₦18,000 and above
SECTION B: INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ON THE NATURAL CONDITION
OF THE BEACH
1. How long have you been staying in this community? (a) 1-5yrs (b) 6-10yrs (c) 11-
20yrs (d) 21yrs above
2. Have you ever visited Araromi beach tourist centre? (a) Yes (b) No
3. (a) Not interested (b) Not developed (c) Hydro Phobia
4. How far is the beach tourist centre from your place of residence? (a) Less than 1km (b)
2-3km (c) 4-6km (d) Above 6km
5. How often do tourists do visit this beach (a) Daily (b) Weekend (c) Occasionally
6. Give reasons for your opinion above in question 5 above (a) lack of facilities (b) Poor
infrastructure provision (c) lack of Accommodation
7. Is there any recreational facilities in the beach (a) No (b) Yes
8. How is the natural environment of the beach (a) Good (b) Fair (c) Poor
SECTION C: INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ON THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM THE
COMMUNINTY
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1. What do you think the Beach has added to this community? (a) More visitor (b) More
Business Patronage (c) More Infrastructure (d) Employment for residents (e) Town
Popularity (f) Other (Specify)………………………………….
2. In what ways has the beach affected you personally? (a) None (b) Improved business (c)
Socializing with people (d) Improved health (e) Other (Specify)…………….
3. What particular activity influences the community development most? (a) Recreational (b)
Commercial (c) Religion
4. Which of these is a main social benefits below have this community enjoyed from the
beach? (a) Popularity (b) Entertainment/fun (c) More visitors (d) Greater community
beauty
5. What is the main positive impact do you think the tourist centre has on the community
social development? (a) Increase in population (b) Improvement of standard of living
(c)Attraction of government attention in term of provision of social amenities (d)
National and international recognition
6. Does the tourist centre contribute to the economic development of the community? (a) Yes
(b) No (c) Not sure
7. How does the tourist centre influence the economic development of the community? (a)
Provision of employment opportunities (b) Increase in income as a result of commercial
activities (c) It makes the community a centre of attraction for investors
8. Has cost of land and rent increased as a result of the beach (a) Yes (b) No
9. What is the negative impact does the tourism activities contribute to the community? (a)
Littering of street (b) Destruction of vegetation (c) Water pollution (d) Over utilization of
infrastructures (f) None
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10. How does the tourist centre influence the community development? (a) Very low (b) Low
(c) Average (d) High (e) Very high
11. Do you agree that the tourism activities have no environmental impact on the environment?
(a) Strongly disagreed (b) Disagreed (c) Agreed (d) Strongly agreed
12. How will you rate the environmental impact of the tourist centre on the environment? (a)
Very low (b) Low (c) Average (d) High (e) Very high
SECTION D: ROLES OF GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR AND COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
1. what has been the main impacts of government for the development of the beach (a) None
(b) Infrastructure provision (c) Facilities provision (d) Finance
2. Rate the efforts of Government in the Development of the Beach (a) Very low (b) Low (c)
Average (d) High
3. what has been the main contribution of the tourism private sector in developing this beach
4. (a) Facilities provision (b) Marketing and promotion of the beach (c) Government
sensitization (d) None of the above
5. what role has the community played in the development of the beach (a) Government
sensitization (b) Monitoring the use of the beach (c) Making Awareness to the Public (d)
None of the above.
SECTION F: CHALLENGES FACING THE BEACH DEVELOPMENT AND

SUGGESTION OF STRATEGY
Instruction: Please rate this on the scale of 1-5 the challenges that has been limiting the
development of the beach (1. Strongly agreed 2. Agreed 3. Neutral 4. Disagreed 5. Strongly
disagreed).
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S/N SA AG NT DA SD
1. Lack of funding by state government
2. People level of appreciation for tourism in the state
3. Lack of prioritized activities
4. Lack of Awareness programme
5. Lack of management practice for the beach
1= SA 2 = AG 3 = NT 4 = DA 5 = SD
6. What is your suggestion for the beach development (a) Privatization (b) Facilities provision
by government (c) Infrastructure development (d) Establishment of Monitoring
Department?
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EVALUATION OF TOURISM POTENTIALS OF ARAROMI BEACH FOR THE

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ARAROMI (SEA SIDE) COMMUNITY,

ILAJE L.G.A, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA.

AMODU OJO EMMANUEL

THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING,

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY,

THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AKURE, ONDO STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFUILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY DEGREE IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, in partial

………………………… ……………… ……………… ...…..…………………

AMODU OJO EMMANUEL DATE

………………………… ...…..………… ……………… ...…..…………………

MR. A.G ADEYEMI DATE

………………………… ...…..………… ……………… ...…..…………………

PROF. F.K OMOLE DATE

glorious way reward them tremendously.

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. 8

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 8

List of Plates .................................................................................................................................. 9

CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 10

1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................................................... 10

1.2 Research Problem ................................................................................................................. 12

1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 14

4.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... 14

4.4.1 Aim of Study ....................................................................................................................... 14

4.4.2 Research Objectives ........................................................................................................... 14

1.5 Justification of the Study ...................................................................................................... 15

1.6 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................. 16

1.7 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................................... 17

1.8 Background Information of the Study Area ...................................................................... 19

1.8.1 Historical Background of Ilaje ......................................................................................... 19

1.8.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF ILAJE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ........ 20

1.8.4 Culture And Tradition ...................................................................................................... 22

1.8.5 Socio-Economic Importance of Ilaje ................................................................................ 23

CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 25

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK ................................ 25

2.1 Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 25

2.1.1 Tourism ............................................................................................................................... 28

2.1.2 Tourism Development ....................................................................................................... 28

2.1.3 Tourism Development in Nigeria ..................................................................................... 30

2.1.4 Beach Tourism and Development..................................................................................... 31

2.1.6 Tourism Planning............................................................................................................... 32

2.1.7 Tourism Marketing ............................................................................................................ 33

2.1.8 Importance Tourism in Nigeria ........................................................................................ 35

2.1.9 Sustainable Tourism Development and Management .................................................... 37

2.2 Conceptual Framework of Tourism Development ............................................................ 38

2.2.1 Sustainable Tourism Development concept..................................................................... 39

2.2.2 Tourism Marketing Concept ............................................................................................ 41

2.2.3 Destination Development and Management concept ..................................................... 42

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 44

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................ 44

3.1. Research Design ................................................................................................................... 44

3.1.1 Data Source......................................................................................................................... 45

3.1.2 Primary Data ................................................................................................................ 45

3.1.3 Secondary Data .................................................................................................................. 45

3.2 Research Population ........................................................................................................ 46

3.3 Sampling Frame ............................................................................................................... 46

3.4 Sample Size ....................................................................................................................... 47

3.6 Data Collection Instrument ............................................................................................. 48

3.7 Procedure for Data Collection ........................................................................................ 48

3.8 Methods of Data Analysis................................................................................................ 49

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 51