Biosensor Presentation

M.H. Shahrokh – Thick-Film Lab, Electronics Dept., Engs.
Faculty, UPM
http://Sensors.blogfa.com Email: sensors.blogfa@gmail.com
What’s Biosensor?
Principle of Biosensors
Role of Enzyme
Types of Biosensors
Applications
Markets
M.H. Shahrokh – Thick-Film Lab, Electronics Dept., Engs. Faculty, UPM
What’s Biosensor?
A biosensor is an analytical device which
converts a biological response into an
electrical signal
Fig. 1
Parts of Biosensor:
A biosensor has two components: a receptor and
a detector. The receptor is responsible for the
selectivity of the sensor. Examples include
enzymes, antibodies, and lipid layers. The
detector, which plays the role of the
transducer, translates the physical or chemical
change by recognizing the analyte and relaying
it through an electrical signal. The detector
is not selective. For example, it can be a pH-
electrode, an oxygen electrode or a
piezoelectric crystal.
Principle of Operation (See Fig 1):

The biocatalyst (a) converts the substrate
to product. This reaction is determined by
the transducer (b) which converts it to an
electrical signal. The output from the
transducer is amplified (c), processed (d)
and displayed (e).
What means by Biosensor?

The term 'biosensor' is often used to cover
sensor devices used in order to determine
the concentration of substances and other
parameters of biological interest even where
they do not utilize a biological system
directly.
To have a successful biosensor:

1. The biocatalyst must be highly specific for the
purpose of the analyses and be stable under
normal storage conditions.
2. The reaction should be as independent of such
physical parameters as stirring, pH
,temperature …
3. The response should be accurate, precise,
reproducible and linear over the useful
analytical range. It should also be free from
electrical noise …
To have a successful biosensor (continued):

4. The response should be accurate, precise,
reproducible and linear and free from
electrical noise.
5. The probe must be tiny and biocompatible, having
no toxic or antigenic effects.
6. The complete biosensor should be cheap, small,
portable and capable of being used by semi-
skilled operators.
7. There should be a market for the biosensor.
What’s Enzyme?
Enzymes are biological
catalysts: this means that they
speed up the chemical reactions
in living things. Without
enzymes, our guts would take
weeks and weeks to digest our
food, our muscles, nerves and
bones would not work properly
and so on - we would not be
living!
What Enzymes are made of?

All enzymes are made of protein; that is why
they are sensitive to heat, pH and heavy metal
ions. Unlike ordinary catalysts, they are
specific to one chemical reaction. An ordinary
catalyst may be used for several different
chemical reactions, but an enzyme only works
for one specific reaction.
Why we need Enzyme?

The biological response of the biosensor is
determined by the biocatalytic membrane which
performs the conversion of reactant (thing
which responds to a stimulus) to product.
Immobilized (unable to move ) enzymes possess
a number of advantageous features which makes
them particularly applicable for use in such
systems.
Need to Immobilized Enzyme:

Many enzymes are intrinsically stabilized by
the immobilization process, but even where
this does not occur there is usually
considerable apparent stabilization. It is
normal to use an excess of the enzyme within
the immobilized sensor system. This gives a
catalytic excessive which is sufficient to
ensure an increase in the apparent
stabilization of the immobilized enzyme.
Type of Biosensors:
1. Photometric
2. Electrochemical
3. Piezoelectric
Photometric Biosensors:
1. Based on the phenomenon of surface Plasmon
resonance
2. Utilizes a property shown of materials;
specifically that a thin layer of gold on a
high refractive index
3. Glass surface can absorb laser light,
producing electron waves (surface Plasmon) on
the gold surface
Fig. 2:
Principle of
Photometric
Biosensor
Plasmon Biosensors operate using a sensor chip
consisting of a plastic cassette supporting a
glass plate. One side is coated with a
microscopic layer of gold to contact the
optical detection apparatus of the instrument.
The opposite side is contacted with a
microfluidic flow system. to create channels
across which reagents can be passed in
solution. See Fig. 2 and 3)
Light, at a fixed wavelength is reflected off the gold
side of the chip and detected inside the instrument.
This induces the disappearing wave to enter through the
glass plate and someway into the liquid flowing over the
surface. Refractive index at the flow side of the chip
surface has a direct influence on the behavior of the
light reflected off the gold side. Binding to the flow
side of the chip has an effect on the refractive index
and in this way biological interactions can be measured
to a high degree of sensitivity with some sort of
energy.
Fig. 2:
Principle of
Photometric
Biosensor
Fig. 3: Principle of Photometric Biosensor

Other optical biosensors are mainly based on
changes in absorbance or fluorescence of an
appropriate indicator compound and do not need
a total internal reflection geometry. For
example, a fully operational prototype device
detecting casein in milk has been fabricated.
The devices is based on detecting change in
absorption of a gold layer (See Fig. 4)
Ha Minh Hiep et al: A localized surface plasmon resonance based immunosensor
for the detection of casein in milk, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
8 (2007) 331–338
Fig. 4
Ha Minh Hiep et al: A
localized surface
plasmon resonance
based immunosensor
for the detection of
casein in milk, Science
and Technology of
Advanced Materials 8
(2007) 331–338
Electrochemical Biosensors:
Based on enzymatic catalysis of a reaction to produce or
consume electrons (Redox enzymes)
Sensor substrate contains three electrodes, a reference
electrode, an active electrode and a sink electrode. An
auxiliary electrode (or counter electrode) may also be present
as an ion source
The target analyte is involved in the reaction that takes
place on the active electrode surface to produce ions
Ions produced create a potential which is subtracted from that
of the reference electrode to give a signal. We can either
measure the current (rate of flow of electrons is now
proportional to the analyte concentration) at a fixed
potential or the potential can be measured at zero current
Fig. 4: A simple potentiometric

biosensor. A semi-permeable
membrane (a) surrounds the
biocatalyst (b) entrapped next to
the active glass membrane (c) of a
pH probe (d). The electrical
potential (e) is generated between
the internal Ag/AgCl electrode (f)
bathed in dilute HCl (g) and an
external reference electrode (h).
Electrochemical Biosensors:
The main body of the biosensor is a
p-type silicon chip with two n-type
silicon areas; the negative source
and the positive drain. The chip is
insulated by a thin layer (0.1 mm
thick) of silica (SiO2) which forms
the gate of the FET. Above this gate
is an equally thin layer of sensitive material (e.g.
tantalum oxide). When a potential is applied between the
electrodes, a current flows through the FET dependent upon
the positive potential detected at the ion-selective gate
and its consequent attraction of electrons into the
depletion layer.
Piezoelectric Biosensors:
It is well known that the resonant frequency
of an oscillating piezoelectric crystal can be
affected by a change in mass at the crystal
surface. Then Piezoelectric immunosensors are
able to measure a small change in mass. The
basic equations describing the relationship
between the resonant frequency of an
oscillating piezoelectric crystal and the mass
deposited on the crystal surface
Fig. 6:
Principle of
Piezoelectric
sensors
They utilize crystals which undergo an elastic
deformation when an electrical potential is
applied. An alternating potential produces a
standing wave in the crystal at a
characteristic frequency. This frequency is
highly dependent on the elastic properties of
the crystal, such that if a crystal is coated
with a biological recognition element the
binding of a target analyte to a receptor will
produce a change in the resonance frequency.
Fig. 7: Impedance
analysis is based on
electrical conductance
curve. The central
parameters of
measurement are the
resonance frequency and
the bandwidth w.
Applications:
Glucose monitoring in diabetes patients <-- historical market driver
Other medical health related targets
Environmental applications e.g. the detection of pesticides and river
water contaminants
Remote sensing of airborne bacteria e.g. in counter-bioterrorist
activities
Detection of pathogens
Determining levels of toxic substances before and after
bioremediation
Detection and determining of organophosphate
Routine analytical measurement of folic acid, biotin, vitamin B12 and
pantothenic acid as an alternative to microbiological assay
Determination of drug residues in food, such as antibiotics and
growth promoters, particularly meat and honey.
Drug discovery and evaluation of biological activity of compounds.
Markets:
Fig. 8:
Global Market
of Biosensors
Time to Question

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M.H. Shahrokh – Thick-Film Lab, Electronics Dept., Engs.

Principle of Operation (See Fig 1):

What means by Biosensor?

To have a successful biosensor:

To have a successful biosensor (continued):

What Enzymes are made of?

Why we need Enzyme?

Need to Immobilized Enzyme:

Fig. 3: Principle of Photometric Biosensor

Fig. 4: A simple potentiometric

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