CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Study

The rising interest in writing especially at higher levels has developed entirely to become a
distinguished discipline on its own. Many researchers have different perspectives about the
concept of writing, for everyone seeks to define it from a different angle according to a specific
field of study. For Nunan, writing is “an extremely complex, cognitive activity for all which the
writer is required to demonstrate control of a number of variables simultaneously”. (1989, p.36).
This shows the complexity of the task of writing, and the clear link to the cognitive aspect that
often creates a difficulty to learners during their writing. Nunan’s idea about writing gives us more
details about the skill of writing than what is overtly seen.
Moreover, writing is also defined as “a process that requires extensive self-regulation and
attentional control...writers must change ideas into text, repair organization and mechanics, and
monitor their success--all while trying to formulate a coherent message” Ransdell and Levy (as
cited in SingletonJackson, 2003). In fact, dealing with writing means being able to manage all the
different stages and aspects included to arrive at producing a successful piece of writing.
Education is a primary need for every individual, education quality is very necessary to
support the creation of humanswho are smart and able to compete in the era of globalization due
to the flow increasingly rapid globalization of humans must be able to keep abreast of
developments that era. Education in Indonesia should be able to develop the potential students
have. Along with the development of science and technology (science and technology), education
today should be based on level the quality and ability of teachers to use various models, methods,
strategies, and learning techniques to deal with problems faced by students.
Learning is a complex activity involves various interrelated aspects. Teacher's endeavors
developing students' potential is a very important part in achieve the success of learning
objectives that have been designed. because of that the selection of models, strategies,
approaches, and learning techniques is an important thing.
Achieving high quality education not only determined by students, but also influenced by
teacher factors and other supporters. The teacher and student components are the elements The
main thing that determines the level of learning achievement in education.
B. Problem Statements
In this research, the problems that will be discussed are:
1. How’s poster media can influenced the students writing ability?
2. What are the effects of poster media to increase students writing ability?

C. Research Objective
From the background description that has been written above, it can be identified several
problems, including:
1. In teaching the teacher is not optimal in using media learning.
2. Lack of student interest in writing skills.
3. Writing skills are still low in English lessons.

D. Hipotesis
1. This poster media can increase the students writing skills.
2. The are have positive impact when the students using poster to increase their
understanding about it.

E. Research Significances
The results of this study are expected to provide several benefits as following:
1. Theoretical Benefits
a. The results of this study are expected to add insight and knowledge knowledge related to
the use of Poster media so that it can be used as a source of information that can be useful
in the world of education.
b. Can contribute knowledge in the field of education as well as providing information
regarding the application of Poster media within improve writing skills in language
learning.
c. Develop knowledge in the field of education in order to be obtainedquality of advanced
education.
d. Knowing the success of using Poster Media in improve writing skills in language learning.
e. Add more knowledge about the use of media Poster in learning.
f. Encourage other researchers to do more research large.
 2. Practical Benefits
a. For student Improve the way students think so that they are more critical, responsive to
the environment and yourself, and active in activities everyday to improve individual
learning outcomes.
b. For Teachers making teachers skilled in using learning media, especially poster media that
is directed so that the subject matter will be more quickly accepted by students.
c. For Principals Benefits for school principals are for internal considerations improve the
quality of graduation at school.
d. School Provide or provide variations in learning models for students more active in
learning, improve learning in the classroom, and school quality improvement.

F. Research Scopes
This research focuses on the function of Poster media that can arouse students' interest in
learning English. Poster media here play a role as a media where students can write their
ideas in English. So, they can enjoy when they want to write something without any
problem.
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Review of Related Research Findings

The Definition of Writing Skill
Writing is one of the four skills in language learning besides speaking, reading,
and listening. Writing is a complex process which means that in writing, the learners,
in this case is the students; have to consider many things in order to make a good
writing. According to Gelb (1963:11-12), “Writing began at the time when a man
learned how to communicate his thoughts and feelings by means of visible signs,
understandable not only to himself but also to all other persons more or less initiated
into the particular system.” It means that writing is a tool of human communication to
express ideas, thoughts, feeling, and etc in readable written form. Gelb also added,
“writing is clearly a system of human intercommunication by means of conventional
visible marks,…”.
In academic environment, teaching-learning writing is known as academic writing.
According to Oshima and Hogue (2007:3), academic writing is a kind of writing which
is used in high school and college classes. Furthermore, they state that academic writing
is quite different with creative writing and personal writing. Personal writing and
creative writing are informal where the writer may use slang, abbreviations, and
incomplete sentences. While, academic writing is formal. It means that the writer
cannot used slang and contractions. The writer should write in complete sentences and
also organize them in certain way.
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that writing is a tool of
communication to express feelings and thoughts. This is an action skill organizing
ideas, making coherent words and composing text which needs hard effort to manage
 the ideas from the writer‟s mind and put it into written form effectively so it will
readable.
B. Review of Previous Research
In this section, the researcher took review of previous researches as comparison to
this research. Here, the researcher took two previous research related to this research.
The first research was conducted by Mulyana and Siregar (2013). This research was
conducted in order to improve students‟ achievement in writing descriptive text by using
Movie Poster for tenth-year students of SMA Negeri 1 Galang. In conducting this research,
the researcher used Classroom Action Research (CAR) as the method of research. This
research consisted of two cycles and each cycle consisted of four steps, they are planning,
action, observation, and reflection. This research was conducted in three meetings. In
collecting and analyzing the data, the researcher gained the data from qualitative and
quantitative data. The qualitative data included interview, diary notes, and observation
sheet. While quantitative data included writing test scores or the students‟ achievement in
pre-test and post-test. The result of this research showed that using movie poster in teaching
descriptive could improve the students‟ writing skill. The students‟ responses showed that
they were interested in learning writing descriptive text by using movie poster. Moreover,
the students‟ achievement in pre-test and post-test showed a significant improvement.
Thus, the researcher concluded that by using movie poster for the tenth-year students of
SMA Negeri 1 Galang could improve their achievement in writing descriptive.
The second previous research was conducted by Yuniati (2013). The research
objective of her research was to find out whether there was a significant difference between
the reading ability of descriptive text for the eighth grade students of MTs. Baitul
Mu‟minin Jati Kudus in the academic year 2012/2013 before and after being taught by
using pictorial poster. Her research was domain experimental research. The subject of her
research was the eight grade students of MTs. Baitul Mu‟minin Jati Kudus in the academic
year 2012/2013 that consisted of 20 students. She used random sampling. The instrument
that she used was multiple choice tests. The result of the research showed that the first
students got score range 68-85. The lowest score was 68 and the highest score was 83. She
concluded that there was a significant different of the reading ability of the eighth grade
students of MTs. Baitul Mu‟minin Jati Kudus in the academic year 2012/2013 before and
 after being taught by using pictorial poster. It means that the students made significant
progress in reading ability.
The researcher took those previous researches because they are relevant with this
research. In the first previous research describes about the use of movie poster to improve
students‟ writing descriptive text and the second previous research explains about the use
of pictorial poster to know the significant difference of reading ability of descriptive text.
Even though both of those researches are relevant with this research, this research has some
differences. The researcher used a poster as a media to improve the students‟ writing skill
in organizing descriptive text just like in both previousresearch, but here the researcher
used another kind of poster. This research used idol poster as the media. This research was
also classroom action research, which means that here the researcher acted as observer and
researcher, while the teacher was the English teacher itself. In addition, the researcher
needed only one class to conduct the research.
C. The Process of Writing
In writing, we need to follow some steps or processes because writing is not a one-
stop action. As explained by Oshima and Hogue (2007:15), Writing is never a one-stop
action; it is an ongoing creative act. When you first write something, you have already been
thinking about what to say and how to say it. Then after you have finished writing, you
read over what you have written and make changes and corrections. You write and revise
and write and revise again until you are satisfied that your writing expresses exactly what
you want to say.Oshima and Hogue (2007:16-20) added that the steps of writing are pre-
writing, organizing, writing, and polishing: revising and editing. They explain the steps as
follow:
1) Pre-writing
“The first step is called pre-writing. Pre-writing is a way to get ideas. In this step, the
writer chooses a topic and collect ideas to explain the topic” (Oshima and Hogue,
2007:16).
2) Organizing
Oshima and Hogue (2007:17) explain that the next step in writing process is organizing
the ideas into the simple outline.
3) Writing
 The next step is writing, as explain by Oshima and Hogue (2007:17) that in writing
step the writer writes a rough draft, using the outline as a guide. Write them quickly
without stopping to think about grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Just get the ideas
down on paper. There will be so many errors and it will be fixed on the next step.
4) Polishing
Oshima and Hogue (2007:18) state that in this step, the writer revise and edit what have
been written. Normally, this step consists of revising and editing. In revising, we focus
on content and organization of the text. While, editing we focus on smaller issues such
as grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
D. Poster
a. Definition of Poster
Poster is one of visual media that can be used for many things based on their types and
used. “Poster is a large printed notice or picture (Oxford Dictionary, 2011).” According
to Collins Dictionary (2018), “Poster is a large notice or picture that you stick on a wall
or board, often in order to advertise something.” Thus, poster is a large notice or picture
that attached on a wall, board, or public place that often aims to advertise or inform
something.
b. Types of Poster
As it has been explained before, “Poster is a large printed notice or picture (Oxford
Dictionary, 2011)”. Poster is one of visual aid that can be used as a media in teaching-
learning. There are some types of poster. According to Naillon (2017 in
https://bizfluent.com), there are some types of posters. They are:
1) Advertising Poster
Naillon (2017) explains that advertising poster is a poster that announces an event
or a new product, according to Free Library website. It usually full-color and
attached on the areas that people can see easily.
2) Informative Poster
This poster is made to inform or educate people about something. It can be used for
a social awareness campaign or to help save an endangered species (Naillon, 2017).
Poster that can be included in this type of poster is educational poster. Educational
 poster is a poster used in university or academic environment
(www.chilliprinting.com). Classroom poster is included on this type of poster.
3) Subject Poster
Naillon (2017) states, “subject poster is a poster about something.” It usually sold
at concert or at art functions typically. The portrait of musicians or an art exhibit,
are often the subject of this poster. Posters that can be included in this kind o poster
are event poster and idol/ artist poster (cheesecakes poster).
4) Affirmation Poster
“Affirmation poster feature inspiring or motivational sayings (Naillon, 2017).”
Poster that can be included in this type of poster is motivational poster.
Motivational poster is a poster that usually contains of motivational messages under
the image (www.chilliprinting.com).
5) Movie Poster
“Movie poster is a poster that corresponds to the story of film, the characters, the
theme as well as being appealing to its audience to make them want to go to the
cinema to watch the film (www.forty8creates.blogspot.com).”
6) Propaganda Poster
Furthermore, Naillon (2017) adds, “Propaganda poster is a poster that usually
associated with political campaigns or corporate communication. That is why
propaganda poster often receives negative press.”
E. Poster Use to Teach Writing Descriptive Text
Poster can be included in visual media. Visual media is a media that can be seen and can
be touched (Kasihani, 2007:102 in Hartono, 2018:30). In using poster, there are some steps
that should be followed(Johananingsih, 2015:7-8):
1) Preparation Step
According to Johananingsih (2015:7), the first step is preparation step. In this step, the
teacher should formulate the objective of teaching and prepare some poster related to
the topic to be presented.
2) Implementing Step
Johananingsih (2015:7) adds that the second step is implementing step. In
implementing step, she explains that the teacher presents the teaching material by
 utilizing poster in order to attract the students‟ attention in learning. Here, Mulyana
and Siregar (2015:8), describe some procedures in implementing poster.
a) Mulyana and Siregar (2015:8) describe the first procedure is the teacher shows or
attaches the poster on the whiteboard, blackboard, or wall.
b) Next, they explain the next procedure is the teacher guides the students to mention
the characteristic about what in the poster.
c) The teacher guides the students to write a descriptive test according to the poster
by referring to the generic structure and grammatical feature of the text (Mulyana
and Siregar, 2015:8).
3) Evaluation Step
In evaluating step, the teacher asses teaching material and focuses on affective aspect.
Then, the teacher evaluate the poster used (Johananingsih, 2015:7).
F. The Advantages of poster in English Teaching-Learning
According to Clark and Paivio (1991 in https://ctl.yale.edu), “Poster is a tool that
enables visualization in the classroom to foster students‟ learning”. Hubenthal (2009 in
Zerin and Sunjida, 2013) add that poster can easily bring visual interest in the classroom
which is very important to create an effective learning environment. In line with Hubenthal,
Sener and Bostan (2017:552) say, “Usingposter/visual media in classroom is a way of
getting attention of learners.” Stone et al (1998 in Zerin and Sunjida, 2013) also claim,
“Poster can bring pleasantness in learning environment.” Moreover Osa and Musser
(2004:17) state that poster can simply provide an illustration of something. Posters also can
create a more stimulating and interesting environment for learning.
From those explanations, it can be conclude that using poster in English teaching-
learning is useful for teachers and learners. It can be a teaching aid for teacher and can help
students learning in interesting way.

CHAPTER III
A. Research Methodology
1. Research Design
This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR). According to McNiff (1992
in Sumadayo, 2013:22), Classroom Action Resear aims to change, modify, or to make
improvement the situation in the class (in this case is the learning process). Burn
(2010:2) added that the main idea of Classroom Action Research is to participate in the
problematic situation which is happened in the class in order to bring about changes,
even better improvement in practice. The researcher used the Classroom Action
Research because the researcher wants to know the improvement and the significant
influence of using idol poster to improve students‟ writing skill in organizing
descriptive text. This research uses model proposed by Arikunto (2006:16), which
consists of four steps. They are planning, acting, observing, and reflecting.
Improvement of the problems in this research is brought about by a series of two cycles.
There are four steps in each cycle for doing action research which can be explained
as follow (Arikunto, 2006:16-22):
1) Planning
Arikunto (2006:17) says that in this step, the researcher focuses on who,
what, when, where, and how the action is conducted. It means that in planning
step, the researcher decided who would be the subject of the research, what
would be researched, where the researcher would did the research, and how
the action of the research would be conducted.
2) Acting
Arikunto (2009:18-19), says that the second step in classroom action
research is doing action which is the implementation of the planning that has
been made, in the class. This step is conducted to impleme the strategies which
have been prepared in the planning step. This action step is done by the teacher
while the researcher just doing observation.
3) Observing
Arikunto (2009:19) argues that in this step, the researcher does the
observation. Observation is being done in order to get data from the result of
the action. Here, the researcher just observes, or just being observer as
 explained before, about what happen in the class. Actually, the action step and
observation step are being done together. Thus, the researcher observes and
takes a note about what happen in the teaching-learning process such as the
problem which occurs and etc, while the teacher does the action as being
planned in planning step.
4) Reflecting
Arikunto (2009:19-21) states reflection means analyze the result (the
data) which has been collected to determine the next action (cycle). She also
explains that in this step, both researcher and teacher collaborate to look for
good solution to solve the problem which occurs in the class. Thus, after the
teacher finished doing the action, the teacher comes to the researcher and they
discuss together about positive and negative sides, and also discuss the
solution from the problems to determine the next action.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher concludes that classroom
action research is an action research classroom, which can do by both the
researcher and the teacher by involving the students to improve teaching-
learning process (in this case is improving students‟ writing skill. This action
research, normally, consists of four steps. They are planning, acting,
observing, and reflecting.