The Title

The Author

The Date
Contents

1 Semi-Blind Receivers for Joint Symbol and Channel Estimation

in Space-Time-Frequency MIMO-OFDM Systems 5
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 SYSTEM MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Transmitted Signal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Received Signal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 STATE-OF-THE-ART ALGORITHM: ALS RECEIVER . . . . . 6
1.4 PROPOSED ALGORITHMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.1 A. Parallelized LS-KRF Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.2 B. Simpli…ed Closed-form PARAFAC with Pairing Receiver 6
1.5 IDENTIFIABILITY, SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY AND COM-
PUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.1 Identi…ability Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.2 Spectral E¢ ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.3 Computational Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 SIMULATION RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6.1 ALS versus (P-)LS-KRF and Accelerated ALS Receivers:
with Transmission Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6.2 ALS Receiver versus S-CFP with Pairing Receiver: with-
out Transmission Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6.3 Comparison with Training-based Receiver . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 A Low Complexity Multi-Layered Space Frequency Coding De-

tection Algorithm for MIMO-OFDM 7
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 MLSF-OFDM System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Transmitted Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 Received Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Fast QR Decomposition Detection Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Performance Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1
3 Space-Time-Frequency (STF) MIMO Communication Systems
With Blind Receiver Based on a Generalized PARATUCK2
Model 8
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 GENERALIZED FOURTH-ORDER PARATUCK2 MODEL . . 9
3.3 PARATUCK2 STF SIGNAL MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.1 STF Coding Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.2 Received Signal Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 IDENTIFIABILITY AND UNIQUENESS ISSUES . . . . . . . . 9
3.5 BLIND RECEIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5.1 Baseline Approach: Alternating Least Squares (ALS) . . 9
3.5.2 Algorithm Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 SIMULATION RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 PARAFAC models for wireless communication systems 10

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 MULTIPATH CHANNEL MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 PARALLEL FACTOR (PARAFAC) ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4 PARAFAC MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4.1 System1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4.2 System2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4.3 System3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.5 SIMULATION RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 Blind Joint Detection and Channel Estimation in Space-Frequency

Diversity Systems Using Time-Varying Linear Constellation Pre-
coding 11
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2 SYSTEM MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2.1 Choice of Gp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2.2 Choice of W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.3 BLIND RECEIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.3.1 Nested PARAFAC decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.3.2 Receiver formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.3.3 Alternating least squares algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.4 NUMERICAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6 Blind Joint Channel Estimation and Data Detection for Pre-

coded Multi-Layered Space-Frequency MIMO Schemes 13
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2.1 Transmitted Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2.2 Received Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2
 6.2.3 Considered MLSFC Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3 PARAFAC Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.4 Blind Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.4.1 ALS Blind Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.4.2 Final Channel Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.4.3 LSKRF Blind Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

7 Low Complexity Closed-form Solution to Semi-blind Joint Chan-

nel and Symbol Estimation in MIMO-OFDM 15
7.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.2 PROPOSED ALGORITHM: AVERAGE VECTOR AND HADAMARD
RATIO RANK ONE APPROXIMATION (AVEH) . . . . . . . . 15
7.3 APPLICATION TO JOINT CHANNEL AND SYMBOL ESTI-
MATION IN MIMO-OFDM SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.3.1 Transmitted signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.3.2 Received signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.4 SIMULATION RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

8 Low-Complexity and High-Accuracy Semi-blind Joint Channel

and Symbol Estimation for Massive MIMO-OFDM 16
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.1.1 Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.2 System Model and Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.2.1 Transmitted signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.2.2 Received signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.3 State-of-the-Art Tensor-Based Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.3.1 Alternating Least Squares (ALS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.3.2 Least Squares Khatri–Rao Factorization (LSKRF) . . . . 17
8.4 Proposed Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.4.1 Vector Selection Rank One Approximation (VS) as an Ini-
tialization for Iterative Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.4.2 Alternating Least Squares with Vector Selection Initial-
ization (ALSVSI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.4.3 Vector Projection Rank One Approximation Including the
Vector Selection Initialization (VPVSI) . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.4.4 Factorization Based on Eigenvalue Decomposition with
Eigenvector Projection (FEEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.4.5 Factorization Based on Sectional Truncated Singular Value
Decomposition and Vector Projection (FsTSVP . . . . . . 17
8.5 Computational Complexity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.6 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3
9 Blind channel estimation for massive MIMO 18
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.2 Related work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.3 System model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.4 Channel estimation methods for massive MIMO . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.4.1 Pilot based channel estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.4.2 Blind channel estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.4.3 Semi-blind channel estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.5 ICA based adaptive blind channel estimation . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.6 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.7 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4
5
Chapter 1

Semi-Blind Receivers for

Joint Symbol and Channel
Estimation in
Space-Time-Frequency
MIMO-OFDM Systems

1.1 Introduction
1.2 SYSTEM MODEL
1.2.1 Transmitted Signal Model
1.2.2 Received Signal Model

1.3 STATE-OF-THE-ART ALGORITHM: ALS

RECEIVER
1.4 PROPOSED ALGORITHMS
1.4.1 A. Parallelized LS-KRF Receiver
1.4.2 B. Simpli…ed Closed-form PARAFAC with Pairing
Receiver

1.5 IDENTIFIABILITY, SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY

AND COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY
1.5.1 Identi…ability Conditions
6

1.5.2 Spectral E¢ ciency

1.5.3 Computational Complexity

1.6 SIMULATION RESULTS

1.6.1 ALS versus (P-)LS-KRF and Accelerated ALS Re-
Chapter 2

A Low Complexity
Multi-Layered Space
Frequency Coding
Detection Algorithm for
MIMO-OFDM

2.1 Introduction
2.2 MLSF-OFDM System Model
2.2.1 Transmitted Model
2.2.2 Received Model

2.3 Fast QR Decomposition Detection Algorithm

2.4 Performance Evaluations
2.5 CONCLUSION

7
8
Chapter 3

Space-Time-Frequency
(STF) MIMO
Communication Systems
With Blind Receiver Based
on a Generalized
PARATUCK2 Model

3.1 Introduction
3.2 GENERALIZED FOURTH-ORDER PARATUCK2
MODEL
3.3 PARATUCK2 STF SIGNAL MODELING
3.3.1 STF Coding Structure
3.3.2 Received Signal Modeling

3.4 IDENTIFIABILITY AND UNIQUENESS IS-

SUES
3.5 BLIND RECEIVER
3.5.1 Baseline Approach: Alternating Least Squares (ALS)
3.5.2 Algorithm Formulation
9

3.6 SIMULATION RESULTS

3.7 Conclusion
Chapter 4

PARAFAC models for

wireless communication
systems

4.1 Introduction
4.2 MULTIPATH CHANNEL MODEL
4.3 PARALLEL FACTOR (PARAFAC) ANALY-
SIS
4.4 PARAFAC MODELS
4.4.1 System1
4.4.2 System2
4.4.3 System3

4.5 SIMULATION RESULTS

4.6 Conclusion

10
11
Chapter 5

Blind Joint Detection and

Channel Estimation in
Space-Frequency Diversity
Systems Using
Time-Varying Linear
Constellation Precoding

5.1 Introduction
5.2 SYSTEM MODEL
5.2.1 Choice of Gp
5.2.2 Choice of W

5.3 BLIND RECEIVER

5.3.1 Nested PARAFAC decomposition
5.3.2 Receiver formulation
5.3.3 Alternating least squares algorithm

5.4 NUMERICAL RESULTS

5.5 Conclusion
12
13
Chapter 6

Blind Joint Channel

Estimation and Data
Detection for Precoded
Multi-Layered
Space-Frequency MIMO
Schemes

6.1 Introduction
6.2 System Model
6.2.1 Transmitted Signal
6.2.2 Received Signal
6.2.3 Considered MLSFC Schemes

6.3 PARAFAC Formulation

6.4 Blind Receivers
6.4.1 ALS Blind Receiver
6.4.2 Final Channel Estimate
6.4.3 LSKRF Blind Receiver

6.5 Simulation Results14

6.6 Conclusion
Chapter 7

Low Complexity
Closed-form Solution to
Semi-blind Joint Channel
and Symbol Estimation in
MIMO-OFDM

7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 PROPOSED ALGORITHM: AVERAGE VEC-
TOR AND HADAMARD RATIO RANK
ONE APPROXIMATION (AVEH)
7.3 APPLICATION TO JOINT CHANNEL AND
SYMBOL ESTIMATION IN MIMO-OFDM
SYSTEMS
7.3.1 Transmitted signal
7.3.2 Received signal

7.4 SIMULATION RESULTS

15
16
Chapter 8

Low-Complexity and
High-Accuracy Semi-blind
Joint Channel and Symbol
Estimation for Massive
MIMO-OFDM

8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Notations

8.2 System Model and Problem Formulation

8.2.1 Transmitted signal
8.2.2 Received signal

8.3 State-of-the-Art Tensor-Based Algorithms

8.3.1 Alternating Least Squares (ALS)
8.3.2 Least Squares Khatri–Rao Factorization (LSKRF)

8.4 Proposed Algorithms

8.4.1 Vector Selection Rank One Approximation (VS) as
an Initialization for Iterative Approaches
8.4.2 Alternating Least Squares with Vector Selection Ini-
tialization (ALSVSI)
17
8.4.3 Vector Projection Rank One Approximation Includ-
ing the Vector Selection Initialization (VPVSI)
8.4.4 Factorization Based on Eigenvalue Decomposition
with Eigenvector Projection (FEEP)
8.4.5 Factorization Based on Sectional Truncated Singular
Chapter 9

Blind channel estimation

for massive MIMO

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Related work
9.3 System model
9.4 Channel estimation methods for massive MIMO
9.4.1 Pilot based channel estimation
9.4.2 Blind channel estimation
9.4.3 Semi-blind channel estimation

9.5 ICA based adaptive blind channel estima-

tion
9.6 Simulation Results
9.7 Future work
9.8 Conclusion

18